Theropoda - Knowledge

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and generally do not touch the ground, and greatly reduced in some lineages. They also lack a digit V on their hands and have developed a furcula which is otherwise known as a wishbone. Early neotheropods like the coelophysoids have a noticeable kink in the upper jaw known as a subnarial gap. Averostrans are some of the most derived theropods and contain the Tetanurae and Ceratosauria. While some used to consider coelophysoids and ceratosaurs to be within the same group due to features such as a fused hip, later studies showed that it is more likely that these were features ancestral to neotheropods and were lost in basal tetanurans. Averostrans and their close relatives are united via the complete loss of any digit V remnants, fewer teeth in the maxilla, the movement of the tooth row further down the maxilla and a lacrimal fenestra. Averostrans also share features in their hips and teeth.

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Studies of limb bone articulation and the relative absence of trackway evidence for tail dragging suggested that, when walking, the giant, long-tailed theropods would have adopted a more horizontal posture with the tail held parallel to the ground. However, the orientation of the legs in these species while walking remains controversial. Some studies support a traditional vertically oriented femur, at least in the largest long-tailed theropods, while others suggest that the knee was normally strongly flexed in all theropods while walking, even giants like the tyrannosaurids. It is likely that a wide range of body postures, stances, and gaits existed in the many extinct theropod groups.

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measurement as a function of body weight, as the proportions of long bones like the femur grow proportionately with body mass. The method of using extant animal bone proportion to body mass ratios to make predictions about extinct animals is known as the extant-scaling (ES) approach. A second method, known as the volumetric-density (VD) approach, uses full-scale models of skeletons to make inferences about potential mass. The ES approach is better for wide-range studies including many specimens and doesn't require as much of a complete skeleton as the VD approach, but the VD approach allows scientists to better answer more physiological questions about the animal, such as

1704:. Coelurosaurs showed a shift in the use of the forearm, with greater flexibility at the shoulder allowing the arm to be raised towards the horizontal plane, and to even greater degrees in flying birds. However, in coelurosaurs, such as ornithomimosaurs and especially dromaeosaurids, the hand itself had lost most flexibility, with highly inflexible fingers. Dromaeosaurids and other maniraptorans also showed increased mobility at the wrist not seen in other theropods, thanks to the presence of a specialized half-moon shaped wrist bone (the semi-lunate carpal) that allowed the whole hand to fold backward towards the forearm in the manner of modern birds. 9389: 2396: 3002: 11504: 237: 169: 2940: 283: 9382: 2971: 1298: 7886: 8711: 1492: 2880: 215: 2909: 191: 1806: 8697: 3349: 2144: 10956: 901: 10177: 7277: 2409: 10942: 7266: 261: 8690: 10949: 2370: 1797:. The study described and analyzed four complete natural molds of theropod foot prints that are now stored at the Huaxia Dinosaur Tracks Research and Development Center (HDT). These dinosaur footprints were in fact claw marks, which suggest that this theropod was swimming near the surface of a river and just the tips of its toes and claws could touch the bottom. The tracks indicate a coordinated, left-right, left-right progression, which supports the proposition that theropods were well-coordinated swimmers. 7892: 9396: 314: 8704: 11517: 10195: 2715: 1691:(the two bones of the forearm). In saurischian dinosaurs, however, the end of the radius near the elbow was actually locked into a groove of the ulna, preventing any movement. Movement at the wrist was also limited in many species, forcing the entire forearm and hand to move as a single unit with little flexibility. In theropods and prosauropods, the only way for the palm to face the ground would have been by lateral splaying of the entire forelimb, as in a bird raising its wing. 1070: 3031: 2852: 1651: 1201:. The morphology of the teeth is distinct enough to tell the major families apart, which indicate different diet strategies. An investigation in July 2015 discovered that what appeared to be "cracks" in their teeth were actually folds that helped to prevent tooth breakage by strengthening individual serrations as they attacked their prey. The folds helped the teeth stay in place longer, especially as theropods evolved into larger sizes and had more force in their bite. 10183: 13101: 7312: 10202: 2357: 11511: 1210: 13125: 10936: 7260: 2264: 7284: 2383: 2821: 7271: 10190: 13137: 3321: 13113: 3363: 1514:, with the forelimbs reduced in length and specialized for a wide variety of tasks (see below). In modern birds, the body is typically held in a somewhat upright position, with the upper leg (femur) held parallel to the spine and with the forward force of locomotion generated at the knee. Scientists are not certain how far back in the theropod family tree this type of posture and locomotion extends. 3335: 2348:(also named by Gauthier in 1986). These new developments also came with a recognition among most scientists that birds arose directly from maniraptoran theropods and, on the abandonment of ranks in cladistic classification, with the re-evaluation of birds as a subset of theropod dinosaurs that survived the Mesozoic extinctions and lived into the present. 1472:

which had a body mass of 200 grams, grew at a rate of approximately 0.33 grams per day. A comparable reptile of the same size grows at half of this rate. The growth rates of medium-sized non-avian theropods (100–1000 kg) approximated those of precocial birds, which are much slower than

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Instead, taxa with a higher probability of being within the Theropoda may share more specific traits, such as a prominent promaxillary fenestra, cervical vertebrae with pleurocoels in the anterior part of the centrum leading to a more pneumatic neck, five or more sacral vertebrae, enlargement of the

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suggests that theropods are characterized by traits such as an ectopterygoid fossa (a depression around the ectopterygoid bone), an intramandibular joint located within the lower jaw, and extreme internal cavitation within the bones. However, since taxa like Herrerasaurus may not be theropods, these

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The current consensus is that non-avian theropods didn't exhibit a group wide growth rate, but instead had varied rates depending on their size. However, all non-avian theropods had faster growth rates than extant reptiles, even when modern reptiles are scaled up to the large size of some non-avian

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Most theropods belong to the clade Neotheropoda, characterized by the reduction of several foot bones, thus leaving three toed footprints on the ground when they walk (tridactyl feet). Digit V was reduced to a remnant early in theropod evolution and was gone by the late Triassic. Digit I is reduced

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and extant animal growth rates as proxies are used to make predictions. Fossilized bones exhibit growth rings that appear as a result of growth or seasonal changes, which can be used to approximate age at the time of death. However, the amount of rings in a skeleton can vary from bone to bone, and

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from 10 families. Pathologies were found in theropods of all body size although they were less common in fossils of small theropods, although this may be an artifact of preservation. They are very widely represented throughout the different parts of theropod anatomy. The most common sites of

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Thus, during the late Jurassic, there were no fewer than four distinct lineages of theropods—ceratosaurs, megalosaurs, allosaurs, and coelurosaurs—preying on the abundance of small and large herbivorous dinosaurs. All four groups survived into the Cretaceous, and three of those—the ceratosaurs,

1760:, which tended to be confined only to small regions of the animal's body. Evidence for congenital malformities have also been found in theropod remains. Such discoveries can provide information useful for understanding the evolutionary history of the processes of biological development. Unusual 1525:

were thought to have walked with vertical femurs and spines in an upright, nearly erect posture, using their long, muscular tails as additional support in a kangaroo-like tripodal stance. Beginning in the 1970s, biomechanical studies of extinct giant theropods cast doubt on this interpretation.

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Body mass is harder to determine as bone mass only represents a small proportion of the total body mass of animals. One method is to measure the circumference of the femur, which in non-avian theropod dinosaurs has been shown to be a relatively proportional to quadrupedal mammals, and use this

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The coelurosaur lineages most distant from birds had feathers that were relatively short and composed of simple, possibly branching filaments. Simple filaments are also seen in therizinosaurs, which also possessed large, stiffened "quill"-like feathers. More fully feathered theropods, such as

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Theropods exhibit a wide range of diets, from insectivores to herbivores and carnivores. Strict carnivory has always been considered the ancestral diet for theropods as a group, and a wider variety of diets was historically considered a characteristic exclusive to the avian theropods (birds).

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software. These finds are of evolutionary significance because they help document the emergence of the neurology of modern birds from that of earlier reptiles. An increase in the proportion of the brain occupied by the cerebrum seems to have occurred with the advent of the Coelurosauria and

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carpal bone, and a distally concave portion of the tibia, among a few other traits found throughout the skeleton. Like the early sauropodomorphs, the second digit in a theropod's hand is enlarged. Theropods also have a very well developed ball and socket joint near their neck and head.

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in Sichuan. These new swim tracks support the hypothesis that theropods were adapted to swimming and capable of traversing moderately deep water. Dinosaur swim tracks are considered to be rare trace fossils, and are among a class of vertebrate swim tracks that also include those of

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and forelimb, with injuries occurring in about equal frequency at each site. Most pathologies preserved in theropod fossils are the remains of injuries like fractures, pits, and punctures, often likely originating with bites. Some theropod paleopathologies seem to be evidence of

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were primarily Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous predators, and their spinosaurid relatives' remains are mostly from Early and Middle Cretaceous rocks. Avetheropoda, as their name indicates, were more closely related to birds and are again divided into the

1088:. Fossilized specimens of early theropods known to scientists in the 19th and early 20th centuries all possessed sharp teeth with serrated edges for cutting flesh, and some specimens even showed direct evidence of predatory behavior. For example, a 2095:), the bird-like troodontids and oviraptorosaurs, the ornithomimosaurs (or "ostrich Dinosaurs"), the strange giant-clawed herbivorous therizinosaurs, and the avialans, which include modern birds and is the only dinosaur lineage to survive the 1234:, feathers may have been confined to the young, smaller species, or limited parts of the animal. Many larger theropods had skin covered in small, bumpy scales. In some species, these were interspersed with larger scales with bony cores, or 2420:

The following is a simplified classification of theropod groups based on their evolutionary relationships, and organized based on the list of Mesozoic dinosaur species provided by Holtz. A more detailed version can be found at

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Contrary to the way theropods have often been reconstructed in art and the popular media, the range of motion of theropod forelimbs was severely limited, especially compared with the forelimb dexterity of humans and other

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Martínez, Ricardo N.; Sereno, Paul C.; Alcober, Oscar A.; Colombi, Carina E.; Renne, Paul R.; Montañez, Isabel P.; Currie, Brian S. (2011). "A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in Southwestern Pangaea".

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re-classified the Order Saurischia into two suborders, Theropoda and Sauropoda. This basic division has survived into modern palaeontology, with the exception of, again, the Prosauropoda, which Romer included as an

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became the first paleontologists to exclude prosauropods from the carnivorous dinosaurs, and attempted to revive the name "Goniopoda" for that group, but other scientists did not accept either of these suggestions.

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for one branch of a basic theropod split with another group, the Ceratosauria. As more information about the link between dinosaurs and birds came to light, the more bird-like theropods were grouped in the clade

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Hendrickx, C; Mateus, O (2014). "Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth".

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The forelimbs' scope of use is also believed to have also been different among different families. The spinosaurids could have used their powerful forelimbs to hold fish. Some small maniraptorans such as

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Recent theories propose that theropod body size shrank continuously over a period of 50 million years, from an average of 163 kilograms (359 lb) down to 0.8 kilograms (1.8 lb), eventually

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theropods and their relationships showed that therizinosaurs were not the only early members of this group to abandon carnivory. Several other lineages of early maniraptorans show adaptations for an

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Nesbitt, S.J.; Smith, N.D.; Irmis, R.B.; Turner, A.H.; Downs, A. & Norell, M.A. (11 December 2009). "A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs".

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However, discoveries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries showed that a variety of diets existed even in more basal lineages. All early finds of theropod fossils showed them to be primarily

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In order to estimate the growth rates of theropods, scientists need to calculate both age and body mass of a dinosaur. Both of these measures can only be calculated through fossilized bone and

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to be the heaviest theropods known to science. There is still no clear explanation for why these animals grew so heavy and bulky compared to the land predators that came before and after them.

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was for many decades the largest known theropod and best known to the general public. Since its discovery, however, a number of other giant carnivorous dinosaurs have been described, including

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The hands are also very different among the different groups. The most common form among non-avian theropods is an appendage consisting of three fingers; the digits I, II and III (or possibly

5696:"A comprehensive anatomical and phylogenetic evaluation of Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) with descriptions of new specimens from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona" 1432:. This was based on evidence that theropods were the only dinosaurs to get continuously smaller, and that their skeletons changed four times as fast as those of other dinosaur species. 1966:, which includes almost all theropods except the most primitive species. Dilophosauridae was formerly considered a small clade within Neotheropoda, but was later considered to be 4102:), the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia (Report). Contributions in Science. Vol. 416. Los Angeles County, CA: Natural History Museum. 2070:

coelurosaurs, and allosaurs—survived to end of the period, where they were geographically separate, the ceratosaurs and allosaurs in Gondwana, and the coelurosaurs in Laurasia.

3673:"Four-toed theropod footprints and a paleomagnetic age from the Whetstone Falls Member of the Harebell Formation (Upper Cretaceous : Maastrichtian), northwestern Wyoming" 3989: 1751:. The lack of preserved injuries in these bones suggests that they were selected by evolution for resistance to breakage. The least common sites of preserved injury are the 1538:

are known from fossils. Theropod endocrania can also be reconstructed from preserved brain cases without damaging valuable specimens by using a computed tomography scan and

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Lee, MichaelS.Y.; Cau, Andrea; Naish, Darren; Dyke, Gareth J. (1 August 2014). "Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds".

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Of all the theropod groups, the coelurosaurs were by far the most diverse. Some coelurosaur groups that flourished during the Cretaceous were the tyrannosaurids (including

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Non-avian theropods were first recognized as bipedal during the 19th century, before their relationship to birds was widely accepted. During this period, theropods such as

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of primitive and advanced features. Some paleontologists have in the past considered the herrerasaurians to be members of Theropoda, while other theorized the group to be

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their hands—that is, they could not rotate the forearm so that the palms faced the ground or backwards towards the legs. In humans, pronation is achieved by motion of the

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may have been predominantly scaly with some simple filaments interspersed. On the other hand, some theropods were completely covered with feathers, such as the troodontid

2231:. Huene placed most of the small theropod groups into Coelurosauria, and the large theropods and prosauropods into Pachypodosauria, which he considered ancestral to the 1226:

theropods were also very diverse in terms of skin texture and covering. Feathers or feather-like structures (filaments) are attested in most lineages of theropods (see

1407:, up to 2.74 m (9 ft) tall and weighing between 90 and 130 kg (200 - 290 lb). The smallest non-avialan theropod known from adult specimens is the 1197:

The majority of theropod teeth are blade-like, with serration on the edges, called ziphodont. Others are pachydont or folidont depending on the shape of the tooth or

3051: 2200:(subsequently revealed as relatives of crocodilians). Due to the scope of Marsh's Order Theropoda, it came to replace a previous taxonomic group that Marsh's rival 3833:, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae". 2099:. While the roots of these various groups are found in the Middle Jurassic, they only became abundant during the Early Cretaceous. A few palaeontologists, such as 1546:

Studies show that theropods had very sensitive snouts. It is suggested they might have been used for temperature detection, feeding behavior, and wave detection.

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As a hugely diverse group of animals, the posture adopted by theropods likely varied considerably between various lineages through time. All known theropods are

4864: 1591:). This trait was, however, not universal: spinosaurids had well developed forelimbs, as did many coelurosaurs. The relatively robust forelimbs of one genus, 1473:

altricial birds. Large theropods (1500–3500 kg) grew even faster, similar to rates displayed by eutherian mammals. The largest non-avian theropods, like

1999:. It represents the only group of post-Early Jurassic theropods. One important diagnostic feature of Averostra is the absence of the fifth metacarpal. Other 1638:. The wings of modern birds are used primarily for flight, though they are adapted for other purposes in certain groups. For example, aquatic birds such as 4015: 1273:

Based on a relationships between tooth size and skull length and also a comparison of the degree of wear of the teeth of non-avian theropods and modern

5745:"The oldest ceratosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Lower Jurassic of Italy, sheds light on the evolution of the three-fingered hand of birds" 2689:

The following family tree illustrates a synthesis of the relationships of the major theropod groups based on various studies conducted in the 2010s.

1739:. Despite being abundant in ribs and vertebrae, injuries seem to be "absent... or very rare" on the bodies' primary weight supporting bones like the 4200:(Reptilia, Theropoda) ein nuer Raubdinosaurier aus dem Oberjura der Suedlichen Frankenalb (Sueddeutschland): Skelettanatomie und Wiechteilbefunde". 3222:

and all its descendants. Mickey Mortimer commented that Paul's original apomorphy-based definition may make Averostra a much broader clade than the

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Holtz, T. R. Jr.; Brinkman, D. L.; Chandler, C. L. (1998). "Dental morphometrics and a possibly omnivorous feeding habit for the theropod dinosaur

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in 1969, neither of which could be classified easily as "carnosaurs" or "coelurosaurs". In light of these and other discoveries, by the late 1970s

3743:"Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution" 13293: 13242: 3599:

Novas, Fernando E.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Temp Müller, Rodrigo; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Langer, Max C. (1 October 2021).

3203: 1700:, the hand itself retained a relatively high degree of flexibility, with mobile fingers. This was also true of more basal theropods, such as 1461:

theropods. As body mass increases, the relative growth rate also increases. This trend may be due to the need to reach the size required for

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Padian, K.; Olsen, P.E. (1989). "Ratite footprints and the stance and gait of Mesozoic theropods". In Gillette, D.D.; Lockley, M.G. (eds.).

1854:). They were found in North America and South America and possibly also India and Southern Africa. The herrerasaurs were characterised by a 13298: 1879:. The coelophysoids were a group of widely distributed, lightly built and potentially gregarious animals. They included small hunters like 4323:

Therrien, F.; Henderson, D. M. (2007). "My theropod is bigger than yours...or not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods".

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and considered a side-branch of more advanced theropods, they may have been ancestral to all other theropods (which would make them a

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Cullen, Thomas M.; Larson, Derek William; Witton, Mark P.; Scott, Diane; Maho, Tea; Brink, Kirstin S.; et al. (30 March 2023).

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Various synapomorphies for Theropoda have been proposed based on which taxa are included in the group. For example, a 1999 paper by

12008: 2215:, no longer considered carnivorous dinosaurs to have formed a natural group. Huene abandoned the name "Theropoda", instead using 1277:, it is concluded that theropods had lips that protected their teeth from the outside. Visually, the snouts of such theropods as 3267:

and suggested that the hypercarnivore morphologies that are observed in specimens of theropods and herrerasaurids were acquired

2103:, have suggested that some or all of these advanced theropods were actually descended from flying dinosaurs or proto-birds like 5667:(1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria". Abhandlungen. 1929: 1768:

in the same are probably evidence that one is examining the fossils of an extremely old individual rather than a diseased one.

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Anderson, Ted R. (2006). Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: from Genes to Populations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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old rings can also be lost at advanced age, so scientists need to properly control these two possibly confounding variables.

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that is characterized by hollow bones and three toes and claws on each limb. Theropods are generally classed as a group of

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dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Buffetaut, E.; Mendez, M. A. (2005). "New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod

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in the 1980s, and their development in the 1990s and 2000s, a clearer picture of theropod relationships began to emerge.

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The evolution of birds from other theropod dinosaurs has also been reported, with some of the linking features being the

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Brink, K. S.; Reisz, R. R.; Leblanc, A. R. H.; Chang, R. S.; Lee, Y. C.; Chiang, C. C.; Huang, T.; Evans, D. C. (2015).

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Hendrickx, C.; Hartman, S.A.; Mateus, O. (2015). "An overview of non-avian theropod discoveries and classification".

6019: 5877: 5837: 5468:"A new Early Cretaceous dinosaur track assemblage and the first definite non-avian theropod swim trackway from China" 5287: 4222:

Xu, X.; Zhao, Q.; Norell, M.; Sullivan, C.; Hone, D.; Erickson, G.; Wang, X.; Han, F. & Guo, Y. (February 2009).

5305:"The evolution of the manus of early theropod dinosaurs is characterized by high inter- and intraspecific variation" 13247: 6301: 1321: 10176: 3271:. However, this phylogeny remains controversial and additional work is being done to clarify these relationships. 11552: 8710: 4490: 8696: 5619: 4375: 10941: 4336: 1948:. However, most later researchers have used it to denote a broader group. Neotheropoda was first defined as a 1252:, usually retain scales only on the feet. Some species may have mixed feathers elsewhere on the body as well. 11382: 8689: 7885: 6338: 6132: 4175: 1053:

traits may have been more widely distributed among early saurischians rather than being unique to theropods.

10194: 7891: 7276: 1416:, at 110 grams in weight and 34 centimeters (1 ft) in length. When modern birds are included, the 10955: 6147: 5448:

Molnar, R.E. (2001). "Theropod paleopathology: A literature survey". In Tanke, D.H.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).

3432: 42: 17: 9395: 13141: 11998: 3194:) which can also be referred to as a maxillary fenestra, an extra opening in the front outer side of the 1601:

to suggest that the animal might have been quadrupedal. However, this is no longer thought to be likely.

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Langer, M.C.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Benton, M.J.; Knoll, F.; McPhee, B.W.; et al. (2017).

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Barker, Chris Tijani; Naish, Darren; Newham, Elis; Katsamenis, Orestis L.; Dyke, Gareth (16 June 2017).

1829:, a number of primitive proto-theropod and theropod dinosaurs existed and evolved alongside each other. 11780: 10948: 7315: 5064:

Paul, G.S. (1998). "Limb design, function and running performance in ostrich-mimics and tyrannosaurs".

2507:(A group of medium to large Orionides with unknown affinities, quite common in the southern hemisphere) 2395: 2235:(prosauropods were still thought of as carnivorous at that time, owing to the incorrect association of 10201: 7283: 3601:"Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications" 3600: 2026:. They competed alongside their more anatomically advanced tetanuran relatives and—in the form of the 313: 11695: 11685: 11516: 6451: 6288: 2329: 1577:

Shortened forelimbs in relation to hind legs was a common trait among theropods, most notably in the

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theropods. Therizinosaurs possessed large abdomens for processing plant food, and small heads with

3782:"A new North American therizinosaurid and the role of herbivory in 'predatory' dinosaur evolution" 236: 12026: 11510: 10182: 7341: 6238: 3208: 3001: 2422: 1713: 1163: 11700: 5572:. Berkeley, CA / Los Angeles, CA / Oxford, UK: University of California Press. pp. 151–168. 1891:. These successful animals continued from the Late Carnian (early Late Triassic) through to the 1605: 168: 13260: 13159: 13117: 11993: 11805: 11755: 6888: 5996:(1922). "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta". 3695: 3301: 2157:

coined the name Theropoda (meaning "beast feet") in 1881. Marsh initially named Theropoda as a

1106: 1090: 1075: 7259: 5352: 4185:. The Dinosaur Museum Journal. Vol. 1. Blanding, UT: The Dinosaur Museum. pp. 63–95. 282: 13255: 11830: 9907: 9819: 6978: 4224:"A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin" 3942: 3741:

SMITH, NATHAN D.; MAKOVICKY, PETER J.; HAMMER, WILLIAM R.; CURRIE, PHILIP J. (October 2007).

2147: 2115: 1859: 1785: 389: 4268:"Theropod dinosaur facial reconstruction and the importance of soft tissues in paleobiology" 3780:

Zanno, Lindsay E.; Gillette, David D.; Albright, L. Barry; Titus, Alan L. (25 August 2010).

3550: 2446:(generally elaborately horned, the dominant southern carnivores of the Cretaceous; includes 13216: 12458: 11468: 9596: 9564: 7270: 6716: 6267: 6188: 5955: 5904: 5707: 5518: 5479: 5373:

Carpenter, K. (2002). "Forelimb biomechanics of nonavian theropod dinosaurs in predation".

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Farlow, J. O.; Gatesy, S. M.; Holtz, T. R. Jr.; Hutchinson, J. R.; Robinson, J. M. (2000).

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and advanced troodontids were likely omnivorous as well, and some early theropods (such as

10935: 8: 13197: 11988: 11880: 11820: 11765: 11545: 9920: 9707: 6424: 3376: 3214: 2970: 2628: 2576: 2496: 2212: 2063: 1675:. Most notably, theropods and other bipedal saurischian dinosaurs (including the bipedal 1635: 1445: 1350: 1313: 10189: 6271: 6192: 5959: 5908: 5711: 5606:, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". 5522: 5483: 5207: 5142: 4989: 4809: 4582: 4439: 4283: 4239: 4133: 4046: 3958: 3846: 3672: 3616: 3501: 2908: 13283: 12771: 11835: 11795: 11760: 11375: 9896: 9756: 9612: 9552: 8987: 8897: 8780: 7644: 7334: 7217: 6212: 5971: 5928: 5892: 5779: 5744: 5725: 5645: 5623: 5542: 5390: 5329: 5304: 5227: 5167: 5126: 5035: 4937: 4904: 4837: 4766: 4731: 4712: 4648: 4610: 4471: 4379: 4340: 4305: 4153: 4114: 4076: 4063: 4030: 3970: 3920: 3806: 3781: 3531: 3467: 3447: 2621: 2066:) and the Coelurosauria (a very large and diverse dinosaur group including the birds). 1863: 1631: 1429: 1292: 1227: 588: 537: 308: 214: 5127:"Complex neuroanatomy in the rostrum of the Isle of Wight theropod Neovenator salerii" 4970: 2939: 2143: 1862:

saurischians, and may even have evolved prior to the saurischian-ornithischian split.

13124: 12897: 12844: 12794: 11937: 11927: 11870: 11670: 11665: 11605: 11257: 11174: 11148: 10987: 10974: 10852: 10410: 10362: 9194: 8544: 7623: 6293: 6216: 6204: 6108: 6087: 6015: 5975: 5920: 5895: 5873: 5833: 5784: 5766: 5729: 5534: 5509: 5334: 5283: 5231: 5219: 5172: 5154: 4942: 4924: 4856: 4829: 4821: 4771: 4753: 4716: 4704: 4696: 4652: 4602: 4594: 4463: 4309: 4297: 4145: 4068: 3912: 3811: 3762: 3758: 3721: 3718:

Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages

3651: 3628: 3578: 3570: 3523: 3440:

Dinosaurs: The most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages

3354: 3293: 3047: 2879: 2590: 2541: 2318: 1539: 1491: 1454: 273: 5946:

Marsh, O.C. (1881). "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part V.".

5932: 5680: 5627: 5394: 4383: 4344: 4080: 4031:"Developmental and evolutionary novelty in the serrated teeth of theropod dinosaurs" 3974: 3924: 3535: 2293:(which he also ranked as infraorders). This dichotomy was upset by the discovery of 2041:

are more specialised again than the ceratosaurs. They are subdivided into the basal

1872:, another Triassic dinosaur, suggests the herrerasaurs likely were early theropods. 12763: 11905: 11577: 11361: 11118: 11028: 10817: 10749: 10612: 10531: 10503: 10463: 10344: 10314: 9832: 9585: 9449: 9306: 9206: 9055: 8962: 8920: 8487: 7797: 6872: 6632: 6436: 6283: 6275: 6258: 6196: 6128: 5963: 5912: 5774: 5756: 5715: 5676: 5641: 5615: 5568:(1990). "Ceratosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P. & Osmólska, H. (eds.). 5565: 5546: 5526: 5487: 5428: 5382: 5324: 5316: 5211: 5162: 5146: 5096: 5031: 4993: 4932: 4916: 4885: 4877: 4848: 4841: 4813: 4761: 4743: 4686: 4644: 4614: 4586: 4475: 4453: 4443: 4397: 4371: 4332: 4287: 4243: 4157: 4137: 4058: 4050: 3962: 3904: 3850: 3801: 3793: 3754: 3742: 3687: 3620: 3562: 3513: 3505: 3326: 3239: 2997: 2652: 2583: 2562: 2333: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2162: 2022:) appeared during the Early Jurassic and continued through to the Late Jurassic in 1933: 1855: 1696: 1480: 1441: 1186: 1158: 1008: 926: 824: 526: 227: 190: 5215: 3854: 3566: 12995: 12823: 12293: 11815: 11800: 11738: 11637: 11565: 11424: 11162: 11125: 11057: 10912: 10905: 10733: 10675: 10648: 10638: 10598: 10433: 10292: 10276: 10094: 10066: 10044: 9931: 9776: 9483: 9257: 9140: 9118: 9039: 8868: 8845: 8838: 8816: 8802: 8795: 8756: 8607: 8454: 8381: 8370: 8306: 8194: 8081: 7658: 7567: 7421: 7396: 7305: 7183: 7126: 6737: 6515: 6493: 6463: 6354: 6081: 6077: 3966: 3624: 3472: 3402: 3392: 3381: 3368: 3260: 3256: 3234: 3183: 3175: 3025: 2935: 2875: 2814: 2710: 2597: 2569: 2528: 2521: 2478: 2369: 2286: 2228: 2193: 2177: 2169: 2158: 2100: 2042: 1868: 1794: 1719: 1462: 1417: 1326: 1254: 1154: 1150: 1012: 864: 854: 834: 734: 724: 658: 547: 516: 260: 249: 5191: 1899:). Although in the early cladistic classifications they were included under the 13105: 13035: 12987: 12921: 12860: 12815: 12802: 12676: 12639: 12490: 12264: 12101: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11825: 11810: 11705: 11680: 11675: 11657: 11538: 11389: 11352: 11333: 11295: 11284: 11081: 10794: 10760: 10742: 10722: 10619: 10333: 10078: 9940: 9767: 9749: 9577: 9544: 9530: 9491: 9265: 9126: 9083: 9076: 8998: 8974: 8927: 8886: 8823: 8809: 8537: 8522: 8349: 8183: 8047: 8015: 8004: 7981: 7943: 7804: 7774: 7698: 7637: 7536: 7300: 7156: 6657: 6570: 6536: 5150: 4997: 4736:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3252: 3199: 2846: 2659: 2635: 2430: 2408: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2054: 2046: 1971: 1945: 1896: 1876: 1839: 1832:

The earliest and most primitive of the theropod dinosaurs were the carnivorous

1736: 1593: 1559: 1522: 1404: 1389: 1356: 1279: 1249: 1118: 1016: 900: 884: 648: 618: 475: 203: 6253: 5967: 5492: 5467: 5433: 5412: 4448: 4423: 4254: 4248: 4223: 3908: 1178:, tooth marks on bones of the prey, and gut contents. Some theropods, such as 13277: 13182: 13043: 13027: 12950: 12942: 12776: 12574: 12424: 12311: 12269: 12069: 12061: 11983: 11947: 11865: 11789: 11617: 11431: 11277: 11238: 11217: 11096: 11089: 11016: 10810: 10783: 10657: 10574: 10552: 10545: 10538: 10481: 10398: 10261: 10233: 10220: 10144: 10021: 9861: 9695: 9626: 9512: 9499: 9244: 9222: 9215: 9179: 9152: 9104: 9028: 8764: 8555: 8529: 8445: 8426: 8419: 8356: 8335: 8314: 8299: 8285: 8244: 8210: 8203: 8122: 7974: 7861: 7854: 7781: 7751: 7740: 7630: 7601: 7594: 7520: 7149: 7142: 7098: 7077: 7032: 6895: 6686: 6323: 5989: 5870:

Dinosaurs of the Air: The evolution and loss of flight in dinosaurs and birds

5770: 5248:(1984). "A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan Basin". 5223: 5158: 4928: 4825: 4757: 4700: 4656: 4598: 3766: 3632: 3574: 2983: 2966: 2789: 2533: 2510: 2485: 2460: 2454: 2413: 2252: 2247: 2224: 2189: 2123: 2091: 2059: 1811: 1701: 1684: 1662: 1618: 1475: 1364:

specimens (as well as newer fossils described in 2006) support the idea that

1338: 1032: 956: 764: 714: 704: 557: 453: 289: 267: 221: 121: 79: 5916: 5584: 5530: 4748: 4292: 4267: 3509: 13129: 12873: 12718: 12534: 12372: 12320: 12192: 12153: 11922: 11910: 11900: 11890: 11587: 11403: 11341: 11311: 11231: 11224: 11202: 11194: 11074: 11066: 11046: 10769: 10688: 10626: 10517: 10488: 10440: 10269: 10254: 10029: 9961: 9889: 9868: 9847: 9663: 9619: 9427: 9414: 9344: 9297: 9172: 9062: 9014: 9007: 8944: 8913: 8906: 8787: 8614: 8466: 8363: 8265: 8258: 8153: 8137: 8073: 8024: 7956: 7733: 7616: 7609: 7580: 7543: 7512: 7171: 7090: 7022: 6967: 6902: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6803: 6694: 6641: 6585: 6561: 6297: 6208: 5993: 5924: 5788: 5538: 5338: 5245: 5176: 5101: 5084: 4946: 4920: 4860: 4833: 4793: 4792:

Erickson, Gregory M.; Rogers, Kristina Curry; Yerby, Scott A. (July 2001).

4775: 4732:"Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models" 4708: 4675:"The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs" 4606: 4566: 4467: 4301: 4149: 4072: 3916: 3815: 3797: 3691: 3582: 3527: 3340: 3288: 3248: 3244: 3030: 2952: 2904: 2851: 2604: 2443: 2361: 2301: 2281: 2256: 2241: 2216: 2197: 2165: 2079: 2050: 2012: 1992: 1967: 1937: 1918: 1904: 1900: 1609: 1598: 1578: 1408: 1274: 1231: 1168: 1122: 1111: 1069: 874: 774: 754: 669: 577: 567: 442: 181: 2565:(small insectivores with reduced forelimbs each bearing one enlarged claw) 1035:

theropods, and are today represented by about 11,000 living species.

13229: 13208: 13191: 12934: 12781: 12587: 12566: 12555: 12520: 12387: 12377: 12335: 12226: 12093: 11895: 11720: 11715: 11647: 11632: 11600: 11457: 11438: 11368: 11318: 11304: 11246: 11187: 11132: 11009: 10803: 10695: 10664: 10581: 10567: 10299: 10247: 10115: 10037: 10000: 9882: 9854: 9807: 9727: 9605: 9462: 9313: 9286: 9186: 9133: 9069: 9048: 9021: 8772: 8585: 8578: 8564: 8390: 8237: 8228: 8130: 8101: 8031: 7996: 7989: 7789: 7767: 7760: 7719: 7711: 7687: 7672: 7651: 7559: 7551: 7135: 7114: 7106: 7063: 6916: 6909: 6881: 6824: 6817: 6778: 6672: 6665: 6615: 6592: 6578: 6547: 6174:"A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution" 5802: 5664: 4115:"A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen archipelago" 3407: 3397: 2551: 2504: 2481:(early group of large carnivores including the semi-aquatic spinosaurids) 2448: 2435: 2400: 2345: 2295: 2290: 2289:

of theropods. Romer also maintained a division between Coelurosauria and

2154: 2085: 2018: 2007: 1958: 1953: 1887: 1881: 1765: 1723: 1676: 1656: 1583: 1479:

had similar growth dynamics to the largest living land animal today, the

1467: 1344: 1307: 1260: 1240: 1142: 1134: 1126: 1085: 1049: 989: 909: 904:

In the modern fauna, theropods are represented by over 11,000 species of

744: 638: 628: 598: 496: 485: 431: 420: 295: 197: 175: 96: 6279: 6200: 5743:

Sasso, Cristiano Dal; Maganuco, Simone; Cau, Andrea (19 December 2018).

5720: 5695: 4874:

has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace

4852: 4565:

Padian, Kevin; de Ricqlès, Armand J.; Horner, John R. (July 2001).

4547: 4141: 2714: 1805: 1650: 1125:, these enigmatic dinosaurs were later proven to be highly specialized, 13051: 12913: 12852: 12831: 12663: 12647: 12582: 12527: 12499: 12431: 12396: 12274: 12122: 11957: 11932: 11690: 11396: 11325: 11270: 10891: 10706: 10524: 10510: 10495: 10447: 10381: 10307: 10129: 10122: 10108: 10014: 9947: 9875: 9839: 9792: 9734: 9720: 9687: 9679: 9672: 9653: 9476: 9441: 9229: 8830: 8621: 8571: 8508: 8479: 8434: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8321: 8217: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8145: 8065: 7936: 7812: 7665: 7528: 7387: 7042: 7012: 6995: 6930: 6923: 6838: 6768: 6758: 6679: 6650: 6599: 6409: 6384: 5761: 5386: 4458: 3518: 3264: 2764: 2641: 2490: 2387: 2356: 2325: 2268: 2236: 2220: 2201: 2000: 1936:

in 1986 as a group including the relatively derived theropod subgroups

1834: 1777: 1761: 1623: 1613: 1567: 1543:"continued throughout the evolution of maniraptorans and early birds." 1535: 1518: 1412: 1330: 1283:

had more similarities with lizards than crocodilians, which lack lips.

1266: 1215: 1191: 1138: 1020: 985: 784: 608: 464: 409: 371: 141: 106: 13234: 11530: 5602:

Carrano, M.T.; Sampson, S.D.; Forster, C.A. (2002). "The osteology of

5320: 4691: 4674: 4054: 2172:

to include a wide array of "carnivorous" dinosaur families, including

1209: 13011: 12966: 12755: 12548: 12465: 12449: 12438: 12348: 12284: 12243: 11942: 11730: 11710: 11610: 11417: 11410: 11110: 11103: 10776: 10715: 10369: 10087: 9633: 9537: 9272: 8857: 8742: 8729: 8656: 8592: 8515: 8494: 8251: 8114: 7922: 7909: 7827: 7679: 6831: 6705: 6393: 4817: 4590: 2921: 2467: 2374: 2340: 2263: 2232: 2038: 2027: 1996: 1988: 1941: 1925: 1843: 1790: 1757: 1726:

in theropod dinosaur bone. He found pathological features in 21

1397: 1235: 1015:) and included the majority of large terrestrial carnivores from the 993: 814: 676: 507: 325: 243: 146: 90: 63: 13153: 5015: 4633:"Long-bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs" 4012:"Special Serrations Gave Carnivorous Dinosaurs an Evolutionary Edge" 2820: 2382: 2107:

that lost the ability to fly and returned to a terrestrial habitat.

1297: 1117:

The first confirmed non-carnivorous fossil theropods found were the

932: 13176: 12979: 12709: 12684: 12630: 12541: 12513: 12403: 12367: 12359: 12341: 12236: 12221: 12205: 11952: 11915: 11748: 11001: 10426: 10419: 10391: 10284: 9784: 9165: 8501: 8328: 8089: 7726: 7405: 7381: 7052: 6950: 6789: 6378: 5855:

The Mistaken Extinction: Dinosaur evolution and the origin of birds

3943:"A proposed terminology of theropod teeth (Dinosauria, Saurischia)" 3648:

The mistaken extinction: Dinosaur evolution and the origin of birds

3387: 3198:, the bone that makes up the upper jaw. It was later re-defined by 2739: 2425:. The dagger (†) is used to signify groups with no living members. 2119: 2031: 2023: 1985: 1922: 1892: 1826: 1817: 1302: 1223: 1180: 1146: 1024: 1005: 997: 978: 844: 794: 358: 345: 136: 131: 116: 111: 101: 83: 6086:. Baltimore, MD / London, UK: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 12889: 12742: 12621: 12506: 12472: 12410: 12231: 12085: 12077: 11770: 11642: 11627: 10559: 10321: 10051: 9954: 9279: 8600: 4871: 4521: 3195: 3187: 2610: 2545: 2309:

had created a new series of theropod infraorders: Coelurosauria,

2127: 2111: 2089:, which are remarkably similar in form to the oldest known bird, 1847: 1752: 1680: 1672: 1639: 1571: 1511: 1504: 1496: 1001: 913: 151: 126: 13221: 5280:

The Interrelationships and Evolution of Basal Theropod Dinosaurs

4357: 3941:

Hendrickx, Christophe; Mateus, Octávio; Araújo, Ricardo (2015).

2416:, an avian, is the world's most widespread extant wild theropod. 2280:

containing the carnivorous dinosaurs and their descendants—when

1846:. The herrerasaurs existed during the early late Triassic (Late 13019: 12958: 12734: 12726: 12655: 12595: 12479: 12417: 12300: 11967: 11962: 11840: 11210: 10898: 8342: 7375: 6372: 1851: 1776:

The trackway of a swimming theropod, the first in China of the

1740: 1727: 1095: 804: 335: 5192:"Complex neurovascular system in the dentary of Tyrannosaurus" 5053:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–241. 3598: 2548:-mimics"; mostly toothless; carnivores to possible herbivores) 1875:

The earliest and most primitive unambiguous theropods are the

12905: 12692: 12255: 10058: 9799: 9741: 5809:, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana". 4787: 4785: 3243:

suggested that Theropoda is actually more closely related to

3179: 2337: 2277: 2239:

skulls and teeth with prosauropod bodies, in animals such as

1981: 1949: 1914: 1748: 1744: 1563: 981: 967: 960: 7326: 5466:

Xing, L.D.; Lockley, M.G.; Zhang, J.P.; et al. (2013).

4626: 4624: 3486: 2513:(feathered theropods, with a range of body sizes and niches) 2003:

retained this bone, albeit in a significantly reduced form.

1244:, which has been preserved with extensive skin impressions. 929: 12881: 12248: 12211: 12181: 11595: 11561: 11474: 10101: 7223: 5620:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0510:TOOMKA]2.0.CO;2

5124: 5082: 4376:

10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2

3829:

Longrich, Nicholas R.; Currie, Philip J. (February 2009). "

2666: 2336:

named several major theropod groups in 1986, including the

1963: 1732: 1731:

preserved injury and disease in theropod dinosaurs are the

1688: 1424:) is smallest at 1.9 g and 5.5 cm (2.2 in) long. 1130: 1028: 947: 941: 905: 5413:"Range of motion in the forelimb of the theropod dinosaur 4794:"Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates" 4782: 4630: 4421: 4195: 3779: 3740: 2586:(mostly toothless; their diet and lifestyle are uncertain) 2572:(bipedal herbivores with large hand claws and small heads) 2211:

By the early 20th century, some palaeontologists, such as

935: 13003: 11860: 11622: 6251: 6117:

from the Triassic-Jurassic outcrops of Normandy (France)"

4621: 4551: 4337:

10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[108:MTIBTY]2.0.CO;2

3594: 3592: 3233:

A large study of early dinosaurs by Dr Matthew G. Baron,

1204: 992:, although a number of theropod groups evolved to become 6231:"New study shakes the roots of the dinosaur family tree" 6133:

10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[73:TCLAGN]2.0.CO;2

4196:

Goehlich, U.B.; Tischlinger, H.; Chiappe, L.M. (2006). "

2272:

was one of the first dinosaurs classified as a theropod.

1121:, originally known as "segnosaurs". First thought to be 5653:. New York, NY: William Morrow – via doc.rero.ch. 5506: 4631:

Anderson, J.F.; Hall-Martin, A.; Russell, D.A. (1985).

4265: 1928:, and is the only group of theropods that survived the 1465:. For example, one of the smallest known theropods was 6031: 4668: 4666: 4564: 4028: 3589: 2554:("hand snatchers"; had long, slender arms and fingers) 6025: 5601: 5559: 5557: 3940: 3867: 2579:(small, arboreal maniraptors with long third fingers) 1608:), with sharp claws. Some basal theropods, like most 1258:

preserved scales near the underside of the tail, and

7180: 7074: 7059: 7048: 7038: 7028: 7018: 7008: 6964: 6800: 6785: 6774: 6764: 6754: 6629: 6558: 6543: 6532: 4903:

Horner, John R.; Padian, Kevin (22 September 2004).

4493:. The Trustees of The Natural History Museum, London 4422:

Brusatte SL, O'Connor JK, Jarvis ED (October 2015).

4221: 3889: 3887: 3316: 3237:

and Paul M. Barrett (2017) published in the journal

3230:

node, potentially including all of Avepoda or more.

2168:, but later expanded its scope, re-ranking it as an 1974:, all non-averostran neotheropods had gone extinct. 1238:. This type of skin is best known in the ceratosaur 944: 938: 880: 870: 860: 850: 840: 830: 820: 810: 800: 790: 780: 770: 760: 750: 740: 730: 720: 710: 700: 665: 644: 634: 624: 614: 604: 594: 584: 573: 563: 553: 543: 533: 513: 503: 492: 481: 471: 460: 449: 438: 427: 416: 405: 12152: 10883: 4791: 4663: 4093: 2204:had created in 1866 for the carnivorous dinosaurs: 6171: 5998:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5554: 5302: 4730:Lee, Andrew H.; Werning, Sarah (15 January 2008). 4517:"Study traces dinosaur evolution into early birds" 3990:"One tough bite: T. rex's teeth had secret weapon" 3936: 3934: 2670:(modern, beaked birds and their extinct relatives) 6172:Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). 5872:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 5303:Barta, D.E.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Norell, M.A. (2017). 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4322: 3884: 3190:with (an ancestor with) a promaxillary fenestra ( 1430:evolving into over 11,000 species of modern birds 13275: 10985: 10851: 6628: 5742: 5465: 5441: 5368: 5366: 1666:(right) forelimbs illustrating wing-like posture 1270:, which even had feathers on the feet and toes. 1190:, ornithomimosaurs, and birds, are known to use 10342: 5595: 5576: 5500: 5190:Kawabe, Soichiro; Hattori, Soki (3 July 2022). 5109: 4541: 4539: 4176:"An arboreal maniraptoran from northeast China" 3931: 3893: 2030:lineage—lasted to the end of the Cretaceous in 1329:, the smallest known theropod and the smallest 1171:) appear to have specialized in catching fish. 8866: 7420: 6513: 6353: 6165: 4953: 4905:"Age and growth dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex" 4673:Campione, Nicolás E.; Evans, David C. (2020). 4548:"Dinosaurs 'shrank' regularly to become birds" 4510: 4508: 4351: 4169: 4167: 4113:Göhlich, U.B.; Chiappe, L.M. (16 March 2006). 4112: 3828: 2150:, who coined the name Theropoda. Photo c. 1870 11546: 7342: 6339: 6034:PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 5669:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 5452:. Indiana University Press. pp. 337–363. 5406: 5404: 5363: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5189: 5009: 5007: 4672: 4362:, with remarks on its sizes and affinities". 4087: 3861: 3773: 2276:In 1956, "Theropoda" came back into use—as a 2245:). Describing the first known dromaeosaurid ( 1634:are believed to have used their forelimbs to 12060: 10231: 6963: 6113:, gen. nov.: A review of the systematics of 6053:"Osteology VIII: The antorbital cavity" 6008: 5988: 5886: 5563: 5410: 4902: 4536: 4189: 4183:Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight 3452:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2138: 1529: 1079:, with seeds preserved in the stomach region 9425: 9343: 8465: 6106: 5461: 5459: 5417:, and implications for predatory behaviour" 5048: 5042: 4971:"The evolution of locomotion in archosaurs" 4567:"Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins" 4505: 4173: 4164: 3426: 3424: 2537:and close relatives; had reduced forelimbs) 2524:(early coelurosaurs with reduced forelimbs) 1301:Size comparison of selected giant theropod 1104:specimen was found locked in combat with a 23: 11553: 11539: 7349: 7335: 6346: 6332: 5852: 5795: 5401: 5260: 5076: 5004: 4968: 4729: 4514: 3645: 1534:Although rare, complete casts of theropod 1219:, showing large preserved feather imprints 24: 6408: 6289:1983/d088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3 6287: 5939: 5778: 5760: 5719: 5694:Marsh, Adam D.; Rowe, Timothy B. (2020). 5693: 5491: 5432: 5372: 5328: 5166: 5100: 5057: 5024:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4936: 4765: 4747: 4690: 4545: 4491:"Are birds the only surviving dinosaurs?" 4457: 4447: 4424:"The origin and diversification of birds" 4291: 4247: 4062: 3805: 3747:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3517: 3206:in 2007 as a node-based clade containing 2223:, which Huene divided into the suborders 8740: 8655: 7920: 7496: 6245: 6145: 5948:The American Journal of Science and Arts 5861: 5821: 5582: 5456: 5238: 3720:(1st ed.). New York: Random House. 3715: 3605:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3421: 2470:("stiff tails"; includes most theropods) 2407: 2394: 2381: 2368: 2355: 2262: 2142: 1804: 1649: 1553: 1490: 1320: 1296: 1208: 1133:and leaf-shaped teeth. Further study of 1068: 899: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 11560: 5832:. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster Co. 5811:Peabody Museum Natural History Bulletin 5736: 3716:Holtz, Thomas R.; Rey, Luis V. (2007). 2638:(primitive tree-dwelling, flying birds) 1984:within Neotheropoda that includes most 1800: 14: 13294:Extant Late Triassic first appearances 13276: 5801: 5663: 5640: 5447: 5411:Senter, P.; Robins, J.H. (July 2005). 5277: 5013: 4888:|...|checked=yes}} 4488: 3987: 3670: 3646:Dingus, Lowell; Rowe, Timothy (1998). 3548: 2317:, Carnosauria, Ornithomimosauria, and 1612:, had four digits, and also a reduced 1549: 1205:Integument (skin, scales and feathers) 1000:. Theropods first appeared during the 13158: 13157: 12045: 11534: 10973: 10972: 10218: 9412: 8727: 7907: 7483: 7368: 7330: 6365: 6327: 6254:"Untangling the dinosaur family tree" 6146:Mortimer, Mickey (15 November 2010). 5945: 5016:"Stance and gait in the flesh-eating 4969:Hutchinson, J.R. (March–April 2006). 4217: 4215: 3431:Holtz, Thomas R., Jr. (Winter 2011). 3430: 3255:. This new hypothesis also recovered 2097:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 1174:Diet is largely deduced by the tooth 13112: 6076: 6050: 5867: 5827: 5353:"The first single-fingered dinosaur" 5244: 5115:"Abstract", in Chure (2001). Pg. 19. 5063: 4415: 4316: 3822: 2624:(large, early short-tailed avialans) 1645: 1626:had three, but some had even fewer. 13299:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh 13136: 4482: 3182:defined as the group including the 1403:The largest extant theropod is the 56: 6121:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5608:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5036:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1970.tb01707.x 4649:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x 4364:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4325:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4212: 3947:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3786:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2662:(specialized aquatic diving birds) 2655:(toothed Cretaceous Chinese birds) 2433:(small, early theropods; includes 2126:, and (in coelurosaurs, at least) 1930:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 1587:) and the tyrannosaurids (such as 1486: 1376:was possibly 3 meters longer than 1141:diet, including seed-eating (some 57: 13310: 12014:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 10219: 6319: 5591:. Dinosaur Mailing List Archives. 4515:Borenstein, Seth (31 July 2014). 2600:(small to medium-sized theropods) 2133: 2077:), the dromaeosaurids (including 1707: 1384:could still be more massive than 1064: 988:dinosaurs. They were ancestrally 13135: 13123: 13111: 13100: 13099: 12990:(New World vultures and condors) 11515: 11509: 11502: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10934: 10200: 10193: 10188: 10181: 10175: 9413: 9394: 9387: 9380: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 7890: 7884: 7311: 7310: 7282: 7275: 7269: 7264: 7258: 6304:from the original on 9 July 2023 6107:Ezcurra, M.D.; Cuny, G. (2007). 6051:Carr, Thomas (22 October 2013). 5830:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World 4909:Proceedings of the Royal Society 4174:Czerkas, S.A.; Yuan, C. (2002). 4094:Bonaparte; Novas; Coria (1990). 4014:. 17 August 2015. Archived from 3759:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00325.x 3549:Sereno, Paul C. (25 June 1999). 3361: 3347: 3333: 3319: 3291:, however, had four digits, see 3050: 3029: 3000: 2969: 2938: 2907: 2878: 2850: 2819: 2713: 2684: 1019:until at least the close of the 925: 312: 281: 259: 235: 213: 189: 167: 94: 6223: 6139: 6100: 6070: 6044: 5982: 5846: 5687: 5657: 5634: 5345: 5296: 5183: 5118: 4896: 4723: 4558: 4390: 4259: 4106: 4022: 4004: 3981: 3281: 2351: 1913:(meaning "new theropods") is a 1435: 1031:evolved from small specialized 692:Theropods of uncertain affinity 12046: 3988:Geggel, Laura (28 July 2015). 3734: 3709: 3664: 3639: 3542: 3480: 3473:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3460: 3178:in 2002 as an apomorphy-based 1011:231.4 million years ago ( 13: 1: 8728: 7908: 7484: 7356: 6135:– via researchgate.net. 5853:Dingus, L.; Rowe, T. (1998). 5216:10.1080/08912963.2021.1965137 3855:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.005 3567:10.1126/science.284.5423.2137 3415: 2613:(birds and extinct relatives) 2192:(now known to be herbivorous 1642:use their wings as flippers. 1314:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus 5583:Mortimer, M. (4 July 2001). 3967:10.1080/02724634.2015.982797 3625:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341 3551:"The evolution of dinosaurs" 3274: 1932:. Neotheropoda was named by 7: 13054:(woodpeckers and relatives) 4402:African Wildlife Foundation 3312: 2006:The somewhat more advanced 1866:following the discovery of 1771: 1073:Specimen of the troodontid 1023:, about 66 Ma. In the 973:whose members are known as 912:theropods within the clade 10: 13315: 12916:(cormorants and relatives) 12009:Extinct species since 1500 6355:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves 6152:The Theropod Database Blog 6115:"Liliensternus" airelensis 5427:(3). London, UK: 307–318. 5415:Acrocanthosaurus atokensis 5151:10.1038/s41598-017-03671-3 5051:Dinosaur Tracks and Traces 4998:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.09.002 4911:. B: Biological Sciences. 4546:Zoe Gough (31 July 2014). 4181:. In Czerkas, S.J. (ed.). 3650:. New York: W.H. Freeman. 2607:(small, gracile theropods) 2593:(small, winged protobirds) 2494:and close relatives, like 2452:and close relatives, like 1711: 1290: 1145:) and insect-eating (many 1038: 968: 961: 61: 13289:Carnian first appearances 13166: 13095: 13046:(kingfishers and rollers) 12978: 12933: 12900:(albatrosses and petrels) 12872: 12843: 12814: 12793: 12784:(swifts and hummingbirds) 12766:(nightjars and relatives) 12754: 12717: 12708: 12675: 12638: 12629: 12620: 12616: 12590:(pheasants and relatives) 12565: 12489: 12448: 12386: 12358: 12334: 12310: 12283: 12204: 12191: 12148: 12121: 12117: 12056: 12052: 12041: 12037: 11976: 11879: 11779: 11729: 11656: 11586: 11573: 11499: 11456: 11351: 11294: 11265: 11256: 11182: 11173: 11157: 11146: 11056: 11041: 11037: 11026: 10996: 10981: 10968: 10932: 10879: 10847: 10793: 10759: 10732: 10705: 10683: 10674: 10647: 10636: 10607: 10596: 10476: 10472: 10461: 10409: 10380: 10357: 10353: 10331: 10242: 10227: 10214: 10173: 10143: 10077: 10009: 9999: 9995: 9930: 9915: 9906: 9827: 9818: 9766: 9715: 9706: 9662: 9651: 9595: 9572: 9563: 9525: 9521: 9510: 9471: 9460: 9436: 9421: 9408: 9377: 9339: 9296: 9252: 9243: 9205: 9160: 9151: 9113: 9102: 9038: 8997: 8982: 8973: 8957: 8953: 8942: 8896: 8881: 8877: 8855: 8751: 8736: 8723: 8685: 8651: 8554: 8474: 8444: 8380: 8294: 8283: 8227: 8193: 8109: 8100: 8060: 8056: 8045: 8014: 7969: 7965: 7954: 7931: 7916: 7903: 7881: 7846: 7826: 7750: 7706: 7697: 7589: 7578: 7507: 7492: 7479: 7447: 7429: 7416: 7364: 7295: 7256: 7205: 7179: 7170: 7125: 7085: 7073: 7004: 6993: 6959: 6948: 6871: 6812: 6799: 6750: 6746: 6735: 6704: 6640: 6624: 6613: 6557: 6528: 6524: 6509: 6490: 6462: 6444: 6435: 6417: 6404: 6361: 6111:Lophostropheus airelensis 6096:– via Google books. 5968:10.2475/ajs.s3-21.125.417 5681:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41 5493:10.1007/s11434-013-5802-6 5434:10.1017/S0952836905006989 4449:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.003 4249:10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6 3909:10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1 3300:. Department of Geology. 3247:, to which it formed the 3045: 3022: 3015: 2994: 2987: 2963: 2956: 2932: 2925: 2901: 2894: 2872: 2865: 2843: 2836: 2834: Neotheropoda 2810: 2803: 2785: 2778: 2760: 2753: 2735: 2728: 2707: 2700: 2330:phylogenetic nomenclature 2248:Dromaeosaurus albertensis 2139:History of classification 1530:Nervous system and senses 1101:Velociraptor mongoliensis 1043: 402: 397: 309:Scientific classification 307: 161: 73: 12945:(seriemas and relatives) 12924:(pelicans and relatives) 6057:Tyrannosauroidea central 5450:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life 5282:. Blackwell Publishing. 4366:(Submitted manuscript). 4228:Chinese Science Bulletin 4160:– via doc.rero.ch. 3949:(Submitted manuscript). 1980:(or "bird snouts") is a 1784:, was discovered at the 1305:– the longest (left) is 1230:). However, outside the 1094:fossil was found with a 62:Not to be confused with 39:latest accepted revision 13038:(hornbills and hoopoes) 12953:(falcons and relatives) 6239:University of Cambridge 6148:"Averostra and Avepoda" 5917:10.1126/science.1252243 5807:Deinonychus antirrhopus 5700:Journal of Paleontology 5604:Masiakasaurus knopfleri 5531:10.1126/science.1180350 5375:Senckenbergiana Lethaea 4749:10.1073/pnas.0708903105 4293:10.1126/science.abo7877 3698:, St. George, UT. 3510:10.1126/science.1198467 3294:""Theropoda I" on 3259:as the sister group to 3209:Ceratosaurus nasicornis 3174:Averostra was named by 2644:(advanced flying birds) 2631:(small toothless birds) 2423:dinosaur classification 2391:, a carcharodontosaurid 2049:) and the more derived 1764:in cranial elements or 1714:Theropod paleopathology 1457:and center of gravity. 1308:Spinosaurus aegyptiacus 1286: 1164:Masiakasaurus knopfleri 908:, which are a group of 13022:(trogons and quetzals) 12834:(cranes and relatives) 12104:(emus and cassowaries) 11994:Glossary of bird terms 11806:Confuciusornithiformes 5805:(1969). "Osteology of 5250:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 4978:Comptes Rendus Palevol 4921:10.1098/rspb.2004.2829 3798:10.1098/rspb.2009.1029 3696:Dixie State University 3692:10.1006/cres.1996.0053 3386:Other major clades of 3302:University of Maryland 3192:fenestra promaxillaris 2417: 2405: 2392: 2379: 2366: 2273: 2151: 1822: 1722:published a survey of 1667: 1574: 1507: 1334: 1318: 1311:, shortest (right) is 1220: 1107:Protoceratops andrewsi 1098:in its stomach, and a 1091:Compsognathus longipes 1080: 1076:Jinfengopteryx elegans 917: 13256:Paleobiology Database 12863:(kagu and sunbittern) 12826:(gulls and relatives) 11831:Songlingornithiformes 11796:Omnivoropterygiformes 9908:Carcharodontosaurinae 9820:Carcharodontosauridae 5647:The Dinosaur Heresies 5278:Rauhut, O.W. (2003). 5085:"Theropod locomotion" 5014:Newman, B.H. (1970). 4880:|...}} 4489:Hendry, Lisa (2023). 3831:Albertonykus borealis 3671:Harris, J.D. (1997). 2411: 2398: 2385: 2372: 2359: 2266: 2148:Othniel Charles Marsh 2146: 1809:Possible early forms 1808: 1786:Feitianshan Formation 1653: 1557: 1499:walking on a road in 1494: 1468:Microraptor zhaoianus 1463:reproductive maturity 1324: 1300: 1212: 1194:, or gizzard-stones. 1072: 903: 12685:Phoenicopteriformes 10884:Dubious coelurosaurs 9597:Metriacanthosaurinae 9565:Metriacanthosauridae 7847:Dubious neotheropods 6083:Dinosaurs of the Air 5102:10.1093/icb/40.4.640 3953:(e982797): e982797. 3220:last common ancestor 2439:and close relatives) 1801:Evolutionary history 1562:wing (of an unknown 1501:Etosha National Park 1388:. Specimens such as 66:, marine gastropods. 12656:Mesitornithiformes 12650:(doves and pigeons) 11984:Families and orders 11846:Ichthyornithiformes 11821:Patagopterygiformes 9921:Carcharodontosaurus 9708:Carcharodontosauria 6280:10.1038/nature24011 6272:2017Natur.551E...1L 6201:10.1038/nature21700 6193:2017Natur.543..501B 5960:1881AmJS...21..417M 5909:2014Sci...345..562L 5868:Paul, G.S. (2002). 5828:Paul, G.S. (1988). 5721:10.1017/jpa.2020.14 5712:2020JPal...94S...1M 5523:2009Sci...326.1530N 5517:(5959): 1530–1533. 5484:2013ChSBu..58.2370X 5208:2022HBio...34.1137K 5143:2017NatSR...7.3749B 4990:2006CRPal...5..519H 4915:(1551): 1875–1880. 4853:10.1038/nature16488 4810:2001Natur.412..429E 4583:2001Natur.412..405P 4440:2015CBio...25.R888B 4284:2023Sci...379.1348C 4278:(6639): 1348–1352. 4240:2009SciBu..54..430X 4142:10.1038/nature04579 4134:2006Natur.440..329G 4096:Carnotaurus sastrei 4047:2015NatSR...512338B 3959:2015JVPal..35E2797H 3847:2009CrRes..30..239L 3835:Cretaceous Research 3792:(1672): 3505–3511. 3702:Saurexallopus lovei 3680:Cretaceous Research 3617:2021JSAES.11003341N 3561:(5423): 2137–2147. 3502:2011Sci...331..206M 3377:Feathered dinosaurs 3287:Some genera within 3215:Allosaurus fragilis 2629:Confuciusornithidae 2577:Scansoriopterygidae 2497:Carcharodontosaurus 2324:With the advent of 2213:Friedrich von Huene 1838:and, possibly, the 1694:In carnosaurs like 1622:). The majority of 1550:Forelimb morphology 1446:regression analysis 1351:Carcharodontosaurus 29:Page version status 12998:(eagles and hawks) 12898:Procellariiformes 12803:Opisthocomiformes 12772:Steatornithiformes 11999:List by population 11836:Hongshanornithidae 11761:Evolution of birds 11376:Archaeornithomimus 9897:Veterupristisaurus 9757:Veterupristisaurus 9613:Metriacanthosaurus 9553:Piatnitzkysauridae 8988:Eustreptospondylus 8898:Piatnitzkysauridae 8781:Chuandongocoelurus 7645:Notatesseraeraptor 6109:"The coelophysoid 5762:10.7717/peerj.5976 5421:Journal of Zoology 5387:10.1007/BF03043773 5309:Journal of Anatomy 5196:Historical Biology 5131:Scientific Reports 4679:Biological Reviews 4637:Journal of Zoology 4198:Juraventaor starki 4035:Scientific Reports 4018:on 18 August 2015. 3476:. Merriam-Webster. 2622:Omnivoropterygidae 2418: 2406: 2393: 2380: 2367: 2274: 2152: 2064:carcharodontosaurs 1921:and more advanced 1864:Cladistic analysis 1823: 1668: 1632:scansoriopterygids 1575: 1508: 1413:Anchiornis huxleyi 1335: 1319: 1228:feathered dinosaur 1221: 1081: 918: 589:Notatesseraeraptor 538:Chuandongocoelurus 86:, including birds 59:Clade of dinosaurs 35: 13271: 13270: 13160:Taxon identifiers 13151: 13150: 13091: 13090: 13087: 13086: 13083: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13071: 13070: 13067: 13066: 13063: 13062: 12884:(loons or divers) 12853:Phaethontiformes 12845:Phaethontimorphae 12795:Opisthocomiformes 12764:Caprimulgiformes 12704: 12703: 12693:Podicipediformes 12612: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12330: 12329: 12113: 12112: 12070:Struthioniformes 11938:Waterfowl hunting 11871:Gastornithiformes 11866:Aepyornithiformes 11856:Lithornithiformes 11528: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11452: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11258:Macrocheiriformes 11175:Ornithomimosauria 11149:Maniraptoriformes 11142: 11141: 10988:Maniraptoromorpha 10975:Maniraptoromorpha 10964: 10963: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10875: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10853:Maniraptoromorpha 10843: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10592: 10591: 10457: 10456: 10411:Proceratosauridae 10363:Chingkankousaurus 10210: 10209: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10139: 10138: 9991: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9404: 9403: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9335: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9239: 9238: 9195:Vallibonavenatrix 9098: 9097: 9094: 9093: 8938: 8937: 8719: 8718: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8041: 8040: 7899: 7898: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7822: 7821: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7324: 7323: 7291: 7290: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7166: 7165: 6989: 6988: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6609: 6608: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6237:. Cambridge, UK: 6187:(7646): 501–506. 6093:978-0-8018-6763-7 5903:(6196): 562–566. 5585:"Rauhut's Thesis" 5478:(19): 2370–2378. 5321:10.1111/joa.12719 4804:(6845): 429–433. 4692:10.1111/brv.12638 4577:(6845): 405–408. 4128:(7082): 329–332. 4055:10.1038/srep12338 3727:978-0-375-82419-7 3657:978-0-7167-2944-0 3496:(6014): 206–210. 3442:(published 2012). 3355:Amphibians portal 3263:in the redefined 3251:within the clade 3171: 3170: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3134: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3081: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3063: 3062: 3048:Maniraptoriformes 2591:Archaeopterygidae 2542:Ornithomimosauria 2404:, a dromaeosaurid 2319:Deinocheirosauria 2208:("angled feet"). 1646:Forelimb movement 1540:3D reconstruction 1476:Tyrannosaurus rex 1422:Mellisuga helenae 898: 897: 893: 892: 662: 530: 393: 47:25 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 13306: 13264: 13263: 13251: 13250: 13238: 13237: 13225: 13224: 13212: 13211: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13187: 13186: 13185: 13155: 13154: 13139: 13138: 13127: 13115: 13114: 13103: 13102: 13055: 13047: 13039: 13031: 13028:Leptosomiformes 13023: 13015: 13007: 12999: 12996:Accipitriformes 12991: 12970: 12969:(perching birds) 12962: 12954: 12946: 12925: 12917: 12909: 12901: 12893: 12890:Sphenisciformes 12885: 12864: 12856: 12835: 12827: 12824:Charadriiformes 12806: 12785: 12767: 12746: 12738: 12735:Musophagiformes 12730: 12715: 12714: 12696: 12688: 12667: 12659: 12651: 12636: 12635: 12627: 12626: 12618: 12617: 12591: 12578: 12356: 12355: 12352: 12345: 12258: 12251: 12215: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12189: 12188: 12185: 12150: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12119: 12118: 12105: 12097: 12089: 12081: 12073: 12058: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12043: 12042: 12039: 12038: 11906:Bird collections 11861:Dinornithiformes 11766:Darwin's finches 11756:Origin of flight 11696:Seabird breeding 11686:Sexual selection 11555: 11548: 11541: 11532: 11531: 11519: 11513: 11506: 11362:Aepyornithomimus 11263: 11262: 11180: 11179: 11155: 11154: 11119:Sinocalliopteryx 11039: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11029:Neocoelurosauria 10994: 10993: 10983: 10982: 10970: 10969: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10938: 10881: 10880: 10849: 10848: 10818:Zhuchengtyrannus 10750:Thanatotheristes 10681: 10680: 10645: 10644: 10613:Appalachiosaurus 10605: 10604: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10464:Pantyrannosauria 10355: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10345:Tyrannosauroidea 10340: 10339: 10315:Xinjiangovenator 10240: 10239: 10229: 10228: 10216: 10215: 10204: 10197: 10192: 10185: 10179: 10007: 10006: 9997: 9996: 9913: 9912: 9833:Acrocanthosaurus 9825: 9824: 9713: 9712: 9660: 9659: 9586:Yangchuanosaurus 9570: 9569: 9523: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9469: 9468: 9450:Lourinhanosaurus 9434: 9433: 9423: 9422: 9410: 9409: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9341: 9340: 9307:Sigilmassasaurus 9250: 9249: 9207:Ceratosuchopsini 9158: 9157: 9111: 9110: 9056:Dubreuillosaurus 8980: 8979: 8963:Streptospondylus 8955: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8921:Piatnitzkysaurus 8879: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8864: 8863: 8749: 8748: 8738: 8737: 8725: 8724: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8653: 8652: 8488:Ekrixinatosaurus 8472: 8471: 8463: 8462: 8292: 8291: 8107: 8106: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8053: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7929: 7928: 7918: 7917: 7905: 7904: 7894: 7888: 7798:Procompsognathus 7704: 7703: 7587: 7586: 7505: 7504: 7494: 7493: 7481: 7480: 7427: 7426: 7418: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7366: 7365: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7328: 7327: 7314: 7313: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7182: 7177: 7176: 7083: 7082: 7076: 7061: 7050: 7040: 7030: 7020: 7010: 7002: 7001: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6873:Sulcimentisauria 6810: 6809: 6802: 6787: 6776: 6766: 6756: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6638: 6637: 6633:Pterosauromorpha 6631: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6560: 6545: 6534: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6511: 6510: 6452:Archosauromorpha 6442: 6441: 6437:Archosauromorpha 6415: 6414: 6406: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6363: 6362: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6325: 6324: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6291: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6241:. 22 March 2017. 6227: 6221: 6220: 6178: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6029: 6023: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5954:(125): 417–423. 5943: 5937: 5936: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5782: 5764: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5723: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5561: 5552: 5550: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5332: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5275: 5258: 5257: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5202:(7): 1137–1145. 5187: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4984:(3–4): 519–530. 4975: 4966: 4951: 4950: 4940: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4881: 4866:Retraction Watch 4845: 4818:10.1038/35086558 4789: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4751: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4694: 4685:(6): 1759–1797. 4670: 4661: 4660: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4591:10.1038/35086500 4562: 4556: 4555: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4461: 4451: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4295: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4119: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4066: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3521: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3327:Dinosaurs portal 3324: 3323: 3322: 3306: 3305: 3285: 3054: 3034: 3033: 3018: 3017: 3004: 2998:Tyrannosauroidea 2990: 2989: 2973: 2959: 2958: 2942: 2928: 2927: 2911: 2897: 2896: 2882: 2868: 2867: 2854: 2839: 2838: 2824: 2823: 2806: 2805: 2781: 2780: 2756: 2755: 2731: 2730: 2717: 2703: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2653:Yanornithiformes 2584:Oviraptorosauria 2563:Alvarezsauroidea 2365:, a ceratosaurid 2334:Jacques Gauthier 2315:Oviraptorosauria 2311:Deinonychosauria 2307:Rinchen Barsbold 1944:, and excluding 1934:R.T. Bakker 1825:During the late 1697:Acrocanthosaurus 1687:relative to the 1481:African elephant 1187:Lourinhanosaurus 1159:ornithomimosaurs 1004:age of the late 972: 971: 970: 965: 964: 963: 954: 953: 950: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 882: 872: 862: 852: 842: 832: 825:Orthogoniosaurus 822: 812: 802: 792: 782: 772: 762: 752: 742: 732: 722: 712: 702: 688: 687: 667: 657: 646: 636: 626: 616: 606: 596: 586: 575: 565: 555: 545: 535: 525: 515: 505: 494: 483: 473: 462: 451: 440: 429: 418: 407: 388: 317: 316: 285: 263: 239: 217: 193: 171: 156: 93: 77:Temporal range: 71: 70: 21: 13314: 13313: 13309: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13303: 13274: 13273: 13272: 13267: 13259: 13254: 13246: 13241: 13233: 13228: 13220: 13215: 13207: 13205: 13196: 13195: 13190: 13181: 13180: 13175: 13162: 13152: 13147: 13059: 13053: 13045: 13037: 13036:Bucerotiformes 13030:(cuckoo-roller) 13029: 13021: 13013: 13005: 12997: 12989: 12988:Cathartiformes 12974: 12968: 12960: 12959:Psittaciformes 12952: 12944: 12929: 12923: 12922:Pelecaniformes 12915: 12907: 12899: 12891: 12883: 12868: 12862: 12861:Eurypygiformes 12854: 12839: 12833: 12825: 12810: 12804: 12789: 12783: 12765: 12750: 12744: 12736: 12728: 12700: 12694: 12686: 12671: 12665: 12664:Pterocliformes 12657: 12649: 12600: 12589: 12576: 12561: 12485: 12444: 12382: 12347: 12346: 12339: 12338: 12326: 12306: 12279: 12256: 12249: 12209: 12208: 12196: 12195: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12155: 12140: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12109: 12103: 12102:Casuariiformes 12095: 12094:Apterygiformes 12087: 12079: 12071: 12048: 12033: 12004:Lists by region 11972: 11882: 11875: 11816:Chaoyangiformes 11801:Jeholornithidae 11775: 11739:Origin of birds 11725: 11706:Brood parasites 11652: 11582: 11569: 11559: 11529: 11520: 11507: 11481: 11444: 11425:Sinornithomimus 11347: 11290: 11252: 11169: 11163:Compsognathidae 11151: 11138: 11126:Sinosauropteryx 11058:Compsognathidae 11052: 11031: 11022: 10990: 10977: 10960: 10959: 10945: 10918: 10913:Shanyangosaurus 10906:Phaedrolosaurus 10867: 10823: 10789: 10755: 10734:Daspletosaurini 10728: 10701: 10676:Tyrannosaurinae 10670: 10649:Albertosaurinae 10641: 10639:Tyrannosauridae 10632: 10601: 10599:Eutyrannosauria 10588: 10466: 10453: 10434:Proceratosaurus 10405: 10376: 10347: 10336: 10327: 10293:Richardoestesia 10277:Chilantaisaurus 10236: 10223: 10206: 10205: 10186: 10159: 10135: 10095:Australovenator 10073: 10067:Chilantaisaurus 10045:Phuwiangvenator 9967: 9932:Giganotosaurini 9926: 9902: 9814: 9777:Chilantaisaurus 9762: 9702: 9656: 9639: 9591: 9559: 9515: 9506: 9484:Monolophosaurus 9465: 9456: 9430: 9417: 9400: 9399: 9385: 9359: 9319: 9292: 9258:Camarillasaurus 9235: 9201: 9147: 9141:Ostafrikasaurus 9119:Camarillasaurus 9107: 9090: 9040:Afrovenatorinae 9034: 8993: 8969: 8947: 8934: 8892: 8871: 8869:Megalosauroidea 8860: 8851: 8846:Vectaerovenator 8839:Szechuanosaurus 8817:Monolophosaurus 8803:Kaijiangosaurus 8796:Cryolophosaurus 8757:Calamospondylus 8745: 8732: 8715: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8671: 8627: 8608:Pycnonemosaurus 8550: 8461: 8455:Majungasaurinae 8440: 8382:Majungasaurinae 8376: 8371:Xenotarsosaurus 8307:Dryptosauroides 8288: 8271: 8223: 8195:Elaphrosaurinae 8189: 8096: 8082:Ornithomimoides 8050: 8037: 8010: 7959: 7950: 7925: 7912: 7895: 7889: 7867: 7842: 7818: 7746: 7693: 7659:Shuangbaisaurus 7583: 7574: 7501: 7488: 7463: 7443: 7437:Avemetatarsalia 7422:Avemetatarsalia 7412: 7397:Avemetatarsalia 7371: 7370: 7360: 7355: 7325: 7320: 7306:Phytodinosauria 7287: 7274: 7230: 7201: 7195:Sauropodomorpha 7184:Sauropodomorpha 7162: 7127:Herrerasauridae 7121: 7069: 6998: 6985: 6953: 6936: 6867: 6795: 6740: 6738:Dinosauromorpha 6723: 6700: 6618: 6605: 6553: 6518: 6516:Avemetatarsalia 6497: 6494:Avemetatarsalia 6478: 6464:Avemetatarsalia 6458: 6431: 6400: 6368: 6367: 6357: 6352: 6322: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6266:(7678): E1–E3. 6250: 6246: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6176: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6144: 6140: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6049: 6045: 6030: 6026: 6013: 6009: 5987: 5983: 5944: 5940: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5866: 5862: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5826: 5822: 5800: 5796: 5741: 5737: 5692: 5688: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5639: 5635: 5600: 5596: 5581: 5577: 5564:Rowe, T. & 5562: 5555: 5505: 5501: 5464: 5457: 5446: 5442: 5409: 5402: 5371: 5364: 5359:. January 2011. 5351: 5350: 5346: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5276: 5261: 5243: 5239: 5188: 5184: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5081: 5077: 5062: 5058: 5047: 5043: 5012: 5005: 4973: 4967: 4954: 4901: 4897: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4847:(Erratum: 4846: 4790: 4783: 4728: 4724: 4671: 4664: 4629: 4622: 4563: 4559: 4544: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4513: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4487: 4483: 4434:(19): R888–98. 4428:Current Biology 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4356: 4352: 4321: 4317: 4264: 4260: 4220: 4213: 4194: 4190: 4178: 4172: 4165: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4092: 4088: 4027: 4023: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3986: 3982: 3939: 3932: 3892: 3885: 3866: 3862: 3827: 3823: 3778: 3774: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3714: 3710: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3644: 3640: 3597: 3590: 3547: 3543: 3485: 3481: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3445: 3444: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3403:Sauropodomorpha 3393:Marginocephalia 3382:Origin of birds 3369:Reptiles portal 3367: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3304:. 14 July 2006. 3292: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3261:Sauropodomorpha 3257:Herrerasauridae 3184:Dromaeosauridae 3172: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3028: 3026:Compsognathidae 2936:Megalosauroidea 2876:Dilophosauridae 2818: 2711:Herrerasauridae 2687: 2598:Dromaeosauridae 2570:Therizinosauria 2529:Tyrannosauridae 2522:Compsognathidae 2479:Megalosauroidea 2378:, a spinosaurid 2354: 2229:Pachypodosauria 2194:sauropodomorphs 2178:Compsognathidae 2161:to include the 2141: 2136: 2101:Gregory S. Paul 2043:Megalosauroidea 1803: 1795:crocodylomorphs 1774: 1720:Ralph E. Molnar 1716: 1710: 1648: 1599:D. Zhiming 1560:enantiornithean 1552: 1532: 1489: 1487:Stance and gait 1438: 1418:bee hummingbird 1372:, showing that 1368:is longer than 1360:. The original 1327:bee hummingbird 1295: 1289: 1255:Scansoriopteryx 1207: 1155:Oviraptorosaurs 1067: 1046: 1041: 977:, is an extant 966: 959: 928: 924: 894: 865:Szechuanosaurus 855:Shuangbaisaurus 835:Ostafrikasaurus 735:Chilantaisaurus 725:Camarillasaurus 693: 548:Cryolophosaurus 517:Herrerasauridae 387: 311: 303: 302: 301: 300: 299: 293: 286: 278: 277: 274:ornithomimosaur 271: 264: 255: 254: 253: 247: 240: 232: 231: 225: 218: 209: 208: 207: 201: 194: 186: 185: 179: 172: 157: 155: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 88: 87: 78: 75: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13312: 13302: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13252: 13239: 13226: 13213: 13203: 13188: 13172: 13170: 13164: 13163: 13149: 13148: 13146: 13145: 13133: 13121: 13109: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13081: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13065: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13057: 13049: 13044:Coraciiformes 13041: 13033: 13025: 13020:Trogoniformes 13017: 13009: 13001: 12993: 12984: 12982: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12967:Passeriformes 12964: 12956: 12951:Falconiformes 12948: 12943:Cariamiformes 12939: 12937: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12927: 12919: 12911: 12906:Ciconiiformes 12903: 12895: 12887: 12878: 12876: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12858: 12849: 12847: 12841: 12840: 12838: 12837: 12829: 12820: 12818: 12816:Cursorimorphae 12812: 12811: 12809: 12808: 12799: 12797: 12791: 12790: 12788: 12787: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12760: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12748: 12740: 12732: 12723: 12721: 12712: 12706: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12690: 12681: 12679: 12677:Mirandornithes 12673: 12672: 12670: 12669: 12661: 12653: 12648:Columbiformes 12644: 12642: 12640:Columbimorphae 12633: 12624: 12614: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12585: 12580: 12575:Meleagridinae 12571: 12569: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12524: 12517: 12510: 12503: 12495: 12493: 12491:Odontophoridae 12487: 12486: 12484: 12483: 12476: 12469: 12462: 12454: 12452: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12442: 12435: 12428: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12400: 12392: 12390: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12364: 12362: 12353: 12332: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12324: 12316: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12297: 12289: 12287: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12270:Stictonettinae 12267: 12265:Dendrocygninae 12262: 12261: 12260: 12253: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12218: 12216: 12199: 12186: 12143: 12115: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12107: 12099: 12091: 12083: 12075: 12066: 12064: 12050: 12049: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12018:Notable birds 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11980: 11978: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11970: 11968:Egg collecting 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11887: 11885: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11851:Hesperornithes 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11826:Ambiortiformes 11823: 11818: 11813: 11811:Enantiornithes 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11785: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11735: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11662: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11603: 11598: 11592: 11590: 11584: 11583: 11581: 11580: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11558: 11557: 11550: 11543: 11535: 11526: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11471: 11462: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11421: 11414: 11407: 11400: 11393: 11390:Dromiceiomimus 11386: 11379: 11372: 11365: 11357: 11355: 11353:Ornithomimidae 11349: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11338: 11334:Paraxenisaurus 11330: 11322: 11315: 11308: 11300: 11298: 11296:Deinocheiridae 11292: 11291: 11289: 11288: 11285:Shenzhousaurus 11281: 11274: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11243: 11235: 11228: 11221: 11214: 11207: 11199: 11191: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11167: 11158: 11152: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11129: 11122: 11115: 11107: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11082:Beipiaognathus 11078: 11071: 11062: 11060: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11042: 11032: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11013: 11006: 10997: 10991: 10986: 10979: 10978: 10966: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10953: 10939: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10887: 10885: 10877: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10857: 10855: 10845: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10799: 10797: 10795:Tyrannosaurini 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10780: 10773: 10765: 10763: 10761:Teratophoneini 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10746: 10743:Daspletosaurus 10738: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10723:Qianzhousaurus 10719: 10711: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10692: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10668: 10661: 10653: 10651: 10642: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10623: 10620:Bistahieversor 10616: 10608: 10602: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10578: 10571: 10564: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10507: 10500: 10492: 10485: 10477: 10467: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10444: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10415: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10395: 10387: 10385: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10366: 10358: 10348: 10343: 10337: 10334:Tyrannoraptora 10332: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10296: 10289: 10281: 10273: 10266: 10258: 10251: 10243: 10237: 10232: 10225: 10224: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10199: 10180: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10149: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10083: 10081: 10079:Megaraptoridae 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10063: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10026: 10018: 10010: 10004: 9993: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9965: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9941:Giganotosaurus 9936: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9836: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9804: 9796: 9789: 9781: 9772: 9770: 9768:Neovenatoridae 9764: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9753: 9750:Ulughbegsaurus 9746: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9692: 9684: 9676: 9668: 9666: 9657: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9637: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9601: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9582: 9578:Xuanhanosaurus 9573: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9549: 9545:Xuanhanosaurus 9541: 9534: 9531:Asfaltovenator 9526: 9516: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9496: 9492:Megalosauridae 9488: 9480: 9472: 9466: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9446: 9437: 9431: 9426: 9419: 9418: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9393: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9349: 9347: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9310: 9302: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9266:Ichthyovenator 9262: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9226: 9219: 9211: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9191: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9137: 9130: 9127:Cristatusaurus 9123: 9114: 9108: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9084:Poekilopleuron 9080: 9077:Piveteausaurus 9073: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9044: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9011: 9003: 9001: 8999:Megalosaurinae 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8983: 8977: 8975:Megalosauridae 8971: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8958: 8948: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8928:Xuanhanosaurus 8924: 8917: 8910: 8902: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8890: 8887:Yunyangosaurus 8882: 8872: 8867: 8861: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8824:Pandoravenator 8820: 8813: 8810:Kayentavenator 8806: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8777: 8769: 8761: 8752: 8746: 8741: 8734: 8733: 8721: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8661: 8659: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8560: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8541: 8538:Skorpiovenator 8534: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8475: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8450: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8431: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8394: 8386: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8350:Spectrovenator 8346: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8289: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8233: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8199: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8184:Spinostropheus 8180: 8173: 8166: 8158: 8150: 8142: 8134: 8127: 8119: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8086: 8078: 8070: 8061: 8051: 8048:Abelisauroidea 8046: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8028: 8020: 8018: 8016:Ceratosauridae 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8005:Saltriovenator 8001: 7993: 7986: 7982:Fosterovenator 7978: 7970: 7960: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7944:Lophostropheus 7940: 7932: 7926: 7921: 7914: 7913: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7858: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7809: 7805:Pterospondylus 7801: 7794: 7786: 7778: 7775:Lucianovenator 7771: 7764: 7756: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7707: 7701: 7699:Coelophysoidea 7695: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7684: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7638:Lophostropheus 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7598: 7590: 7584: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7564: 7556: 7548: 7540: 7537:Erythrovenator 7533: 7525: 7517: 7508: 7502: 7497: 7490: 7489: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7453: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7430: 7424: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7399: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7308: 7303: 7301:Ornithoscelida 7296: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7220: 7211: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7188: 7186: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7157:Staurikosaurus 7153: 7146: 7139: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7086: 7080: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7057: 7046: 7036: 7026: 7016: 7005: 6999: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6972: 6970: 6954: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6807: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6783: 6772: 6762: 6751: 6741: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6658:Faxinalipterus 6654: 6646: 6644: 6635: 6619: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6571:Incertovenator 6566: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6541: 6537:Incertovenator 6529: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6418: 6412: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6359: 6358: 6351: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6328: 6321: 6320:External links 6318: 6316: 6315: 6244: 6222: 6164: 6138: 6099: 6092: 6069: 6043: 6024: 6007: 5981: 5938: 5885: 5878: 5860: 5845: 5838: 5820: 5794: 5735: 5706:(S78): 1–103. 5686: 5656: 5633: 5614:(3): 510–534. 5594: 5575: 5570:The Dinosauria 5553: 5499: 5455: 5440: 5400: 5362: 5344: 5295: 5288: 5259: 5237: 5182: 5117: 5108: 5095:(4): 640–663. 5075: 5056: 5041: 5030:(2): 119–123. 5003: 4952: 4895: 4781: 4742:(2): 582–587. 4722: 4662: 4620: 4557: 4535: 4504: 4481: 4414: 4389: 4370:(4): 888–896. 4350: 4331:(1): 108–115. 4315: 4258: 4234:(3): 430–435. 4211: 4188: 4163: 4105: 4086: 4021: 4003: 3980: 3930: 3883: 3860: 3841:(1): 239–252. 3821: 3772: 3753:(2): 377–421. 3733: 3726: 3708: 3663: 3656: 3638: 3588: 3541: 3479: 3459: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3358: 3344: 3330: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3253:Ornithoscelida 3200:Martin Ezcurra 3176:G.S. Paul 3169: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3006: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2847:Coelophysoidea 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2660:Hesperornithes 2656: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2636:Enantiornithes 2632: 2625: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2538: 2525: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2482: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2440: 2431:Coelophysoidea 2353: 2350: 2186:Plateosauridae 2182:Ornithomimidae 2174:Megalosauridae 2140: 2137: 2135: 2134:Classification 2132: 2055:Megalosauridae 2047:Spinosauroidea 1972:Early Jurassic 1917:that includes 1897:Early Jurassic 1877:Coelophysoidea 1840:herrerasaurids 1802: 1799: 1773: 1770: 1737:tail vertebrae 1712:Main article: 1709: 1708:Paleopathology 1706: 1647: 1644: 1636:climb in trees 1610:Ceratosaurians 1606:II, III and IV 1594:Xuanhanosaurus 1551: 1548: 1531: 1528: 1523:tyrannosaurids 1488: 1485: 1437: 1434: 1405:common ostrich 1357:Giganotosaurus 1325:An adult male 1291:Main article: 1288: 1285: 1280:Daspletosaurus 1250:dromaeosaurids 1206: 1203: 1119:therizinosaurs 1066: 1065:Diet and teeth 1063: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1033:coelurosaurian 1017:Early Jurassic 896: 895: 891: 890: 889: 888: 885:Xuanhanosaurus 878: 868: 858: 848: 838: 828: 818: 808: 798: 788: 778: 768: 758: 748: 738: 728: 718: 708: 695: 694: 691: 686: 685: 684: 683: 682: 681: 680: 673: 652: 649:Coelophysoidea 642: 632: 622: 619:Spinostropheus 612: 602: 592: 582: 571: 561: 551: 541: 520: 511: 501: 490: 479: 476:Erythrovenator 469: 458: 447: 436: 425: 414: 400: 399: 395: 394: 382: 375: 374: 369: 362: 361: 356: 349: 348: 343: 339: 338: 333: 329: 328: 323: 319: 318: 305: 304: 287: 280: 279: 265: 258: 257: 256: 241: 234: 233: 228:tyrannosauroid 219: 212: 211: 210: 195: 188: 187: 173: 166: 165: 164: 163: 162: 159: 158: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 76: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13311: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13262: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13204: 13199: 13193: 13189: 13184: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13156: 13144: 13143: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13126: 13122: 13120: 13119: 13110: 13108: 13107: 13098: 13097: 13094: 13056: 13050: 13048: 13042: 13040: 13034: 13032: 13026: 13024: 13018: 13016: 13010: 13008: 13004:Strigiformes 13002: 13000: 12994: 12992: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12977: 12971: 12965: 12963: 12957: 12955: 12949: 12947: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12932: 12926: 12920: 12918: 12912: 12910: 12904: 12902: 12896: 12894: 12888: 12886: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12859: 12857: 12855:(tropicbirds) 12851: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12842: 12836: 12830: 12828: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12807: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12792: 12786: 12780: 12778: 12777:Podargiformes 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12747: 12741: 12739: 12733: 12731: 12727:Cuculiformes 12725: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12697: 12691: 12689: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12678: 12674: 12668: 12662: 12660: 12654: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12553: 12551: 12550: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12532: 12530: 12529: 12525: 12523: 12522: 12518: 12516: 12515: 12511: 12509: 12508: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12497: 12496: 12494: 12492: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12463: 12461: 12460: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12447: 12441: 12440: 12436: 12434: 12433: 12429: 12427: 12426: 12425:Macrocephalon 12422: 12420: 12419: 12415: 12413: 12412: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12385: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12357: 12354: 12350: 12343: 12337: 12333: 12323: 12322: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12312:Anseranatidae 12309: 12303: 12302: 12298: 12296: 12295: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12259: 12254: 12252: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12213: 12207: 12203: 12200: 12194: 12190: 12187: 12183: 12177: 12151: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12120: 12116: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12092: 12090: 12086:Tinamiformes 12084: 12082: 12076: 12074: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12062:Palaeognathae 12059: 12055: 12051: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11948:Pigeon racing 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11791: 11790:Archaeopteryx 11787: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11778: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11585: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11572: 11567: 11563: 11556: 11551: 11549: 11544: 11542: 11537: 11536: 11533: 11518: 11514: 11512: 11505: 11476: 11472: 11470: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11455: 11441: 11440: 11436: 11434: 11433: 11432:Struthiomimus 11429: 11427: 11426: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11415: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11383:"Coelosaurus" 11380: 11378: 11377: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11287: 11286: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11278:Pelecanimimus 11275: 11273: 11272: 11268: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11239:Thecocoelurus 11236: 11234: 11233: 11229: 11227: 11226: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11218:Kinnareemimus 11215: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11192: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11165: 11164: 11160: 11159: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11145: 11135: 11134: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11123: 11121: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11108: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11097:Huaxiagnathus 11094: 11092: 11091: 11090:Compsognathus 11087: 11084: 11083: 11079: 11077: 11076: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11040: 11036: 11033: 11030: 11025: 11019: 11018: 11017:Ornitholestes 11014: 11012: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11003: 10999: 10998: 10995: 10992: 10989: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10971: 10967: 10957: 10952: 10950: 10943: 10937: 10915: 10914: 10910: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10861: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10811:Tyrannosaurus 10808: 10806: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10784:Teratophoneus 10781: 10779: 10778: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10745: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10720: 10718: 10717: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10662: 10660: 10659: 10658:Albertosaurus 10655: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10603: 10600: 10595: 10584: 10583: 10579: 10577: 10576: 10575:Xiongguanlong 10572: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10553:Suskityrannus 10550: 10548: 10547: 10546:Stokesosaurus 10543: 10541: 10540: 10539:Santanaraptor 10536: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10515: 10513: 10512: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10482:Alectrosaurus 10479: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10465: 10460: 10450: 10449: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10401: 10400: 10399:Tanycolagreus 10396: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10379: 10372: 10371: 10367: 10365: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10346: 10341: 10338: 10335: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10297: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10262:Bahariasaurus 10259: 10257: 10256: 10252: 10250: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10235: 10234:Coelurosauria 10230: 10226: 10222: 10221:Coelurosauria 10217: 10213: 10203: 10198: 10196: 10191: 10184: 10178: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10145:Coelurosauria 10142: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10120: 10118: 10117: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10022:Bahariasaurus 10019: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10008: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9964: 9963: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9952: 9950: 9949: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9894: 9892: 9891: 9887: 9885: 9884: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9873: 9871: 9870: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9862:Kelmayisaurus 9859: 9857: 9856: 9852: 9850: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9830: 9829: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9797: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9698: 9697: 9696:Saurophaganax 9693: 9690: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9655: 9650: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9627:Siamotyrannus 9624: 9622: 9621: 9617: 9615: 9614: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9535: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9514: 9513:Allosauroidea 9509: 9502: 9501: 9500:Spinosauridae 9497: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9459: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9438: 9435: 9432: 9429: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9411: 9407: 9397: 9392: 9390: 9383: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9316: 9315: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9255: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9245:Spinosaurinae 9242: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9223:Riparovenator 9220: 9218: 9217: 9216:Ceratosuchops 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9180:Riojavenatrix 9177: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9153:Baryonychinae 9150: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9116: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9105:Spinosauridae 9101: 9086: 9085: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9029:Wiehenvenator 9026: 9024: 9023: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9010: 9009: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8941: 8930: 8929: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765:Chienkosaurus 8762: 8759: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8722: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8556:Furileusauria 8553: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530:Rahiolisaurus 8527: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8446:Carnotaurinae 8443: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427:Rahiolisaurus 8424: 8422: 8421: 8420:Majungasaurus 8417: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8357:Tarascosaurus 8354: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8315:Eoabelisaurus 8312: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8300:Chenanisaurus 8297: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8286:Abelisauridae 8282: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8245:Masiakasaurus 8242: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8211:Huinculsaurus 8208: 8206: 8205: 8204:Elaphrosaurus 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8123:Austrocheirus 8120: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8044: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7975:Berberosaurus 7972: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7893: 7887: 7864: 7863: 7862:Halticosaurus 7859: 7857: 7856: 7855:Teinurosaurus 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7782:Megapnosaurus 7779: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7752:Coelophysidae 7749: 7743: 7742: 7741:Powellvenator 7738: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7631:Liliensternus 7628: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7602:Dolichosuchus 7599: 7597: 7596: 7595:Dilophosaurus 7592: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7569: 7568:Herrerasauria 7565: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7521:Daemonosaurus 7518: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7317: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7225: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7150:Sanjuansaurus 7147: 7145: 7144: 7143:Herrerasaurus 7140: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7099:Daemonosaurus 7096: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7078:Herrerasauria 7072: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7033:Daemonosaurus 7027: 7025: 7024: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6992: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6947: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6896:Eucoelophysis 6893: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6734: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6687:Scleromochlus 6684: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6612: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6496: 6495: 6489: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6344: 6342: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6103: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6020:0-19-530411-X 6017: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5990:Matthew, W.D. 5985: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5879:0-8018-6763-0 5875: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5839:0-671-61946-2 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5503: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5472:Chin Sci Bull 5469: 5462: 5460: 5451: 5444: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5407: 5405: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5315:(1): 80–104. 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5289:0-901702-79-X 5285: 5281: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5256:(3): 213–218. 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5019: 5018:Tyrannosaurus 5010: 5008: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4887: 4879: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4540: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4202:Archaeopteryx 4199: 4192: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3463: 3455: 3449: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3359: 3356: 3345: 3342: 3331: 3328: 3317: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3067: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2984:Coelurosauria 2982: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2967:Allosauroidea 2961: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2790:Daemonosaurus 2783: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2685:Relationships 2669: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2534:Tyrannosaurus 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511:Coelurosauria 2509: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2486:Allosauroidea 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2461:Chenanisaurus 2457: 2456: 2455:Majungasaurus 2451: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2414:house sparrow 2410: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2253:W. D. Matthew 2250: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:Coelurosauria 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2190:Anchisauridae 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2105:Archaeopteryx 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2092:Archaeopteryx 2088: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2075:Tyrannosaurus 2071: 2067: 2065: 2062:(the diverse 2061: 2060:Allosauroidea 2056: 2052: 2048: 2045:(alternately 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:coelophysoids 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1919:coelophysoids 1916: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1812:Herrerasaurus 1807: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1663:Archaeopteryx 1659: 1658: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1619:Dilophosaurus 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1589:Tyrannosaurus 1586: 1585: 1580: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:Tyrannosaurus 1379: 1378:Tyrannosaurus 1375: 1371: 1370:Tyrannosaurus 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1339:Tyrannosaurus 1332: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1293:Dinosaur size 1284: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1218: 1217: 1213:Fossil of an 1211: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1112:ornithischian 1109: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 980: 976: 958: 957:ancient Greek 952: 922: 915: 911: 907: 902: 887: 886: 879: 877: 876: 869: 867: 866: 859: 857: 856: 849: 847: 846: 839: 837: 836: 829: 827: 826: 819: 817: 816: 809: 807: 806: 799: 797: 796: 789: 787: 786: 779: 777: 776: 769: 767: 766: 765:Dandakosaurus 759: 757: 756: 749: 747: 746: 739: 737: 736: 729: 727: 726: 719: 717: 716: 715:Bahariasaurus 709: 707: 706: 705:Austrocheirus 699: 698: 697: 696: 690: 689: 679: 678: 674: 672: 671: 664: 663: 660: 656: 653: 651: 650: 643: 641: 640: 633: 631: 630: 623: 621: 620: 613: 611: 610: 603: 601: 600: 593: 591: 590: 583: 580: 579: 572: 570: 569: 562: 560: 559: 558:Dilophosaurus 552: 550: 549: 542: 540: 539: 532: 531: 528: 524: 521: 518: 512: 510: 509: 502: 499: 498: 491: 488: 487: 480: 478: 477: 470: 467: 466: 459: 456: 455: 454:Daemonosaurus 448: 445: 444: 437: 434: 433: 426: 423: 422: 415: 412: 411: 404: 403: 401: 396: 391: 386: 383: 380: 377: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 350: 347: 344: 341: 340: 337: 334: 331: 330: 327: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 306: 297: 292: 291: 290:Archaeopteryx 284: 275: 270: 269: 268:Struthiomimus 262: 251: 250:megalosauroid 246: 245: 238: 229: 224: 223: 222:Tyrannosaurus 216: 205: 200: 199: 192: 183: 178: 177: 170: 160: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 92: 89:233.2–0 85: 81: 80:Late Triassic 72: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 13167: 13140: 13128: 13116: 13104: 13014:(mousebirds) 13012:Coliiformes 12882:Gaviiformes 12874:Aequornithes 12782:Apodiformes 12743:Otidiformes 12719:Otidimorphae 12666:(sandgrouse) 12588:Phasianinae 12554: 12547: 12540: 12535:Odontophorus 12533: 12526: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12478: 12471: 12464: 12457: 12437: 12430: 12423: 12416: 12409: 12402: 12395: 12373:Oreophasinae 12319: 12299: 12292: 12197:(waterfowls) 12193:Anseriformes 11943:Cockfighting 11928:Conservation 11923:Bird feeding 11911:Birdwatching 11901:Ornithomancy 11841:Gansuiformes 11788: 11781:Fossil birds 11743: 11671:Intelligence 11508: 11437: 11430: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11404:Ornithomimus 11402: 11395: 11388: 11381: 11374: 11367: 11360: 11342:Tyrannomimus 11340: 11332: 11324: 11317: 11312:Deinocheirus 11310: 11303: 11283: 11276: 11269: 11245: 11237: 11232:Nqwebasaurus 11230: 11225:Nedcolbertia 11223: 11216: 11209: 11203:Calamosaurus 11201: 11195:Aviatyrannis 11193: 11186: 11161: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11109: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11080: 11075:Aristosuchus 11073: 11067:Aniksosaurus 11065: 11047:Aniksosaurus 11045: 11015: 11008: 11000: 10946: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10816: 10809: 10802: 10782: 10775: 10770:Dynamoterror 10768: 10748: 10741: 10721: 10714: 10694: 10689:Asiatyrannus 10687: 10663: 10656: 10627:Dryptosaurus 10625: 10618: 10611: 10580: 10573: 10566: 10558: 10551: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10523: 10518:Jinbeisaurus 10516: 10509: 10502: 10494: 10489:Aviatyrannis 10487: 10480: 10446: 10441:Sinotyrannus 10439: 10432: 10425: 10418: 10397: 10390: 10368: 10361: 10320: 10313: 10306: 10298: 10291: 10283: 10275: 10270:Bicentenaria 10268: 10260: 10255:Asiamericana 10253: 10246: 10187: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10065: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10030:Deltadromeus 10028: 10020: 10013: 9962:Tyrannotitan 9960: 9953: 9946: 9939: 9919: 9895: 9890:Taurovenator 9888: 9881: 9874: 9869:Lajasvenator 9867: 9860: 9853: 9848:Concavenator 9846: 9838: 9831: 9806: 9798: 9791: 9783: 9775: 9755: 9748: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9694: 9686: 9678: 9671: 9664:Allosauridae 9632: 9625: 9620:Shidaisaurus 9618: 9611: 9604: 9584: 9576: 9551: 9543: 9536: 9529: 9498: 9490: 9482: 9475: 9448: 9440: 9428:Avetheropoda 9415:Avetheropoda 9386: 9345:Avetheropoda 9312: 9305: 9298:Spinosaurini 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9193: 9185: 9178: 9173:Protathlitis 9171: 9164: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9117: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9063:Leshansaurus 9061: 9054: 9047: 9027: 9020: 9015:Megalosaurus 9013: 9008:Duriavenator 9006: 8986: 8961: 8945:Megalosauria 8926: 8919: 8914:Marshosaurus 8912: 8907:Condorraptor 8905: 8885: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8788:Cruxicheiros 8786: 8779: 8771: 8763: 8755: 8620: 8615:Quilmesaurus 8613: 8606: 8599: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8543: 8536: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8478: 8467:Brachyrostra 8453: 8433: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8396: 8389: 8369: 8364:Tralkasaurus 8362: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8305: 8298: 8266:Vespersaurus 8264: 8259:Velocisaurus 8257: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8160: 8154:Deltadromeus 8152: 8144: 8138:Compsosuchus 8136: 8129: 8121: 8113: 8088: 8080: 8074:Lametasaurus 8072: 8064: 8030: 8025:Ceratosaurus 8023: 8003: 7995: 7988: 7980: 7973: 7957:Ceratosauria 7942: 7935: 7860: 7853: 7811: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7739: 7734:Podokesaurus 7732: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7686: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7617:Gojirasaurus 7615: 7610:Dracovenator 7608: 7600: 7593: 7581:Neotheropoda 7566: 7558: 7550: 7544:Guaibasaurus 7542: 7535: 7527: 7519: 7513:Chindesaurus 7511: 7498: 7485: 7448: 7401: 7392: 7357: 7263: 7206: 7172:Eusaurischia 7155: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7113: 7105: 7097: 7091:Chindesaurus 7089: 7062: 7051: 7041: 7031: 7023:Chindesaurus 7021: 7011: 6979:Ornithischia 6968:Ornithischia 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6903:Ignotosaurus 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6861:Technosaurus 6859: 6854:Soumyasaurus 6852: 6846:Pisanosaurus 6844: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6804:Silesauridae 6788: 6777: 6767: 6757: 6695:Venetoraptor 6693: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6649: 6642:Lagerpetidae 6598: 6591: 6586:Spondylosoma 6584: 6577: 6569: 6562:Aphanosauria 6546: 6535: 6492: 6389: 6306:. Retrieved 6263: 6257: 6247: 6234: 6225: 6184: 6180: 6167: 6155:. Retrieved 6151: 6141: 6127:(1): 73–86. 6124: 6120: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6082: 6072: 6060:. Retrieved 6056: 6046: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6010: 6001: 5997: 5984: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5869: 5863: 5854: 5848: 5829: 5823: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803:Ostrom, J.H. 5797: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5672: 5668: 5659: 5646: 5642:Bakker, R.T. 5636: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5589:dml.cmnh.org 5588: 5578: 5569: 5566:Gauthier, J. 5514: 5508: 5502: 5475: 5471: 5449: 5443: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5381:(1): 59–76. 5378: 5374: 5356: 5347: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5279: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5111: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5027: 5023: 5017: 4981: 4977: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4884:{{ 4876:{{ 4865: 4863:, 4801: 4797: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4682: 4678: 4643:(1): 53–61. 4640: 4636: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4526:. Retrieved 4520: 4495:. Retrieved 4484: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4405:. Retrieved 4401: 4392: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4231: 4227: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4182: 4125: 4121: 4108: 4095: 4089: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4016:the original 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3983: 3950: 3946: 3900: 3896: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3717: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3694:– via 3683: 3679: 3666: 3647: 3641: 3608: 3604: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3471: 3462: 3439: 3341:Birds portal 3296:Avetheropoda 3295: 3289:Avetheropoda 3283: 3269:convergently 3249:sister group 3245:Ornithischia 3238: 3235:David Norman 3232: 3227: 3224:Ceratosaurus 3223: 3213: 3207: 3191: 3173: 3046: 3023: 2995: 2964: 2953:Avetheropoda 2933: 2905:Ceratosauria 2902: 2873: 2844: 2813: 2811: 2788: 2786: 2763: 2761: 2738: 2736: 2708: 2696: 2688: 2665: 2605:Troodontidae 2532: 2495: 2489: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2444:Ceratosauria 2434: 2419: 2399: 2386: 2373: 2362:Ceratosaurus 2360: 2352:Major groups 2323: 2302:Deinocheirus 2300: 2294: 2282:Alfred Romer 2275: 2267: 2257:Barnum Brown 2246: 2242:Teratosaurus 2240: 2217:Harry Seeley 2210: 2205: 2198:Hallopodidae 2166:Allosauridae 2153: 2114:(wishbone), 2109: 2104: 2090: 2084: 2080:Velociraptor 2078: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2051:Avetheropoda 2036: 2017: 2013:Ceratosaurus 2011: 2005: 2001:saurischians 1993:Ceratosauria 1977: 1976: 1968:paraphyletic 1962:plus modern 1957: 1938:Ceratosauria 1911:Neotheropoda 1910: 1909: 1905:paraphyletic 1901:Ceratosauria 1886: 1880: 1874: 1867: 1833: 1831: 1824: 1816: 1815:(large) and 1810: 1782:Characichnos 1781: 1775: 1717: 1702:herrerasaurs 1695: 1693: 1679:) could not 1677:prosauropods 1669: 1661: 1655: 1628: 1617: 1603: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1579:abelisaurids 1576: 1545: 1533: 1516: 1509: 1474: 1466: 1459: 1451: 1439: 1436:Growth rates 1426: 1421: 1411: 1402: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1312: 1306: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1246: 1239: 1232:coelurosaurs 1222: 1214: 1196: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1169:spinosaurids 1162: 1151:alvarezsaurs 1135:maniraptoran 1123:prosauropods 1116: 1105: 1099: 1089: 1082: 1074: 1059: 1055: 1047: 974: 920: 919: 910:maniraptoran 883: 875:Wakinosaurus 873: 863: 853: 843: 833: 823: 813: 803: 793: 783: 775:Deltadromeus 773: 763: 755:Compsosuchus 753: 743: 733: 723: 713: 703: 675: 670:Ceratosauria 668: 654: 647: 637: 627: 617: 607: 597: 587: 578:Gojirasaurus 576: 568:Dracovenator 566: 556: 546: 536: 523:Neotheropoda 522: 506: 495: 484: 474: 463: 452: 443:Chindesaurus 441: 430: 419: 408: 384: 378: 365: 352: 296:maniraptoran 288: 266: 242: 220: 204:coelophysoid 198:Coelophysis 196: 174: 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 18:Neotheropoda 13230:iNaturalist 13192:Wikispecies 13142:WikiProject 13052:Piciformes 12935:Australaves 12914:Suliformes 12832:Gruiformes 12687:(flamingos) 12596:Tetraoninae 12567:Phasianidae 12556:Rhynchortyx 12521:Dactylortyx 12388:Megapodidae 12378:Penelopinae 12336:Galliformes 12078:Rheiformes 12072:(ostriches) 12022:individuals 11896:Ornithology 11883:interaction 11638:Preen gland 11469:Maniraptora 11458:Maniraptora 11439:Tototlmimus 11369:Anserimimus 11319:Garudimimus 11305:Beishanlong 11247:Valdoraptor 11188:Arkansaurus 11133:Xunmenglong 11010:Juravenator 10804:Tarbosaurus 10696:Nanuqsaurus 10665:Gorgosaurus 10582:Megaraptora 10568:Timurlengia 10300:Sciurumimus 10248:Aratasaurus 10116:Murusraptor 10038:Fukuiraptor 10001:Megaraptora 9883:Shaochilong 9855:Eocarcharia 9808:Megaraptora 9728:Lusovenator 9606:Alpkarakush 9463:Carnosauria 9314:Spinosaurus 9287:Siamosaurus 9187:Suchosaurus 9134:Iberospinus 9070:Magnosaurus 9049:Afrovenator 9022:Torvosaurus 8773:Chilesaurus 8586:Carnotaurus 8579:Caletodraco 8565:Abelisaurus 8391:Arcovenator 8238:Laevisuchus 8229:Noasaurinae 8131:Berthasaura 8102:Noasauridae 8032:Genyodectes 7997:Lukousaurus 7990:Jubbulpuria 7790:Panguraptor 7768:Coelophysis 7761:Camposaurus 7720:Panguraptor 7712:Dracoraptor 7688:Zupaysaurus 7673:Tachiraptor 7652:Sarcosaurus 7552:Nhandumirim 7136:Gnathovorax 7115:Caseosaurus 6917:Lutungutali 6910:Kwanasaurus 6882:Amanasaurus 6825:Asilisaurus 6818:Agnosphitys 6779:Nyasasaurus 6717:Pterosauria 6706:Pterosauria 6673:Kongonaphon 6666:Ixalerpeton 6616:Ornithodira 6593:Teleocrater 6579:Dongusuchus 6548:Mambachiton 6394:Archosauria 6157:6 September 5137:(1): 3749. 4459:10161/11144 4360:Spinosaurus 3519:11336/69202 3468:"Theropoda" 3408:Thyreophora 3398:Ornithopoda 3204:Gilles Cuny 2552:Maniraptora 2505:Megaraptora 2449:Carnotaurus 2436:Coelophysis 2401:Microraptor 2346:Maniraptora 2296:Deinonychus 2291:Carnosauria 2251:) in 1922, 2237:rauisuchian 2155:O. C. Marsh 2116:pneumatized 2086:Deinonychus 2019:Carnotaurus 2010:(including 2008:ceratosaurs 1959:Coelophysis 1956:in 1998 as 1954:Paul Sereno 1888:Camposaurus 1882:Coelophysis 1766:asymmetries 1724:pathologies 1660:(left) and 1657:Deinonychus 1654:Diagram of 1584:Carnotaurus 1570:amber from 1386:Spinosaurus 1374:Spinosaurus 1366:Spinosaurus 1362:Spinosaurus 1345:Spinosaurus 1275:lepidosaurs 1261:Juravenator 1241:Carnotaurus 1192:gastroliths 1143:troodontids 1127:herbivorous 1114:dinosaur). 1110:(a type of 1086:carnivorous 1050:Paul Sereno 990:carnivorous 986:saurischian 745:Coeluroides 639:Zupaysaurus 629:Tachiraptor 599:Sarcosaurus 486:Nyasasaurus 432:Chilesaurus 421:Caseosaurus 176:Carnotaurus 13278:Categories 12892:(penguins) 12745:(bustards) 12583:Perdicinae 12528:Dendrortyx 12500:Callipepla 12432:Megapodius 12397:Aepypodius 12275:Tadorninae 12257:true geese 12088:(tinamous) 12047:Neornithes 11958:Pheasantry 11933:Aviculture 11701:Incubation 11691:Lek mating 11397:Gallimimus 11326:Harpymimus 11271:Harpymimus 10892:Iliosuchus 10862:see below↓ 10707:Alioramini 10525:Juratyrant 10511:Eotyrannus 10496:Bagaraatan 10448:Yutyrannus 10382:Coeluridae 10308:Vayuraptor 10154:see below↓ 10130:Tratayenia 10123:Orkoraptor 10109:Megaraptor 10015:Aoniraptor 9948:Mapusaurus 9876:Sauroniops 9840:Altispinax 9793:Neovenator 9735:Siamraptor 9721:Datanglong 9688:Epanterias 9680:Antrodemus 9673:Allosaurus 9654:Allosauria 9477:Altispinax 9442:Gasosaurus 9354:see below↓ 9230:Suchomimus 8831:Sinosaurus 8666:see below↓ 8622:Viavenator 8572:Aucasaurus 8509:Ilokelesia 8480:Dahalokely 8435:Rajasaurus 8413:Indosaurus 8406:Genusaurus 8398:Dahalokely 8322:Indosuchus 8218:Limusaurus 8177:Ligabueino 8170:Kiyacursor 8162:Genusaurus 8146:Dahalokely 8066:Betasuchus 7937:Dornraptor 7837:see below↓ 7813:Segisaurus 7666:Sinosaurus 7529:Eodromaeus 7458:see below↓ 7406:Dinosauria 7388:Sauropsida 7299:See also: 7043:Eodromaeus 7013:Alwalkeria 6996:Saurischia 6951:Dinosauria 6931:Silesaurus 6924:Sacisaurus 6839:Lewisuchus 6769:Marasuchus 6759:Lagosuchus 6680:Lagerpeton 6651:Dromomeron 6600:Yarasuchus 6473:see below↓ 6425:Sauropsida 6410:Sauropsida 6385:Sauropsida 6078:Paul, G.S. 6040:(1): 1–73. 6004:: 367–385. 5857:. Freeman. 5671:(annual). 5665:Sereno, P. 5072:: 257–270. 4407:28 October 3992:. Fox News 3880:: 159–166. 3686:(1): 139. 3611:: 103341. 3433:"Appendix" 3416:References 3265:Saurischia 3228:Allosaurus 3186:and other 2892:Averostra 2765:Eodromaeus 2642:Euornithes 2491:Allosaurus 2388:Mapusaurus 2326:cladistics 2287:infraorder 2269:Allosaurus 2221:Saurischia 2202:E. D. Cope 1835:Eodromaeus 1791:pterosaurs 1778:ichnogenus 1758:infections 1624:tetanurans 1614:metacarpal 1568:Cenomanian 1558:Mummified 1536:endocrania 1519:carnosaurs 1455:locomotion 1409:troodontid 1267:Anchiornis 1236:osteoderms 1216:Anchiornis 1176:morphology 1139:omnivorous 1021:Cretaceous 994:herbivores 785:Dornraptor 609:Sinosaurus 465:Eodromaeus 410:Alwalkeria 398:Subgroups 372:Saurischia 359:Dinosauria 182:ceratosaur 13284:Theropods 13198:Theropoda 13168:Theropoda 12961:(parrots) 12805:(hoatzin) 12756:Strisores 12737:(turacos) 12729:(cuckoos) 12658:(mesites) 12577:(turkeys) 12549:Philortyx 12466:Agelastes 12459:Acryllium 12450:Numididae 12439:Talegalla 12349:gamebirds 12342:landfowls 12321:Anseranas 12285:Anhimidae 12244:Anserinae 12027:fictional 11749:dinosaurs 11744:Theropoda 11731:Evolution 11676:Migration 11658:Behaviour 11473:includes 11418:Rativates 11411:Qiupalong 11111:Scipionyx 11104:Mirischia 10777:Lythronax 10716:Alioramus 10370:Labocania 10088:Aerosteon 9634:Sinraptor 9538:Erectopus 9273:Irritator 8858:Orionides 8743:Tetanurae 8730:Tetanurae 8657:Tetanurae 8593:Elemgasem 8516:Llukalkan 8495:Elemgasem 8252:Noasaurus 8115:Afromimus 7923:Averostra 7910:Averostra 7828:Averostra 7680:Velocipes 7499:Theropoda 7486:Theropoda 7449:Theropoda 7374:Kingdom: 7358:Theropoda 7222:includes 7218:Theropoda 7207:Theropoda 6832:Gamatavus 6371:Kingdom: 6235:cam.ac.uk 6217:205254710 5994:Brown, B. 5976:219234316 5771:2167-8359 5755:: e5976. 5730:220601744 5675:: 41–83. 5232:238728702 5224:0891-2963 5159:2045-2322 4929:0962-8452 4870:. If the 4826:1476-4687 4758:1091-6490 4717:221404013 4701:1469-185X 4657:1469-7998 4599:1476-4687 4398:"Ostrich" 4310:257836765 4100:Bonaparte 4041:: 12338. 3767:1096-3642 3633:0895-9811 3575:0036-8075 3448:cite book 3275:Footnotes 2922:Tetanurae 2697:Theropoda 2468:Tetanurae 2375:Irritator 2341:Tetanurae 2233:Sauropoda 2219:'s Order 2206:Goniopoda 2039:Tetanurae 2028:abelisaur 1997:Tetanurae 1991:, namely 1989:dinosaurs 1978:Averostra 1970:. 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