New Mexico - Knowledge

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horses, and supplies, warriors promised to honor these long-sought peace treaties." "Pueblos, the Comanche, Ute, and Navajo nations enlisted in Spanish armies as auxiliaries against defiant Apaches." "Implicit in these treaties were Spanish assurances that the king would protect each tribe from the others" "The Spanish responded by counterattacking in great strength at Canyon de Chelly, a principal Navajo sanctuary, resulting in the chieftains' request for peace. Signed on 12 May 1805 at Jemez Pueblo, the peace treaty featured a Navajo promise that the nation would not claim.the. Cebolleta area" "Navajos seemed to comply with treaty terms, even turning over criminals to the governor."

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became the first state to offer free college tuition for all residents, after the legislature passed a bipartisan bill allocating almost 1 percent of the state budget toward covering tuition and fees at all 29 public colleges, universities, community colleges, and tribal colleges. The program, which takes effect July 1, 2022, is described as among the most ambitious and generous in the country, as it is available to all residents regardless of income, work status, or legal status, and is provided without taking into account other scholarships and sources of financial aid.

281: 4198:. A study by Colorado State University showed that the state's oil and gas industry generated 60 million metric tons of greenhouse gases in 2018, over four times greater than previously estimated. The fossil fuels sector accounted for over half the state's overall emissions, which totaled 113.6 million metric tons, about 1.8% of the country's total and more than twice the national average per capita. The New Mexico government has responded with efforts to regulate industrial emissions, promote renewable energy, and incentivize the use of electric vehicles. 10549:. The National Hispanic Cultural Center has held hundreds of performing arts events, art showcases, and other events related to Spanish culture in New Mexico and worldwide in the centerpiece Roy E Disney Center for the Performing Arts or in other venues at the 53-acre facility. New Mexico residents and visitors alike can enjoy performing art from around the world at Popejoy Hall on the campus of the University of New Mexico. Popejoy Hall hosts singers, dancers, Broadway shows, other types of acts, and Shakespeare. Albuquerque also has the unique and iconic 1095: 3179: 3507: 2685: 2119: 2852:. Nearly bisecting New Mexico from north to south, the Rio Grande has played an influential role in the region's history; its fertile floodplain has supported human habitation since prehistoric times, and European settlers initially lived exclusively in its valleys and along its tributaries. The Pecos, which flows roughly parallel to the Rio Grande at its east, was a popular route for explorers, as was the Canadian River, which rises in the mountainous north and flows east across the arid plains. The San Juan and Gila lie west of the 5866: 7794:" in Christianity; this numerical designation, as well as its high fatality rate was subject to controversy, superstition, and numerous cultural references. U.S. 666 was subsequently renamed U.S. Route 491 in 2003. Many existing and former highways in New Mexico are recognized for their aesthetic, cultural, or historical significance, particularly for tourism purposes. The state hosts ten out of 184 "America's Byways", which are federally designated for preservation due to their scenic beauty or national importance. 10172: 10090: 5425: 7528: 7466: 5363: 2675: 4360: 11371:"Any other citizen, regardless of race, in the State of New Mexico who has not paid one cent of tax of any kind or character, if he possesses the other qualifications, may vote. An Indian, and only an Indian, in order to meet the qualifications to vote, must have paid a tax. How you can escape the conclusion that makes a requirement with respect to an Indian as a qualification to exercise the elective franchise and does not make that requirement with respect to the member of any race is beyond me." 2661: 2224:. The influx of "Anglo Americans" from the eastern U.S. (which include African Americans and recent European immigrants) reshaped the state's economy, culture, and politics. Into the late 19th century, the majority of New Mexicans remained ethnic mestizos of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry (primarily Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, Genízaro, and Comanche), many of whom had roots going back to Spanish settlement in the 16th century; this distinctly New Mexican ethnic group became known as 6132: 7891: 11209: 195: 8024: 7590: 4221: 183: 9949:

and legislature to provide an adequate system by April 2019; in response, New Mexico increased teacher salaries, funded an extended school year, expanded prekindergarten childhood education programs, and developed a budget formula for delivering more funding to schools that serve at-risk and low-income students. Nevertheless, many activists and public officials contend that these efforts continue to fall short, particularly with respect to Native American schools and students.

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oil and gas industry, at about 1.1 million acres, and the second-highest number of acres currently leased fossil fuel production, at 4.3 million acres, after Wyoming's 9.2 million acres; only 11 percent of these lands, or 474,121 acres, are idle, which is the lowest among Western states. Nevertheless, New Mexico has had recurring disputes and discussions with the U.S. government concerning management and revenue rights over federal land.

8321: 9922: 6685: 2709: 1063: 9990: 1047: 7214: 7067:, with the former being the most famous and valuable crop. According to the 2017 Census of Agriculture, New Mexico ranked first in the nation for chile pepper acreage, with Doña Ana and Luna counties placing first and second among U.S. counties in this regard. New Mexico chile sold close to $ 40 million in 2021, while dry beans accounted for $ 7.6 million that year. New Mexico is one of the few states commercially producing 9945:

out of 52 U.S. states and territories. Almost a quarter of people over 25 (23.9%) did not complete college, compared with 21% nationally. New Mexico ranks among the bottom ten states in the proportion of residents with a bachelor's degree or higher (27.7%), but 21st in PhD earners (12.2%); the national average is 33.1% and 12.8%, respectively. In 2020, the number of doctorate recipients was 300, placing the state 34th in the nation.

4966:, due to the state's size, sparse population, and numerous isolated communities. Likewise, the Census Bureau estimated that roughly 43% of the state's population (about 900,000 people) live in such "hard-to-count" areas. In response, the New Mexico government invested heavily in public outreach to increase census participation, resulting in a final tally that exceeded earlier estimates and outperformed several neighboring states. 9913:. Both funds derive revenue from rents, royalties, and bonuses related to the state's extensive oil, gas, and mining operations; the vast majority of the LGPF's distributions are earmarked for "common (public) schools", while all distributions from the STPF are allocated to the LGPF. As of 2020, the Land Grant Permanent Fund was valued at $ 21.6 billion, while the Severance Tax Permanent Fund was worth $ 5.8 billion. 7654:, the state once had the nation's highest alcohol-related crash rates but ranked 25th in this regard by July 2009. The highway traffic fatality rate was 1.9 per million miles traveled in 2000, the 13th highest rate among U.S. states. A 2022 report cited poor road as a major factor in New Mexico's continually high traffic fatalities; between 2015 and 2019, close 1,900 people were killed in automotive crashes in the state. 3587: 6582: 4407: 4370: 6477:, and New Age movements has been linked to its remote and ancient indigenous spirituality, which emphasized sacred connections to nature, and its over 300 years of syncretized Pueblo and Hispano religious and folk customs. The state's remoteness has likewise been cited as attracting and fostering communities seeking the freedom to practice or cultivate new beliefs. Global spiritual leaders including 7956: 8950:. Counties are usually governed by an elected five-member county commission, sheriff, assessor, clerk and treasurer. A municipality may call itself a village, town, or city, with no distinction in law and no correlation to any particular form of government. Municipal elections are non-partisan. In addition, limited local authority can be vested in special districts and landowners' associations. 6528: 43: 5897:; though some archaic elements exist, linguistic research has determined that the dialect "is neither more Iberian nor more archaic" than other varieties spoken in the Americas. Nevertheless, centuries of isolation during the colonial period insulated the New Mexican dialect from "standard" Spanish, leading to the preservation of older vocabulary as well as its own innovations. 11173: 8360:, but with more expansive rights and freedoms; for example, victims of certain serious crimes, such as aggravated battery and sexual assault, have explicit rights to privacy, dignity, and the timely adjudication of their case. Major state issues may be decided by popular vote, and the constitution may be amended by a majority vote of both lawmakers and the electorate. 2538:. In the late 20th century, Native Americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions, in states which had authorized such gaming. Such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers generate revenues for reinvestment in the economic development and welfare of their peoples. The 2896:

summer, particularly in the more rugged north-central area around Albuquerque and in the south. Generally, the eastern third of the state receives the most rainfall, while the western third receives the least. Higher altitudes receive around 40 inches (1,000 mm), while the lowest elevations see as little as 8 to 10 inches (200 to 250 millimetres).

2133: 8414:. Members of the House are elected to two-year terms, while those of the Senate are elected every four years. New Mexican legislators are unique in the U.S. for being volunteers, receiving only a daily stipend while in session; this "citizen legislature" dates back to New Mexico's admission as a state, and is considered a source of civic pride. 6972:

In 2017, New Mexico established the Bioscience Authority to foster local industry development; the following year, pharmaceutical company Curia built two large facilities in Albuquerque, and in 2022 announced plans to invest $ 100 million to expand local operations. The state is also positioning itself to play a leading role in developing

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businesses. According to the New Mexico Film Office, in 2022, film and television expenditures reached the highest recorded level at over $ 855 million, compared to $ 624 million the previous year. During fiscal years 2020–2023, the total direct economic impact from the film tax credit was $ 2.36 million. In 2018,

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constitution does not declare any language "official". While Spanish was permitted in the legislature until 1935, all state officials are required to have a good knowledge of English; consequently, some analysts argue that New Mexico cannot be considered a bilingual state, since not all laws are published in both languages.

16726: 2250:, who had assumed command of the Military Department of New Mexico in 1862, led what he described as a "merciless war against all hostile tribes" that aimed to "force them to their knees, and then confine them to reservations where they could be Christianized and instructed in agriculture." With famed frontiersman 10340:, which was shaped by the region's historical isolation and various cultural influences; New Mexican Spanish lacks certain vocabulary from other Spanish dialects and uses numerous Native American words for local features, as well as anglicized words that express American concepts and modern inventions. 8767:, and 7% stated they did not know. Likewise, New Mexico's demographics are atypical of most traditional liberal states with "political ideology less important" than the profile or outreach efforts of the individual candidate. Due to their historically positive connections to the state's heritage, the 23256:

State Constitutional Provision – Article II, Section 6."No law shall abridge the right of the citizen to keep and bear arms for security and defense, for lawful hunting and recreational use and for other lawful purposes, but nothing herein shall be held to permit the carrying of concealed weapons. No

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which relates often humorous anecdotes about instances in which people elsewhere do not realize New Mexico is a state, confuse it with the nation of Mexico, or otherwise mistake it as being a foreign country. The state's license plates say "New Mexico USA", so as to avoid confusion with Mexico, which

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founded the Maria Benítez Institute for Spanish Arts "to present programs of the highest quality of the rich artistic heritage of Spain, as expressed through music, dance, visual arts, and other art forms". There is also the annual Festival Flamenco Internacional de Alburquerque, where native Spanish

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In September 2019, New Mexico announced a plan to make tuition at its public colleges and universities free for all state residents, regardless of family income. The proposal was described as going further than any other existing state or federal plan or program at the time. In March 2022, New Mexico

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is a division of the DPS with jurisdiction over all crimes in the state. As of 2008, New Mexico had over 5,000 sworn police officers, a ratio of 252 per 100,000 residents, which is roughly the same as the nation. The state struggles with one of the nation's highest rates of officer-involved killings,

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The state has among the most permissive firearms laws in the country. Its constitution explicitly enshrines the right to bear arms and prevents local governments from regulating gun ownership. Residents may purchase any firearm deemed legal under federal law without a permit. There is a 7-day waiting

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service in the U.S. in the late 1960s, New Mexico was left with minimal services; no less than six daily long-distance roundtrip trains, supplemented by many branch-line and local trains, served New Mexico in the early 1960s. Declines in passenger revenue, but not necessarily ridership, prompted many

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spending is a major driver of the New Mexico economy. In 2021, the federal government spent $ 2.48 on New Mexico for every dollar of tax revenue collected from the state, higher than every state except Kentucky. The same year, New Mexico received $ 9,624 per resident in federal services, or roughly $

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was told by the county registrar that he could not register to vote, he filed suit against the county in federal district court. A three-judge panel overturned as unconstitutional New Mexico's provisions that Native Americans who did not pay taxes (and could not document if they had paid taxes) could

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New Mexico saw its population nearly double from roughly 532,000 in 1940 to over 954,000 by 1960. In addition to federal personnel and agencies, many residents and businesses moved to the state, particularly from the northeast, often drawn by its warm climate and low taxes. The pattern continues into

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American policy swiftly sought to reenact Hispano and Nativo peace treaties "Domestic and imperial reforms finally provided peace treaties during the last quarter of the eighteenth century." "Apaches, Navajos, and Comanches to sue for peace in 1775 and 1786. In return for annual gifts, food rations,

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scattered throughout the state, which collectively span over 2 million acres (800,000 ha). The Puebloans have a long history of independence and autonomy, which has shaped their identity and culture. Many indigenous New Mexicans have moved to urban areas throughout the state, and some cities such as

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New Mexico is an important center of Native American culture. Some 200,000 residents, about one-tenth of the population, are of indigenous descent, ranking third in size, and second proportionally, nationwide. There are 23 federally recognized tribal nations, each with its distinct culture, history,

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put 30% of its gross sales into the scholarship fund. The scholarship is available to residents who graduated from a state high school, and attend a state university full-time while maintaining a 2.5 GPA or higher. It covered 100% of tuition when it was first instated in 1996, decreased to 90%, then

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In January 2022, New Mexico became the first state in the U.S. to recruit national guardsmen and state workers to serve as substitute teachers due to staffing shortages caused by COVID-19. Partly in response to pandemic-related shortages, on March 1, 2022, Governor Grisham signed into law four bills

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On October 22, 2021, Spaceport America was the site of the first successfully tested vacuum-sealed "suborbital accelerator", which aims to offer a significantly more economical alternative to launching satellites via rockets. Conducted by Spaceport tenant SpinLaunch, the test is the first of roughly

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Personal automobiles remain the primary means of transportation for most New Mexicans, especially in rural areas. The state had 59,927 route miles of highway as of 2000, of which 7,037 receive federal aid. In that same year there were 1,003 miles (1,614 km) of freeways, of which a thousand were

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is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year, the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property, and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence

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has experienced particularly robust growth, beginning with the 2013 opening of a BioScience Center in Albuquerque, the state's first private incubator for biotechnology startups; New Mexicans have since founded roughly 150 bioscience companies, which have received more patents than any other sector.

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in 1987, New Mexico had by far the lowest percent of land sold for the minimum statutory amount of $ 2 per acre, at just 3%; by contrast, all of Arizona's federal land was sold at the lowest rate, followed by Oregon at 98% and Nevada at 84%. The state had the fourth-highest total acreage sold to the

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New Mexico has the fourth largest Native American community in the U.S., at over 200,000; comprising roughly one-tenth of all residents, this is the second largest population by percentage after Alaska. New Mexico is also the only state besides Alaska where indigenous people have maintained a stable

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was confirmed to have reached the U.S. state of New Mexico on March 11, 2020. On December 23, 2020, the New Mexico Department of Health reported 1,174 new COVID-19 cases and 40 deaths, bringing the cumulative statewide totals to 133,242 cases and 2,243 deaths since the start of the pandemic. During

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relations with fellow indigenous New Mexican groups. By contrast, Anglo Americans, who were "outnumbered, but well-organized and growing" tended to have more ties to the territorial government, whose officials were appointed by the U.S. federal government; subsequently, newer residents of New Mexico

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New Mexico is plagued by poor road conditions, with roughly a third of its roadways suffering from "inadequate state and local funding". As of 2001, 703 highway bridges, or one percent, were declared "structurally deficient" or "structurally obsolete". Data from 2019 found 207 bridges and more than

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that of the federal government and 34 other states; it is set to increase to $ 11.50 on January 1, 2022, and $ 12.00 on January 1, 2023. Additionally, counties and municipalities have set their own minimum wages; Santa Fe County enacted a "Living Wage Ordinance" on March 1, 2021, mandating $ 12.32.

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among U.S. states, compared to a national average of 10.5%. Poverty disproportionately affects minorities, with about one-third of African Americans and Native Americans living in poverty, compared with less than a fifth of whites and roughly a tenth of Asians; likewise, New Mexico ranks 49th among

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New Mexico and 12 other western states together account for 93% of all federally owned land in the U.S. Roughly one–third of the state, or 24.7 million of 77.8 million acres, is held by the U.S. government, the tenth-highest percentage in the country. More than half this land is under the

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Annual temperatures can range from 65 °F (18 °C) in the southeast to below 40 °F (4 °C) in the northern mountains, with the average being the mid-50s °F (12 °C). During the summer, daytime temperatures can often exceed 100 °F (38 °C) at elevations below 5,000 feet

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along the frontier. The withdrawal of troops and material for the war effort had prompted raids by hostile tribes, and the federal government moved to subdue the many native communities that had been effectively autonomous throughout the colonial period. Following the elimination of the Confederate

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In 2018, a state judge issued a landmark ruling that "New Mexico is violating the constitutional rights of at-risk students by failing to provide them with sufficient education", in particularly those with indigenous, non-English-speaking, and low-income backgrounds. The court ordered the governor

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By national standards, New Mexico has one of the highest concentrations of persons who did not finish high school or have some college education, albeit by a low margin: Slightly more than 14% of residents did not have a high school diploma, compared to the national rate of 11.4%, the fifth lowest

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became the highest-ranking elected official in the U.S. to publicly endorse drug legalization. Medicinal marijuana was fully legalized in 2007, making New Mexico the 12th state to do so, and the fourth via legislative action. In 2019, it was the first U.S. state to decriminalize possession of drug

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New Mexico is described as a "national leader in electing female legislators". As of January 2023, it ranked sixth in the number of female state legislators (43.8%), with women comprising a majority of the New Mexico House of Representatives (53%) and over a quarter of the Senate (29%). Women also

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New Mexico's distinctive culture, rich artistic scene, favorable climate, and diverse geography have long been major drivers of tourism. As early as 1880, the state was a major destination for travelers suffering from respiratory illnesses (particularly tuberculosis), with its altitude and aridity

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are partly a legacy of Spanish treaties recognizing indigenous land claims in Nuevo México. Nevertheless, relations between the various indigenous groups and Spanish settlers remained nebulous and complex, varying from trade and commerce to cultural assimilation and intermarriage to total warfare.

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New Mexican culture is a unique fusion of indigenous, Spanish, Hispanic, and American influences. The state bears some of the oldest evidence of human habitation, with thousands of years of indigenous heritage giving way to centuries of successive migration and settlement by Spanish, Mexican, and

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Although state politics are decidedly Democratic leaning, New Mexico's political culture is relatively moderate and bipartisan by national standards. While registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by nearly 200,000, New Mexico voters have historically favored moderate to conservative

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became a favorite of early Hollywood stars and among the most famous named trains in the U.S.; it was known for its luxury and exoticness, with cars bearing the name of regional Native American tribes and outfitted with the artwork of many local artists – but also for its speed: as

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in the city in 1975. Multinational technology company Intel, which has had operations in Rio Rancho since 1980, opened its Fab 9 factory in the city in January 2024, part of its commitment to invest $ 3.5 billion in expanding its operations in the state; it is the company's first high-volume

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populations. According to the state's data dashboard, American Indians had nearly 58 percent of the statewide infection rates as of May 15. On April 25, McKinley County had the highest total number of cases while San Juan County had the highest number of deaths by April 26. However, by the end of

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As a legacy of the Second World War, New Mexico continues to receive large amounts of federal government spending on major military and research institutions. In addition to the White Sands Missile Range, the state hosts three U.S. Air Force bases that were established or expanded during the war.

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ran high among New Mexicans, including among marginalized Hispanic and indigenous communities; on a per capita basis, New Mexico produced more volunteers, and suffered more casualties, than any other state. The war also spurred economic development, particularly in extractive industries, with the

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To encourage settlement in its vulnerable periphery, Spain awarded land grants to European settlers in Nuevo México; due to the scarcity of water throughout the region, the vast majority of colonists resided in the central valley of the Rio Grande and its tributaries. Most communities were walled

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found that two-thirds of all nonwhite women who have ever been elected governor in the U.S. are from New Mexico, including the current governor, Lujan Grisham. The state also accounts for nearly one-third of the women of color who have served in any statewide executive office, such as lieutenant

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New Mexico has long been known for its dry, temperate climate. Overall the state is semi-arid to arid, with areas of continental and alpine climates at higher elevations. New Mexico's statewide average precipitation is 13.7 inches (350 mm) a year, with average monthly amounts peaking in the

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Compared to other Western states, New Mexico's Spanish and Mexican heritage remain more visible and enduring, due to it having been the oldest, most populous, and most important province in New Spain's northern periphery. However, some historians allege that this history has been understated or

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New Mexico has 41 accredited, degree-granting institutions; twelve are private and 29 are state-funded, including four tribal colleges. Additionally, select students can attend certain institutions in Colorado, at in-state tuition rates, pursuant to a reciprocity program between the two states.

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The New Mexico Finance Authority operates the New Market Tax Credits (NMTC) to provide greater access to financing for new, expanding, or relocating businesses in "highly distressed" areas (defined by metrics such as poverty above 30% and median family income below 60% of the statewide median).

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since the mid-2010s led to a large increase in the production of crude oil from the Permian Basin and other U.S. sources; these developments allowed the United States to again become the world's largest producer of crude oil by 2018. New Mexico's oil and gas operations contribute to the state's

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A little over 9% of New Mexican residents are foreign-born, and an additional 6.0% of U.S.-born residents live with at least one immigrant parent. The proportion of foreign-born residents is below the national average of 13.7%, and New Mexico was the only state to see a decline in its immigrant

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that provide diverse sets of habitats for many plants and animals. The Upper Sonoran Zone is by far the most prominent, constituting about three-fourths of the state; it includes most of the plains, foothills, and valleys above 4,500 feet, and is defined by prairie grasses, low piñon pines, and

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population was "alien" to U.S. culture and political values. When the U.S. entered the First World War roughly five years later, New Mexicans volunteered in significant numbers, in part to prove their loyalty as full-fledged citizens of the U.S. The state ranked fifth in the nation for military

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With regard to the judiciary, witnesses and defendants have the right to testify in either of the two languages, and monolingual speakers of Spanish have the same right to be considered for jury duty as do speakers of English. In public education, the state has the constitutional obligation to

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Native Americans from New Mexico fought for the United States in both world wars. Returning veterans were disappointed to find their civil rights limited by state discrimination. In Arizona and New Mexico, veterans challenged state laws or practices prohibiting them from voting. In 1948, after

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of 0.4769, albeit below the national average of 0.486. Household income is slightly less than $ 47,000, which is the fourth lowest in the U.S. The unemployment rate for June 2021 is 7.9%, tied with Connecticut as the highest in the country, and close to the peak of 8.0% for June–October 2010,

9855:; possession, personal cultivation, and retail sales are permitted under certain conditions, while relevant marijuana-related arrests and convictions are expunged. New Mexico has long pioneered loosening cannabis restrictions: In 1978, it was the first state to pass legislation allowing the 6726:

New Mexico provides financial incentives for film production, including tax credits valued at 25–40% of eligible in-state spending. A program enacted in 2019 provides benefits to media companies that commit to investing in the state for at least a decade and that use local talent, crew, and

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genre immortalized the varied mountainous, riparian, and desert environment into film. Owing to a combination of financial incentives, low cost, and geographic diversity, New Mexico has long been a popular setting or filming location for various films and television series. In addition to

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Traditionally dependent on resource extraction, ranching, and railroad transportation, New Mexico has increasingly shifted towards services, high-end manufacturing, and tourism. Since 2017, the state has seen a steady rise in the number of annual visitors, culminating in a record-breaking

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New Mexico's original state constitution of 1911 required all laws be published in both English and Spanish for twenty years after ratification; this requirement was renewed in 1931 and 1943, with some sources stating the state was officially bilingual until 1953. Nonetheless, the current

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constitute less than half the population. As early as 1940, roughly half the population was estimated to be nonwhite. Before becoming a state in 1912, New Mexico was among the few U.S. territories that was predominately nonwhite, which contributed to its delayed admission into the Union.

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program targeting poorer residents; if enacted, it would be only the second U.S. state after California with such a policy. In August 2021, Santa Fe announced a one-year pilot program that would provide a "stability stipend" of $ 400 monthly to 100 parents under the age of 30 who attend

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New Mexico ranked 13th in the 2022 Social Mobility Index (SMI), which measures the extent to which economically disadvantaged students (with family incomes below the national median) have access to colleges and universities with lower tuition and indebtedness and higher job prospects.

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in 2022. Recent election cycles within the past decade have seen moderate incumbents replaced by progressive Democrats in cities like Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and Las Cruces, with conservative Republicans being elected in rural areas. Democrats in the state are usually strongest in the

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Notwithstanding their relatively small population, immigrants play a disproportionately large role in New Mexico's economy, accounting for almost one-eighth (12.5%) of the labor force,15% of entrepreneurs, and 19.1% of personal care aides, as well as 9.1% of workers in STEM fields.

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to Santa Fe. No fewer than 100 railroads of various names and lineage have operated in the state at some point. New Mexico's rail transportation system reached its height in terms of length following admission as a state; in 1914, eleven railroads operated 3124 route miles.

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Agriculture contributes $ 40 billion to New Mexico's economy and employs nearly 260,000 people. As of 2023, the state exports $ 275 million in agricultural goods and ranks first nationwide in the production of chile peppers, second in pecans, and fifth in onions.

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A 2021 analysis by the nonprofit Tax Foundation placed New Mexico 23rd in business tax climate; its property taxes were found to be the least burdensome in the U.S., while taxation for unemployment insurance and on corporations each ranked as the ninth least burdensome.

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Census data from 2020 found that 19.9% of the population identifies as multiracial/mixed-race, a population larger than the Native American, Black, Asian and NHPI population groups. Almost 90% of the multiracial population in New Mexico identifies as Hispanic or Latino.

21269: 7405:. Its poverty rate of roughly 18% is among the highest in the country, exceeded only by Louisiana and Mississippi. In 2017, nearly 30% of New Mexico's children were in poverty, which is 40% higher than the national average. The majority of births (54%) were financed by 5968:

to approve an amendment to the New Mexican constitution is held, the ballots must be printed in both English and Spanish. Certain legal notices must be published in both English and Spanish as well, and the state maintains a list of newspapers for Spanish publication.

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Basins, which are located partly in New Mexico, account for some of these natural resources. In 2000 the value of oil and gas produced was $ 8.2 billion, and in 2006, New Mexico accounted for 3.4% of the crude oil, 8.5% of the dry natural gas, and 10.2% of the

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scientific research, tourism, and government spending are important drivers of the state economy. The state government has an elaborate system of tax credits and technical assistance to promote job growth and business investment, especially in new technologies.

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proportion of the population for over a century: In 1890, Native Americans made up 9.4% of New Mexico's population, almost the same percentage as in 2020. By contrast, during that same period, neighboring Arizona went from one-third indigenous to less than 5%.

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followed suit in 2021 with the opening of its own television film studio in the city, committing to spend $ 500 million in direct production and employ 330 full-time equivalent local jobs over the next decade. Albuquerque is consistently recognized by

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Roman Catholicism is deeply rooted in New Mexico's history and culture, going back to its settlement by the Spanish in the early 17th century. The oldest Christian church in the continental U.S., and the third oldest in any U.S. state or territory, is the

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period under state law for picking up a firearm after it has been purchased (holders of concealed handgun licenses are exempt from the 7-day waiting period), nor any restrictions on magazine capacity. Additionally, New Mexico is a "shall-issue" state for

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20 billion more than what the state pays in federal taxes. The state governor's office estimated that the federal government spends roughly $ 7.8 billion annually in services such as healthcare, infrastructure development, and public welfare.

3201:°C) at the higher elevations. In the colder months of November to March, many cities in New Mexico can have nighttime temperature lows in the teens above zero, or lower. The highest temperature recorded in New Mexico was 122 °F (50 °C) at the 2820:

Over four–fifths of New Mexico is higher than 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) above sea level. The average elevation ranges from up to 8,000 feet (2,400 meters) above sea level in the northwest, to less than 4,000 feet in the southeast. The highest point is

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and developed a more pronounced identity vis-a-vis the newer Anglo arrivals. Politically, they still controlled most town and county offices through local elections, and wealthy ranching families commanded considerable influence, preferring business,

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counties. Rail Runner operates scheduled service seven days per week, connecting Albuquerque's population base and central business district to downtown Santa Fe with up to eight roundtrips in a day; the section of the line running south to

2758:

parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in New Mexico's northwestern corner. Its surface water area is about 292 square miles (760 km).

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New Mexico has nine of the country's 84 national monuments, which are sites federally protected by presidential proclamation; this is the second-highest number after Arizona. The monuments include some of the earliest to have been created:

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decision, which held that abortion was not a constitutional right, New Mexico's governor issued an executive order protecting abortion providers from out-of-state litigation, in anticipation of the influx of nonresidents seeking abortions.

4232:, ranking 45th out of 50; by contrast, the overall population density of the U.S. is 90 people per square mile (35 people/km). The state is divided into 33 counties and 106 municipalities, which include cities, towns, villages, and a 12824: 12370:... when he returned south, Ibarra boasted that he had discovered a New Mexico. Doubtless, like others, he stretched the tale, and certainly, the land of which he told was well south of the one now so-called. Yet, men remembered the name 15936: 2427:, New Mexico's Hispano and Mexican women at the forefront included Trinidad Cabeza de Baca, Dolores "Lola" Armijo, Mrs. James Chavez, Aurora Lucero, Anita "Mrs. Secundino" Romero, Arabella "Mrs. Cleofas" Romero and her daughter, Marie. 14640: 3362:, and other plants that are not found in other parts of the state. The southern sections of the Rio Grande and Pecos valleys have 20,000 square miles (52,000 square kilometres) of New Mexico's best grazing land and irrigated farmland. 21742: 11108:

Owing to its millennia of habitation and over two centuries of Spanish colonial rule, New Mexico features a significant number of sites with historical and cultural significance. Forty-six locations across the state are listed by the

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Indigenous-Hispanic families had long been established since the Spanish and Mexican era, but most American settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large Native American tribes. Most indigenous New Mexicans lived on

25819: 21219: 7287:. Most incentives are based on job creation: state and local governments are permitted to provide land, buildings, and infrastructure to businesses that will generate employment. Several municipalities impose an Economic Development 1888:

During the turn of the 19th century, the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico, north of the Canadian River and east of the spine of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, was still claimed by France, which sold it in 1803 as part of the

9941:, leads the state in the most post-secondary degree holders, at 38.7% of residents, or 4,899 of 17,950. However, New Mexico routinely ranks near the bottom in studies measuring the quality of primary and secondary school education. 1823:

inhibited the growth and prosperity of the New Mexico. The region's harsh environment and remoteness, surrounded by hostile Native Americans, fostered a greater degree of self-reliance, as well as pragmatic cooperation, between the

19244: 1270:

is characterized by low to moderate taxation of resident personal income by national standards, with tax credits, exemptions, and special considerations for military personnel and favorable industries. New Mexico has a significant

2454:

state becoming a leading supplier of several strategic resources. New Mexico's rough terrain and geographic isolation made it an attractive location for several sensitive military and scientific installations; the most famous was

7457:; the results of the program will determine whether the state government follows suit with its own basic income proposals. Las Cruces, the state's second largest city, is officially discussing the enactment of a similar program. 14295: 7356:

but, unlike the sales taxes in many states, it applies to services as well as tangible goods. Normally, the provider or seller passes the tax on to the purchaser; however, legal incidence and burden apply to the business, as an

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to public office than any other U.S. state. While the trend is partly reflective of the state's disproportionately high Hispanic and indigenous populations, it also reflects longstanding cultural and political trends: In 1922,

4935:, or abroad to at least one American parent; and 9.4% were foreign born (compared to a national average of roughly 12%). Almost a quarter of the population (22.7%) was under the age of 18, and the state's median age of 38.4 is 264: 25661: 19709: 13661: 24613: 13262: 18963: 15014: 8910:

governor and secretary of state, a distinction shared by only ten other states. New Mexico also has a relatively high percentage of state legislators who are women of color, which at 16% is the sixth highest in the nation.

6671:, New Mexico receives royalties from the sale of federally owned land to oil and gas companies. It has the highest proportion of federal land with oil and gas, as well as the most lucrative: since the last amendment to the 2438:. The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources called it "the most important single discovery of oil in New Mexico's history". Nevertheless, agriculture and cattle ranching remained the primary economic activities. 22531: 14750: 4939:

of 38.2. New Mexico's somewhat older population is partly reflective of its popularity among retirees: It ranked as the most popular retirement destination in 2018, with an estimated 42% of new residents being retired.

20152: 18607: 15323:"Even though New Mexico's under-18 population shrank by 8.3%, the analysts found that the Hispanic population increased slightly and the Native American population grew by 10%, signaling long-term growth in diversity." 24236: 7018:

In November 2022, the New Mexico State Investment Council, which manages that state's $ 38 billion sovereign wealth fund, announced it would commit $ 100 million towards America's Frontier Fund (AFF), a new

4302:

characterized by abject poverty, the absence of basic services (such as water and sewage), and scarce housing and infrastructure. The University of New Mexico estimates there are 118 colonias in the state, though the

1530:. The Spaniards had hoped to find wealthy indigenous cultures similar to the Mexica. The indigenous cultures of New Mexico, however, proved to be unrelated to the Mexica and lacking in riches, but the name persisted. 18576: 15514: 24273: 14979: 4916:

and 2010, New Mexico's population increased by 11.7% from 1,819,046—among the fastest growth rates in the country. A report commissioned in 2021 by the New Mexico Legislature attributed the state's slow growth to a

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Graduates of four-year colleges in New Mexico have some of the lowest student debt burdens in the U.S.; the class of 2017 owed an average of $ 21,237 compared with a national average of $ 28,650, according to the

7031:

Although much of its land is arid, New Mexico has hosted a variety of agricultural activities for at least 2,500 years, centered mostly on the Rio Grande and its tributaries. This is helped by its long history of

10726:. Las Cruces, in southern New Mexico, has a museum system affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program, and hosts a variety of cultural and artistic opportunities for residents and visitors. 23987: 16132: 6601:

As of 2021, New Mexico's gross domestic product was over $ 95 billion, compared to roughly $ 80 billion in 2010. State GDP peaked in 2019 at nearly $ 99 billion but declined in the face of the

15150: 7992:, a state-owned enterprise. Amtrak, also known as the National Passenger Railroad Corporation, began operating the two extant long-distance routes on May 1, 1971. Resurrection of passenger rail service from 21355: 1845:, communal land for grazing, firewood, or recreation. By 1800, the population of New Mexico had reached 25,000 (not including indigenous inhabitants), far exceeding the territories of California and Texas. 265: 7379:

is not subject to property taxation. On the other hand, property tax is levied on most business-use personal property. The taxable value of property is one-third the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30

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operas. In addition to other general interest theaters, Albuquerque also has the African American Performing Arts Center and Exhibit Hall which showcases achievements by people of African descent and the

6746:

magazine as one of the top "big cities" in North America to live and work as a filmmaker, and the only city to earn No. 1 for four consecutive years (2019–2022); in 2024, it placed second, after Toronto.

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in a largely Republican region; Obama was also the first Democrat to win a majority of New Mexico votes since Johnson. Obama won again in 2012, followed by Hillary Clinton in 2016, and Joe Biden in 2020.

7732:. The state is tied with Delaware, North Dakota, Puerto Rico, and Rhode Island in having the fewest primary interstate routes, which is partly a reflection of its rugged geography and sparse population. 27101: 13819: 12450: 20743: 20451: 19306: 11605: 22908: 16254: 13231: 9832:. The issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was determined at the county level, with some county clerks issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples and others not. In December 2013, the 7023:

firm that will focus on advanced technologies such as microelectronics and semiconductors, advanced manufacturing, artificial intelligence, new energy sources, synthetic biology and quantum sciences.

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From 2000 to 2010, the number of persons in poverty increased to 400,779, or approximately one-fifth of the population. The 2020 census recorded a slightly reduced poverty rate of 18.2%, albeit the

688: 22278: 19751: 18759: 17416: 8862:, and the newly developed areas in the northwest mesa. Albuquerque's Northeast Heights have historically leaned Republican but have become a key swing area for Democrats in recent election cycles. 4229: 2285:

The political and cultural clashes between these competing ethnic groups sometimes culminated in mob violence, including lynchings of Native, Hispanic, and Mexican peoples, as was attempted at the

667: 22178: 7843:

Railroad surveyors arrived in New Mexico in the 1850s shortly after it became a U.S. territory. The first railroads incorporated in 1869, and the first railway became operational in 1878 with the

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made the identification of New Mexico and Aztlán explicit, describing how the Mexica people left "their home there in Old Mexico Aztlan Quinehuayan Chicomoztoc, which today they call New Mexico (

24077: 17802: 15928: 4275: 23201: 14651: 4943:

Hispanics and Latinos constitute nearly half of all residents (49.3%), giving New Mexico the highest proportion of Hispanic ancestry among the fifty states. This broad classification includes

4240:. Only three cities have at least 100,000 residents: Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, and Las Cruces, whose respective metropolitan areas together account for the majority of New Mexico's population. 26185: 20212: 18669: 13695: 7539:

was the 19th-century territory's vital commercial and military highway link to the Eastern United States. All with termini in Northern New Mexico, the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the

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owns the Creamland brand in New Mexico, the brand was originally founded in 1937 to expand a cooperative dairy venture known as the Albuquerque Dairy Association. Southwest Cheese Company in

2400:. In 1924, Congress passed a law granting all Native Americans U.S. citizenship and the right to vote in federal and state elections. However, Anglo-American arrivals into New Mexico enacted 25823: 23921: 23627: 21211: 19645: 7513:. Present-day New Mexico's pre-Columbian trade is especially remarkable for being undertaken on foot. The north–south trade route later became a path for horse-drawn colonists arriving from 25227: 20129: 18933: 6128:(PRRI) determined 67% of the population were Christian, with Roman Catholics constituting the largest denominational group. In 2022, the PRRI estimated 63% of the population were Christian. 4924:

The U.S. Census Bureau estimated a slight decrease in population, with 3,333 fewer people from July 2021 to July 2022. This was attributed to deaths exceeding births by roughly 5,000, with

25478: 20099: 19844: 19337: 19236: 18902: 18500: 13884: 12147: 11132:, and among only eight with more than one. Excluding sites shared between states, New Mexico has the most World Heritage Sites in the country, with three exclusively within its territory. 6911:

New Mexico has been a science and technology hub since at least the mid-20th century, following heavy federal government investment during the Second World War. Los Alamos was the site of

34340: 29421: 25600: 23510: 11800: 23888: 22991: 22211: 8600:

have Democratic majorities: 27 Democrats and 15 Republicans in the Senate, and 45 Democrats and 25 Republicans in the House of Representatives. Likewise, the state is represented in the

6987:; the "Space Triangle" between Roswell, Alamogordo, and Las Cruces has seen the highest concentration rocket tests and launches. New Mexico is sometimes considered the birthplace of the 6908:. Most of these entities form part of an "ecosystem" that links their researchers and resources with private capital, often through initiatives of local, state, and federal governments. 21334: 14287: 10938:(pork marinated in red chile). The state is also the epicenter of a burgeoning Native American culinary movement, in which chefs of indigenous descent serve traditional cuisine through 9836:

issued a unanimous ruling directing all county clerks to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, thereby making New Mexico the 17th state to recognize same-sex marriage statewide.

346: 19214: 13788: 13506: 25653: 25078: 19698: 16483: 16109: 14947: 13653: 11570: 21773: 20389: 15427: 14326: 13726: 13254: 4260: 4191:, polluting water basins of several states. The state has since implemented or considered stricter regulations and harsher penalties for spills associated with resource extraction. 18955: 15006: 7156:

believed to be beneficial to the lungs. Since the mid aughts, New Mexico has seen a steady rise in annual visitors, welcoming a record-breaking 39.2 million tourists in 2021.

29485: 28746: 26993: 23540: 19612: 9871:: Elective abortion care is legal at all stages of pregnancy, without restrictions such as long waiting periods and mandated parental consent. In 2021, the state repealed a 1969 " 7263:

estimated that 11.7% of the state's total employment arises directly or indirectly from military spending. New Mexico is also home to two major federal research institutions: the

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New Mexico's high altitude, generally clear skies, and sparse population have long fostered astronomical and aerospace activities, beginning with the ancient observatories of the

23957: 22671: 19936: 19781: 16449: 14740: 12913: 10406:

became more prevalent, with these revival architectures becoming officially encouraged since the 1930s. These styles have been blended with other modern styles, as happened with

2270:

were brutally pacified through a scorched earth policy, and thereafter forced into barren and remote reservations. Sporadic conflicts continued into the late 1880s, most notably

26215: 26120: 20659: 19905: 19491: 13065: 7905:

was a major source of demographic and economic growth in the state, with many settlements expanding or being established shortly thereafter. As early as 1878, the ATSF promoted

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The New Mexican government has aimed to develop the state into a major center for technology startups, namely through financial incentives and public-private partnerships. The

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are popular; the University of New Mexico is the only institute of higher education in the world with a program dedicated to flamenco. Flamenco dancer and native New Mexican

6731:

chose New Mexico for its first U.S. production hub, pledging to spend over $ 1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America at

2871:

discussed the indigenous, Hispanic, and American frontier setting of New Mexico and its shared relationship to the land, which was covered in a documentary he narrated titled

24681: 24399: 22702: 21305: 21244: 21165: 21147: 17960: 16668: 11830: 11739: 6542: 4270:, its second-largest city and the largest city in the southern region of the state. The Las Cruces metropolitan area includes roughly 214,000 residents, but with neighboring 19574: 18568: 13567: 10322:, who settled mostly in the north of the state between the 16th and 18th centuries; by contrast, the majority of Mexican immigrants reside in the south. Some Hispanos claim 8399:. New Mexico's governor is granted more authority than those of other states, with the power to appoint most high-ranking officials in the cabinet and other state agencies. 6001: 33580: 25853: 24797: 24265: 16420: 14971: 13476: 10603:

In the mid-20th century, there was a thriving Hispano school of literature and scholarship being produced in both English and Spanish. Among the more notable authors were:

1784: 28301: 26467: 22479: 19154: 18322: 17023: 15040: 1832:

enclaves consisting of adobe houses that opened onto a plaza, from which four streets ran outward to small, private agricultural plots and orchards; these were watered by

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39.2 million tourists in 2021, which had a total economic income of $ 10 billion. New Mexico has also seen greater investment in media and scientific research.

6610:

was slightly over $ 45,800, compared to $ 31,474 in 2007; it was the third lowest in the country after West Virginia and Mississippi. The percentage of persons below the

34708: 28780: 23665: 22092: 21806: 10436:, whose black and white pottery could be mistaken for modern art, except for the fact that it was produced before 1130 CE. Many examples of this work can be seen at the 7413: 6711:'s presence brought international attention to the Santa Fe art scene, and today the city has several notable art establishments and many commercial art galleries along 1881:, based on the erroneous assumption that the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlements of Texas. The 23301:

Brian A Reaves, "2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies", US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2011

19814: 19275: 18822: 15492: 14414: 10716:, originally a mining town, is now a major hub and exhibition center for large numbers of artists, visual and otherwise. Another former mining town turned art haven is 8425:

from lower courts or government agencies. It is made up of five judges popularly elected every eight years with overlapping terms. Below the state supreme court is the

33585: 25884: 24969: 24742: 20242: 18539: 16088:"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". 15344: 13537: 8914:

hold a majority of seats on the state Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. At the federal level, two out of three congressional districts are represented by women.

7931: 6699:, New Mexican art has its origins in the folk arts of the indigenous and Hispanic peoples in the region. Pueblo pottery, Navajo rugs, and Hispano religious icons like 2636:

July, Hispanics/Latinos had a plurality of cases. The portion of cases among American Indians continued to decline, and by mid February 2021 was below that of whites.

27029:: annotated list of searchable databases produced by New Mexico state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association 26549: 22148: 17771: 16166:"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States" 9933:

Due to its relatively low population and numerous federally funded research facilities, New Mexico had the highest concentration of PhD holders of any state in 2000.

8865:

A 2020 study ranked New Mexico as the 20th hardest state for citizens to vote, due mostly to the inaccessibility of polling stations among many isolated communities.

25509: 23979: 17600: 9852: 4970: 4304: 1471:

New Mexico received its name long before the present-day country of Mexico won independence from Spain and adopted that name in 1821. The name "Mexico" derives from

1201: 20988: 20543: 18737: 17093: 14400: 6872:

Colorado to the Gulf of Mexico. The constituent New Mexico Technology Corridor, centered primarily around Albuquerque, hosts a constellation of high technology and

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Vol. 20, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 59–84 (published by University of Illinois Press for Immigration and Ethnic History Society); accessed via JSTOR, July 20, 2016,

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The majority of live births in New Mexico are to Hispanic whites, with Hispanics of any race consistently accounting for over half of all live births since 2013.

2530:

In the early to mid-20th century, the art presence in Santa Fe grew, and it became known as one of the world's great art centers. The presence of artists such as

2012:

to the U.S., including California, Texas, and New Mexico. The Americans were initially heavy-handed in their treatment of former Mexican citizens, triggering the

27988: 27290: 26729: 26401: 24531: 19668: 15981: 12663: 12273: 7782:, before being replaced by I-40 in 1985. Much of U.S. 66 remains in use for tourism and has been preserved for historical significance. Another famous route was 7096:

lands throughout the state, most of which are within historically Apache, Navajo, Pueblo, and Spanish land grants. Wild game and fish found in the state include

541: 27098: 26269: 23410: 21014: 19431: 15313: 15249: 15081: 14892: 13939: 12552: 7580: 6630:

and ninth largest natural gas producer in the United States; it overtook North Dakota in oil production in July 2021 and is expected to continue expanding. The

18345:"The United States is now the largest global crude oil producer – Today in Energy – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 16011: 14684: 13811: 12442: 12140:"Origins of New Mexico families in the Spanish colonial period : in two parts : the seventeenth (1598–1693) and the eighteenth (1693–1821) centuries" 9791: 9762: 9733: 9704: 9675: 9646: 9617: 9588: 9559: 9530: 9501: 9472: 9443: 9414: 9385: 9356: 9327: 9298: 9269: 9240: 9211: 9182: 9153: 9124: 9095: 9066: 9037: 9008: 8652: 8648: 8644: 2856:, in the northwest and southwest, respectively. With the exception of the Gila, all major rivers are dammed in New Mexico and provide a major water source for 25766: 25447: 22885: 20443: 19298: 18993: 16351: 12046: 11597: 10113: 5977:. The constitution also provides that all state citizens who speak neither English nor Spanish have a right to vote, hold public office, and serve on juries. 5964:

However, the state legislature remains constitutionally empowered to publish laws in English and Spanish and to appropriate funds for translation. Whenever a

22610: 16246: 13223: 2376: 2334: 495: 324: 23379: 23319: 14176: 11149: 20811: 17865: 13201: 7185:

in the area is fueled by a variety of internationally recognized nature reserves, public parks, ski resorts, hiking trails, and hunting and fishing areas.

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in 1862, though the Confederate territorial government continued to operate out of Texas. More than 8,000 soldiers from New Mexico Territory served in the

1946:

agreed with some of the underlying sentiment. This led to New Mexico becoming financially and politically tied to the U.S., and preferring trade along the

23857: 22733: 19735: 18763: 18120: 17408: 14922: 13850: 12656:"The Climax of Conflicts with Native Americans in New Mexico: Spanish and Mexican Antecedents to U.S. Treaty Making during the U.S.-Mexico War, 1846–1848" 11387: 10071:

dropped to 60% in 2017. The value slightly increased in 2018, and new legislation was passed to outline what funds are available per type of institution.

7786:, which ran south to north along the western portion of the state, serving the Four Corners area. It was known as the "Devil's Highway" due to the number 7239:

Federal employees make up 3.4% of New Mexico's labor force. Many federal jobs in the state relate to the military: the state hosts three air force bases (

4281:

New Mexico hosts 23 federally recognized tribal reservations, including part of the Navajo Nation, the largest and most populous tribe; of these, 11 hold

2355: 1938:

during the revolt, was met with further hostility. Though José Gonzales was executed due to his involvement in the governor's death, subsequent governors

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later crossed the state, bringing more migrants. Railroads were later supplemented or replaced by a system of highways and airports. Today, New Mexico's

7398: 6924: 4955: 4921:, particularly among those 18 or younger, and to a 19% decline in the birth rate. However, growth among Hispanics and Native Americans remained healthy. 2162: 25914: 25631: 24172: 23349: 21393: 18180: 17691: 15154: 28324: 24069: 23021: 20781: 18042: 17794: 16165: 16087: 13757: 13630: 10981: 7743:, which spans over 448 miles (721 km) across southern New Mexico, making up roughly 15% of the state's total U.S. Highway length; the shortest is 6490: 1585:. Footprints discovered in 2017 suggest that humans may have been present in the region as long ago as 21,000–23,000 BC. Later inhabitants include the 17356: 14443: 2506:, originated from the Manhattan Project. The focus on high technology is still a top priority of the state, to the extent that it became a center for 34491: 29193: 26929:(2010) 265 pp; an experimental ethnography that contrasts life in the Espanola Valley with the state's commercial image as the "land of enchantment". 23197: 17517: 16509: 14264: 12854: 11129: 4936: 3225: 2158: 1245: 1197: 649: 33201: 26177: 25409: 25330: 24304: 22037: 19551: 18677: 17188: 14463: 13812:"Netflix Commits $ 1 Billion More In New Mexico Production Funding As It Expands ABQ Studios; 'Stranger Things' Joins List Of Albuquerque-Set Shows" 13687: 11860: 8240:, a federal program that maintains a minimal level of scheduled air service to communities that are otherwise unprofitable for commercial airlines. 34332: 29183: 28352: 24501: 23910: 23635: 23052: 21044: 20359: 19637: 16861: 16207: 15960: 11937: 11637: 11355: 10989: 10534: 1802:

Beyond forging better relations with the Pueblos, governors were forbearing in their approach to the indigenous peoples, such as was with governor

26578: 26347: 25231: 24614:"Apache historian questions official narratives: 'How is it possible that 120 soldiers cut off the feet of 8,000 of our brave Indigenous people?'" 20121: 18925: 13372: 4285:

elsewhere in the state. The vast majority of federally recognized tribes are concentrated in the northwest, followed by the north-central region.

1885:

was launched to seize the contested territory but failed with the capture and imprisonment of the entire army by the Hispanic New Mexico militia.

1244:

climate. One-third of New Mexico's land is federally owned, and the state hosts many protected wilderness areas and national monuments, including

29239: 28773: 26608: 25692: 25470: 23571: 22640: 21868: 21783: 20318: 20091: 20005: 19836: 19329: 18894: 18508: 18478: 16229: 14802: 13876: 13161:

Noel, Linda C. (August 1, 2011). ""I am an American": Anglos, Mexicans, Nativos, and the National Debate over Arizona and New Mexico Statehood".

12576:. Source: C. W. Hackett, ed., Historical Documents relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and Approaches Thereto, to 1773, vol. III pp. 327–335. 12139: 11489: 10542: 9984: 9877: 6113: 25592: 24441: 23494: 22067: 20482: 17126: 16993: 14573: 14355:. , Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service; May be obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services. 13394: 11792: 7409:, a federal healthcare program for the poor, the third highest of any state. As of May 2021, around 44% of residents were enrolled in Medicaid. 2404:

against Hispanos, Hispanic Americans, and those who did not pay taxes, targeting indigenous affiliated individuals; because Hispanics often had

27263: 23880: 23471: 22983: 22203: 20604: 20265: 15102:"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 – United States – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". 12937: 8556: 8368: 7944: 7887:

in December 1880. These first railroads were built as long-distance corridors; later railroad construction also targeted resource extraction.

6359:

radio station. Several indigenous and Christian religious sites are registered and protected as part of regional and global cultural heritage.

5690: 4998: 4211: 3864: 2003: 1828:

and colonists. Many indigenous communities enjoyed a large measure of autonomy well into the late 19th century due to the improved governance.

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U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-9: Freight Railroads in New Mexico and the United States: 2000

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since at least the 1960s, attracting adherents from across the country. The state's "thriving New Age network" encompasses various schools of

1038: 27371: 27068: 22569: 19206: 18847: 18288: 13780: 13498: 8882:

was the first woman elected secretary of state of New Mexico, and the first Hispanic woman elected to statewide office in the United States.

6905: 4974: 4180: 27059: 25070: 24938: 24471: 24047: 21998: 20837: 16475: 16101: 14944: 14862: 14710: 13319: 5812:. As of 2021, the vast majority of immigrants in the state came from Mexico (67.6%), followed by the Philippines (3.1%) and Germany (2.4%). 2863:

Conservation experts, hunters, and outdoors enthusiasts have expressed an appreciation for New Mexico's natural environment and even-handed

24856: 23165: 22372: 20512: 19424:"New Mexico scientists have formed nearly 150 bioscience startups in just the past 10 years. The rest of the country is starting to notice" 11574: 11517: 10003: 9894:

On a per capita basis, New Mexico's government has one of the largest state budgets, at $ 9,101 per resident. As of 2017, the state had an

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faiths. This unique religious tradition is sometimes referred to as "Pueblo Christianity" or "Placita Christianity", referring to both the

4951:

who settled between the 16th and 18th centuries as well as recent immigrants from Latin America (particularly Mexico and Central America).

3662: 1258:, agriculture, lumber, scientific and technological research, tourism, and the arts; major sectors include mining, oil and gas, aerospace, 280: 20381: 17386: 16920: 16887: 16829: 15419: 14318: 13718: 12696: 4931:

More than half of New Mexicans (51.4%) were born in the state; 37.9% were born in another state; 1.1% were born in either Puerto Rico, an

2092:

In 1853 the U.S. acquired the mostly desert southwestern bootheel of the state, along with Arizona's land south of the Gila River, in the

29770: 27981: 26489: 24365: 22815: 21144:

U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-2: New Mexico Public Road Length, Miles by Ownership 2000

20299: 19975: 18152: 17062: 16326: 16301: 16276: 15795: 15759: 15723: 12306: 7823:'s extension to Santa Fe in 2006. In addition to local railroads and other tourist lines, the state jointly owns and operates a heritage 7345:

salaries are exempt from state income tax, as is income earned by Native American members of federally recognized tribes on tribal land.

6940: 6546: 2719: 2570: 1533:

Before statehood in 1912, the name "New Mexico" loosely applied to various configurations of territories in the same general area, which

1193: 581: 25047: 24818: 23532: 23440: 23235: 22854: 19604: 17227: 10600:

and New Mexican flamenco dancers perform at the University of New Mexico; it is the largest and oldest flamenco event outside of Spain.

7509:

included northbound exotic birds, seashells and copper. Turquoise, pottery, and salt were some of the goods transported south along the

34781: 31800: 30947: 29502: 28766: 28248: 28045: 27388: 26423: 26379: 25306: 23949: 22663: 21306:"U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 2-1: Highway Traffic Fatalities and Fatality Rates: 2000" 20068: 19928: 19874: 19773: 17661: 17486: 16442: 15393: 13971: 12905: 10490:

and others. Colonies for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. In August, the city hosts the annual

9868: 7362: 3923: 3735: 2876: 528: 516: 504: 210: 27474: 26207: 26100: 21423: 21162:

U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-1: New Mexico Public Road Length, by Functional System

20657: 19897: 19483: 13057: 12113: 7808: 2486:

While the high military presence brought considerable investment, it has also been the center of controversy; on May 22, 1957, a B-36

2157:

governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over New Mexico Territory. The Confederacy claimed the southern tract as its own

2070:; therein recognizing most of New Mexico's historically established land claims. Pursuant to the compromise, Congress established the 34506: 28319: 28108: 25562: 25353: 23737: 23704: 23274: 19398: 18415: 18382: 18232: 15903: 15867: 15831: 15691: 15655: 15619: 15583: 15453: 13288: 10299:

Gallup are major hubs of Native American culture. New Mexico is also a hub for indigenous communities beyond its borders: the annual

7669: 6991:, beginning with Goddard's design of the first liquid fuel rocket in Roswell in the 1930s. The first rocket to reach space flew from 4588: 4243:

Residents are concentrated in the north-central region of New Mexico, anchored by the state's largest city, Albuquerque. Centered in

3841: 3767: 1963: 1491:, a place to the north from which they migrated to Mexico. This account and reports by Spanish explorers of the trade network of the 26783:

Carleton, William, R. "Fruit, Fiber and Fire: A history of Modern Agriculture in New Mexico. Lincoln, University of Nebraska, 2021,

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had much respect for the Hispanos, Mexican Americans, and indigenous communities of New Mexico, many of whom had been a part of his

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the last quarter of 2020, COVID-19 hospitalizations in New Mexico increased, reaching a peak of 947 hospitalizations on December 3.

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3,822 miles of highway in less than subpar condition, resulting in greater commute times and higher costs in vehicles maintenance.

7271:. The former alone accounts for 24,000 direct and indirect jobs and over $ 3 billion in annual federal investment as of 2019. 4050: 2424: 1660: 1436:, which is among the most recognizable in the U.S., reflects the state's eclectic origins, featuring the ancient sun symbol of the 898: 22117: 21557: 21071: 20897: 19582: 13559: 13199:

Willard Hughes Rollings, "Citizenship and Suffrage: The Native American Struggle for Civil Rights in the American West, 1830–1965"

11973: 9909:, which was established upon statehood in 1912, and the Severance Tax Permanent Fund (STPF), which was created in 1973 during the 2734:

due to a 19th-century surveying error. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of

28380: 28329: 25845: 24775: 21562:

La Crónica de Nuevo México/New Mexico Office of the State Historian: Digital History Project – The Book of Mapping

21262:"White House Releases Updated State Fact Sheets Highlighting the Impact of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Nationwide" 18440: 16412: 13468: 12598: 10686:

originate in New Mexico. These same Hispanic, indigenous, and frontier histories have given New Mexico a place in the history of

10089: 8396: 7421: 7341:

rates range from 1.7% to 5.9% within five income brackets; the top marginal rate was increased from 4.9% in 2021 per a 2019 law.

7232: 6462:, both as a Christmas tradition as well as for other events. New Mexico's distinctive faith tradition is believed to reflect the 4912:. This was the lowest rate of growth in the western U.S. after Wyoming, and among the slowest nationwide. By comparison, between 3850: 3554: 3522: 2409: 2379:

on January 6, 1912. It had been eligible for statehood 60 years earlier, but was delayed due to the perception that its majority

221: 26453: 19146: 18707: 18314: 17015: 16059: 16033: 10235:, and conflicts among and between settlers and Native Americans. The state's vast and diverse geography, sparse population, and 7441: 33735: 28523: 28334: 28177: 28098: 28040: 27974: 24887: 23109: 20675: 20574: 18864: 17713:

Lamadrid, Enrique R. (1993). "Entre Cíbolos Criado: Images of Native Americans in the Popular Culture of Colonial New Mexico".

17623: 13401:. 1990 Census of Population and Housing. Vol. CPH-2-1. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. pp. 26–27. 12256:

Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Don Domingo de San Antón Muñón (2006). Namala, Doris; Lockhart, James; Schroeder, Susan (eds.).

11882: 11122: 10125: 9968: 9958: 9926: 9829: 8902: 8822:. New Mexico's Second Congressional District is among the most competitive in the country: Republican Herrell narrowly lost to 8613: 8457: 7844: 7049: 6984: 6187:, which have numerous satellite locations in the state, including Calvary of Albuquerque, Legacy Church, and Sagebrush Church. 5371: 3873: 3807: 3726: 3685: 3486: 2864: 2413: 1776: 1757:

restored the area to Spanish rule, with Puebloans offered greater cultural and religious liberties. Returning settlers founded

1606: 1394: 958: 27026: 25820:"A & E will film the new series 'Longmire', starring Katee Sackhoff & Lou Diamond Phillips, in New Mexico this spring" 23657: 20867: 17154: 12173: 9971:

oversees the operation of primary and secondary schools; individual school districts directly operate and staff said schools.

1523: 32615: 31349: 30074: 29794: 29719: 29641: 28296: 28278: 26246: 26052: 26018: 25984: 25950: 25041: 25002: 24597: 22848: 22809: 20038: 19969: 19806: 19267: 19056: 18814: 18640: 17833: 17730: 17449: 17221: 17056: 16972: 15484: 14832: 14418: 14232: 14144: 14109: 14087: 11921: 11320: 10848:. Distinguishing characteristics include the use of local spices, herbs, flavors, and vegetables, particularly red and green 10567: 8929: 7560: 6180: 6101: 5597: 4184: 3953: 3832: 1174: 675: 334: 25876: 25283: 25008: 24961: 24734: 22471: 22088: 20234: 19015: 18646: 18531: 17895: 17318: 16531: 15336: 14014: 13529: 13035: 11452: 10533:

As New Mexico's largest city, Albuquerque hosts many of the state's leading cultural events and institutions, including the

34776: 33944: 33615: 32813: 32465: 32453: 31405: 29117: 28243: 27997: 27590: 27258: 27217: 27073: 26545: 25387: 22140: 21972: 21900: 18064: 17763: 16763: 14618: 11769: 11493: 11380: 11282: 11277: 11258: 9906: 9875:" that had banned most abortion procedures, which would have come into effect following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in 7318: 7037: 6296: 6023: 5901: 4207: 3918: 3193:(1,500 m); the average high temperature in July ranges from 99 °F (37 °C) at the lower elevations down to 78 2050:

was admitted as a state in 1846, it attempted to claim the eastern portion of New Mexico east of the Rio Grande, while the

1924:, they began to centralize power ignoring the sovereignty of Santa Fe and disregarding Pueblo land rights. This led to the 1705: 1515: 1073: 25792: 25501: 17592: 11995:

Hendricks, Rick (2015). "Return to Aztlan: Indians, Spaniards, and the Invention of Nuevo México by Danna A. Levin Rojo".

11628: 11346: 8842:

metro area (such as the southeast and central areas, including the affluent Nob Hill neighborhood and the vicinity of the

8444:

New Mexico is organized into a number of local governments consisting of counties, municipalities, and special districts.

7766:, colloquially known as the nation's "Mother Road" for its scenic beauty and importance to migrants fleeing West from the 34766: 33939: 33695: 32435: 32376: 29232: 28697: 28268: 26523: 25104: 24566: 22256: 21455: 20980: 20715: 20535: 18729: 18266: 18203:"New Mexico – State Energy Profile Overview – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 17085: 14495: 14057: 13445: 11404: 10494:, which is the oldest and largest juried Native American art showcase in the world. Performing arts include the renowned 8958:

New Mexico is one of 23 states without the death penalty, becoming the 15th state to abolish capital punishment in 2009.

8407: 8295:

flights have been successfully launched from Spaceport America since 2006, with the most notable being Virgin Galactic's

7819:

There were 2,354 route miles of railroads in the year 2000; this number increased by a few miles with the opening of the

5904:

are spoken by smaller groups in New Mexico, most of which are endemic to the state. Native New Mexican languages include

4106: 3943: 3859: 3744: 2833: 2241:

A consequence of the civil war was intensifying conflict with indigenous peoples, which was part of the broader American

1559: 1534: 447: 27085: 24327: 24133: 21693: 20927: 11708: 11677: 11358:, the spelling version with J is correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one that is used in 5984:

resolution, which supports acceptance of non-English languages. In 1995, the state adopted an official bilingual song, "

34570: 33977: 33873: 32823: 31420: 31141: 30850: 28273: 28258: 26816: 26788: 26774: 22501: 21945: 21639: 21607: 21528: 19476: 18785: 17922: 16834: 16565: 14541: 13406: 13003: 12969: 12876: 12525: 12500: 12426: 12359: 11645: 11013: 9962: 8847: 8429:, which has intermediate appellate jurisdiction statewide. New Mexico has 13 judicial districts with circuit courts of 8302:

on May 22, 2021, which made New Mexico the third U.S. state to launch humans into space, after California and Florida.

7813: 7322: 6125: 6033: 6010: 3948: 3933: 2853: 2747: 2632: 2173:

and open up access to Union California. Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the

1363: 33525: 26721: 26393: 24523: 21838: 21658: 19676: 18210: 17982: 15973: 12655: 12257: 11549: 9839:

Based on 2008 data, New Mexico had 146 law enforcement agencies across the state, county, and municipal levels. State

8371:, the New Mexico government consists of executive, legislative, and judicial departments. The executive is led by the 1709: 34786: 33838: 33705: 32525: 32501: 32489: 32483: 31795: 31389: 31290: 28078: 28060: 26153: 26114: 25714: 24107: 23402: 19423: 19121: 19088: 18367: 16806: 15073: 14884: 13946: 13842: 13224:"Suffrage in Spanish: Hispanic Women and the Fight for the 19th Amendment in New Mexico (U.S. National Park Service)" 13134: 12761: 12728: 12544: 12267: 10554: 10538: 10483: 10479: 10236: 10101: 8939: 8819: 8760: 8376: 8261: 8236:

Due to its sparse population and many isolated, rural communities, New Mexico ranks among the states most reliant on

8188: 8043:, connecting the city proper with Santa Fe and other communities. The system expanded in 2008 with the adding of the 7828: 7736: 7663: 7437: 7430: 7291:(a form of Municipal Infrastructure GRT) to pay for these infrastructure improvements and for marketing their areas. 7279:

New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives to businesses operating in the state, including various types of

6712: 6568: 3667: 3628: 3478: 2535: 2297:, attempted to fight this prejudice and forge a more cohesive, multiethnic New Mexican identity; they include lawmen 2150: 1685: 1366:

of Mexico, albeit increasingly threatened by the centralizing policies of the Mexican government, culminating in the

401: 362: 33600: 33545: 23789: 21294: 21291: 21181: 16003: 14676: 13985: 7547:. New Mexico's latitude and low passes made it an attractive east–west transportation corridor. As a territory, the 6995:

in 1948, and both NASA and the Department of Defense continue to develop and test rockets there and at the adjacent

5973:

provide bilingual education and Spanish-speaking instructors in school districts where the majority of students are

1266:

Its total gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 was $ 95.73 billion, with a GDP per capita of roughly $ 46,300.

34761: 34090: 33680: 32818: 32567: 31752: 29463: 29370: 29079: 28662: 28551: 28263: 28217: 28009: 27383: 27322: 25770: 25439: 22877: 21101: 19461: 18985: 17249:

Feith, Michel (2014). "Intertextuality and Interspirituality: Buddhist and Shinto Ideographs in Gerald Vizenor's".

16576:

Rubén Cobos. A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2003

14776: 12038: 10788: 10475: 10427: 10403: 10365: 10244: 8975: 8970: 8891: 8883: 8823: 8784: 8780: 8475: 8384: 8218: 7864: 7519: 7493:

also created a radiating network of roads from the mysterious settlement. Chaco Canyon's trade function shifted to

7188:

New Mexico's government is actively involved in promoting tourism, launching the nation's first state publication,

6881: 6324: 4932: 4060: 3938: 3781: 3776: 2566: 2562: 2314: 1263: 1259: 861: 391: 358: 33505: 24203: 22594: 22312: 18098: 15218: 8655: – the candidate who won New Mexico won the presidency. Until 2008, New Mexico was traditionally a 7524:

it was among the four "royal roads" that were crucial lifelines to Spanish colonial possessions in North America.

3182: 33575: 33450: 32785: 31805: 31045: 29763: 29272: 28253: 28169: 28154: 27327: 26698: 23767: 23371: 23311: 19521: 18008: 14168: 12573: 11521: 11110: 10499: 10158: 10046: 9975:

to increase the salaries and benefits of teachers and other school staff, particularly in entry-level positions.

8764: 8571: 8196: 7540: 7470: 7330: 7171: 6550: 6053: 3928: 3459: 2845: 2450: 2384:

service, enlisting more than 17,000 recruits from all 33 counties; over 500 New Mexicans were killed in the war.

32828: 26668: 21241:

U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-5: Highway Bridge Condition: 2001

20890:"New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions > Labor Relations > Resources > Minimum Wage Information" 20803: 20190: 17857: 13198: 11959:

For example, the Great Canadian Parks website suggests the Navajos may be descendants of the lost Naha tribe, a

4962:

New Mexico's population is among the most difficult to count, according to the Center for Urban Research at the

33778: 33730: 33700: 33535: 33038: 32808: 32770: 32765: 31298: 29225: 28682: 28627: 28438: 28126: 28050: 28017: 27771: 27763: 27361: 27342: 26967: 26912: 26898: 26876: 26833: 26802: 26638: 25531: 23849: 22725: 21450: 18127: 14914: 14401:"Statewide Time Series | Climate at a Glance | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)" 13590: 11384: 11270: 11253: 11100:

in Raton, which is largest and most comprehensive competitive shooting range and training facility in the U.S.

11055: 10993: 10142: 9938: 8935: 8923: 8772: 8768: 8537: 8522: 8380: 8265: 8184: 8178: 8125: 8036: 7960: 7872: 7820: 7571:

approximate the earlier land routes of the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the transcontinental railroads.

7563:. The railroads essentially replaced the earlier trails but prompted a population boom. Early transcontinental 7264: 6766: 6231: 6176: 4215: 4091: 4025: 3911: 3749: 3676: 2678: 2645: 2495: 2442: 2294: 2290: 1552: 1393:

New Mexico's history has contributed to its unique demographic and cultural character. It is one of only seven

1284: 1225: 726: 715: 33630: 32477: 27812: 26300: 24009: 23601: 15540: 15184: 13087: 12071:

Way back to Aztlan: Sixteenth century Hispanic-Nahuatl transculturation and the construction of the new Mexico

8791:, who was later the first Mexican American and first Hispanic member of the U.S. Senate. Republican president 4426: 2875:

about New Mexico's high desert. Large game hunters such as Robert L. Runnels, fishing experts Van Beacham and

1713: 34486: 34478: 33720: 33530: 32747: 32650: 32471: 31790: 31785: 31742: 31472: 31055: 29480: 28433: 28149: 28068: 27897: 27882: 27852: 27777: 27607: 27532: 26601:"National Register Database and Research – National Register of Historic Places (U.S. National Park Service)" 25906: 25623: 24156: 23341: 22475: 21385: 18172: 17683: 16169: 11964: 11485: 10691: 10563: 10441: 10419: 10051: 10041: 9934: 9825:

permits, thus giving applicants a presumptive right to receive a license without giving a compelling reason.

8943: 8341: 8040: 7196: 6829: 6825: 6696: 6657: 6631: 6486: 6316: 6151:

in Santa Fe, which was built in 1610. Within the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, New Mexico belongs to the

6073: 5937: 5905: 5553: 5383: 5220: 4387: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4075: 3644: 2558: 2554: 2539: 2238:

generally favored maintaining territorial status, which they saw as a check on Native and Hispano influence.

1999: 1921: 1792: 1717: 1650: 1518:

in the early 16th century, the Spanish began exploring what is now the Southwestern United States calling it

1398: 368: 33625: 23013: 20773: 18034: 16203: 15292: 13749: 13622: 12075: 10612: 10323: 5873:

New Mexico ranks third after California and Texas in the number of multilingual residents. According to the

34459: 33750: 31384: 31354: 31220: 31088: 30778: 29458: 29107: 28657: 28418: 28413: 28130: 28103: 28093: 28083: 27887: 27827: 27414: 25744: 17348: 15116: 14440: 11287: 11228: 8854:. Republicans have traditionally had their strongholds in the eastern and southern parts of the state, the 8788: 8434: 8357: 8111: 7835:

since 1970. Narrow-gauge railroads once connected many communities in the northern part of the state, from

7803: 7744: 7402: 7268: 7160: 6961: 6877: 6352: 6332: 6308: 6243: 5414: 4341: 4111: 4055: 3758: 3717: 3699: 3455: 3319:

The mountainous north hosts a wide array of vegetation types corresponding to elevation gradients, such as

2499: 1943: 1610: 1280: 30263: 25257: 22423: 17509: 16505: 14256: 12846: 8643:

won the state by 2% but lost the national popular vote by 2%. In all but three elections –

7633:

is the largest such system in the state. Rural and intercity public transportation by road is provided by

7385:

is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.

1803: 1788: 1749:

drove out the Spanish and occupied these early cities for over a decade. After the death of Pueblo leader

33878: 33715: 33710: 33690: 33309: 31245: 31240: 31189: 31184: 30439: 30192: 29492: 29438: 28572: 28463: 28423: 28311: 28073: 27937: 27927: 27907: 27902: 27892: 27862: 25417: 25322: 25179: 24296: 22342: 22033: 21345:. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018. 19543: 17180: 15957: 15214: 15103: 14460: 14353:

An ecological framework for monitoring sustainable management of wildlife: a New Mexico furbearer example

14288:"After sharing the wonders of nature with students for almost 20 years, Ti Piper says retirement beckons" 13364: 12109: 11852: 11047: 10399: 10361: 10272: 10024: 8980: 8426: 8214: 8202: 7740: 7709: 7697: 7673: 7648:

New Mexico has historically had a problem with drunk driving, though this has lessened: According to the

7606: 7602: 7598: 7584: 7436:

The New Mexico government has enacted several policies to address chronic poverty, including approving a

7365:

and by some counties and municipalities. As of 2021, the combined tax rate ranged from 5.125% to 9.063%.

7260: 7165: 7132: 6932: 6901: 6672: 6292: 6278: 6109: 4963: 4498: 4462: 4444: 4187:. The spill had caused heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and toxins such as arsenic to flow into the 4079: 3974: 3891: 3653: 3451: 3237: 3202: 2624: 2487: 2009: 1971: 1925: 1870: 1457: 1367: 1359: 1154: 946: 194: 31: 33485: 33331: 27310: 26570: 25130: 24493: 23044: 21048: 20345: 18670:"Home of the Week: This $ 17.5 Million Santa Fe Estate Was Once Home to Paul Allen and Georgia O'Keeffe" 16865: 10833: 9898:

of AA+, denoting a very strong capacity to meet financial commitments alongside a very low credit risk.

8635:, New Mexico has been carried by the national popular vote winner in every presidential election except 6923:

developed several new varieties of peppers and other crops at what is now NMSU, which is also a leading

4255:, and has a population of over 918,000, accounting for one-third of all New Mexicans. It is adjacent to 1858: 1654: 1182: 307: 33848: 33725: 33445: 33091: 32402: 31369: 31161: 31000: 29756: 29531: 29448: 29428: 28717: 28707: 28617: 28592: 28587: 28493: 28488: 28403: 28288: 28088: 27917: 27847: 27837: 27832: 27807: 27567: 27449: 27378: 27017: 26354: 25201: 22232: 16954: 13311: 11297: 11118: 10212: 8783:

was the first to incorporate Hispanics and Natives into leadership roles, such as territorial governor

8688: 8663:

of Bill Clinton marked the first time the state was won by a Democrat since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.

8495: 8392: 8333: 7454: 7097: 6837: 6312: 4282: 4131: 4121: 4020: 3994: 3984: 3818: 3708: 3600: 3482: 3355: 3264: 2779: 2668: 2507: 2405: 2154: 2016:

in 1847 by Hispanos and their Pueblo allies; the insurrection led to the death of territorial governor

1742: 1319: 1272: 1118: 1062: 1006: 934: 922: 910: 891: 17: 34621: 33635: 33605: 33570: 33515: 33510: 26600: 26330: 25684: 23827: 23563: 23080:"House of Representatives: New Mexico is emerging as a national leader in electing female legislators" 22632: 21875: 21123: 20322: 20235:"11 states pay more in federal taxes than they get back – here's how every state fares" 19997: 19105: 18470: 18067:. University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. January 18, 2008. Archived from 14798: 12935:

Charles Montgomery, "Becoming 'Spanish-American': Race and Rhetoric in New Mexico Politics, 1880–1928"

11159:

it borders to the southwest. New Mexico is the only state that specifies "USA" on its license plates.

10506:, a principal venue for many kinds of performances. The weekend after Labor Day boasts the burning of 2209: 2200:

in New Mexico, which attracted homesteaders, ranchers, cowboys, businessmen, and outlaws; many of the

1537:, but typically encompassed most of present-day New Mexico along with sections of neighboring states. 1342:

arrived in the 16th century from present-day Mexico. Isolated by its rugged terrain, New Mexico was a

1204:. Its climate and geography are highly varied, ranging from forested mountains to sparse deserts; the 34631: 33913: 33833: 33740: 33640: 32851: 32843: 32803: 32597: 32579: 32343: 31435: 30980: 30910: 30632: 29433: 29411: 29201: 28567: 28508: 28344: 28022: 27912: 27797: 27792: 27787: 27782: 27572: 27454: 27332: 26998: 24711: 24425: 23157: 22063: 20474: 20153:"Now we're cooking: James Beard Awards names 10 New Mexico-based chefs, restaurants as semifinalists" 17118: 16985: 16191:

Population of New Mexico: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts

15370: 14581: 13412: 12934: 11657: 8222: 8147: 8013: 8012:

line connecting the two cities with New Mexico's major cities. In 2004, the Colorado-based nonprofit

7856: 7556: 7552: 7252: 7011:, which anchors several major aerospace companies and associated contractors, most notably Branson's 6992: 6320: 6288: 6283: 5736: 5387: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4883: 4868: 4853: 4838: 4823: 4808: 4793: 4778: 4763: 4748: 4733: 4718: 4703: 4688: 4673: 4658: 4643: 4628: 4480: 3969: 3811: 3790: 3443: 3433:. Over 500 species of birds live or migrate through New Mexico, third only to California and Mexico. 3430: 2822: 2688: 2664: 2619:

in the state have seen the largest number of infections, but by mid-April, the northwest counties of

2479: 2417: 2306: 2097: 1882: 1276: 975: 33803: 33186: 26848:

When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846

26821: 23463: 20950:"Santa Fe just agreed to send some parents $ 400 per month – and New Mexico could take it statewide" 20596: 20273: 11383:

was a state park until 2017, when it was transferred to the Department of Veteran Services in 2017.

11125:, proclaimed in 1906 and 1907, respectively; both preserve the state's ancient indigenous heritage. 10312:

Almost half of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin; many are descendants of colonial settlers called

1897:. This region of New Mexico (along with territory comprising present-day southeastern Colorado, the 33590: 33324: 33256: 32780: 32775: 32002: 31747: 31737: 31255: 31174: 31151: 29443: 29388: 29097: 28642: 28597: 28577: 28235: 28225: 28207: 28192: 28118: 28032: 27932: 27872: 27822: 27802: 27743: 27300: 27210: 27121: 27043: 26571:"The N.R.A. Whittington Center Shooting Range in New Mexico Caters to All in the Middle of Nowhere" 23257:

municipality or county shall regulate, in any way, an incident of the right to keep and bear arms."

22449: 21811: 21716: 21520: 20420: 18011:. University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. April 4, 2008. Archived from 17923:"New jobs, bigger facilities, local support: New Mexico's bioscience industry is alive and kicking" 16381: 15124: 13126: 11243: 10845: 10840:

has been shaped by a variety of influences from throughout its history; consequently, it is unlike

10781: 10471: 10407: 10019: 9833: 8843: 8491: 8418: 8388: 8315: 8229:

hubs operated by municipal and county governments, and usually served solely by local and regional

8120:

is permitted a maximum speed of 90 mph (140 km/h) in various places on the tracks of the

7925: 7474: 6944: 6897: 6362:

Reflecting centuries of successive migrations and settlements, New Mexico has developed a distinct

6266: 4552: 4516: 4042: 3999: 3979: 3907: 3596: 3548: 3229: 1967: 1371: 986: 874: 459: 256: 245: 33783: 33440: 33191: 33053: 31169: 27176: 27035: 22561: 22554: 22010: 18844: 18292: 8225:, which have varying degrees of service by major airlines. Most airports in New Mexico are small, 7159:

New Mexico's unique culinary scene has garnered increasing national attention, including numerous

2184: 2074:

in September of that year; it included most of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, along with the

33918: 33828: 33560: 33520: 33495: 33216: 33196: 32507: 32428: 32093: 32083: 32012: 31641: 31374: 31344: 31230: 31215: 31098: 31093: 31035: 30995: 30662: 29526: 29511: 29468: 28712: 28687: 28647: 28637: 28612: 28602: 28582: 28503: 28498: 28443: 28388: 28202: 27922: 27877: 27867: 27857: 27817: 27733: 27603: 27580: 27439: 27056: 24463: 24039: 20833: 14854: 14706: 12366:

There was Francisco de Ibarra, a great seeker after gold mines. In 1563, he went far to the north

12231:"New Mexico State Flag – About the New Mexico Flag, its adoption and history from" 11525: 11039: 10818: 10713: 10663: 10620: 10387: 9844: 8947: 8839: 8453: 7775: 7721: 7622: 7544: 7244: 7240: 6996: 6447: 6160: 6152: 6117: 4570: 4382: 4364: 4289: 4126: 4096: 4036: 4015: 4004: 3989: 3771: 3730: 3532: 3320: 2810: 2702: 2651: 2491: 2174: 1759: 1437: 886: 351: 69: 33823: 27648: 24910: 24840: 24266:"Falling lottery sales pinch college scholarships in 8 states – The Boston Globe" 22364: 21290:

Los Angeles Times, New Mexico turns a corner on drunk driving, July 7, 2009, by Kate Linthicum,

20504: 13596:. University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. p. 12. Archived from 12286:

inchan yn ompa huehue mexico aztlan quinehuayan chicomoztoc yn axcan quitocayotia yancuic mexico

10204:

colonists. The intermingling of these diverse groups is reflected in New Mexico's demographics,

7884: 7352:(GRT) on many transactions, which may even include some governmental receipts. This resembles a 7092:

history among the indigenous and Hispano communities in New Mexico have resulted in large-scale

6915:, the laboratory responsible for designing and developing the world's first atomic bomb for the 6537:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

1564: 182: 33650: 33645: 33246: 33231: 33086: 33043: 32723: 32685: 32519: 32156: 32078: 31979: 31907: 31727: 31722: 31661: 31588: 31440: 31359: 31328: 31083: 30429: 30313: 30012: 29962: 29694: 29596: 29561: 29416: 28722: 28667: 28632: 28541: 28187: 28182: 28141: 27842: 27713: 27688: 27678: 27653: 27623: 27598: 27459: 27444: 27409: 27366: 17378: 16928: 16895: 16839: 15041:"Oil and gas industry, New Mexico works to curb greenhouse gas emissions, fight climate change" 12693: 12333: 11248: 11097: 11082: 11074: 11001: 10841: 10829: 10773: 10707: 10651: 10521: 10491: 10423: 10379: 10313: 8859: 8855: 8625: 8597: 8479: 8467: 8461: 8403: 8372: 8325: 8166: 7972: 7836: 7685: 7618: 7449: 7440:

increase in January 2021 and requiring paid sick leave. The state's minimum wage of $ 10.50 is

7304: 6474: 6455: 6374: 6262: 6207: 5917: 5750: 5391: 4547: 4534: 4493: 4439: 4421: 4401: 4374: 4346: 4267: 4252: 4141: 4136: 4065: 3868: 3854: 3822: 3794: 3739: 3657: 3607: 3516: 3500: 3301: 2742:

make up the western third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border with

2616: 2582: 2475: 2455: 2435: 2372: 2344: 2330: 2310: 2225: 2029: 1991: 1917: 1853: 1421: 1387: 1300: 1267: 781: 532: 421: 387: 381: 53: 33903: 33773: 33366: 26042: 24926: 24815: 24357: 22799: 22279:"New Mexico has the nation's only unsalaried legislature. Lawmakers are hoping to change that" 21015:"Las Cruces will open bids for economic relief programs. One could be guaranteed basic income" 20296: 20028: 19959: 18569:"New Mexico has higher percent of oil and gas producing federal land than most western states" 17046: 15784: 15748: 15716: 12298: 10573: 10394:

of architecture blended the styles. Rural communities incorporated both building types into a

10290:, is the largest reservation in the U.S., with one-third of its members living in New Mexico. 7078:

Dairy is the state's largest commodity, with sales of milk alone totaling $ 1.3 billion.

6227: 5865: 2825:

at over 13,160 feet (4,010 meters) in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, while the lowest is the

1979: 1696:

Aztec legends of a prosperous empire to their north became the primary basis for the mythical

34646: 34616: 34522: 33934: 33863: 33294: 33261: 33206: 33008: 32982: 32856: 32708: 32353: 32133: 32103: 32055: 31912: 31757: 31651: 31633: 31415: 31275: 31225: 31194: 31131: 31073: 30808: 30672: 30449: 30343: 29877: 29822: 29616: 29591: 29248: 28732: 28692: 28513: 28483: 28458: 28408: 28393: 27753: 27698: 27693: 27683: 27429: 27305: 27250: 26008: 25031: 23432: 23227: 22838: 18291:. US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. October 9, 2008. Archived from 17439: 17211: 11633: 11557: 11477: 11351: 11292: 11265: 11238: 11233: 11020: 10955: 10777: 10765: 10459: 10395: 10357: 9895: 8237: 8135: 8098: 7895: 7717: 7681: 7506: 7248: 7136: 7116: 6668: 6517: 6300: 6223: 6168: 5712: 4151: 4101: 3636: 3632: 3466: 3214: 3210: 3186: 2339: 1682: 1665: 1546: 1251: 33793: 33565: 33475: 26431: 25304: 20062: 19866: 19111: 17653: 17476: 15007:"Report: Oil and gas leads New Mexico in greenhouse gas emissions, renewable sector growing" 12443:"Ancient footprints in New Mexico raise questions about when humans inhabited North America" 12098: 10720:, New Mexico, which was brought to national fame as the filming location for the 2007 movie 10450:

has long hosted a thriving artistic community, which has included such prominent figures as

10398:

style, further exemplifying the indigenous roots of New Mexico. After statehood, the modern

10239:

have contributed to its enduring frontier image and atmosphere. Many fictional works of the

9859:

in some form, albeit restricted to a federal research program. In 1999, Republican Governor

6864:

New Mexico is part of the larger Rio Grande Technology Corridor, an emerging alternative to

4359: 2762:

Despite its popular depiction as mostly arid desert, New Mexico has one of the most diverse

2189: 2066:

million in federal funds, California was granted statehood, and officially establishing the

2062:, these regions were forced by the U.S. government to drop their claims, Texas received $ 10 1501: 1370:; at the same time, the region became more economically dependent on the U.S. Following the 1338:

occupied several dozen villages, primarily in the Rio Grande valley of northern New Mexico.

33908: 33655: 33430: 33211: 33136: 32941: 32713: 32330: 32191: 32128: 32118: 32088: 32070: 31954: 31618: 31542: 31379: 31250: 31136: 31113: 30753: 30647: 30288: 29709: 29626: 29611: 28855: 28758: 28702: 28398: 28197: 27728: 27703: 27673: 27638: 27628: 27315: 27240: 27046:: credible and objective data and research to inform economic development and public policy 23729: 22755:

Broh, C. Anthony (1980). "Whether Bellwethers or Weather-Jars Indicate Election Outcomes".

21415: 19454:"University Archives Collections – New Mexico State University – BE BOLD. Shape the Future" 17715:

Reconstructing a Chicano/a Literary Heritage: Hispanic Colonial Literature of the Southwest

16773: 11215: 11197: 10997: 10966: 10962: 10769: 10760: 10746: 10632: 10608: 10604: 10581: 10447: 10300: 10294:, who share a similar lifestyle but are culturally and linguistically distinct, live in 19 10252: 10192: 8835: 8826: 8601: 8438: 8430: 8349: 8105:, offering connections to Los Angeles, Chicago and intermediate points. A successor to the 8052: 7980: 7940: 7860: 7614: 7610: 7502: 6817: 6648: 6644: 6467: 6463: 6195: 6139: 4565: 4457: 4411: 4256: 4116: 3680: 3564: 3447: 3297: 2364: 2247: 2242: 2082: 2071: 1983: 1866: 1764: 1733: 1697: 1496: 1379: 1178: 770: 339: 313: 33883: 33788: 33550: 33048: 23267: 21332:

Table 3: Interstate Routes in Each of the 50 States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico

20067:. Cultural resources series. Colorado State Office, Bureau of Land Management. p. 3. 19390: 18374: 18265:. New Mexico Institute of Technology, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. 15892: 15856: 15820: 15680: 15644: 15608: 15572: 13284: 8879: 8694: 7036:, along with other farming and ranching methods within New Mexico. It is regulated by the 5869:

Percentage of Spanish speakers by county, according to the 2019 American Community Survey.

2289:

in 1884. Nevertheless, prominent figures from across these communities, and from both the

8: 34756: 34034: 33480: 33018: 32833: 32718: 32675: 32665: 32513: 32338: 32239: 32234: 32196: 32186: 32123: 32113: 32108: 32050: 32032: 32027: 31989: 31969: 31949: 31899: 31884: 31838: 31732: 31699: 31681: 31593: 31492: 31425: 31318: 31260: 31210: 30692: 30485: 30303: 29684: 29654: 29576: 29516: 29406: 29206: 28727: 28478: 27738: 27723: 27718: 27618: 27527: 27419: 27349: 27337: 27268: 27203: 26891:

The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico, 1880s–1930s

26106: 21599: 20633: 19176: 14745: 11142: 10837: 10812: 10792: 10751: 10515: 10383: 10371: 10349: 10337: 10162: 10146: 8752: 8345: 7902: 7791: 7771: 7689: 7634: 7629:. Larger cities in New Mexico typically have some form of public transportation by road; 7190: 7140: 7000: 6873: 6732: 6708: 6688: 6640: 6501: 6409: 6304: 6251: 6210:, as well as festivals, pilgrimage sites, spiritual retreats, and communes. New Mexico's 5893:. Contrary to popular belief, New Mexican Spanish is not an archaic form of 17th-century 5886: 5575: 5375: 5073: 4475: 4295: 4146: 3721: 3689: 3671: 3624: 3366: 3359: 2826: 2755: 2751: 2593: 2589: 2550: 2531: 2471: 2166: 2051: 2008:

Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican–American War (1846–48), Mexico

1995: 1590: 1449: 1343: 1311: 1205: 951: 939: 732: 65: 33176: 33156: 30880: 23790:"These Are The States With The Best And Worst School Systems, According To New Rankings" 23079: 18381:. New Mexico Energy, Minerals, Natural Resources Department: Oil Conservation Division. 18344: 17539: 14374: 13909: 13341: 12230: 8195:

and by far the largest airport: It is the only one designated a medium-sized hub by the

6473:

New Mexico's leadership within otherwise disparate traditions such as Christianity, the

5940:, and both are also related to Navajo. Tewa, the Tiwa languages, and Towa belong to the 4396: 3538: 3425:, which is the state bird, is abundant in the southeast. Endangered species include the 3365:

New Mexico's varied climate and vegetation zones consequently support diverse wildlife.

2028:

as governor to better represent New Mexico, and also vowed to accept the land rights of

34688: 34666: 34527: 34413: 33893: 33595: 33470: 33435: 33241: 33013: 32670: 32660: 32421: 32224: 32181: 32176: 32143: 32098: 32017: 31959: 31869: 31704: 31646: 31608: 31308: 31303: 31146: 31063: 31005: 30768: 30597: 30542: 30308: 30082: 29977: 29727: 29541: 29355: 29175: 29040: 28428: 27663: 27658: 27643: 27633: 27562: 27507: 27487: 22961: 22780: 22109: 21565: 21079: 20889: 19112:

Hunter, William Andrew; American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (1974).

17744: 17736: 17262: 13140: 12195:

Kaye, Edward B. (2001). "Good Flag, Bad Flag, and the Great NAVA Flag Survey of 2001".

12020: 11969: 11931: 11333: 11059: 11043: 10616: 10596: 10067: 8906: 8792: 8756: 8139: 8090: 7936: 7868: 7779: 7713: 7568: 7498: 7349: 7288: 7182: 7177: 7083: 6988: 6920: 6869: 6794: 6255: 6148: 5909: 4925: 4918: 4511: 4308: 3895: 3836: 3703: 3422: 3277: 3273: 3252: 3206: 3178: 2802: 2546: 2518:

the 21st century, with New Mexico adding over 400,000 residents between 2000 and 2020.

2389: 2170: 2146: 2059: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1678: 1593:

cultures, which are characterized by sophisticated pottery work and urban development;

1433: 1233: 1209: 915: 879: 760: 199: 187: 73: 59: 33858: 32911: 32876: 32591: 30283: 26927:

Land of Disenchantment: Latina/o Identities and Transformations in Northern New Mexico

24765: 22394: 22171:"New Mexico paid $ 1.5 million to show state logo during Virgin Galactic space flight" 20681:. State of New Mexico, Taxation and Revenue Department. August 7, 2007. Archived from 20632:. State of New Mexico, Taxation and Revenue Department. August 6, 2006. Archived from 18448: 18404: 16090:

Census.gov. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2013.

12602: 6960:

semiconductor operation and the only U.S. factory producing the world's most advanced

3506: 3220:

New Mexico's stable climate and sparse population provides for clearer skies and less

1046: 34211: 34171: 33954: 33490: 33361: 33276: 33266: 33251: 33033: 32987: 32795: 32693: 32655: 32363: 32287: 32229: 32042: 31997: 31974: 31939: 31931: 31874: 31856: 31767: 31598: 31580: 31550: 31467: 30827: 30748: 30733: 30728: 30518: 30353: 30333: 29842: 29779: 29659: 29546: 29398: 29277: 28362: 27956: 27708: 27668: 27613: 27517: 27497: 26963: 26908: 26894: 26872: 26829: 26812: 26798: 26784: 26770: 26373: 26149: 26110: 26048: 26014: 25980: 25946: 25037: 24998: 24930: 24848: 24593: 24433: 24164: 24010:"New Mexico governor signs education bills, raises teacher minimum salaries by $ 10K" 23502: 22965: 22844: 22805: 22772: 22602: 21941: 21635: 21603: 21534: 21524: 20351: 20034: 19965: 19743: 19127: 19117: 19094: 19084: 19052: 18699: 18636: 17839: 17829: 17748: 17726: 17574: 17445: 17285: 17254: 17217: 17052: 16561: 16223: 16063: 16037: 14610: 14537: 14356: 14238: 14228: 14206: 14150: 14140: 13965: 13402: 13178: 13144: 13130: 12999: 12965: 12767: 12757: 12734: 12724: 12521: 12496: 12490: 12422: 12355: 12347: 12263: 12212: 12024: 12012: 11917: 11641: 11009: 10882: 10740: 10391: 10353: 10216: 8617: 8552: 8411: 8257: 8253: 8230: 8102: 8077: 8068: 8051:

to a few miles south of Lamy. Phase II of Rail Runner extended the line northward to

8048: 7712:

is a major east–west interstate highway starting from the Arizona state line west of

7705: 7650: 7478: 7376: 7222: 7128: 7008: 6973: 6928: 6916: 6607: 6603: 6586: 6413: 6381: 6211: 6164: 6135: 5894: 5760: 5754: 5395: 5145: 4529: 3753: 3712: 3648: 3289: 3285: 2814: 2735: 2684: 2608: 2459: 2431: 2271: 2197: 2075: 2047: 2021: 1910: 1874: 1460: 1445: 1429: 1383: 1292: 1241: 1162: 1054: 508: 434: 252: 34661: 33853: 33745: 33620: 30017: 25796: 25506: