914:. The next neurosteroid anaesthetic introduced into human medicine was the newer drug minaxolone, which is around three times more potent than althesin and retains the favourable safety profile, without the toxicity problems seen with althesin. However this drug was also ultimately withdrawn, not because of problems in clinical use, but because animal studies suggested potential carcinogenicity and since alternative agents were available it was felt that the possible risk outweighed the benefit of keeping the drug on the market.
906:. The first of these to be introduced was hydroxydione, which is the esterified 21-hydroxy derivative of 5ÎČ-pregnanedione. Hydroxydione proved to be a useful anaesthetic drug with a good safety profile, but was painful and irritating when injected probably due to poor water solubility. This led to the development of newer neuroactive steroids. The next drug from this family to be marketed was a mixture of alphaxolone and alphadolone, known as
870:
946:
non-clinical studies suggest that ganaxolone may have low risk for use in pregnancy. In addition to use in the treatment of epilepsy, the drug has potential in the treatment of a broad range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Proof-of-concept studies are currently underway in posttraumatic stress disorder and fragile X syndrome. Ganaxolone was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2022.
923:
20:
468:, which is converted into pregnenolone and then into all other endogenous steroids. Neurosteroids are produced in the brain after local synthesis or by conversion of peripherally-derived adrenal steroids or gonadal steroids. They accumulate especially in myelinating glial cells, from cholesterol or steroidal precursors imported from peripheral sources.
945:
A randomized, placebo controlled, 10-week phase 2 clinical trial of orally administered ganaxolone in adults with partial onset seizure demonstrated that the treatment is safe, well tolerated and efficacious. The drug continued to demonstrate efficacy in a 104-week open label extension. Data from
79:, that then reach the brain through the bloodstream and have effects on brain function. The term neuroactive steroids was first coined in 1992 by Steven Paul and Robert Purdy. In addition to their actions on neuronal membrane receptors, some of these steroids may also exert effects on
1147:. Factors which affect the ability of individual benzodiazepines to alter neurosteroid levels may depend upon whether the individual benzodiazepine drug interacts with TSPO. Some benzodiazepines may also inhibit neurosteroidogenic enzymes reducing neurosteroid synthesis.
3916:
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539:, which are released in response to stress and physical pain and counteract the negative subjective effects of such states. As such, it has been suggested that one of the biological functions of these
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Andréen L, Nyberg S, Turkmen S, van Wingen G, Fernåndez G, BÀckström T (September 2009). "Sex steroid induced negative mood may be explained by the paradoxical effect mediated by GABAA modulators".
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Acute stress elevates the levels of inhibitory neurosteroids like allopregnanolone, and these neurosteroids are known to counteract many of the effects of stress. This is similar to the case of
3132:
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440:
or NMDA receptors, and instead affect various other cell surface receptors and non-genomic targets. Also, many endogenous steroids, including pregnenolone, progesterone, corticosterone,
3869:"In a mouse model relevant for post-traumatic stress disorder, selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSS) improve behavioral deficits by normalizing allopregnanolone biosynthesis"
3175:
Maurice T, Urani A, Phan VL, Romieu P (2001). "The interaction between neuroactive steroids and the sigma1 receptor function: behavioral consequences and therapeutic opportunities".
4757:
4401:
1065:(SSRIs), have also been found to normalize the levels of certain neurosteroids (which are frequently deficient in depressed patients) at doses that are inactive in affecting the
4513:
3359:
Reddy DS, Rogawski MA (December 2000). "Chronic treatment with the neuroactive steroid ganaxolone in the rat induces anticonvulsant tolerance to diazepam but not to itself".
4762:
1112:, and these antidepressants have been found to increase inhibitory neurosteroid levels. Enhancement of biosynthesis of inhibitory neurosteroids has been implicated in the
4386:
934:, an analog of the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone, has been extensively investigated in animal models and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of
1764:
TerĂĄn-PĂ©rez G, Arana-Lechuga Y, Esqueda-LeĂłn E, Santana-Miranda R, Rojas-Zamorano JĂ, VelĂĄzquez
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4103:"The neurosteroid allopregnanolone promotes proliferation of rodent and human neural progenitor cells and regulates cell-cycle gene and protein expression"
597:. In addition, it is thought that changes in neurosteroid levels may be involved in the changes in mood, anxiety, and sexual desire that occur during
4737:
3646:"Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine"
2166:
Baulieu E, Schumacher M (2000). "Progesterone as a neuroactive neurosteroid, with special reference to the effect of progesterone on myelination".
640:, possess biphasic, U-shaped actions â moderate levels (in the range of 1.5â2 nM/L total alloprogesterone, which are approximately equivalent to
2889:
Genazzani AR, Bernardi F, Monteleone P, Luisi S, Luisi M (2000). "Neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, neurosteroids, and the onset of puberty".
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1029:(MAP2) in a similar manner to pregnenolone and is under development for potential clinical use for indications such as the treatment of
4330:
1073:. This suggests that other actions involving neurosteroids may also be at play in the effectiveness of these drugs against depression.
2211:"Membrane progesterone receptors: evidence for neuroprotective, neurosteroid signaling and neuroendocrine functions in neuronal cells"
1952:"The major brain cholesterol metabolite 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol is a potent allosteric modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors"
4692:
938:. Neurosteroids, including ganaxolone have a broad spectrum of activity in animal models. They may have advantages over other GABA
4011:"Substrate specificity of human 3(20)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase for neurosteroids and its inhibition by benzodiazepines"
1025:(MAP-4343), or pregnenolone 3ÎČ-methyl ether, is a synthetic neuroactive steroid and pregnenolone derivative that interacts with
3501:
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556:
1077:
477:
473:
5450:
4556:
2472:
2424:
1306:
270:
138:
5856:
4963:
4687:
1026:
4712:
4146:"Brain 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone synthesis in a mouse model of protracted social isolation"
4144:
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has been associated with diminished levels of allopregnanolone and altered allopregnanolone stress responsivity,
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Bali A, Jaggi AS (January 2014). "Multifunctional aspects of allopregnanolone in stress and related disorders".
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4948:
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Elevated levels of inhibitory neurosteroids, namely allopregnanolone, can produce paradoxical effects, such as
349:
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274:
233:
146:
4682:
4627:
942:
receptor modulators, notably benzodiazepines, in that tolerance does not appear to occur with extended use.
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5184:
4438:
954:
Researchers have suggested the use of so-called "neurosteroid replacement therapy" as a way of treating
436:
are also neurosteroids. However, unlike those listed above, these neurosteroids do not modulate the GABA
5214:
5105:
4612:
4289:"Neurosteroids â Endogenous regulators of seizure susceptibility and role in the treatment of epilepsy"
1342:"Neurosteroids â Endogenous Regulators of Seizure Susceptibility and Role in the Treatment of Epilepsy"
624:. This appears to be because these neurosteroids, like other positive allosteric modulators of the GABA
68:
5419:
5414:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
4551:
4488:
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445:
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4787:
4747:
4561:
4536:
4433:
1568:"Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Eleventh Eilat Conference (EILAT XI)"
974:
to allopregnanolone, has been suggested as a treatment for catamenial epilepsy in the same manner.
84:
53:
5409:
5018:
4531:
3546:"3ÎČ-Methoxy-pregnenolone (MAP4343) as an innovative therapeutic approach for depressive disorders"
910:. This was withdrawn from human use due to rare but serious toxic reactions, but is still used in
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Compounds that affect neuronal excitability through modulation of specific ionotropic receptors
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2000:
1156:
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4727:
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774:
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383:
329:
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3644:
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4009:
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126:
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2006:
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1252:
1235:
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1209:
609:
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562:
It is thought that fluctuations in the levels of inhibitory neurosteroids during the
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497:
206:
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142:
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1971:
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1391:
1387:
1383:
1312:
1294:
1244:
1199:
1016:
995:
663:
290:
258:
129:, neurosteroids can be broadly categorized into several different major groupings.
104:
4833:
3483:
3413:
75:
refers to steroids that can be synthesized in the brain, or are synthesized by an
5399:
5347:
5319:
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5224:
5038:
5028:
4772:
4677:
4672:
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National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4150:
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3650:
Proceedings of the
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3621:
3604:
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2517:
2500:
2264:
Proceedings of the
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1777:
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5767:
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5502:
5435:
5130:
4632:
3834:
3776:
2542:"GABAergic transmission in temporal lobe epilepsy: the role of neurosteroids"
1917:
1144:
282:
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65:
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87:. Neurosteroids have a wide range of potential clinical applications from
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465:
401:
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3751:
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2028:
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23:
4308:
4234:
Corpéchot C, Robel P, Axelson M, Sjövall J, Baulieu EE (August 1981).
2226:
958:
with neuroactive steroids such as ganaxolone during the period of the
5816:
5703:
5675:
5665:
5637:
5522:
5517:
5507:
5379:
5327:
4818:
4478:
1070:
602:
567:
536:
429:
310:
306:
210:
3451:
1131:
may influence neurosteroid metabolism by virtue of their actions on
926:
Ganaxolone, a neuroactive steroid currently in clinical development.
476:
are involved in the biosynthesis of inhibitory neurosteroids, while
378:
Pheromones are neurosteroids that influence brain activity, notably
5762:
5718:
5698:
5670:
5599:
5589:
5512:
4813:
4802:
4604:
4581:
4473:
3962:"Role of neurosteroids in the anticonvulsant activity of midazolam"
1798:
1066:
935:
907:
895:
883:
509:
501:
251:
198:
194:
178:
92:
88:
4537:
11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)
2992:
2501:"Emerging roles for neurosteroids in sexual behavior and function"
890:
for carrying out surgical procedures. The best known of these are
5581:
4828:
4823:
4342:
2738:
1369:
1015:, neurosteroid which is under investigation for the treatment of
1011:
971:
963:
637:
613:
598:
528:. Neurosteroids also appear to play an important role in various
521:
452:
into (other) neurosteroids, effectively functioning as so-called
286:
186:
162:
45:
2888:
2646:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
2074:
2024:
2022:
1844:"A predicted binding site for cholesterol on the GABAA receptor"
1522:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
1061:, which are generally thought to affect depression by acting as
5690:
3753:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 186. pp. 113â137.
1898:
571:
505:
469:
49:
3331:
3085:
3038:
1841:
1606:
1293:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 186. pp. 113â37.
5562:
4008:
2019:
922:
158:
19:
4233:
3643:
3131:
2939:
2686:
1565:
4291:. In Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, et al. (eds.).
3433:"50 years of hurdles and hope in anxiolytic drug discovery"
2257:
1949:
1344:. In Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, et al. (eds.).
71:
and refers to steroids synthesized in the brain. The term,
4143:
3500:
2796:
1424:"Neurosteroid replacement therapy for catamenial epilepsy"
1123:
26:, an example of a neurosteroid, used for the treatment of
3361:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
3334:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2451:
Engel SR, Grant KA (2001). "Neurosteroids and behavior".
1842:
HĂ©nin J, Salari R, Murlidaran S, Brannigan G (May 2014).
107:, is under investigation for the treatment of epilepsy.
4100:
2797:
Guille C, Spencer S, Cavus I, Epperson CN (July 2008).
2121:
982:
Allopregnanolone (SAGE-547) is under development as an
4196:
4101:
Wang JM, Johnston PB, Ball BG, Brinton RD (May 2005).
3385:
3174:
2742:"Pathogenesis in menstrual cycle-linked CNS disorders"
2070:
2068:
1348:. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
816:
3915:
3379:
2539:
2402:
873:
Older clinically used synthetic neuroactive steroids.
281:
receptor, weak positive allosteric modulators of the
3389:
Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Epilepsy
3278:
484:
are involved in excitatory neurosteroid production.
103:, a synthetic analog of the endogenous neurosteroid
4057:
3386:Devinsky O, Schachter S, Pacia S (1 January 2005).
2065:
1899:Levitan I, Singh DK, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A (2014).
3702:
1704:
1135:(TSPO; "peripheral benzodiazepine receptor"). The
882:Several synthetic neurosteroids have been used as
392:Possible human pheromones include the androstanes
3424:
2165:
273:effects on neurotransmission. They act as potent
5877:
4552:11ÎČ-Hydroxyprogesterone (21-deoxycorticosterone)
3749:Reddy, Doodipala Samba (2010). "Neurosteroids".
1892:
1044:
1009:(PH94B, Aloradine) is a synthetic pheromone, or
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3127:
3125:
3081:
3079:
3034:
3032:
2845:
2734:
2732:
2639:
2637:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2494:
2492:
2446:
2444:
1943:
1651:
1649:
1647:
5465:
4849:16ÎČ,17α-Epiestriol (16ÎČ-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
3543:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
1992:
1705:Pinna G, Costa E, Guidotti A (February 2005).
1561:
1559:
1417:
1415:
1365:
1363:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
793:
5451:
4324:
4286:
3807:
3476:
3430:
3406:
3358:
3226:
2540:Joshi S, Rajasekaran K, Kapur J (June 2013).
2316:
1421:
1339:
3959:
3953:
3909:
3860:
3801:
3744:
3742:
3696:
3596:
3537:
3494:
3263:
3168:
3122:
3076:
3029:
2986:
2933:
2882:
2839:
2790:
2729:
2680:
2634:
2582:
2533:
2489:
2441:
2396:
2353:
2310:
2251:
2202:
2159:
2115:
2005:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37â.
1835:
1792:
1757:
1698:
1644:
1600:
4293:Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies
4060:"Neurosteroid access to the GABAA receptor"
3637:
3392:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 378â.
3211:
1556:
1513:
1464:
1412:
1360:
1271:
864:
420:Certain other endogenous steroids, such as
264:
132:
5458:
5444:
4844:17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
4331:
4317:
2891:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2746:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2450:
2208:
1998:
1228:
1179:
4269:
4259:
4179:
4169:
4126:
4083:
4029:
3985:
3892:
3843:
3833:
3784:
3739:
3679:
3669:
3620:
3579:
3569:
3459:
2961:
2822:
2765:
2712:
2643:
2617:
2565:
2516:
2359:
2293:
2283:
2234:
1975:
1926:
1916:
1875:
1740:
1730:
1681:
1583:
1519:
1496:
1447:
1395:
1316:
1203:
1185:
4018:Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
921:
868:
644:levels) inhibit the activity of the GABA
364:(NMDA receptor-selective; very potent).
165:), and possess, in no particular order,
18:
4338:
3866:
3808:Griffin LD, Mellon SH (November 1999).
3602:
2592:Girdler SS, Klatzkin R (October 2007).
1999:Hawkes CH, Doty RL (12 February 2009).
1124:Benzodiazepine effects on neurosteroids
1063:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
570:play an important role in a variety of
496:of neurosteroids include modulation of
5878:
4633:Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione)
3431:Griebel G, Holmes A (September 2013).
2319:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
1470:
1234:
1139:actions of benzodiazepines at the GABA
949:
821:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
651:
415:
52:excitability through interaction with
5439:
4839:16ÎČ-Epiestriol (16ÎČ-hydroxyestradiol)
4312:
3748:
1901:"Cholesterol binding to ion channels"
1288:
1001:
328:Major examples include the pregnanes
3484:"Pregnenolone methyl ether - Mapreg"
2498:
2453:International Review of Neurobiology
2405:International Review of Neurobiology
1655:
1610:The European Journal of Neuroscience
1422:Reddy DS, Rogawski MA (April 2009).
5009:Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17ÎČ-sulfate
1766:Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
988:super-refractory status epilepticus
977:
656:
557:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
532:behaviors and emotional responses.
464:Neurosteroids are synthesized from
13:
4050:
3960:Dhir A, Rogawski MA (April 2012).
3759:10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7
3054:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.061
2954:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.024
2911:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06210.x
2374:10.1212/01.wnl.0000257836.09570.e1
2137:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.076
2081:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1299:10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7
1289:Reddy DS (2010). "Neurosteroids".
543:may be to help maintain emotional
374:Pheromone § Axillary steroids
14:
5902:
4557:18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone
4407:11ÎČ,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone
3490:. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
3420:. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
3414:"Brexanolone - Sage Therapeutics"
1143:receptor are similar to those of
110:
3978:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01733.x
2610:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.05.006
1622:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02084.x
1585:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.001
1489:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.003
1186:Paul SM, Purdy RH (March 1992).
1027:microtubule-associated protein 2
482:hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases
4758:Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide
4002:
3966:British Journal of Pharmacology
3352:
3325:
3315:
3146:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.005
2693:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
2598:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2558:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.028
1813:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.004
1477:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1078:3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
838:
833:
825:
767:
762:
754:
583:premenstrual dysphoric disorder
478:3ÎČ-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
474:3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
459:
340:(sepranolone), the androstanes
4434:3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone
4119:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4520-04.2005
4076:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4173-05.2005
3544:Bianchi M, Baulieu EE (2012).
3515:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.065
3440:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
3100:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.003
2093:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.12101342
1968:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2619-13.2013
1674:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.005
1388:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4097-11.2011
1340:Reddy DS, Rogawski MA (2012).
1333:
1162:Neurosteroidogenesis inhibitor
1120:effects of some of the SSRIs.
1100:, as well as by certain other
1084:by certain (SSRIs), including
970:, which behaves reliably as a
798:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone
350:dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
275:negative allosteric modulators
147:positive allosteric modulators
1:
4713:3α-Androstanediol glucuronide
4287:Reddy D, Rogawski MA (2012).
3189:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00112-6
2465:10.1016/S0074-7742(01)46067-3
2417:10.1016/s0074-7742(01)46066-1
2331:10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00503-3
2180:10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00173-2
1172:
1045:Role in antidepressant action
917:
877:
367:
234:tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
4402:17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone
4211:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91731-0
3885:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833d8ba0
3814:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3550:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2043:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90049-3
382:function, via activation of
7:
4778:Etiocholanolone glucuronide
4763:Dihydrotestosterone sulfate
4107:The Journal of Neuroscience
4064:The Journal of Neuroscience
2815:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.02.004
2705:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.06.001
2658:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.005
1956:The Journal of Neuroscience
1534:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.001
1376:The Journal of Neuroscience
1150:
487:
10:
5907:
4683:16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione
4628:11ÎČ-Hydroxyandrostenedione
4613:11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
3867:Pinna G (September 2010).
3622:10.1016/j.crvi.2015.06.003
2518:10.2164/jandrol.108.005660
2002:The Neurology of Olfaction
1778:10.2174/138955712802762167
1471:Morrow AL (October 2007).
1440:10.1016/j.nurt.2009.01.006
1205:10.1096/fasebj.6.6.1347506
516:, as well as responses to
371:
137:These neurosteroids exert
114:
5834:
5809:
5781:
5748:
5689:
5656:
5608:
5580:
5571:
5478:
5371:
5300:7ÎČ-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
5295:7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
5143:
5061:
4801:
4623:7ÎČ-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
4603:
4594:
4522:
4424:
4415:
4349:
3717:10.1007/s00213-005-0213-2
3177:Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev
3007:10.1007/s00213-006-0417-0
2860:10.1007/s10072-011-0532-5
2209:Thomas P, Pang Y (2012).
1868:10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.024
1656:Frye CA (December 2009).
1167:Membrane steroid receptor
601:in both sexes and during
269:These neurosteroids have
85:steroid hormone receptors
64:was coined by the French
54:ligand-gated ion channels
5185:5α-Dihydrocorticosterone
5126:Pregnanediol glucuronide
4788:Testosterone glucuronide
4748:Androsterone glucuronide
4693:16α-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate
4562:18-Hydroxycorticosterone
4514:3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol
4439:5α-Dihydrocorticosterone
3835:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13512
3609:Comptes Rendus Biologies
3134:Progress in Neurobiology
3088:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2031:Psychoneuroendocrinology
1918:10.3389/fphys.2014.00065
1801:Progress in Neurobiology
1662:Psychoneuroendocrinology
865:Therapeutic applications
265:Excitatory neurosteroids
133:Inhibitory neurosteroids
121:Based on differences in
5420:11ÎČ-Hydroxyprogesterone
5415:11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
5091:20ÎČ-Dihydroprogesterone
5086:20α-Dihydroprogesterone
5081:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
5076:16α-Hydroxyprogesterone
5004:Estradiol 3-glucuronide
4489:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
4484:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone
4392:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone
4387:11ÎČ-Hydroxypregnenolone
3571:10.1073/pnas.1121485109
3249:10.1126/science.2832949
2803:Epilepsy & Behavior
2767:10.1196/annals.1286.005
2285:10.1073/pnas.0606544103
1905:Frontiers in Physiology
1732:10.1073/pnas.0409643102
1007:4,16-Androstadien-3ÎČ-ol
968:Micronized progesterone
232:Major examples include
5220:11-Deoxycorticosterone
5195:5ÎČ-Dihydroprogesterone
5190:5α-Dihydroprogesterone
5180:3ÎČ-Dihydroprogesterone
5175:3α-Dihydroprogesterone
5101:11-Deoxycorticosterone
5096:5α-Dihydroprogesterone
4743:Androstenediol sulfate
4723:5ÎČ-Dihydrotestosterone
4567:18-Hydroxyprogesterone
4547:11-Deoxycorticosterone
4444:11-Deoxycorticosterone
4397:21-Hydroxypregnenolone
4261:10.1073/pnas.78.8.4704
4171:10.1073/pnas.051628598
3671:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3239
2546:Experimental Neurology
1249:10.1006/hbeh.1994.1052
1188:"Neuroactive steroids"
1023:3ÎČ-Methoxypregnenolone
927:
874:
514:seizure susceptibility
356:), and the cholestane
342:dehydroepiandrosterone
97:traumatic brain injury
58:cell surface receptors
30:
5410:7α-Hydroxycholesterol
5390:Calcidiol/Calcifediol
5019:Estradiol 17ÎČ-sulfate
4999:Estradiol glucuronide
4919:27-Hydroxycholesterol
4532:5α-Dihydroaldosterone
4377:-Dihydroxycholesterol
3931:10.1038/sj.mp.4001782
3293:10.1055/s-2004-832679
2848:Neurological Sciences
1237:Hormones and Behavior
1157:List of neurosteroids
992:postpartum depression
986:for the treatment of
966:frequency increases.
925:
872:
662:Neurosteroids at the
628:receptor such as the
587:postpartum depression
579:premenstrual syndrome
553:psychiatric disorders
117:List of neurosteroids
69:Ătienne-Ămile Baulieu
28:postpartum depression
22:
5783:Neuroactive steroids
5750:Arylcyclohexylamines
5385:7-Dehydrocholesterol
5245:Pregnenolone sulfate
4793:Testosterone sulfate
4753:Androsterone sulfate
3287:(Suppl 3): S208â13.
2505:Journal of Andrology
1668:(Suppl 1): S143-61.
1133:translocator protein
1039:depressive disorders
775:Pregnenolone sulfate
591:postpartum psychosis
494:biological functions
384:vomeronasal receptor
362:)-hydroxycholesterol
330:pregnenolone sulfate
38:neuroactive steroids
5467:General anesthetics
5425:Cholesterol sulfate
5160:-Hydroxycholesterol
5052:estradiol palmitate
5034:Estriol glucuronide
5024:Estrone glucuronide
4994:Estradiol disulfate
4668:Dihydrotestosterone
4653:Dehydroandrosterone
4618:11-Ketotestosterone
4454:11-Ketoprogesterone
4368:-Hydroxycholesterol
4252:1981PNAS...78.4704C
4162:2001PNAS...98.2849D
3826:1999PNAS...9613512G
3662:1998PNAS...95.3239U
3603:Baulieu ĂĂ (2015).
3562:2012PNAS..109.1713B
3241:1988Sci...240..219S
2903:2000NYASA.900....1G
2758:2003NYASA1007...42B
2276:2006PNAS..10314602A
1962:(44): 17290â17300.
1860:2014BpJ...106.1938H
1848:Biophysical Journal
1723:2005PNAS..102.2135P
1080:(3α-HSD) enzyme is
984:intravenous therapy
956:catamenial epilepsy
950:Catamenial epilepsy
912:veterinary medicine
888:general anaesthesia
886:for the purpose of
714:Deoxycorticosterone
670:
652:Biological activity
595:catamenial epilepsy
470:5α-reductase type I
442:deoxycorticosterone
416:Other neurosteroids
73:neuroactive steroid
48:that rapidly alter
5861:Never to phase III
5048:estradiol stearate
5044:Lipoidal estradiol
4974:2-Methoxyestradiol
4899:16ÎČ-Hydroxyestrone
4894:16α-Hydroxyestrone
4884:4-Methoxyestradiol
4869:4-Hydroxyestradiol
4854:2-Hydroxyestradiol
4783:Epietiocholanolone
4733:3ÎČ-Etiocholanediol
4728:3α-Etiocholanediol
4524:Mineralocorticoids
4509:5α-Dihydrocortisol
4031:10.1248/bpb.25.441
3705:Psychopharmacology
3281:Pharmacopsychiatry
2995:Psychopharmacology
2854:(Suppl 1): S31-5.
2215:Neuroendocrinology
1035:spinal cord injury
1002:Other applications
928:
875:
661:
530:sexually-dimorphic
354:prasterone sulfate
297:, and mostly have
31:
5871:
5870:
5830:
5829:
5648:Thiotetrabarbital
5553:Trichloroethylene
5433:
5432:
5270:3α-Androstanediol
5139:
5138:
5014:Estradiol sulfate
4934:4-Androstenedione
4929:3ÎČ-Androstanediol
4924:3α-Androstanediol
4718:3ÎČ-Androstanediol
4708:3α-Androstanediol
4590:
4589:
4464:21-Deoxycortisone
3768:978-0-444-53630-3
3399:978-1-934559-08-6
2227:10.1159/000339822
2174:(10â11): 605â12.
2012:978-0-521-68216-9
1572:Epilepsy Research
1428:Neurotherapeutics
1017:anxiety disorders
930:The neurosteroid
862:
861:
498:neural plasticity
492:Some major known
241:3α-androstanediol
143:neurotransmission
5898:
5578:
5577:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5200:Allopregnanolone
5116:Allopregnanediol
4989:4-Methoxyestriol
4984:2-Methoxyestriol
4979:2-Methoxyestrone
4964:16α-Hydroxy-DHEA
4939:5-Androstenediol
4904:16-Ketoestradiol
4889:4-Methoxyestrone
4879:4-Hydroxyestrone
4874:4-Hydroxyestriol
4864:2-Hydroxyestrone
4859:2-Hydroxyestriol
4768:Etiocholanedione
4738:Androstanetriols
4688:16α-Hydroxy-DHEA
4601:
4600:
4542:11-Deoxycortisol
4459:21-Deoxycortisol
4449:11-Deoxycortisol
4422:
4421:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4283:
4273:
4263:
4230:
4193:
4183:
4173:
4140:
4130:
4097:
4087:
4070:(50): 11605â13.
4044:
4043:
4033:
4015:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3837:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3573:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3437:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3276:
3261:
3260:
3235:(4849): 219â21.
3224:
3209:
3208:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3036:
3027:
3026:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2965:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2769:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2499:King SR (2008).
2496:
2487:
2486:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2026:
2017:
2016:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1854:(9): 1938â1949.
1839:
1833:
1832:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1382:(45): 16056â63.
1367:
1358:
1357:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1286:
1269:
1268:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1207:
1183:
996:essential tremor
978:Allopregnanolone
840:
835:
827:
822:
818:
799:
795:
769:
764:
756:
671:
660:
657:Sigma-1 receptor
408:and the estrane
311:memory-enhancing
259:allopregnanolone
207:memory-impairing
105:allopregnanolone
91:to treatment of
36:, also known as
5906:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5891:Neurophysiology
5876:
5875:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5851:Clinical trials
5826:
5805:
5777:
5744:
5685:
5658:Benzodiazepines
5652:
5604:
5567:
5474:
5464:
5434:
5429:
5400:Cholecalciferol
5367:
5348:Androstadienone
5320:Etiocholanolone
5290:7ÎČ-Hydroxy-DHEA
5285:7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
5230:Isopregnanolone
5225:Epipregnanolone
5135:
5057:
5039:Estriol sulfate
5029:Estrone sulfate
4959:7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
4797:
4773:Etiocholanolone
4678:Epitestosterone
4673:Epiandrosterone
4643:Androstenedione
4586:
4518:
4426:Glucocorticoids
4417:Corticosteroids
4411:
4345:
4337:
4307:
4113:(19): 4706â18.
4053:
4051:Further reading
4048:
4047:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3958:
3954:
3919:Mol. Psychiatry
3914:
3910:
3879:(5â6): 438â50.
3873:Behav Pharmacol
3865:
3861:
3820:(23): 13512â7.
3806:
3802:
3769:
3747:
3740:
3701:
3697:
3642:
3638:
3601:
3597:
3542:
3538:
3499:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3452:10.1038/nrd4075
3435:
3429:
3425:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3384:
3380:
3357:
3353:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3277:
3264:
3225:
3212:
3183:(1â3): 116â32.
3173:
3169:
3130:
3123:
3084:
3077:
3037:
3030:
2991:
2987:
2938:
2934:
2887:
2883:
2844:
2840:
2795:
2791:
2737:
2730:
2685:
2681:
2642:
2635:
2590:
2583:
2538:
2534:
2497:
2490:
2475:
2449:
2442:
2427:
2401:
2397:
2358:
2354:
2315:
2311:
2270:(39): 14602â7.
2256:
2252:
2207:
2203:
2164:
2160:
2120:
2116:
2073:
2066:
2037:(5â7): 673â86.
2027:
2020:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1948:
1944:
1897:
1893:
1840:
1836:
1797:
1793:
1762:
1758:
1703:
1699:
1654:
1645:
1605:
1601:
1564:
1557:
1518:
1514:
1469:
1465:
1420:
1413:
1368:
1361:
1338:
1334:
1309:
1287:
1272:
1233:
1229:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1153:
1142:
1137:pharmacological
1129:Benzodiazepines
1126:
1102:antidepressants
1047:
1004:
980:
960:menstrual cycle
952:
941:
920:
880:
867:
820:
797:
680:
667:
659:
654:
647:
630:benzodiazepines
627:
564:menstrual cycle
559:dysregulation.
541:neuromodulators
490:
462:
456:neurosteroids.
439:
418:
398:androstadienone
376:
370:
338:isopregnanolone
334:epipregnanolone
319:neuroprotective
294:
280:
267:
223:neuroprotective
175:stress-reducing
154:
135:
119:
113:
81:gene expression
77:endocrine gland
17:
12:
11:
5:
5904:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5538:Methoxypropane
5535:
5533:Methoxyflurane
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5363:Estratetraenol
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5343:Androstadienol
5340:
5338:3ÎČ-Androstenol
5335:
5333:3α-Androstenol
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5275:3α-Androstenol
5272:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5205:Corticosterone
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4909:16-Ketoestrone
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4638:Androstenediol
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4577:Corticosterone
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4469:Corticosterone
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4284:
4231:
4199:Brain Research
4194:
4156:(5): 2849â54.
4141:
4098:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4001:
3972:(8): 2684â91.
3952:
3908:
3859:
3800:
3767:
3738:
3695:
3656:(6): 3239â44.
3636:
3615:(8â9): 613â6.
3595:
3536:
3493:
3475:
3423:
3405:
3398:
3378:
3351:
3324:
3314:
3262:
3210:
3167:
3121:
3094:(8): 1121â32.
3075:
3028:
2985:
2932:
2881:
2838:
2789:
2728:
2679:
2633:
2581:
2532:
2488:
2473:
2440:
2425:
2395:
2352:
2309:
2250:
2201:
2158:
2114:
2064:
2018:
2011:
1991:
1942:
1891:
1834:
1791:
1772:(11): 1040â8.
1756:
1717:(6): 2135â40.
1697:
1643:
1599:
1555:
1512:
1463:
1434:(2): 392â401.
1411:
1359:
1332:
1307:
1270:
1227:
1198:(6): 2311â22.
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1140:
1125:
1122:
1114:antidepressant
1053:drugs such as
1051:antidepressant
1046:
1043:
1003:
1000:
979:
976:
951:
948:
939:
919:
916:
879:
876:
866:
863:
860:
859:
857:
854:
851:
848:
846:Corticosterone
842:
841:
836:
831:
828:
823:
812:
811:
809:
806:
803:
800:
789:
788:
786:
783:
780:
777:
771:
770:
765:
760:
757:
752:
746:
745:
743:
740:
737:
734:
728:
727:
725:
722:
719:
716:
710:
709:
707:
704:
701:
698:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
675:
665:
658:
655:
653:
650:
645:
625:
549:Chronic stress
489:
486:
461:
458:
437:
434:corticosterone
417:
414:
410:estratetraenol
394:androstadienol
372:Main article:
369:
366:
299:antidepressant
292:
278:
266:
263:
257:(eltanolone),
219:anticonvulsant
187:antiaggressive
167:antidepressant
152:
145:. They act as
134:
131:
112:
111:Classification
109:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5903:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5886:Neurosteroids
5884:
5883:
5881:
5874:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5768:Phencyclidine
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:Phenoperidine
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:Narcobarbital
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Nitrous oxide
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:Diethyl ether
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5145:Neurosteroids
5142:
5132:
5131:Pregnanetriol
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:17α-Estradiol
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4246:(8): 4704â7.
4245:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:(3): 261â72.
3924:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3711:(3): 362â72.
3710:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3556:(5): 1713â8.
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:(9): 667â87.
3445:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3367:(3): 1241â8.
3366:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3322:2004;319-355.
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:(2): 209â21.
3000:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:(1): 125â39.
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2511:(5): 524â33.
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2474:9780123668462
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2426:9780123668462
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:(12): 945â7.
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:(2): 162â71.
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:(6): 675â82.
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:(1): 169â73.
1615:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:(2): 169â92.
1527:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1308:9780444536303
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:(4): 537â44.
1242:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:FASEB Journal
1189:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1145:neurosteroids
1138:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
947:
943:
937:
933:
924:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
871:
858:
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
837:
832:
829:
824:
819:
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
796:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
766:
761:
758:
753:
751:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
683:
676:
673:
672:
669:
649:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:negative mood
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
435:
431:
427:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
385:
381:
375:
365:
363:
361:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
288:
284:
283:NMDA receptor
276:
272:
262:
261:(3α,5α-THP).
260:
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:(THDOC), the
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
144:
140:
130:
128:
124:
118:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:or exogenous
43:
39:
35:
34:Neurosteroids
29:
25:
21:
5873:
5801:Hydroxydione
5782:
5734:Remifentanil
5628:Methohexital
5623:Hexobarbital
5610:Barbiturates
5493:Cyclopropane
5480:Inhalational
5406:
5378:
5358:Androsterone
5353:Androstenone
5326:
5315:DHEA sulfate
5305:Androsterone
5267:Androstanes:
5266:
5250:Progesterone
5240:Pregnenolone
5235:Pregnanolone
5171:
5157:
5153:Cholestanes:
5152:
5121:Pregnanediol
5113:Metabolites:
5112:
5071:Progesterone
5063:Progestogens
4971:Metabolites:
4970:
4949:DHEA sulfate
4915:
4810:
4705:Metabolites:
4704:
4698:Testosterone
4663:DHEA sulfate
4648:Androsterone
4596:Sex steroids
4506:Metabolites:
4505:
4499:Progesterone
4494:Pregnenolone
4382:Pregnenolone
4374:
4365:
4292:
4243:
4239:
4205:(2): 202â6.
4202:
4198:
4153:
4149:
4110:
4106:
4067:
4063:
4024:(4): 441â5.
4021:
4017:
4004:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3750:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3443:
3439:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3388:
3381:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3340:(2): 553â8.
3337:
3333:
3327:
3317:
3284:
3280:
3232:
3228:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3137:
3133:
3091:
3087:
3045:
3042:Neuroscience
3041:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2945:
2942:Neuroscience
2941:
2935:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2809:(1): 12â24.
2806:
2802:
2792:
2752:(1): 42â53.
2749:
2745:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2649:
2645:
2601:
2597:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2508:
2504:
2456:
2452:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2325:(1): 35â43.
2322:
2318:
2312:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2128:
2125:Neuroscience
2124:
2117:
2084:
2080:
2034:
2030:
2001:
1994:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1665:
1661:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1575:
1571:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1431:
1427:
1379:
1375:
1345:
1335:
1290:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1127:
1075:
1048:
1021:
1010:
1005:
981:
953:
944:
929:
900:hydroxydione
881:
750:Pregnenolone
732:Testosterone
696:Progesterone
642:luteal phase
634:barbiturates
618:irritability
607:
577:, including
561:
534:
491:
463:
460:Biosynthesis
453:
446:testosterone
444:, DHEA, and
426:progesterone
422:pregnenolone
419:
406:androstenone
391:
380:hypothalamic
377:
359:
327:
268:
255:pregnanolone
231:
161:-containing
157:(especially
136:
120:
83:via nuclear
72:
66:physiologist
62:neurosteroid
61:
37:
33:
32:
5847:from market
5714:Embutramide
5709:Anileridine
5681:Remimazolam
5618:Amobarbital
5595:Fospropofol
5558:Vinyl ether
5548:Sevoflurane
5280:7-Keto-DHEA
5165:Cholesterol
4954:7-Keto-DHEA
4572:Aldosterone
4359:Cholesterol
3488:AdisInsight
3418:AdisInsight
2963:10261/61590
2411:: 273â320.
1578:(1): 2â30.
1110:mirtazapine
1106:venlafaxine
1090:fluvoxamine
1059:fluvoxamine
896:alphadolone
892:alphaxolone
545:homeostasis
508:processes,
466:cholesterol
450:metabolized
402:androstenol
277:of the GABA
248:cholesterol
141:actions on
60:. The term
5880:Categories
5822:Propanidid
5796:Alfaxalone
5791:Alfadolone
5773:Tiletamine
5758:Esketamine
5740:Sufentanil
5724:Alfentanil
5643:Thiopental
5528:Isoflurane
5498:Desflurane
5488:Chloroform
5395:Calcitriol
5328:Pheromones
5172:Pregnanes:
4351:Precursors
4340:Endogenous
2897:(1): 1â9.
2459:: 321â48.
1483:(1): 1â6.
1173:References
1118:anxiolytic
1098:paroxetine
1094:sertraline
1086:fluoxetine
1055:fluoxetine
1019:in women.
932:ganaxolone
918:Ganaxolone
904:minaxolone
878:Anesthesia
856:Guinea pig
785:Guinea pig
742:Guinea pig
724:Guinea pig
706:Guinea pig
703:Antagonist
622:aggression
605:in women.
575:conditions
537:endorphins
526:depression
368:Pheromones
346:prasterone
323:neurogenic
315:convulsant
303:anxiogenic
271:excitatory
245:cholestane
238:androstane
227:neurogenic
215:anesthetic
171:anxiolytic
139:inhibitory
115:See also:
101:Ganaxolone
56:and other
42:endogenous
24:Zuranolone
5857:Phase III
5845:Withdrawn
5817:Etomidate
5704:Oxycodone
5676:Lorazepam
5666:Midazolam
5638:Thiamylal
5573:Injection
5523:Halothane
5518:Fluroxene
5508:Enflurane
5380:Vitamin D
4819:Estradiol
4811:Estranes:
4803:Estrogens
4605:Androgens
4479:Cortisone
3777:0079-6123
3509:: 57â66.
3503:Brain Res
3309:260243232
3162:207407084
3140:: 88â94.
3048:: 46â54.
2699:: 28â48.
2652:: 64â78.
2552:: 36â42.
2390:219216099
2362:Neurology
2131:: 78â90.
1829:207407077
1222:221753076
1071:serotonin
884:sedatives
603:menopause
568:pregnancy
430:estradiol
352:(DHEA-S;
325:effects.
307:cognitive
285:, and/or
252:pregnanes
229:effects.
211:analgesic
203:cognitive
199:pro-sleep
191:prosexual
183:prosocial
179:rewarding
159:ÎŽ subunit
127:structure
5763:Ketamine
5719:Fentanyl
5699:Morphine
5671:Diazepam
5600:Propofol
5590:Ciprofol
5513:Ethylene
5106:5α-DHDOC
4814:Estetrol
4582:Cortisol
4474:Cortisol
4343:steroids
4301:22787590
4227:37105244
4190:11226329
4137:15888646
4094:16354918
4040:11995921
3996:22014182
3947:21473462
3939:16344854
3903:20716970
3854:10557352
3795:21094889
3725:16432684
3631:26251072
3590:22307636
3531:42657539
3523:21704982
3470:23989795
3373:11082461
3301:15547787
3205:44931783
3197:11744080
3154:23978486
3116:22259026
3108:19272715
3070:38928854
3062:21600269
3015:16724185
2980:55704799
2972:21704130
2927:19302118
2919:10818386
2868:21533709
2833:18346939
2784:20995334
2776:14993039
2723:24929099
2674:21399549
2666:24044974
2628:17597217
2576:22101060
2527:18567641
2483:11599304
2435:11599303
2382:17372131
2347:11605131
2339:11750861
2304:16984997
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