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the other, they were expected to support the free-state movement. A number of abolitionists questioned the profit motive behind the company, and even many of Thayer's potential investors balked at the notion "that people might say we were influenced by pecuniary considerations in our patriotic work." Although Thayer personally disagreed with such hesitations, in 1855 the company reorganized as a
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distasteful, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society, and it was renamed the New
England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855. While the company achieved neither a profit nor a significant impact on the population of Kansas, it played an important role in the events that would later be termed
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Officially, the company was a profit-making venture, and how the settlers voted was of no consequence to the company. For example, the company secretary, Thomas Webb released a pamphlet in 1855 stating that although the settlers sent to the territories would not be required to vote for one side or
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and to send settlers to Kansas to purchase land and build houses, shops, and mills. They could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the proceeds back to Thayer and his investors. At the behest of several investors, who found the notion of profiting from the anti-slavery cause
173:
Under its charter, the
Emigrant Aid Company was "to supply information, cheapen transportation, and set up saw mills and flour mills" in the new territory. The idea of the company was to win Kansas for the free-state movement while at the same time turning a tidy profit for investors.
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Many of the sponsors of the company did not believe in social or political equality for Blacks. In addition to banning slavery in the territory, they also expected, if victorious, to ban black citizenship and property ownership. Kansas's first constitution, the never-adopted
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The company's mission was ultimately successful, and Kansas entered the United States as a free state in 1861, as soon as the
Southern legislators blocking it had walked out of Congress, to participate in the Confederate government.
154:, Eli Thayer, a second-term Congressman from Massachusetts, hatched the idea of an Emigrant Aid Company in the winter of 1853–1854. His primary partners in the venture were
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162:, and together, they set Thayer's plans in motion on March 5, 1854. Thayer announced the company at a rally against the impending passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in
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The exact number of people who left for Kansas is unknown. James Rawley puts the numbers somewhere around 2000, about a third of whom returned home, but the
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in the newly-opened territory, they would be able to shift the balance of political power in the territory, which in turn would lead to Kansas becoming a
59:, which allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose whether slavery would be legal. The company's ultimate purpose was to transport anti-slavery
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groups. Thayer's prediction that the company would eventually be able to send 20,000 immigrants a year never came to fruition, but it spurred
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The New
England Emigrant Aid Company, and its influence, through the Kansas contest, upon national history
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should be allowed to decide if it allowed slavery, was an attempt by
Southerners to gain power. When the
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The
Abolitionists Vindicated in a Review of Eli Thayers' Paper on the New England Emigrant Aid Society
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The company is noted less for its direct impact than for the psychological impact it had on
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Sometimes referred to as the New
England Emigrant Aid Society, or abbreviated as the NEEAC.
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The success of the endeavor prompted other aid assistance companies to form back East, in
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Trade sign used at the Boston headquarters of the New
England Emigrant Aid Company
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Kansas State
Historical Society article on the New English Emigrant Aid Company
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puts the number at around 900 for those who left for Kansas in 1855 alone.
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on March 11. Shortly thereafter, the company's charter was approved by the
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Race & Politics: "Bleeding Kansas" and the Coming of the Civil War
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The Secret Six. The True Tale of the Men Who
Conspired with John Brown
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Thayer's intention was to capitalize on anti-slavery sentiment in the
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Frontier Manhattan: Yankee Settlement to Kansas Town, 1854-1894
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and changed its name to the New England Emigrant Aid Company.
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182:, banned free as well as enslaved Blacks from the Territory.
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Purpose and plans of the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company
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554:. Kansas State Historical Society: 227–268. Archived from
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Minutes, New England Emigrant Aid Company Annual Meetings
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History of the Kansas Crusade: Its Friends and its Foes
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Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era
548:"The New England Emigrant Aid Company Parties of 1855"
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The company was directly responsible for creating the
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threatened to extend popular sovereignty into the new
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304:New England Emigrant Aid Company papers, 1854-1909
234:. Lawrence was named after the company secretary,
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498:. Georgia: University of Georgia Press. p.
138:. To the Northern United States, the concept of
79:) when it eventually joined the United States.
142:, which stated that the population of each new
586:Prelude to Civil War; Kansas-Missouri, 1854-61
686:War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854-1861
400:. KSHS: Territorial Kansas Online. p. 1
808:History of immigration to the United States
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180:Constitutions of Kansas#Topeka Constitution
130:The company was formed in the midst of the
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43:) was a transportation company founded in
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394:New England Emigrant Aid Company (2009).
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423:"New England Emigrant Aid Company"
170:for up to $ 5,000,000 in capital.
41:Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company
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823:Organizations established in 1854
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514:New England Emigrant Aid Company.
425:. Kansas Historical Society. 2009
828:Politically motivated migrations
490:McLaurin, Melton Alonza (1991).
360:, Boston. Boston Directory. 1855
37:New England Emigrant Aid Company
18:New England Emigrant Aid Society
798:Pre-statehood history of Kansas
460:. New York: Crown. p. 81.
456:Renehan Jr., Edward J. (1995).
657:Freehling, William W. (1990).
603:Davis, Kenneth Sydney (1984).
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748:University of Nebraska Press
546:Barry, Louie (August 1943).
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711:Olson, Kevin G. W. (2012).
552:Kansas Historical Quarterly
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721:University Press of Kansas
640:University Press of Kansas
613:W. W. Norton & Company
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738:Rawley, James A. (1979).
630:Etcheson, Nicole (2004).
607:. States and the nation.
443:Thayer (1889), pp. 15-25.
263:Kansas Historical Society
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168:Massachusetts Legislature
106:and other enemies of the
532:. F.P. Rice. p. 28.
526:Johnson, Oliver (1887).
480:Davis (1984), pp. 40–41.
381:Worcester, Massachusetts
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684:Goodrich, T.H. (1998).
667:Oxford University Press
818:19th century in Boston
115:Northern United States
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596:Crowell-Collier Press
582:Corder, Eric (1970).
568:Rawley (1979), p. 85.
323:E.g. Etcheson (2004).
314:Goodrich (1998) p. 10
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765:Thayer, Eli (1889).
659:The Road to Disunion
156:Alexander H. Bullock
244:Charles L. Robinson
240:Daniel Read Anthony
236:Amos Adams Lawrence
160:Edward Everett Hale
148:Kansas–Nebraska Act
140:popular sovereignty
57:Kansas–Nebraska Act
55:in the wake of the
188:benevolent society
136:American Civil War
134:that preceded the
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730:978-0-7006-1832-3
690:Mechanicsburg, PA
609:New York City, NY
605:Kansas: A History
592:New York City, NY
509:978-0-8203-1352-8
256:US Representative
248:Samuel C. Pomeroy
100:slavery was legal
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744:Lincoln, NE
371:Thayer, Eli
108:Slave Power
77:slave state
792:Categories
663:Oxford, UK
467:051759028X
291:References
232:Osawatomie
144:U.S. state
84:proslavery
73:free state
61:immigrants
53:Eli Thayer
429:August 2,
404:August 3,
224:Manhattan
218:towns of
164:Worcester
63:into the
373:(1887).
220:Lawrence
200:New York
194:Reaction
126:Creation
98:, where
96:Missouri
69:en masse
576:Sources
342:Feb 22,
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250:, and
228:Topeka
216:Kansas
210:Impact
45:Boston
273:Notes
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698:ISBN
671:ISBN
644:ISBN
617:ISBN
504:ISBN
462:ISBN
431:2009
406:2009
344:2022
230:and
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