149:, which represents the idea of equality for all people. Arguments used in favor of new eugenics include that it is in the best interest of society that life succeeds rather than fail, and that it is acceptable to ensure that progeny has a chance of achieving this success. Ethical arguments against new eugenics include the claim that creating designer babies is not in the best interest of society as it might create a breach between genetically modified individuals and natural individuals. Additionally, some of these technologies might be economically restrictive further increasing the socio-economical gap.
1018:
impinges upon the principle of respect for human dignity in several ways. It weakens the idea that the differences among human beings, regardless of the measure of their endowment, are exactly what the recognition of their equality presupposes and therefore protects. It introduces the risk of new forms of discrimination and stigmatization for those who cannot afford such enhancement or simply do not want to resort to it. The arguments that have been produced in favour of the so-called liberal eugenics do not trump the indication to apply the limit of medical reasons also in this case.
181:
wrote that new eugenics should not be confused with the ethical problems of the 20th century eugenics movements. They have also stated the notion is nevertheless problematic as it challenges the idea of human equality and opens up new ways of discrimination and stigmatization against those who do not
1017:
The goal of enhancing individuals and the human species by engineering the genes related to some characteristics and traits is not to be confused with the barbarous projects of eugenics that planned the simple elimination of human beings considered as 'imperfect' on an ideological basis. However, it
169:
is important enough for the state to mandate childrearing practices such as health care and basic education, that very same interest is important enough for the state to mandate safe, effective, and functionally integrated genetic practices that act on analogous all-purpose traits such as resistance
427:
Because a flexible definition of health relates to a flexible definition of the disabled, any attempt to prohibit access to enhancement technology can be challenged as a violation of disability rights. Presented this way, disability rights are the gateway for the application of transhumanism. Any
160:
which inspires its name. Instead he favors traditional, coersive eugenics, arguing that reprogenetic technologies like embryo selection, cellular surgery, and human genetic engineering, which aim to enhance general purpose traits in offspring, are not practices a liberal government leaves to the
408:
Some forms of assistive reproduction previously seen as enhancement are now considered to be treatments. This vagueness in therapy is mirrored in the classification of interventions. Vaccination can be seen as a form of prevention, but also as an enhancement of the immune system. To distinguish
122:
or genetic selection of individuals for traits that are supposed to improve human welfare. The underlying idea is to improve the genetic basis of future generations and reduce incidence of genetic diseases and other undesirable traits. Some of the practices included in new eugenics are:
279:). This distinction, naturally, "draws a line between services or interventions meant to prevent or cure (or otherwise ameliorate) conditions that we view as diseases or disabilities and interventions that improve a condition that we view as a
110:, for example, are widely considered justified. Compulsory sterilization of those deemed unfit is a form of coercive eugenics that has been overwhelmingly rejected in the 21st century, and is illegal under many national and international laws.
428:
attempt to identify a moral or natural hazard associated with enhancement technology must also include some limitation of disability rights, which seems to go against the entire direction of human rights legislation over the last century.
329:
of the therapy–enhancement distinction. Without such a clear divide, restorative medicine and exploratory eugenics also invariably become harder to distinguish; and accordingly might one explain the matter's relevance to ongoing
226:
An argument in favor of this principle is that traits (such as empathy, memory, etc.) are "all-purpose means" in the sense of being instrumental in realizing whatever life plans the child may come to have.
1678:
246:
123:
pre-implantation diagnosis and embryo selection, selective breeding, and human enhancement through the use of genetic technologies, such as embryo engineering or gene therapy.
83:") and negative eugenics (discouraging reproduction among those designated "unfit"). Another distinction is between coercive eugenics and non-coercive eugenics. According to
72:
New eugenics is distinguished from previous versions of eugenics by its emphasis on informed parental choice rather than coercive governmental control.
242:
1340:
87:, many positive eugenic programs were advocated and pursued during the early 20th century, but the negative programs were responsible for the
230:
283:". And yet the adequacy of such a dichotomy is highly contested in modern scholarly bioethics. One simple counterargument is that it has
106:
Bioethicists generally consider coercive eugenics more difficult to justify than non-coercive eugenics, though coercive laws forbidding
1382:
1145:
1464:
1531:
1431:
1395:
1034:
648:
1800:
1459:
1231:
Hens, K.; Dondorp, W.; Handyside, A. H.; Harper, J.; Newson, A. J.; Pennings, G.; Rehmann-Sutter, C.; De Wert, G. (2013).
485:
378:
1561:
349:
1304:
566:
460:
212:
178:
42:. Those who advocate new eugenics generally think selecting or altering embryos should be left to the preferences of
267:
Self-described opponents of historical eugenics first and foremost, are known to insist on a particularly stringent
1719:
260:
1759:
170:
to disease and general cognitive functioning. He concludes that the liberal case for compulsory eugenics is a
192:
233:
has argued that because there is no intrinsic moral difference between "creating" and "choosing" a life,
1656:
The
Blurred Line Between Therapy and Enhancement: A Consideration of Disability Rights and Transhumanism
1517:(2008). "Ethical Issues in Human Enhancement". In Ryberg, Jesper; Petersen, Thomas; Wolf, Clark (eds.).
501:"Looking into the shadow: the eugenics argument in debates on reproductive technologies and practices"
1818:
1556:
1284:
1237:
917:
238:
91:
of hundreds of thousands of persons in many countries, and were contained in much of the rhetoric of
39:
287:
long been ignored throughout various contemporary fields of scientific study and practice such as "
88:
1233:"Dynamics and ethics of comprehensive preimplantation genetic testing: A review of the challenges"
1833:
153:
35:
1655:
1068:
de Melo-Martin I (2004). "On our obligation to select the best children: a reply to
Savulescu".
1838:
237:
becomes a natural consequence of procreative beneficence. Similar positions were also taken by
138:
979:
967:
325:
Granting these assertions' validity, one may, once more, call this first and foremost a moral
354:
308:
132:
994:
890:
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171:
8:
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288:
119:
67:
1823:
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1632:
1605:
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815:
782:
766:
734:"Review of The New Eugenics: Selective Breeding in an Era of Reproductive Technologies"
733:
616:
591:
527:
500:
316:
1209:
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839:
706:
673:
1828:
1791:
1779:
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1578:
1537:
1527:
1489:
1481:
1437:
1427:
1401:
1391:
1360:
1341:"Why Procreative Preferences May be Moral — And Why it May not Matter if They Aren't"
1321:
1287:(2009). "Enhancements are a Moral Obligation". In Savulescu, J.; Bostrom, N. (eds.).
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1213:
1168:
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1123:
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1001:
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80:
31:
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1313:
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1246:
1205:
1193:
1160:
1141:
1115:
1106:(October 2001). "Procreative Beneficence: Why We Should Select the Best Children".
1103:
1077:
1048:
995:"Report of the IBC on Updating Its Reflection on the Human Genome and Human Rights"
929:
859:
851:
810:
798:
794:
761:
745:
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685:
611:
603:
522:
512:
280:
216:
204:
142:
75:
Eugenics is sometimes broken into the categories of positive eugenics (encouraging
1751:
1735:
1317:
156:, argues that liberal eugenics cannot be justified on the basis of the underlying
555:
382:
304:
300:
292:
162:
107:
1775:
1514:
1455:
1419:
477:
393:
374:
146:
96:
47:
1694:
1622:
1541:
1477:
1441:
1405:
576:
517:
1812:
1582:
1485:
1146:"The Moral Obligation to Have Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life"
1005:
941:
806:
757:
697:
658:
557:
War
Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race
389:
331:
54:
practiced and advocated in the 20th century, which fell into disrepute after
27:
1251:
1232:
1119:
1053:
607:
323:
what has been coined the "moral continuum argument" by some of its critics.
1783:
1743:
1702:
1641:
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1510:
1493:
1364:
1325:
1270:
1217:
1172:
1127:
1089:
949:
873:
824:
715:
625:
536:
344:
92:
76:
55:
1574:
855:
749:
689:
550:
84:
1356:
296:
157:
1606:"Limits to human enhancement: nature, disease, therapy or betterment?"
1302:
Ranisch, Robert (2022). "Procreative
Beneficence and Genome Editing".
1261:
1424:
The Case
Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering
1378:
1039:
385:
1557:"Reproductive Choice, Enhancement, and the Moral Continuum Argument"
1505:
1503:
234:
220:
166:
100:
51:
50:). "New" eugenics purports to distinguish itself from the forms of
1196:(2005). "New breeds of humans: the moral obligation to enhance".
992:
641:
Better than Human: The
Prospect and Perils of Enhancing Ourselves
208:
1500:
1134:
405:
Invoking
Bostrom and Roache once more, Hofmann explicates here:
165:
makes compulsory. Fox argues that if the liberal commitment to
43:
1460:"Normal Functioning and the Treatment-Enhancement Distinction"
1028:
1026:
253:
211:
in a position to select their children, for instance through
137:
New eugenics was founded under the liberal ethical values of
223:, to favor those expected to have the best possible life.
103:. New eugenics belongs to the positive eugenics category.
46:, rather than forbidden (or left to the preferences of the
1384:
Beyond therapy: biotechnology and the pursuit of happiness
1230:
1023:
840:"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and the 'new' eugenics"
674:"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and the 'new' eugenics"
993:
International
Bioethics Committee (October 2, 2015).
592:"No time to waste on the road to a liberal eugenics?"
281:
normal function or feature of members of our species
61:
1526:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 120–152.
554:
1035:"Procreative Beneficence and Genetic Enhancement"
453:Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement
413:and contact lenses or glasses appears artificial.
16:Liberal use of reprogenetics in human enhancement
1810:
1067:
319:, and much else". This is one way of conducting
1679:"Why we Should Defend Gene Editing as Eugenics"
1140:
32:enhancing human characteristics and capacities
1509:
399:
1291:. Oxford University Press. pp. 131–154.
831:
632:
261:Philosophy of medicine § Demarcating therapy
961:
959:
780:
583:
367:
254:Beyond the therapy-enhancement distinction
193:Julian Savulescu § Procreative beneficence
185:
1762:(1 October 2019). "Eugenics Undefended".
1631:
1621:
1554:
1260:
1250:
1192:
1102:
1052:
863:
814:
765:
705:
615:
543:
526:
516:
498:
161:discretion of parents, but practices the
113:
1683:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
1465:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
1426:. Harvard University Press. p. 47.
1338:
956:
638:
444:
182:want or cannot afford the enhancements.
133:Eugenics § Contested ethical status
1717:
1603:
1454:
1301:
731:
589:
475:
1811:
1798:
1758:
1418:
1283:
968:"The Illiberality of Liberal Eugenics"
918:"Eugenics: some lessons from the past"
915:
781:Vizcarrondo, Felipe E. (August 2014).
488:from the original on 29 November 2014.
885:
883:
783:"Human Enhancement: The New Eugenics"
549:
141:, which advocates for the respect of
1676:
1377:
1032:
837:
727:
725:
671:
450:
965:
482:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13:
1669:
1562:Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
880:
738:Journal of Law and the Biosciences
350:Directed evolution (transhumanism)
207:, rather than mere permission, of
14:
1850:
1305:The American Journal of Bioethics
732:Hoffman, Allison K (2017-12-01).
722:
269:treatment-enhancement distinction
213:preimplantation genetic diagnosis
179:International Bioethics Committee
126:
62:As opposed to historical eugenics
1165:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00687.x
1082:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00379.x
379:President's Council on Bioethics
259:This section is an excerpt from
191:This section is an excerpt from
152:Dov Fox, a law professor at the
118:New eugenics generally supports
1648:
1597:
1548:
1448:
1412:
1371:
1332:
1295:
1277:
1224:
1198:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
1186:
1096:
1061:
986:
922:Reproductive BioMedicine Online
909:
418:
1555:Malmqvist, Erik (2014-02-01).
799:10.1179/2050854914Y.0000000021
774:
665:
492:
469:
26:(a term coined by bioethicist
1:
1801:"The Case Against Perfection"
1736:10.1136/medethics-2012-101200
1318:10.1080/15265161.2022.2105435
1210:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62202-x
934:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)62222-5
476:Goering, Sara (2 July 2014).
437:
1660:2017 Proceedings of the CPSA
1544:– via nickbostrom.com.
561:. Four Walls Eight Windows.
199:Savulescu coined the phrase
7:
1654:Tabachnick, David (2017). "
1520:New Waves in Applied Ethics
377:affiliated chairman of the
338:
10:
1855:
1776:10.1007/s40592-019-00094-w
1604:Hofmann B (October 2017).
672:King, D. S. (1999-04-01).
317:cosmetic dental procedures
258:
203:. It is the controversial
190:
130:
65:
1724:Journal of Medical Ethics
1695:10.1017/S0963180118000336
1623:10.1186/s12910-017-0215-8
1478:10.1017/S0963180100903037
1238:Human Reproduction Update
916:Galton, DJ (2005-01-01).
844:Journal of Medical Ethics
678:Journal of Medical Ethics
518:10.1007/s40592-018-0086-x
499:Cavaliere, Giuli (2018).
40:human genetic engineering
1799:Sandel, Michael (2004).
1718:Sparrow, Robert (2014).
590:Witzany G (March 2016).
360:
174:against liberal theory.
89:compulsory sterilization
1803:. The Atlantic Monthly.
1764:Monash Bioethics Review
1677:Agar, Nicholas (2019).
1120:10.1111/1467-8519.00251
1054:10.1515/krt-2018-320105
608:10.15252/embr.201541855
505:Monash Bioethics Review
271:(sometimes also called
201:procreative beneficence
186:Procreative beneficence
154:University of San Diego
36:reproductive technology
1339:Saunders, Ben (2015).
1144:; Kahane, Guy (2009).
838:King DS (April 1999).
430:
415:
114:New eugenics practices
79:among the designated "
1252:10.1093/humupd/dmt009
1033:Veit, Walter (2018).
891:"Regulating Eugenics"
787:The Linacre Quarterly
425:
406:
355:Mendelian inheritance
309:contraceptive devices
221:selective termination
215:(PGD) and subsequent
131:Further information:
66:Further information:
1390:. Harper Perennial.
1182:on 25 February 2021.
856:10.1136/jme.25.2.176
690:10.1136/jme.25.2.176
313:fertility treatments
172:reductio ad absurdum
120:genetic modification
1720:"In Vitro Eugenics"
639:Buchanan A (2011).
424:More impactful yet:
289:preventive medicine
177:The United Nations
68:History of eugenics
34:through the use of
1575:10.1093/jmp/jht058
1357:10.1111/bioe.12147
895:Harvard Law Review
750:10.1093/jlb/lsx025
1760:Wilson, Robert A.
1533:978-0-230-53783-5
1433:978-0-674-04306-0
1397:978-0-06-073490-9
1289:Human Enhancement
1194:Savulescu, Julian
1142:Savulescu, Julian
1104:Savulescu, Julian
650:978-0-19-066404-6
411:laser eye surgery
373:Examples include
143:personal autonomy
1846:
1819:Applied genetics
1804:
1795:
1755:
1714:
1663:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1389:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1175:. Archived from
1150:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1012:
999:
990:
984:
983:
963:
954:
953:
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
887:
878:
877:
867:
835:
829:
828:
818:
778:
772:
771:
769:
729:
720:
719:
709:
669:
663:
662:
636:
630:
629:
619:
587:
581:
580:
560:
547:
541:
540:
530:
520:
496:
490:
489:
473:
467:
466:
448:
431:
422:
416:
403:
397:
381:, the perennial
371:
217:embryo selection
205:moral obligation
24:liberal eugenics
22:, also known as
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1730:(11): 725–731.
1672:
1670:Further reading
1667:
1666:
1653:
1649:
1602:
1598:
1553:
1549:
1534:
1523:
1515:Roache, Rebecca
1508:
1501:
1456:Daniels, Norman
1453:
1449:
1434:
1420:Sandel, Michael
1417:
1413:
1398:
1387:
1376:
1372:
1337:
1333:
1300:
1296:
1282:
1278:
1229:
1225:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1114:(5–6): 413–26.
1101:
1097:
1066:
1062:
1031:
1024:
1010:
1008:
997:
991:
987:
964:
957:
914:
910:
900:
898:
889:
888:
881:
836:
832:
779:
775:
730:
723:
670:
666:
651:
643:. p. 123.
637:
633:
588:
584:
569:
548:
544:
497:
493:
474:
470:
463:
451:Agar N (2004).
449:
445:
440:
435:
434:
423:
419:
404:
400:
383:bioconservative
372:
368:
363:
341:
336:
335:
305:plastic surgery
301:sports medicine
293:palliative care
264:
256:
251:
250:
196:
188:
135:
129:
116:
108:cousin marriage
70:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1834:Medical ethics
1831:
1826:
1821:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1756:
1715:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1647:
1610:BMC Med Ethics
1596:
1547:
1532:
1499:
1472:(3): 309–322.
1447:
1432:
1411:
1396:
1370:
1351:(7): 499–506.
1331:
1294:
1276:
1223:
1185:
1159:(5): 274–290.
1133:
1095:
1060:
1022:
985:
966:Fox D (2007).
955:
908:
879:
830:
793:(3): 239–243.
773:
721:
684:(2): 176–182.
664:
649:
631:
582:
567:
542:
491:
468:
461:
442:
441:
439:
436:
433:
432:
417:
398:
394:Michael Sandel
375:George W. Bush
365:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
340:
337:
265:
257:
255:
252:
243:Robert Ranisch
197:
189:
187:
184:
158:liberal theory
147:egalitarianism
128:
127:Ethical status
125:
115:
112:
97:racial hygiene
63:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1851:
1840:
1839:Transhumanism
1837:
1835:
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1802:
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1600:
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1564:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1511:Bostrom, Nick
1506:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:(July 2000).
1457:
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1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
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1421:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1399:
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1374:
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1335:
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1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1245:(4): 366–75.
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1178:
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1158:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
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1047:(11): 75–92.
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1770:(1): 68–75.
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1204:(1): 36–39.
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1076:(1): 72–83.
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392:philosopher
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247:Ben Saunders
229:Philosopher
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95:policies of
93:Nazi eugenic
77:reproduction
74:
71:
56:World War II
23:
20:New eugenics
19:
18:
1689:(1): 9–19.
1011:October 22,
321:ostensively
239:John Harris
231:Walter Veit
85:Edwin Black
1813:Categories
1662:, abstract
1542:1408785912
1442:1041148369
1406:1091186133
1379:Kass, Leon
1262:2123/12262
1000:. UNESCO.
602:(3): 281.
577:1035882630
478:"Eugenics"
438:References
334:discourse.
297:obstetrics
1824:Bioethics
1792:198131924
1616:(1): 56.
1583:0360-5310
1569:(1): 43.
1486:0963-1801
1345:Bioethics
1153:Bioethics
1108:Bioethics
1070:Bioethics
1040:Kriterion
1006:932076434
942:1472-6483
928:: 133–6.
807:0024-3639
758:2053-9711
698:0306-6800
659:759685982
386:Leon Kass
139:pluralism
1829:Eugenics
1784:31325149
1744:23557913
1711:58195676
1703:30570459
1642:29017486
1591:24334271
1494:10858880
1422:(2009).
1381:(2003).
1365:25655693
1326:36040888
1271:23466750
1218:15820005
1173:19076124
1128:12058767
1090:15168699
950:15820025
874:10226925
825:25249705
716:10226925
626:26882552
553:(2003).
537:30535862
486:Archived
409:between
339:See also
327:collapse
235:eugenics
167:autonomy
101:genocide
52:eugenics
1633:5635529
980:1072104
816:4135459
767:5965496
617:4772985
551:Black E
528:6336759
285:already
209:parents
44:parents
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273:divide
145:, and
1788:S2CID
1748:S2CID
1707:S2CID
1524:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1180:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
972:Ratio
361:Notes
163:state
48:state
1780:PMID
1740:PMID
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1587:PMID
1579:ISSN
1538:OCLC
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1392:ISBN
1361:PMID
1322:PMID
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1214:PMID
1169:PMID
1124:PMID
1086:PMID
1013:2015
1002:OCLC
976:SSRN
946:PMID
938:ISSN
903:2015
870:PMID
821:PMID
803:ISSN
754:ISSN
712:PMID
694:ISSN
655:OCLC
645:ISBN
622:PMID
573:OCLC
563:ISBN
533:PMID
457:ISBN
388:and
245:and
99:and
38:and
1772:doi
1732:doi
1691:doi
1628:PMC
1618:doi
1571:doi
1474:doi
1353:doi
1314:doi
1257:hdl
1247:doi
1206:doi
1161:doi
1116:doi
1078:doi
1049:doi
930:doi
860:PMC
852:doi
811:PMC
795:doi
762:PMC
746:doi
702:PMC
686:doi
612:PMC
604:doi
523:PMC
513:doi
277:gap
275:or
219:or
81:fit
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