31:
483:
377:
646:
507:
published two provocative investigative pieces in 1935: “Wall Street’s
Fascist Conspiracy: Testimony that the Dickstein MacCormack Committee Suppressed” and “Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy: Morgan Pulls the Strings”. Using a redacted version of congressional committee hearings, Spivak alleged there
519:
Stalinists of the founding group,” according to Samuel
Richard West, “began applying a Marxist litmus test to every contribution; as a result, the less ideological contributors and editors began to drop away”. But the magazine still managed to include literary, artistic, and sociological content,
461:
in its earliest days because the magazine sought "to make the ‘worker-writer’ a reality in the
American radical press." Rather than cater only to the college-educated intelligentsia, the editorial policy lauded rough-hewn literature considered more appealing to a working-class audience. The
607:
trumped class conflict and political revolution in the U.S., at least for the foreseeable future. Although the magazine supported the
Popular Front aims, it found itself in a difficult and complicated position as it tried to strike the proper editorial balance.
753:
Chambers became a contributor in 1931 with four short stories that catapulted him to contributing editor later in 1931 and managing editor for the first half of 1932, when he received orders to join the Soviet underground (see
502:
entered a new phase as a forum for left-wing political commentary. With its attention to literature confined mostly to book reviews, the magazine offered eye-catching articles aimed at non-Marxist readers. For instance,
391:. Infused with a defiant, outsider mentality, this leftist cultural front represented a rich period in American history. Michael Denning has called it a "Second American Renaissance" because it permanently transformed
184:'s stable of publications, produced by a communist leadership but making use of the work of an array of independent writers and artists. The magazine was established to fill a void caused by the gradual transition of
671:, which chronicles why he became a socialist. During the Depression years, Freeman did his most significant work as a literary theorist and cultural journalist. His 1929 essay “Literary Theories,” a review essay for
558:
published her groundbreaking feminist text, "Woman
Against Myth", which examined the history of the women's struggle for equality in the U.S., the USSR, and within the international socialist movement.
160:
grew in circulation and became highly influential in literary, artistic, and intellectual circles. The magazine has been called “the principal organ of the
American cultural left from 1926 onwards."
1407:
584:, but this mission was crowded out by urgent demands for political and economic discussion and by the need for adherence to Party doctrine. According to Arthur Ferrari, the fate of
1397:
714:, which published leftist works and set up radical theater groups. In 1928, he became the editor-in-chief. As editor, he adopted the hard-line stance to publish works by
422:." There was, however, an eventual transformation in which this magazine of the “generic left”, with its numerous competing points of view, gradually became a bastion of
611:
The 1940s brought significant philosophical and practical troubles to the publication. It struggled with the ideological upheavals caused by blowback from the
1190:"The Problem of American Communism - Facts and Recommendations - Rev. John P. Cronin, S .S .A Confidential Study for Private Circulation, cronin_john-0092"
1189:
570:
readership – so much so that Mike Gold and his colleagues responded by turning the magazine into a weekly publication starting in
January of 1934 –
681:
article, “Mask Image Truth”, would eventually frame his mid-decade introduction to Hicks’s anthology. Freeman strains in these essays to honor the
1072:
1427:
1163:
Editors: Theodore Draper, Granville Hicks, Crockett
Johnson, Joshua Kunitz, Herman Michelson, Bruce Minton, Samuel Sillen, Alexander Taylor.
780:
literary critic during the 1930s. He established his intellectual reputation as an influential literary critic with the 1933 publication of
520:
just not in the same abundance as in previous years. While this content was slowly phased out in favor of politically oriented journalism,
449:
A substantial number of poems, short stories, journalistic pieces, and quasi-autobiographical sketches by young working-class writers (
387:
The vast production of left-wing popular art from the late 1920s to 1940s was an attempt to create a radical culture in opposition to
1432:
1417:
1382:
442:
credentials. Barbara Foley points out, though, that Gold and his peers did not eschew various literary forms in favor of strict
1412:
1292:
1262:
1229:
1102:
918:
Hoffman, Frederick J., Charles Allen, and
Carolyn F. Church. “Political Directions in the Literature of the Thirties.”
685:
line and, concurrently, to resist the ideological crudity, or “vulgar
Marxism”, that often resulted from such striving.
1028:
995:
883:
702:
and abrasive left-wing literary critic. During the 1930s and 1940s, he was considered the proverbial dean of American
245:. Many contributors are now considered distinguished, even canonical authors/writers, artists, and musical composers:
1155:
588:
illustrates how the circumstances under which political and cultural forces converge can be temporary in nature.
627:
published its final issue on 13 January 1948. The magazine soon merged with another Communist quarterly to form
722:,” Gold was influential in making this style of fiction popular during the 1930s. His most influential work,
1307:
Hicks, Granville; Gold, Michael; Schneider, Isidor; North, Joseph; Peters, Paul; Calmer, Alan, eds. (1935).
1402:
462:
convergence of this literary philosophy and CPUSA policy in Depression-era America was facilitated by the
1014:
Ferrari, Arthur C. “Proletarian Literature: A Case of Convergence of Political and Literary Radicalism.”
616:
512:
of U.S. financiers to take over the country, and cited the names of several implicated business leaders.
446:; they advocated stylistic experimentation, but championed and preferred genuine proletarian authorship.
1422:
695:
196:) into a more theoretically-oriented publication. The name of the new magazine was a tip of the hat to
426:
conformity. By the end of 1928, when Mike Gold and Joseph Freeman gained full editorial control, the “
410:
position: "Among the fifty-six writers and artists connected in some way with the early issues of the
580:. Providing a place for creative writing of a leftist character was one of the original missions of
542:
434:” division began in earnest. Gold’s January 1929 column, "Go Left, Young Writers!", initiated the “
192:
126:
1373:
1360:
digital archive (1926-1948) on Marxists Internet Archive, in partnership with the Riazanov Library
1353:
857:
658:
450:
262:
246:
230:
63:
796:
became a weekly. Hicks is remembered for his well-publicized resignation from the CPUSA in 1939.
1175:
719:
703:
629:
435:
137:
1363:
596:
1224:. New York: Random House. pp. 241fn, 262, 264, 268–271, 275, 276, 278–282, 288, 337.
1097:. New York: Random House. pp. 241fn, 262, 264, 268–271, 275, 276, 278–282, 288, 337.
663:
His reputation rests on his influential introduction to Granville Hicks’s 1935 anthology,
8:
682:
415:
186:
181:
116:
649:
Mike Gold was among the most widely recognized radical literary figures associated with
395:
and popular culture as a whole. One of the foremost periodicals of this renaissance was
1213:
1086:
1045:
748:
724:
407:
392:
153:
59:
1257:. Ed. David Madden. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968. 222–251.
1133:
1235:
1225:
1108:
1098:
600:
366:
322:
282:
1332:
The Development of an American Marxist Literary Criticism: The Monthly "New Masses"
933:
563:
490:
featured the political art of a number of prominent radical cartoonists, including
443:
419:
354:
342:
330:
290:
250:
145:
893:. Vol. 11, no. 10. pp. 28–29 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
1272:. Vol. 4, no. 12. pp. 12–13 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
771:
733:
677:
576:
551:
491:
388:
326:
298:
278:
254:
234:
67:
1341:
Exiles from a Future Time: The Forging of a Mid-Twentieth Century Literary Left
943:. Vol. 4, no. 8. pp. 3–4 – via Montclair State University.
831:
Radical Presentations: Politics and Form in U.S. Proletarian Fiction, 1929–1941
620:
537:
504:
471:
463:
346:
270:
258:
1302:. Vol. 8, no. 7. pp. 3–5 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
1218:
1091:
762:). His name persisted on the masthead for months thereafter, perhaps as cover.
1391:
906:
The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century
729:
612:
555:
547:
533:
529:
509:
467:
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318:
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218:
177:
1337:
1285:
Artists on the Left: American Artists and the Communist Movement, 1926–1956
808:
350:
338:
214:
51:
39:
1316:
Murphy, James F. "The American Communist Party Press and the New Masses".
1178:. United States Congress House Un-American Activities. 1959. p. 1003.
470:, one of the Party's affiliated organizations. The goal was to expand the
358:
788:
perspective. He joined the Communist Party and became literary editor of
740:
715:
516:
454:
334:
314:
306:
294:
274:
242:
238:
222:
55:
30:
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continued to influence the leftist cultural scene. For example, in 1937
293:. More importantly, it also circulated works by avowedly leftist, even “
759:
755:
431:
302:
198:
121:
623:
and censorship at home during the war. With its readership declining,
482:
699:
689:
427:
286:
226:
149:
1161:. 4 January 1938. p. 13 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
1136:. Syracuse University Library = Special Collections Research Center
633:(1948–1963). In 2016, the Party of Communists USA revived the name
554:. In one of the magazine's last issues on 30 December 1947, editor
1318:
The Proletarian Moment: The Controversy over Leftism in Literature
785:
777:
718:
authors rather than literary leftists. Endorsing what he called “
604:
423:
112:
1239:
1112:
707:
645:
438:” movement, one spurred by the emergence of writers with true
1207:
Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism.
1343:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
985:
By Theodore F. Watts. Easthampton, MA: Periodyssey, 2002. 5.
1408:
Defunct political magazines published in the United States
1309:
Proletarian Literature in the United States: An Anthology
1001:. 30 December 1947 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
144:
With the widespread economic hardships brought on by the
1034:. 13 January 1948 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
591:
Despite being an official organ of the Communist Party,
474:
to the literary realm and support political revolution.
1306:
1016:
Cultural Politics: Radical Movements in Modern History.
1018:
Ed. Jerold M. Starr. New York: Praeger, 1985. 185–186.
515:
In furtherance of the magazine’s editorial shift, “he
1320:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991. 55–82.
947:
922:
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1946. 151.
862:
Brooklyn Museum – Color Prints by Four W.P.A. Artists
1398:
Communist periodicals published in the United States
1253:Folsom, Michael. "The Education of Michael Gold".
1217:
1090:
959:
920:The Little Magazine: a History and a Bibliography.
566:caused a surge in American communism and expanded
1067:
1065:
1063:
414:, Freeman reports, only two were members of the
1389:
845:Marxism in the USA: From 1870 to the Present Day
833:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 65.
599:stage began in 1936. That was when fighting the
595:lost some of its Party support when the CPUSA's
667:, and his 1936 immigrant coming-of-age memoir,
148:of 1929, many Americans were more receptive to
1325:New Masses: An Anthology of the Rebel Thirties
1060:
202:(1911–1917), forerunner of both publications.
1287:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
784:, an analysis of American literature from a
574:would eventually encounter competition from
1327:. New York: International Publishers, 1969.
665:Proletarian Literature in the United States
1334:PhD dissertation. Temple University, 1968.
1010:
1008:
29:
1048:. Party of Communists USA. 27 August 2022
619:, while at the same time facing virulent
477:
1212:
1085:
644:
540:. The magazine also sponsored the first
481:
375:
1260:
1079:
1005:
903:
881:
837:
617:Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939
1390:
1383:Crockett Johnson Homepage - Early Work
1379:- Smithsonian Archives of American Art
119:(CPUSA). It was the successor to both
1311:. New York: International Publishers.
1290:
965:
953:
828:
732:about growing up in the impoverished
115:magazine closely associated with the
1428:Magazines published in New York City
931:
847:(London: Verso Books, 1987), p. 172.
383:cover by Frank Waltz, September 1926
182:Workers (Communist) Party of America
1255:Proletarian Writers of the Thirties
694:Real name Itzok Isaac Granich, the
640:
13:
1293:"The Crisis in American Criticism"
1291:Hicks, Granville (February 1933).
1199:
908:. New York: Verso. pp. xi–xx.
14:
1444:
1347:
1433:Communist Party USA publications
1418:Magazines disestablished in 1948
977:West, Samuel Richard. Foreword.
792:in January 1934, the same issue
536:", later popularized in song by
457:being prime examples) dominated
1313:Introduction by Joseph Freeman.
1182:
1176:"Communist Training Operations"
1168:
1148:
1126:
1038:
1021:
988:
971:
546:concert on 23 December 1938 at
932:Gold, Michael (January 1929).
925:
912:
897:
882:Copland, Aaron (5 June 1934).
875:
850:
822:
168:
1:
1413:Magazines established in 1926
418:, and less than a dozen were
1280:. New York: Liveright, 1930.
1261:Freeman, Joseph (May 1929).
816:
111:(1926–1948) was an American
7:
706:. In 1925, after a trip to
297:” (working-class) artists:
10:
1449:
1364:Montclair State University
800:Joseph Freeman (1936–1937)
766:Joseph Freeman (1932–1933)
637:with its own publication.
163:
1209:New York: Harcourt, 1961.
934:"Go Left, Young Writers!"
904:Denning, Michael (1996).
209:editorial staff included
96:
88:
73:
47:
28:
18:American Marxist magazine
1134:"Granville Hicks Papers"
736:, was published in 1930.
603:and the threat of world
550:, an event organized by
543:From Spirituals to Swing
1073:"Joseph Freeman papers"
829:Foley, Barbara (1993).
630:Masses & Mainstream
532:'s anti-lynching poem "
247:William Carlos Williams
180:in 1926 as part of the
138:Masses & Mainstream
1377:cover - March 20, 1934
1075:. Stanford University.
720:proletarian literature
704:proletarian literature
696:Jewish-American writer
653:
495:
478:Later years and demise
436:proletarian literature
384:
135:was later merged into
1330:Peck, David Russell.
804:No top editor in 1938
669:An American Testament
648:
485:
379:
858:"brooklynmuseum.org"
510:a fascist conspiracy
237:(starting in 1934),
156:ideas. As a result,
1403:Communist magazines
1323:North, Joseph, ed.
1283:Hemingway, Andrew.
1263:"Literary Theories"
1214:Chambers, Whittaker
1087:Chambers, Whittaker
782:The Great Tradition
187:The Workers Monthly
117:Communist Party USA
25:
1278:Jews Without Money
749:Whittaker Chambers
728:, a fictionalized
725:Jews Without Money
710:, he helped found
654:
498:In the mid-1930s,
496:
406:adopted a loosely
393:American modernism
385:
60:Whittaker Chambers
21:
1423:Marxist magazines
983:Index, 1926–1933.
956:, pp. 54–55.
601:Spanish Civil War
323:Maxwell Bodenheim
277:, John Breecher,
104:
103:
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834:
826:
641:Managing editors
564:Great Depression
420:fellow travelers
355:Crockett Johnson
343:Stanley Burnshaw
331:Josephine Herbst
291:Ernest Hemingway
251:Theodore Dreiser
176:was launched in
146:Great Depression
125:(1911–1917) and
84:
82:
33:
26:
20:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
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1438:
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1350:
1295:
1276:Gold, Michael.
1265:
1244:
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1205:Aaron, Daniel.
1202:
1200:Further reading
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884:"Workers Sing!"
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827:
823:
819:
772:Granville Hicks
734:Lower East Side
683:Communist Party
678:Partisan Review
675:, and his 1938
643:
577:Partisan Review
492:William Gropper
480:
416:Communist Party
402:At the outset,
327:Meridel LeSueur
299:Kenneth Fearing
279:Langston Hughes
255:John Dos Passos
235:Granville Hicks
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166:
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68:Granville Hicks
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1348:External links
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538:Billie Holiday
505:John L. Spivak
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472:class struggle
464:John Reed Club
451:Richard Wright
367:Hyman Warsager
347:Louis Zukofsky
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271:Dorothy Parker
263:Richard Wright
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231:Joseph Freeman
190:(successor to
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556:Betty Millard
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548:Carnegie Hall
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534:Strange Fruit
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530:Abel Meeropol
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193:The Liberator
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178:New York City
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141:(1948–1963).
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131:(1918–1924).
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100:United States
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1243:. Retrieved
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1216:(May 1952).
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1156:"New Masses"
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1092:
1089:(May 1952).
1081:
1052:21 September
1050:. Retrieved
1040:
1029:"New Masses"
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996:"New Masses"
990:
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978:
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1366:: Selected
1356:: Complete
1245:8 September
1140:8 September
1118:8 September
981:New Masses
811:(1939-1948)
741:Walt Carmon
716:proletarian
651:New Masses.
562:Though the
517:proletariat
455:Jack Conroy
335:Jacob Burck
315:Jan Matulka
307:Jack Conroy
295:proletarian
275:Dorothy Day
243:James Rorty
239:Walt Carmon
223:Max Eastman
207:New Masses'
169:Early years
89:Final issue
74:First issue
56:Walt Carmon
1392:Categories
1375:New Masses
1368:New Masses
1358:New Masses
1300:New Masses
1270:New Masses
966:Foley 1993
954:Foley 1993
941:New Masses
891:New Masses
794:New Masses
790:New Masses
760:Alger Hiss
756:Ware Group
712:New Masses
673:New Masses
635:New Masses
625:New Masses
593:New Masses
586:New Masses
582:New Masses
572:New Masses
568:New Masses
526:New Masses
522:New Masses
500:New Masses
488:New Masses
459:New Masses
432:Trotskyist
412:New Masses
404:New Masses
397:New Masses
381:New Masses
303:H.H. Lewis
211:The Masses
199:The Masses
174:New Masses
158:New Masses
133:New Masses
122:The Masses
108:New Masses
81:1926-month
77: 1926
42:, May 1926
36:New Masses
23:New Masses
867:4 October
817:Footnotes
700:communist
690:Mike Gold
428:Stalinist
359:Wanda Gág
287:Rex Stout
227:Mike Gold
150:socialist
38:cover by
1370:articles
1240:52005149
1113:52005149
528:printed
1220:Witness
1093:Witness
786:Marxist
778:Marxist
751:(1932):
605:fascism
444:realism
424:Marxist
408:leftist
213:alumni
164:History
154:leftist
113:Marxist
97:Country
79: (
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1228:
1111:
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708:Moscow
369:, and
241:, and
1296:(PDF)
1266:(PDF)
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937:(PDF)
887:(PDF)
1247:2017
1236:LCCN
1226:ISBN
1142:2017
1120:2017
1109:LCCN
1099:ISBN
1054:2023
869:2022
758:and
615:and
508:was
486:The
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