271:, most likely in November 1837, to Albert Knight and his wife. His birth year has been recorded by his son, Tom Knight, in a biography as 1830, and his grandniece, Ethel Knight, wrote that he was born in 1829. His gravestone has his full name as "Capt. Newton Knight" born November 10, 1829, died February 16, 1922. But the 1900 census records that Knight was born in November 1837, likely from his own testimony. This date is consistent with census records from other years. However, it is possible Knight gave the wrong year of his birth to the census takers to hide his family origin. He was probably taught to read and write by his mother, as there were no public schools for
603:, who was allegedly assassinated by Knight, Leverett argues that the Knight Company's actions did not represent most residents of Jones County. He provides evidence that a majority were loyal to the Confederacy, and concludes that Jones County never seceded from the Confederacy. Leverett wrote that, while "few of these people had any real stake in the great economic and political issues that precipitated the war and that most of them opposed the political policy of secession , the threat of coercion of the South by the North galvanized the loyalties of Jones Countians to their region and their way of life . And for most of them, that loyalty never wavered."
454:, where he and his men captured five wagonloads of corn, which they distributed among the local population. The company harassed Confederate officials, with numerous tax collectors, conscript officers, and other officials being reported killed in early 1864. In March 1864, the Jones County court clerk notified the governor that guerillas had made tax collections in the county all but impossible. In 2016, a letter dated February 13, 1864, from a Union scout addressed to Maj. Gen.
365:. This act allowed large plantation owners to avoid military service if they owned 20 slaves or more. An additional family member was exempted from service for each additional 20 slaves owned by the planter. Knight had also received word that his brother-in-law, Morgan, who had become the head of the family in Knight's absence, was abusing Knight's children. Morgan's identity has since been lost, but he is thought to have been Morgan Lines, a day laborer and convicted murderer.
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361:. The men of Jones County and the region were disturbed by news from home reporting the poor conditions, as their wives and children found it hard to keep up the farms. Knight was enraged when he received word that Confederate authorities had seized his family's horses for their use. However, many believe Knight's principal reason for desertion was his anger over the Confederate government's passing of the
618:(2003), exploring the economic, religious and kinship factors that helped shape the views of Civil War era residents of the Jones County area. Most were not slaveholders; only 12% of the county population in 1860 was black. Bynum also concluded that Jones County had not seceded from the Confederacy. She writes that Newt Knight and two followers contended that they had never left the Union.
310:, Georgia. John Jackie Knight moved to Mississippi in 1801, settling first in Union County, and then moving to the area of Jasper County in 1811 to establish plantations Newton's father, Albert (1799–1862), however, neither owned slaves nor inherited any after his father's death. Newton Knight never owned slaves. His son wrote that he was morally opposed to the institution due to his
384:, Confederate authorities began receiving reports that deserters in the Jones County area were looting and burning houses. A local quartermaster, Captain W. J. Bryant, reported that "the deserters have overrun and taken possession of the country, in many cases exiling the good and loyal citizens or shooting them in cold blood on their own door-sills." General
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senate candidate. But the federal Court of Claims ruled that "the evidence fails to support the allegation of the petition that the Jones County Scouts were organized for military service in behalf of United States or that they were in sentiment and feeling throughout the war loyal to the
Government of the United States."
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Newton Knight died on
February 16, 1922, at the age of 92. In spite of a Mississippi law that barred the interment of whites and blacks in the same cemetery, he was buried at his request in what is now called the Knight Family Cemetery, next to Rachel on a hill in Jones County overlooking their farm.
252:
My father was born on
November 10, 1830, though the family records show it was 1833. His mother changed the record after he shot an African American boy to get him out of being punished in court. He was the eighth of the twelve boys, and was raised a poor farmer boy, making his living farming, also
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In 1964, the great-great-grandchildren of Newton Knight and Rachel, 9-year-old Edgar and 8-year-old Randy
Williamson had never attended a day of school because local school authorities, fearing violence and opposition from residents, refused their admittance to a white school and, being 1/16 or 1/32
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on March 21, 1864, describing the conditions in Jones County. Polk stated that the band of deserters were "in open rebellion, defiant at the outset, proclaiming themselves 'Southern
Yankees,' and resolved to resist by force of arms all efforts to capture them." On March 29, 1864, Confederate Captain
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to track down guerillas in the swamps, Lowry rounded up and executed ten members of the Knight
Company, including Newton's cousins, Benjamin Franklin Knight and Sil Coleman. Newton Knight, however, evaded capture. He later stated his company had unsuccessfully attempted to break through Confederate
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A Rebel
Soldier who recently deserted and came into our lines tells me that in the Tulahoma Swamps in Jones Co., Mississippi, there are some six hundred Deserters who are waiting for our forces to get near, so they can join them. They have deserted the Confederate cause and are determined to fight
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His ancestor McLemore commanded one of eight volunteer companies raised in the county for service in the war. Leverett notes a "Union raiding party entering the county in June of 1863 was captured in part by civilians or the
Ellisville 'Home Guard,' and the Union prisoners had to be protected from
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in
January 1861. Powell voted against secession on the first ballot, but under pressure, switched his vote on the second ballot, joining the majority of whites in voting to secede from the Union. In an interview many years later, Knight suggested that many voters of Jones County, not understanding
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Newt himself, as well as his 1st Sgt., Jasper J. Collins, and Jasper's son, Loren, all denied the myth of secession during their lifetimes. In separate interviews or publications, these three men made the same point: that it was their belief that Jones County had never left the Union in the first
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In 1870, Knight petitioned the federal government for compensation for several members of the Knight
Company, including the ten who had been executed by Lowry in 1864. He provided sworn statements from several individuals attesting to his loyalty to the Union, including a local judge and a state
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wrote a popular account, 'The State of Jones', that expands marginally on Leverett's and Bynum's research. The authors emphasize the extent to which Knight and his close allies ended Confederate control of Jones County during the war and continued to express anti-racist, pro-Unionist sympathies
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formerly held as a slave by his grandfather. In this period, Knight's grown son, Mat (from his first wife), married Rachel's grown daughter, Fannie, from a previous union. Knight's daughter, Molly, married Rachel's son, Jeff, making three interracial families in the community. Newton and Rachel
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in October 1862. He later defended his desertion, arguing, "if they had a right to conscript me when I didn't want to fight the Union, I had a right to quit when I got ready." After making his way 200 miles home from deserting in the retreat following the defeat at Corinth, Knight, according to
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Bynum explored the regional history beyond the War, examining the common-law marriages of Newton Knight and Rachel, a freedwoman, and of two pairs of their grown children, forming three interracial families. She traces their legacy into the twentieth century, including a case that reached the
420:, who intended to protect the families and farms from Confederate authorities, including high takings of goods for taxes. Knight was elected "captain" of the company, which included many of his relatives and neighbors. The company's main hideout, known as "Devils Den," was located along the
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government, in 1875, Ames appointed Knight as colonel of the First Infantry Regiment of Jasper County, an otherwise all-black regiment defending residents against insurgent activity. White Democrats regained control of the state government later that year, and forced Ames out of office.
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After the end of the war, the Union Army tasked Knight with distributing food to struggling families in the Jones County area. He also led a raid that liberated several children who were still being held in slavery in nearby Smith county. Like many Southern Unionists, he supported the
466:. It estimates the Knight Company's numbers to be as high as 600 and confirms their intention to join up with the Union Army. The exact number is still a matter of debate, in light of an interview Knight gave after the war stating, "There was about 125 of us, never any more."
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From late 1863 to early 1865, the Knight Company allegedly fought fourteen skirmishes with Confederate forces. One skirmish took place on December 23, 1863, at the home of Sally Parker, a Knight Company supporter, leaving one Confederate soldier dead and two badly wounded.
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Knight has long been a controversial figure in the region, with people divided over his motives and actions. He and his allies developed a small mixed-race community in southeastern Mississippi. His interracial marriage with
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into the area in February 1864. Maury reported he had cleared the area, but noted the deserters had threatened to obtain "Yankee aid" and return. Shortly afterward, Polk dispatched a veteran contingent of soldiers from the
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Knight had taken to the swamp on the Leaf River to evade authorities, finding other deserters and fugitive slaves there. He and followers organized what they called the Knight Company on October 13, 1863. It was a band of
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Early accounts of Knight and his followers were published by descendants of him and other local figures of the Civil War years. In 1935, Knight's son, Thomas Jefferson "Tom" Knight, published a book about his father,
592:. Ethel Knight portrayed Newton as a backward, ignorant, murderous traitor. She argued that most members of the Knight Company were not Unionists, but had been manipulated by Knight into joining his cause.
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In early 1863, Knight was arrested and jailed for desertion, and possibly tortured, by Confederate authorities. They burned his homestead and farm as an example to others, leaving his family destitute.
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Throughout the summer and fall of 1862, a number of factors increased the rate of desertions from the Confederate Army. There was a lack of food and supplies for soldiers in the aftermath of the
599:(University of Mississippi Press, 1984, reprinted 2009), the first 20th-century book-length academic study of events in Jones County before and during the Civil War. The great-grandson of Major
350:. Six months later he was given a furlough in order to return home and tend to his ailing father. In May 1862, Knight, along with a number of friends and neighbors, enlisted in Company F of the
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Newton was a grandson of John "Jackie" Knight (1773–1861), one of Jones County's largest slaveholders before the war. The first Knight forebear in America is believed to have emigrated to
486:, claiming the Knight Company had captured Ellisville and raised the U.S. flag over the courthouse in Jones County. He further reported, "The country is entirely at their mercy." General
195:, at the height of the war. The nature and extent of the Knight Company's opposition to the Confederate government is disputed among historians. After the war, Knight joined the
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661:, is very loosely based on the Knight Company's actions. The novel's protagonist, Hoab Dabney, was inspired by Newton Knight. The book was the basis of the 1948 film,
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them to the last. All efforts from the Confederates to force them out have been unsuccessful and they are now offering a bounty to Deserters to join them.
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was considered illegal, as Mississippi had banned interracial marriages before and after the war, except for a brief period during Reconstruction.
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who refused to fight for a cause with which he did not agree. The book notably omits Newton Knight's post-war marriage to Rachel.
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to Jones County to investigate and round up deserters and stragglers. On October 5, 1863, McLemore was shot and killed in the
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Newton Knight married Serena Turner in 1858, and the two established a small farm just across the county line in southwest
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By the spring of 1864, the Confederate government in the county had been effectively overthrown. Lieutenant General
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The Free State of Jones and The Echo of the Black Horn: Two Sides of the Life and Activities of Captain Newt Knight
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African American, they were considered as whites and consequently barred from being admitted to a black school.
539:. In 1872, he was appointed as deputy U.S. Marshal for the Southern District. As conflict mounted between white
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at the Jones-Covington county line. Local women and slaves provided food and other aid to the men. Women blew
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General Polk initially responded to the actions of the Knight Company by sending a contingent under Colonel
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She criticized Knight as a traitor to the Confederacy and castigated him for his marriage to a freedwoman,
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received a letter from a local group declaring its independence from the Confederacy. In July 1864, the
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Jones County elected John H. Powell, the "cooperation" (anti-secession) candidate, to represent them at
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beliefs. In accordance with its teachings, Newton forswore alcohol, unlike his father and grandfather.
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by Victoria E. Bynum, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001, page 186, and
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1192:"Matthew McConaughey's 'Free State of Jones' Goes Up Against 'Independence Day: Resurgence'
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Echo of the Black Horn: An Authentic Tale of 'The Governor' of the 'Free State of Jones.'
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Echo of the Black Horn: An authentic tale of "the Governor" of "The Free State of Jones
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United States Congressional Serial Set, Issue 5156 (Washington, 1907), pp. 111–112.
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By the mid-1870s, Knight had separated from his wife, Serena. He married Rachel, a
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171:(November 10, 1829 – February 16, 1922) was an American farmer, soldier and
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Victoria Bynum, "Telling and Retelling the Legend of the 'Free State of Jones,'"
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Knight supported the Reconstruction administration of Republican Governor
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in Mississippi, best known as the leader of the Knight Company, a band of
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Reconstruction ended officially in 1877. Knight withdrew from politics.
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As the ranks of deserters swelled after the Union was victorious in the
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The Long Shadow of the Civil War: Southern Dissent and Its Legacies
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to signal the approach of Confederate authorities to their farms.
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Guerillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Home Front
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how limited Powell's choices were, felt betrayed by his action.
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reported that Jones County had seceded from the Confederacy.
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home of Amos Deason; Knight is believed to have killed him.
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A great-niece, Ethel Knight, wrote a 1951 history entitled
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where they lived until the 1720s, when the family moved to
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The Free State of Jones: Mississippi's Longest Civil War
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A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy
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The Free State of Jones: Mississippi's Longest Civil War
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The Free State of Jones: Mississippi's Longest Civil War
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The Free State of Jones: Mississippi's Longest Civil War
698:, was released. The film closely follows Knight's life.
187:. Local legends tell of Knight and his men forming the "
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Newton Knight and the Legend of the Free State of Jones
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Newton Knight and the Legend of the Free State of Jones
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Newton Knight and the Legend of the Free State of Jones
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Newton's engraved epitaph read, "He lived for others."
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Farmer, former blacksmith, former soldier, U.S. Marshal
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Cotton Fields to Mission Fields: The Anna Knight Story
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Knight had several children before her death in 1889.
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The Legend of Newt Knight and the Free State of Jones
577:Tom Knight portrayed his father as a Civil War-era
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616:The Free State of Jones: Mississippi's Longest War
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575:The Life and Activities of Captain Newton Knight.
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783:(University of Arkansas Press, 1999), pp. 17–29.
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450:During this same period, Knight led a raid into
1498:People of Mississippi in the American Civil War
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1159:"Did Jones County Secede from the Confederacy?"
1436:– Literary Works of Victoria Bynum, author of
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462:was discovered by a historian working in the
302:. In 1759, the family moved further south to
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1214:"The True Story of the 'Free State of Jones'
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1400:The True Story of the 'Free State of Jones'
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839:(University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
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404:from Jones County and adjacent counties of
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127:Knight Cemetery, Jasper County, Mississippi
1478:American Calvinist and Reformed Christians
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1041:, Vol. 54, No. 1395 (March 1892), p. 227.
56:October 13, 1863 – April 9, 1865
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1493:People from Jones County, Mississippi
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753:, April 2009. Retrieved: 2 June 2013.
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597:The Legend of the Free State of Jones
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253:building houses for his neighbors.
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1329:University of North Carolina Press
1268:University of North Carolina Press
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1094:University of Southern Mississippi
352:7th Mississippi Infantry Battalion
336:Mississippi's secession convention
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996:Legend of the Free State of Jones
969:Bynum, Victoria (11 March 2016).
504:6th Mississippi Infantry Regiment
348:8th Mississippi Infantry Regiment
218:Films about Knight have included
1429:Newt Knight Preservation Society
1417:, Mississippi Historical Society
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263:Newton Knight was born near the
1287:. Nashville: Cumberland House.
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543:insurgents and the Republican
515:lines to join the Union Army.
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1345:Marsh, Dorthy Knight (2016),
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519:Reconstruction and later life
484:Confederate Secretary of War
199:and served in Mississippi's
191:" in the area in and around
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1323:Bynum, Victoria E. (2010),
1260:Bynum, Victoria E. (2003),
1088:Brannock, Jennifer (1964).
1009:Official Records of the War
941:Official Records of the War
928:Official Records of the War
631:Mississippi Supreme Court.
595:Dr. Rudy H. Leverett wrote
179:deserters who resisted the
10:
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1283:Downing, David C. (2007),
1114:The Echo of the Black Horn
1011:, 1:32, part 3, pp. 662–63
440:—James Lamon, Union scout
319:Jasper County, Mississippi
300:Brunswick County, Virginia
117:Jasper County, Mississippi
1483:Baptists from Mississippi
1301:; Stauffer, John (2009),
1035:A Myth of the Confederacy
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269:Jones County, Mississippi
193:Jones County, Mississippi
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100:Jones County, Mississippi
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1165:blog, December 23, 2008.
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488:William Tecumseh Sherman
246:Early life and education
1488:Mississippi Republicans
1434:The Free State of Jones
1409:Newton Knight Biography
1309:, New York: Doubleday,
751:Mississippi History Now
203:government as a deputy
1508:United States Marshals
1374:Moulds, Wyatt (2016),
1244:Knight, Ethel (1951),
1200:The Hollywood Reporter
1074:Jenkins and Stauffer,
1061:Jenkins and Stauffer,
952:Jenkins and Stauffer,
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887:Jenkins and Stauffer,
874:Jenkins and Stauffer,
861:Jenkins and Stauffer,
848:Jenkins and Stauffer,
738:James R. Kelly, Jr., "
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478:Wirt Thomson wrote to
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1513:19th-century Baptists
1445:, blog by Vikki Bynum
1390:, Volume 10, Number 3
1181:(1949) 207 Miss. 564
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607:the local citizens."
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1404:Smithsonian magazine
680:. In 2016, the film
370:absent without leave
368:Knight was reported
234:(2016), directed by
224:(1948), directed by
1523:Left-wing populists
1349:, Morrisville, NC:
1190:Pamela McClintock,
917:, pp. 95–99, 112–15
692:Matthew McConaughey
683:Free State of Jones
240:Matthew McConaughey
231:Free State of Jones
189:Free State of Jones
1305:The State of Jones
1022:The State of Jones
994:Rudy H. Leverett,
891:, pp. 38–39, 80–82
745:2010-06-09 at the
650:In popular culture
382:siege of Vicksburg
342:Knight joined the
330:American Civil War
67:Office established
1360:978-1-4834-6024-6
1338:978-1-4696-0987-4
1316:978-0-385-52593-0
1293:978-1-58182-587-9
1144:Leverett (1984),
1128:Leverett (1984),
1033:Samuel Willard, "
956:, pp. 2–3, 137–41
612:Victoria E. Bynum
464:National Archives
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388:dispatched Major
312:Primitive Baptist
173:Southern Unionist
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110:February 16, 1922
97:November 10, 1829
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145:Serena Turner
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1453:Find a Grave
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258:— Tom Knight
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205:U.S. Marshal
168:
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150:(common law)
112:(1922-02-16)
78:
74:Succeeded by
66:
51:
1473:1922 deaths
1468:1829 births
1222:Smithsonian
1024:(2009) p. 5
904:, pp. 82–83
865:, pp. 43–45
512:bloodhounds
499:Henry Maury
426:cattlehorns
242:as Knight.
183:during the
181:Confederacy
62:Preceded by
42:Captain of
1462:Categories
1396:, CBS News
1254:B0007EMIXG
1148:pp. 65–68.
1099:2019-06-24
1039:The Nation
980:2017-08-17
878:, pp. 73–7
702:References
674:Van Heflin
579:Robin Hood
553:freedwoman
460:Union Army
422:Leaf River
402:guerrillas
394:Ellisville
275:children.
265:Leaf River
155:Occupation
136:Republican
688:Gary Ross
664:Tap Roots
659:Tap Roots
473:wrote to
410:Covington
236:Gary Ross
221:Tap Roots
185:Civil War
142:Spouse(s)
52:In office
1368:Articles
1132:, p. 64.
1065:, p. 283
852:, p. 378
743:Archived
452:Paulding
296:Virginia
280:Yorktown
998:, p. 22
642:during
458:of the
288:England
1357:
1335:
1313:
1291:
1274:
1252:
1225:, 2016
1078:p. 307
795:(2016)
626:place.
614:wrote
568:Legacy
406:Jasper
325:Career
273:yeomen
228:, and
119:, U.S.
102:, U.S.
1238:Books
418:Smith
414:Perry
282:from
1355:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1250:ASIN
694:and
676:and
637:and
610:Dr.
416:and
107:Died
94:Born
1451:at
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