Carnotaurus - Knowledge

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different, irregular pattern of scales. There is no evidence of feathers. Larger bump-like structures were distributed over the sides of the neck, back and tail in irregular rows. These bumps were 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 in) in diameter and up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in height and often showed a low midline ridge. They were set 8 to 10 cm (3.1 to 3.9 in) apart from each other and became larger towards the animal's top. The bumps probably represent feature scales – clusters of condensed

607:. Deformation also exaggerated the upward curvature of the upper jaw. The snout was more strongly affected by deformation than the rear part of the skull, possibly due to the higher rigidity of the latter. In top or bottom view, the upper jaws were less U-shaped than the lower jaws, resulting in an apparent mismatch. This mismatch is the result of deformation acting from the sides, which affected the upper jaws but not the lower jaws, possibly due to the greater flexibility of the joints within the latter. 716: 7377: 941: 150: 6685: 1566: 1034:(distinguishing features) can be found in the skull, including the pair of horns and the very short and deep skull. The maxilla had excavations above the promaxillary fenestra, which would have been excavated by the antorbital air sinus (air passages in the snout). The nasolacrimal duct, which transported eye fluid, exited on the medial (inner) surface of the lacrimal through a canal of uncertain function. Other proposed autapomorphies include a deep and long, air-filled excavation in the 9498: 1248: 8176: 1123: 1537: 8164: 1649: 1717: 8183: 802: 1115: 9492: 8917: 1202: 8171: 2224: 756:; it was estimated at 7.8 m (25.6 ft). Its mass is estimated to have been 1,350 kg (1.33 long tons; 1.49 short tons), 1,500 kg (1.5 long tons; 1.7 short tons), 2,000 kg (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons), 2,100 kg (2.1 long tons; 2.3 short tons), and 1,306–1,743 kg (1.285–1.715 long tons; 1.440–1.921 short tons) in separate studies that used different estimation methods. 982:(the foremost jaw bone) connected to the hindmost jaw bones by only two contact points; this contrasts to the robust-looking skull. Cerroni and colleagues instead found multiple but loose connections between the dentary and the hindmost jaw bones. This articulation, therefore, was very flexible but not necessarily weak. The bottom margin of the dentary was convex, while it was straight in 1903:, the caudal ribs did not protrude horizontally ("T-shaped"), but were angled against the vertical axis of the vertebrae, forming a "V". This would have provided additional space for a caudofemoralis muscle larger than in any other theropod—the muscle mass was calculated at 111 to 137 kilograms (245 to 302 lb) per leg. Therefore, 1256: 969:

teeth have been severely damaged during excavation and were later reconstructed with plaster (Bonaparte, in 1990, only noted that some lower jaw teeth had been fragmented). Reliable information on the shape of the teeth is therefore limited to replacement teeth and tooth roots that are still enclosed

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Cerroni and Paulina-Carabajal, in 2019, used a CT scan to study the endocranial cavity that contained the brain. The volume of the endocranial cavity was 168.8 cm, although the brain would only have filled a fraction of this space. The authors used two different brain size estimates, assuming a

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did not deliver rapid head blows, but pushed slowly against each other with the upper sides of their skulls. Mazzetta and colleagues, in 2009, argued that the horns may have been a device for the distribution of compression forces without damage to the brain. This is supported by the flattened upper

1960:, which were responsible for sight, were relatively small. This indicates that the sense of smell might have been better developed than the sense of sight, while the opposite is the case in modern birds. The front end of the olfactory tracts and bulbs were curved downwards, a feature only shared by 1209:

The skin was built up of a mosaic of polygonal, non-overlapping scales measuring approximately 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) in diameter. This mosaic was divided by thin, parallel grooves. Scalation was similar across different body parts with the exception of the head, which apparently showed a

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articulated directly with the forearm. The hand showed four basic digits, though apparently only the middle two of these ended in finger bones, while the fourth consisted of a single splint-like metacarpal that may have represented an external 'spur'. The fingers themselves were fused and immobile,

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with the neck bent back over the torso. Unusually, it is preserved with extensive skin impressions. In view of the significance of these impressions, a second expedition was started to reinvestigate the original excavation site, leading to the recovery of several additional skin patches. The skull

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muscle, were responsible for tail movement and stability. To maintain tail stability in spite of reduction of these muscles, the caudal ribs bear forward projecting processes interlocking the vertebrae with each other and with the pelvis, stiffening the tail. As a consequence, the ability to make

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is the only known carnivorous bipedal animal with a pair of horns on the frontal bone. The use of these horns is not entirely clear. Several interpretations have revolved around use in fighting conspecifics or in killing prey, though a use in display for courtship or recognition of members of the

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of several skull bones allows for inferences on their probable covering. A hummocky surface with grooves, pits, and small openings is found on the sides and front of the snout and indicates a scaly covering, possibly with flat scales as in today's crocodilians. The top of the snout was sculptured

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bones, were thick and cone-shaped, internally solid, somewhat vertically flattened in cross-section, and measured 15 cm (5.9 in) in length. Bonaparte, in 1990, suggested that these horns would probably have formed the bony cores of much longer keratinous sheaths. Mauricio Cerroni and

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were by comparison highly variable, ranging in size from small and elongated, to large and polygonal, and from circular-to-lenticular in the thoracic, scapular, and tail regions, respectively. This scale differentiation may have been related to regulating body heat and shedding excess heat via

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published in 2021 suggest that previous depictions of the scales on the body are inaccurate, and the larger feature scales were randomly distributed along the body, not distributed in discrete rows like in older artistic depictions and illustrations. There is also no sign of progressive size

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must have mainly preyed upon large animals, possibly by ambush. Cerroni and colleagues, in 2020, argued that flexibility was restricted to the lower jaw, while the thickened skull roof and the ossification of several cranial joints suggest that the skull had no or only little kinesis.

1106:, in front view protruding upwards in a V-shape, their inner sides creating a smooth, flat, top surface of the front tail vertebrae. The end of each caudal rib was furnished with a forward projecting hook-shaped expansion that connected to the caudal rib of the preceding vertebra. 1018:

is the only known non-avian theropod from which a basihyal is known. The back of the skull had well-developed, air-filled chambers surrounding the braincase, as in other abelisaurids. Two separate chamber systems were present, the paratympanic system, which was connected to the

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may therefore have fed mainly on relatively small prey, but also was able to hunt large dinosaurs. In 2009, Mazzetta and colleagues estimated a bite force of around 3,341 newtons. A 2022 study estimating bite force for 33 different dinosaurs suggests that the bite force in

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to spike small prey items; when the teeth were curved upwards, the now backward projecting teeth would have hindered the caught prey from escaping. Mazzetta and colleagues also found that the skull was able to withstand forces that appear when tugging on large prey items.

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used its horns in a way similar to rams. They calculated that the neck musculature was strong enough to absorb the force of two individuals colliding with their heads frontally at a speed of 5.7 m/s each. Fernando Novas (2009) interpreted several skeletal features as

1179:. The largest patch of skin corresponds to the anterior part of the tail. Originally, the right side of the skull also was covered with large patches of skin—this was not recognized when the skull was prepared, and these patches were accidentally destroyed. However, the 1094:(tail) vertebrae. The neck was nearly straight, rather than having the S-curve seen in other theropods, and also unusually wide, especially towards its base. The top of the neck's spinal column featured a double row of enlarged, upwardly directed bony processes called 1685:

sides of the horns, the strongly fused bones of the top of the skull, and the inability of the skull to survive rapid head blows. Rafael Delcourt, in 2018, suggested that the horns could have been used either in slow headbutting and shoving, as seen in the modern

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O’Gorman, José P.; Carignano, Ana Paula; Calvo-Marcilese, Lydia; Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo (August 10, 2023). "A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina".

889:, which led into an air-filled cavity within the maxilla. The eye was situated in the upper part of the keyhole-shaped orbit. This upper part was proportionally small and subcircular, and separated from the lower part of the orbit by the forward-projecting 503:. According to separate studies, rivaling individuals may have combated each other with quick head blows, by slow pushes with the upper sides of their skulls, or by ramming each other head-on, using their horns as shock absorbers. The feeding habits of 1792:

of the lower jaw decreases towards the tip linearly, indicating that the jaws were not suited for high precision catching of small prey but for delivering slashing wounds to weaken big prey. As a consequence, according to this study,

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teeth per side. The teeth had been described as being long and slender, as opposed to the very short teeth seen in other abelisaurids. However, Cerroni and colleagues, in their 2020 description of the skull, stated that all

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Candeiro, Carlos Roberto dos Anjos; Martinelli, Agustín Guillermo. "Abelisauroidea and carchardontosauridae (theropoda, dinosauria) in the cretaceous of south america. Paleogeographical and geocronological implications".

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Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Sereno, Paul C.; Srivastava, Suresh; Bhatt, Devendra K.; Khosla, Ashu; Sahni, Ashok (2003). "A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India".

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differed from all other abelisaurids in having proportionally shorter and more robust forelimbs, and in having the fourth, splint-like metacarpal as the longest bone in the hand. A 2009 study suggests that the arms were

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Greg Paul (1988) proposed that the horns were butting weapons and that the small orbita would have minimized the possibility of hurting the eyes while fighting. Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues (1998) suggested that

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in the northern continents. Several notable traits that evolved within this family, including shortening of the skull and arms as well as peculiarities in the cervical and caudal vertebrae, were more pronounced in

1966:; in other abelisaurids, these structures were oriented horizontally. As hypothesized by Cerroni and Paulina-Carabajal, this downward-curvature, together with the large size of the bulbs, might indicate that 1677:, while the muscular neck would have allowed strong head blows. He also noted an enhanced rigidity and strength of the spinal column that may have evolved to withstand shocks conducted by the head and neck. 1218:("duck-billed") dinosaurs. These structures did not contain bone. Stephen Czerkas (1997) suggested that these structures may have protected the animal's sides while fighting members of the same species ( 1755:

to swallow small prey items whole. In addition, the front part of the lower jaw was hinged, and thus able to move up and down. When pressed downwards, the teeth would have projected forward, allowing

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Ezcurra, Martín D.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E. (May 10, 2010). "An abelisauroid dinosaur with a non-atrophied manus from the Late Cretaceous Pari Aike Formation of southern Patagonia".

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was around 3,392 newtons at the anterior portion of the jaws; slightly higher than the previous estimate. The posterior bite force at the back of the jaws meanwhile, was estimated at 7,172 newtons.

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Canale, Juan I.; Scanferla, Carlos A.; Agnolin, Federico; Novas, Fernando E. (2009). "New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods".

2748: 1006:, in the position they would be in if the animal was alive. These slender bones, supporting the tongue musculature and several other muscles, are rarely found in dinosaurs because they are often 5210:

Lawver, Daniel R.; Debee, Aj M.; Clarke, Julia A.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (January 1, 2011). "A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation of Patagonia, Argentina".

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Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues (1998) propose that the horns might also have been used to injure or kill small prey. Though horn cores are blunt, they may have had a similar form to modern

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Therrien, François; Henderson, Donald; Ruff, Christopher (2005). "Bite Me – Biomechanical Models of Theropod Mandibles and Implications for Feeding Behavior". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).

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Coria, Rodolfo A.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Dingus, Lowell (2002). "A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia".

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The forelimbs were proportionally shorter than in any other large carnivorous dinosaurs, including tyrannosaurids. The forearm was only a quarter the size of the upper arm. There were no

1949:, might have been smaller than in other abelisaurids, as indicated by a low dural expansion – a space on top of the forebrain in which the pineal gland is thought to have been located. 661:

was the second member of the family Abelisauridae that was discovered. For years, it was by far the best-understood member of its family, and also the best-understood theropod from the

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by Mazzetta and colleagues, in 1998, 2004, and 2009, suggest that the animal was capable of quick bites, but not strong ones. Quick bites are more important than strong bites when

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Agnolin, Federico L.; Chiarelli, Pablo (June 2010). "The position of the claws in Noasauridae (Dinosauria: Abelisauroidea) and its implications for abelisauroid manus evolution".

1102:. The epipophyses probably provided attachment areas for a markedly strong neck musculature. A similar double row was also present in the tail, formed there by highly modified 901:. The keyhole-like shape of the orbit was possibly related to the marked skull shortening, and is also found in related short-snouted abelisaurids. As in all abelisaurids, the 511:, while other studies found it preyed mainly on relatively small animals. Its brain cavity suggests an acute sense of smell, while hearing and sight were less well developed. 4049:

Hendrickx, Christophe; Bell, Phil R. (August 2021). "The scaly skin of the abelisaurid Carnotaurus sastrei (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia".

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and other South American abelisaurids. This could indicate that these forms frequently used quick movements of the head and body. Hearing might have been poorly developed in

841:. This opening was formed by the nasal and premaxilla only, while in some related ceratosaurs the maxilla also contributed to this opening. Between the bony nostril and the 974:, were closely spaced, and inclined forwards at approximately 45°. In his 1990 description, Bonaparte noted that the lower jaw was shallow and weakly constructed, with the 4960: 925:

on the top of the skull. The infratemporal fenestra was tall, short, and kidney-shaped, while the supratemporal fenestra was short and square-shaped. Another opening, the

558:. It was the eighth expedition within the project named "Jurassic and Cretaceous Terrestrial Vertebrates of South America", which started in 1976 and was sponsored by the 4560:

Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Cisilino, Adrián P.; Blanco, R. Ernesto; Calvo, Néstor (2009). "Cranial mechanics and functional interpretation of the horned carnivorous dinosaur

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Campione, Nicolás E.; Barrett, Paul M.; Evans, David C. (2020). "On the ancestry of feathers in Mesozoic dinosaurs". In Christian Foth; Oliver W.M. Rauhut (eds.).

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skin impressions. These impressions, found beneath the skeleton's right side, come from different body parts, including the lower jaw, the front of the neck, the

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Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Christiansen, Per; Fariña, Richard A. (June 2004). "Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs".

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was deformed during fossilization, with the snout bones of the left side displaced forwards relative to the right side, the nasal bones pushed upwards, and the

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Snively, Eric; Cotton, John R.; Witmer, Lawrence; Ridgely, Ryan; Theodor, Jessica (2011). "Finite element comparison of cranial sinus function in the dinosaur

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colleagues, in 2020, agreed that the horns supported keratinous sheaths, but argued that these sheaths would not have been greatly longer than the bony cores.

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is derived from the Latin carno ("flesh") and taurus ("bull") and can be translated with "meat-eating bull", an allusion to the animal's bull-like horns. The

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predator, measuring 7.5 to 8 m (24.6 to 26.2 ft) in length and weighing 1.3–2.1 metric tons (1.4–2.3 short tons; 1.3–2.1 long tons). As a theropod,

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Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; O'Gorman, J. P.; Panzeri, K. M. (2023). "A new Cretaceous bird from the Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation (Patagonia, Argentina)".

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Czerkas, Stephen A.; Czerkas, Sylvia J. (1997). "The Integument and Life Restoration of Carnotaurus". In Wolberg, D. I.; Stump, E.; Rosenberg, G. D. (eds.).

3185: 1198:. A row of large scales did probably surround the eye, as indicated by a hummocky surface with longitudinal grooves on the lacrimal and postorbital bones. 2045:

therefore was the latest South American abelisaurid known. By the Late Cretaceous, South America was already isolated from both Africa and North America.

9651: 1822:. These features suggest that the upper jaw was used like a serrated club to inflict wounds; big sauropods would have been weakened by repeated attacks. 496:

approximately 5 mm in diameter. The mosaic was interrupted by large bumps that lined the sides of the animal, and there are no hints of feathers.

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Gasparini, Zulma; De la Fuente, Marcelo (2000). "Tortugas y Plesiosaurios de la Formación La Colonia (Cretácico Superior) de Patagonia, Argentina".

2910: 1098:, creating a smooth trough on the top of the neck vertebrae. These processes were the highest points of the spine, towering above the unusually low 809:

The skull, measuring 59.6 cm (23.5 in) in length, was proportionally shorter and deeper than in any other large carnivorous dinosaur. The

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honors Angel Sastre, the owner of the ranch where the skeleton was found. A comprehensive description of the whole skeleton followed in 1990. After

462:. Within the Abelisauridae, the genus is often considered a member of the Brachyrostra, a clade of short-snouted forms restricted to South America. 1353:. Paleontologists do not universally accept these groups. The Carnotaurinae was defined to include all derived abelisaurids with the exclusion of 1184:

with numerous small holes and spikes – this texture can probably be correlated with a cornified pad (horny covering). Such a pad also occurred in

1014:, three hyoid bones are preserved: a pair of curved, rod-like ceratobranchials that articulate with a single, trapezoidal element, the basihyal. 699:; replicas can be seen in this and other museums around the world. Sculptors Stephen and Sylvia Czerkas manufactured a life-sized sculpture of 837:(bony nostril), was subrectangular and directed sidewards and forwards, but was not sloping in side view as in some other ceratosaurs such as 492:

forelimbs and long, slender hind limbs. The skeleton is preserved with extensive skin impressions, showing a mosaic of small, non-overlapping

704: 532: 707:. This sculpture, ordered by the museum during the mid-1980s, is probably the first life restoration of a theropod showing accurate skin. 4657:"Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles" 1673:

for delivering blows with the head. He suggested that the shortness of the skull might have made head movements quicker by reducing the

570:(still connected together), with only the posterior two thirds of the tail, much of the lower leg, and the hind feet being destroyed by 3647:

Cerroni, Mauricio A.; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana (2019). "Novel information on the endocranial morphology of the abelisaurid theropod

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stages (83.6 to 66 million years ago). Novas, in a 2009 book, gave a narrower time span of 72 to 69.9 million years ago (lower

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was a large but lightly built predator. The only known individual was about 7.5–8 m (24.6–26.2 ft) in length, making

1812:. As he noted, several adaptations of the skull—the short snout, the relatively small teeth and the strong back of the skull ( 636:, a very hard kind of rock, preparation was complicated and progressed slowly. In 1985, Bonaparte published a note presenting 4841: 4723: 4346: 4033: 3381: 3352: 3312: 3160: 2820: 1920:

tight turns would have been diminished, because the hip and tail had to be turned simultaneously, unlike in other theropods.

817:, and the jaws were curved upwards. A prominent pair of horns protruded obliquely above the eyes. These horns, formed by the 4329:

Tykoski, Ronald B.; Rowe, Timothy (2004). "Ceratosauria". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.).

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while running; The ability of an animal's leg to withstand those forces limits its top speed. The running adaptations of

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Kielan−Jaworowska, Zofia; Ortiz−Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Vieytes, Carolina; Pascual, Rosendo; Goin, Francisco J. (2007).

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Rougier, G. W.; Turazzinni, G. F.; Cardozo, M. S.; Harper, T.; Lires, A. I.; Canessa, L. A. (2021). "New Specimens of

2072:. The climate would have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods. The most common vertebrates collected include 1148:

in abelisaurids, because nerve fibers responsible for stimulus transmission were reduced to an extent seen in today's

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from the Late Cretaceous La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina and Meridiolestidan Diversity in South America".

4792: 3463: 1044: 580: 1036: 871: 1974:, a brain lobe thought to be correlated with gaze stabilization (coordination between eyes and body), was large in 976: 8157: 1772:

This interpretation was questioned by François Therrien and colleagues (2005), who found that the biting force of

1052: 6691: 2237: 793:(thigh bone) of the individual measures 103 cm in length, but shows an average diameter of only 11 cm. 787: 6677: 4868:"A highly derived docodont from the Patagonian Late Cretaceous: evolutionary implications for Gondwanan mammals" 4166: 3092:

Carrano, Matthew T.; Sampson, Scott D. (January 2008). "The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".

8922: 4506:"A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria" 5175:

Gurovich, Y.; Beck, R. (2009). "The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria".

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Calvo et al. 2004, a giant and massively-constructed Abelisauroid from the 'Middle Cretaceous' of Patagonia".

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covering. However, this would be the only reported example of horns being used as hunting weapons in animals.

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Wang, Shuo; Stiegler, Josef; Amiot, Romain; Wang, Xu; Du, Guo-hao; Clark, James M.; Xu, Xing (January 2017).

3706: 1895:, a prominent ridge on the thigh bone, and pulls the thigh bone backwards when contracted. Scott Persons and 8175: 5872: 2945: 8936: 1908: 7376: 4479: 4448: 909:(on the skull roof between the eyes) was excluded from the orbit. Behind the orbit were two openings, the 1884:. Scientists calculate that Carnotaurus had a top speed of up to 48–56 km (30–35 mi) per hour. 559: 6684: 149: 8929: 746:, which are highly incomplete, might have been similar or larger in size. A 2016 study found that only 8182: 4932:"A new titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina" 1907:

could have been one of the fastest large theropods. While the caudofemoralis muscle was enlarged, the

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Pol, Diego; Baiano, Mattia Antonio; Černý, David; Novas, Fernando; Cerda, Ignacio A. (May 21, 2024).

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Pascual, Rosendo; Goin, Francisco J.; González, Pablo; Ardolino, Alberto; Puerta, Pablo F. (2000).

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In dinosaurs, the most important locomotor muscle was located in the tail. This muscle, called the

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Restoration of the head showing the soft tissues inferred from osteological morphology of the skull

423:. Known from a single well-preserved skeleton, it is one of the best-understood theropods from the 4833: 776:

and hind limbs, on the other hand, remained relatively conservative, resembling those of the more

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gen. et sp. nov., de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la Provincia del Neuquén, Argentina".

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situated above the caudal ribs would have been proportionally smaller. These muscles, called the

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Skull in multiple views, with details of the skin structures inferred, and the right frontal horn

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remain unclear: some studies suggested the animal was able to hunt down very large prey such as

9608: 9517: 4715: 3604: 5150: 4338: 3304: 3292: 3152: 3146: 1222:) and other theropods, arguing that similar structures can be found on the neck of the modern 9641: 9618: 9603: 9595: 9555: 7888: 7800: 3238:

Bonaparte, José F. (1991). "The gondwanian theropod families Abelisauridae and Noasauridae".

1282: 1281:. Abelisaurids were the dominant predators in the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana, replacing the 1074:

in A) side, B) front and C) top views, with arrows indicating the highly modified caudal ribs

777: 306: 4821: 4707: 4330: 1359:, which is considered a basal member in most studies. However, a 2008 review suggested that 853:, this opening was higher than long, while it was longer than high in related forms such as 640:

as a new genus and species and briefly describing the skull and lower jaw. The generic name

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3D reconstructions of the tail muscles, tail, and pelvic bones seen from the side and above

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was probably well adapted for running and was possibly one of the fastest large theropods.

436: 8916: 3891:(Theropoda, Abelisauridae): implications for hand diversity and evolution in abelisaurids" 970:

by the jaw, and can be studied using CT imaging. The replacement teeth had low, flattened

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Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Farina, Richard A. (1999). "Estimacion de la capacidad atlética de

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Grillo, O.N.; Delcourt, R. (2016). "Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods:

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would have been better than those of a human, although not nearly as good as those of an

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variation in feature scales along different areas along the body. The basement scales of

846: 662: 424: 8170: 5258: 5070: 5015: 4906: 4577: 4407: 4237: 4222:"Ceratosaur palaeobiology: new insights on evolution and ecology of the southern rulers" 4102: 4062: 3967: 3909: 3836: 3757:"The cervical vertebrae of the Late Cretaceous abelisaurid dinosaur Carnotaurus sastrei" 3664: 3600: 3519: 3425:

Juárez Valieri, Rubén D.; Porfiri, Juan D.; Calvo, Jorge O. (2010). "New information on

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Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia"

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brain size of 50% and 37% of the endocranial cavity, respectively. This results in a

1892: 1789: 1674: 1476: 1395: 1331:. Juan Canale and colleagues, in 2009, erected the new clade Brachyrostra to include 892: 864: 622: 610: 5231: 5196: 4820:

Le Loeuff, Jean (1997). "Biogeography". In Padian, Kevin; Currie, Philip J. (eds.).

4603: 4136: 3983: 3929: 3925: 3792: 3626: 3121: 2971: 1498: 1305:

members of the family by cladistical analyses. Its nearest relative might have been

989: 621:

The skeleton was collected on a farm named "Pocho Sastre" near Bajada Moreno in the

546: 282: 9342: 9099: 9009: 8798: 8730: 8593: 8512: 8484: 8444: 8325: 8295: 7813: 7566: 7430: 7287: 7187: 7036: 6943: 6901: 6468: 5778: 5262: 5219: 5184: 5123: 5082: 5074: 5057:(Sauropterygia, Polycotylidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". 5019: 4939: 4910: 4678: 4668: 4589: 4581: 4517: 4411: 4372: 4301: 4293: 4249: 4241: 4197: 4162: 4114: 4106: 4066: 4006: 3971: 3913: 3850: 3840: 3778: 3768: 3702: 3668: 3614: 3523: 3255: 3109: 3017: 2929: 2839:

Salgado, Leonardo; Bonaparte, José F. (1991). "Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae,

2764: 2229: 2190: 1983: 1582: 1385:

use this group. A 2024 study recovered Carnotaurini as a valid clade consisting of

993: 898: 832: 736: 575: 451: 340: 5266: 5023: 4944: 4931: 4070: 3527: 2768: 881:. The lower front corner of the antorbital fossa contained a smaller opening, the 545:-CH 894) was unearthed in 1984 by an expedition led by Argentinian paleontologist 9540: 9405: 9143: 9106: 9038: 8893: 8886: 8714: 8656: 8629: 8619: 8579: 8414: 8273: 8257: 8075: 8047: 8025: 7912: 7757: 7464: 7238: 7121: 7099: 7020: 6849: 6826: 6819: 6797: 6783: 6776: 6737: 6588: 6435: 6362: 6351: 6287: 6175: 6062: 5639: 5548: 5402: 5377: 5078: 3845: 3618: 3449: 3142: 3021: 2753:

Bonaparte 1985 revisited: insights from craniofacial bones, palate and lower jaw"

2205: 2200: 1938: 1835: 1744: 1286: 1180: 1172: 1118:

Shoulder region and arms; hands shown flexed beyond their ability to move in life

1099: 904: 842: 748: 626: 493: 428: 410: 37: 5148: 4644:. Vol. 54587. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 1075–1076. 3303:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. pp. 602: 594: 565: 9370: 9333: 9314: 9276: 9265: 9062: 8775: 8741: 8723: 8703: 8600: 8314: 8059: 7921: 7748: 7730: 7558: 7525: 7511: 7472: 7246: 7107: 7064: 7057: 6979: 6955: 6908: 6867: 6804: 6790: 6518: 6503: 6330: 6164: 6028: 5996: 5985: 5962: 5924: 5785: 5755: 5679: 5618: 5517: 5127: 4829: 4245: 3672: 2186: 2177: 2144: 2113:, among others. Some of the snakes that have been found belong to the families 2110: 2094: 2073: 1953: 1888: 1873: 1560: 1275: 1219: 966: 683: 500: 477: 5188: 4416: 4391: 4201: 4110: 3975: 3259: 3113: 2083:, crocodiles, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and mammals. Other dinosaurs include 1565: 1045: 581: 9635: 9412: 9258: 9219: 9198: 9077: 9070: 8997: 8791: 8764: 8638: 8555: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8462: 8379: 8242: 8214: 8201: 8125: 8002: 7842: 7676: 7607: 7493: 7480: 7225: 7203: 7196: 7160: 7133: 7085: 7009: 6745: 6536: 6510: 6426: 6407: 6400: 6337: 6316: 6295: 6280: 6266: 6225: 6191: 6184: 6103: 5955: 5842: 5835: 5762: 5732: 5721: 5611: 5582: 5575: 5501: 5031: 4930:

Pérez-Moreno, A.; Salgado, L.; Carballido, J. L.; Otero, A.; Pol, D. (2024).

3376:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 165–167. 2160: 2155: 2069: 2038: 2034: 1801: 1785: 1686: 1434: 1429: 1415: 1346: 1313: 1302: 1271: 1087: 1037: 872: 677: 666: 444: 406: 249: 233: 79: 41: 5000: 4741:"Brontosaur killers: Late Jurassic allosaurids as sabre-tooth cat analogues" 3216: 1747:) within the skull and especially the lower jaw, somewhat similar to modern 1214:– similar to those seen on the soft frill running along the body midline in 977: 940: 9384: 9322: 9292: 9212: 9205: 9183: 9175: 9055: 9047: 9027: 8750: 8669: 8607: 8498: 8469: 8421: 8250: 8235: 8010: 7942: 7870: 7849: 7828: 7644: 7600: 7408: 7395: 7325: 7278: 7153: 7043: 6995: 6988: 6925: 6894: 6887: 6768: 6595: 6447: 6344: 6246: 6239: 6134: 6118: 6054: 6005: 5937: 5714: 5597: 5590: 5561: 5524: 5493: 4692: 4531: 4425: 4315: 4297: 4263: 4128: 3864: 2194: 2171: 2136: 2106: 2101: 2097: 1942: 1457: 1447: 1350: 1328: 1145: 1131: 1053: 1031: 1000: 813:

was moderately broad, not as tapering as seen in more basal theropods like

781: 554: 499:

The distinctive horns and the muscular neck may have been used in fighting

489: 262: 3773: 3756: 2181:, the former of which was considered the first record of a South American 1255: 788: 574:. The skeleton belonged to an adult individual, as indicated by the fused 9549: 9438: 9419: 9349: 9299: 9285: 9227: 9168: 9113: 8990: 8784: 8676: 8645: 8562: 8548: 8280: 8228: 8096: 8018: 7981: 7863: 7835: 7788: 7708: 7586: 7443: 7294: 7267: 7167: 7114: 7050: 7029: 7002: 6753: 6559: 6545: 6371: 6218: 6209: 6111: 6082: 6012: 5977: 5970: 5770: 5748: 5741: 5700: 5692: 5668: 5653: 5632: 5540: 5532: 5223: 4585: 4376: 4277: 3885:

Ruiz, Javier; Torices, Angélica; Serrano, Humberto; López, Valle (2011).

2165: 2119: 1912: 1896: 1845:, showing the enlarged caudofemoralis muscle and the V-shaped caudal ribs 1365:

was a derived abelisaurid instead. Carnotaurini was proposed to name the

1361: 1355: 1215: 1190: 1153: 1095: 971: 742: 715: 653: 54: 20: 4673: 3689:

Sampson, Scott D.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (2007). "Craniofacial Anatomy of

1247: 1167:

was the first theropod dinosaur discovered with a significant number of

413:

period, probably sometime between 72 and 69 million years ago. The only

9582: 9377: 9306: 9251: 8872: 8687: 8505: 8491: 8476: 8428: 8362: 8288: 8110: 8103: 8089: 7995: 7928: 7856: 7820: 7773: 7715: 7701: 7668: 7660: 7653: 7634: 7457: 7422: 7210: 6811: 6602: 6552: 6489: 6460: 6415: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6302: 6198: 6157: 6150: 6142: 6126: 6046: 5917: 5793: 5646: 5509: 5368: 4594: 4119: 3783: 2209: 2149: 2140: 2132: 2080: 2065: 2022: 1962: 1818: 1689:, or in blows to the opponent's neck and flanks, as seen in the modern 1670: 1536: 1531: 1471: 1323: 1307: 1135: 1114: 1020: 1003: 949: 826: 687:, allowing scientists to re-evaluate certain aspects of the anatomy of 671: 633: 587: 571: 459: 207: 99: 64: 5244: 5087: 4522: 4505: 3554:

Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (1998).

3481:"A new Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from northwest Patagonia" 1693:. The latter possibility had been previously proposed for the related 1339:; this classification has been followed by a number of studies since. 1251:

Restored cast of the holotype, Museu de Ciências Naturais da PUC Minas

897:. It was slightly rotated forward, probably permitting some degree of 9398: 9391: 9091: 9084: 8757: 8696: 8350: 8068: 7614: 7518: 7253: 6838: 6723: 6710: 6637: 6573: 6496: 6475: 6232: 6095: 5903: 5890: 5808: 5660: 5479: 5466: 5429: 5338: 4337:(Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 2933: 2182: 2030: 1987: 1971: 1740: 1007: 957: 869:, which was formed by recessed parts of the maxilla in front and the 481: 448: 432: 399: 220: 161: 104: 48: 9511: 4775:

XIV Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Ameghiniana

3693:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) From the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". 3343:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 3000:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia". 1716: 1122: 801: 9534: 8982: 8407: 8400: 8372: 8265: 7765: 7146: 6482: 6309: 6070: 5707: 5386: 5362: 4961:"New record of snakes from the Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina)" 4797: 2128: 2076: 2048:

The La Colonia Formation is exposed over the southern slope of the

1916: 1809: 1781: 1648: 1278: 1201: 1176: 1071: 1010:

and not connected to other bones and therefore get lost easily. In

769: 761: 630: 550: 539: 508: 455: 402: 194: 181: 94: 89: 74: 69: 59: 4929: 3821:

and implications for the evolution of South American abelisaurids"

2909:

Bonaparte, José F.; Novas, Fernando E.; Coria, Rodolfo A. (1990).

2017:, which was considered to be approximately 100 million years old ( 1239:

thermoregulation due to its large body size and active lifestyle.

861:. The antorbital fenestra was bounded by a larger depression, the 8540: 8302: 8032: 7935: 7260: 6581: 5151:"First ?cimolodontan multi−tuberculate mammal from South America" 3997:

Senter, P. (2010). "Vestigial skeletal structures in dinosaurs".

2085: 2061: 2060:). This part likely represents the deposits of an environment of 2025:

stage). Later, they were realized to pertain to the much younger

1946: 1881: 1813: 1705: 1690: 1408:

Below is a cladogram published by Canale and colleagues in 2009.

1401: 1274:, a family of large theropods restricted to the ancient southern 1024: 961: 953: 414: 109: 84: 9569: 3276:

Bonaparte, José F. (1996). "Cretaceous tetrapods of Argentina".

785:. Both the pelvis and hind limb were long and slender. The left 665:. It was not until the 21st century that similar well-preserved 9191: 8879: 6323: 5356: 4617:

Chure, Daniel J. (1998). "On the orbit of theropod dinosaurs".

3815:

Persons, W.S.; Currie, P.J. (2011). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).

2114: 2018: 1970:

relied more on the sense of smell than other abelisaurids. The

1223: 1168: 1126:

Bones of the hand, as interpreted by Ruiz and colleagues (2011)

1091: 773: 171: 137: 5109: 4282:"New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous" 3479:

Calvo, Jorge O.; Rubilar-Rogers, David; Moreno, Karen (2004).

3064:. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. pp. 155–158. 1321:

was not closely related to either genus, and instead proposed

8039: 7780: 7722: 2124: 1869: 1748: 1743:. These researchers also noted a high degree of flexibility ( 1701: 1366: 1267: 1211: 1023:

cavity, as well as chambers resulting from outgrowths of the

877:

behind. As in all abelisaurids, this depression was small in

810: 765: 484:

dinosaurs, and a very deep skull sitting on a muscular neck.

469: 395: 5307: 4936:

Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology

3556:"On the palaeobiology of the South American horned theropod 2996:

Paulina Carabajal, Ariana (2011). "The braincase anatomy of

1933:(a measure of intelligence) larger than that of the related 364: 349: 9455: 8082: 4865: 4559: 4361: 4167:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0460:ANCROC]2.0.CO;2

4088: 1297:

Though relationships within the Abelisauridae are debated,

367: 355: 4635: 3586: 3424: 3178:"Butch tail made Carnotaurus a champion dinosaur sprinter" 1990:. The hearing range was estimated to be below 3 kHz. 586:. It was found lying on its right side, showing a typical 4392:"Extreme Ontogenetic Changes in a Ceratosaurian Theropod" 3947: 3478: 1956:, which housed the sense of smell, were large, while the 1345:

is eponymous for two subgroups of the Abelisauridae: the

1149: 5209: 3707:

10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[32:CAOMCT]2.0.CO;2

3646: 2974:(1985). "A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia". 4286:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3884: 2056:, come from the formation's middle section (called the 825:

As in other dinosaurs, the skull was perforated by six

4280:; Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Conrad, Jack L. (July 7, 2004). 3553: 2834: 2832: 5142: 5052: 4981: 4705: 4389: 1784:. These researchers also noted analogies with modern 476:

was highly specialized and distinctive. It had thick

447:, a group of large theropods that occupied the large 370: 352: 346: 343: 5059:

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

4975: 4773:

Bonaparte, 1985 (Saurischia, Sauropoda-Theropoda)".

4432: 4023: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 2747:

Cerroni, M. A.; Canale, J. I.; Novas, F. E. (2020).

2219: 549:. This expedition also recovered the peculiar spiny 427:. The skeleton, found in 1984, was uncovered in the 361: 8864: 5053:O'Gorman, J.P.; Gasparini, Z. (2013). "Revision of 4503: 4463: 4187: 3582: 3580: 2908: 2829: 1864:Mazzetta and colleagues (1998, 1999) presumed that 829:on each side. The frontmost of these openings, the 358: 4889:Sterli, Juliana; De la Fuente, Marcelo S. (2011). 4888: 4276: 4152: 2746: 1982:and other abelisaurids, as indicated by the short 1780:, which may have the strongest bite of any living 4084: 4082: 4080: 3817:"Dinosaur Speed Demon: The caudal musculature of 3799: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 2995: 2624:pp. 188–189 and 202 in Carrano and Sampson (2008) 2013:was found were assigned to the upper part of the 1285:and occupying the ecological niche filled by the 1226:where they provide limited protection in combat. 16:Genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period 9633: 8966: 8832: 3953: 3577: 3271: 3269: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2838: 752:, at 8.9 m (29.2 ft), was longer than 629:, Argentina. Because it was embedded in a large 8323: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4322: 4215: 4213: 4211: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3395: 3393: 2991: 2989: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 948:On each side of the upper jaws there were four 764:, as seen especially in characteristics of the 6847: 5401: 4764: 4077: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3684: 3682: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3534: 3501: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3399: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 480:above the eyes, a feature unseen in all other 5323: 4813: 4365:Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology 4048: 4017: 3814: 3688: 3472: 3431:Paleontologıa y Dinosaurios en América Latina 3266: 3231: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 1317:. A 2008 review, in contrast, suggested that 8212: 5174: 4850: 4758: 4699: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4208: 4148: 4146: 3458:(1st ed.). Princeton University Press. 3437: 3390: 2986: 2955: 2855: 2806: 1899:(2011) argued that in the tail vertebrae of 1808:mainly fed upon very large prey, especially 1301:is consistently shown to be one of the most 705:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 691:. The holotype skeleton is displayed in the 533:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 7406: 7324: 6446: 5203: 4952: 4882: 4629: 4328: 4181: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3721: 3679: 3633: 3413: 3374:Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. 1st Supplement 3341:Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. 3rd Supplement 3326: 3324: 3200: 3128: 3068: 3036: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2123:. Turtles are represented by at least five 1993: 1751:. Elasticity of the jaw would have allowed 379: 136:Mounted skeletal cast at Chlupáč Museum in 9652:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America 5330: 5316: 5296:at Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. 4732: 4499: 4497: 4355: 4270: 3990: 2699: 1377:; only those paleontologists who consider 127: 5086: 4943: 4914: 4819: 4682: 4672: 4610: 4593: 4538: 4521: 4415: 4305: 4253: 4143: 4118: 3854: 3844: 3782: 3772: 3735:"Carnotaurus – delving into self-parody?" 3608: 3278:Münchener Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlung 3275: 3237: 2970: 2815:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6721: 6636: 5901: 5477: 5303:Skeletal reconstruction by Scott Hartman 4793:"Predatory dinosaur was fearsomely fast" 4654: 4383: 4219: 3871: 3361: 3321: 3284: 3207:Headden, Jaime A. (September 19, 2006). 2783: 2669:p. 186 and 190 in Mazzetta et al. (1998) 1997: 1715: 1711: 1647: 1643: 1254: 1246: 1200: 1121: 1113: 1065: 988: 944:Schematic diagram of reconstructed skull 939: 937:, this opening was comparatively large. 800: 714: 609: 522: 4494: 3732: 3215:. Dinosaur Mailing List. Archived from 3206: 1156:, which also have vestigial forelimbs. 9634: 4958: 4738: 4469: 4438: 3996: 3754: 3748: 3455:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2354:p. 163 in Juárez Valieri et al. (2010) 2345:p. 162 in Juárez Valieri et al. (2010) 2327:p. 162 in Juárez Valieri et al. (2010) 1078:The vertebral column consisted of ten 703:that was previously on display at the 614:Illustration of the known material of 9516: 9515: 8954: 8953: 8199: 7393: 6708: 5888: 5464: 5349: 5311: 4714:. Indiana University Press. pp. 4616: 2813:The age of dinosaurs in South America 2810: 2052:. Most vertebrate fossils, including 1868:was a swift runner, arguing that the 562:. The skeleton is well-preserved and 3448: 3367: 3330: 3290: 3175: 3169: 3141: 2642:p. 202 in Carrano and Sampson (2008) 2633:p. 202 in Carrano and Sampson (2008) 2525:p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008) 2435:p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008) 2372:p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008) 2336:p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008) 2300:p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008) 2291:p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008) 1739:, as shown by studies of modern-day 1680:Other studies suggest that rivaling 933:, was located in the lower jaw – in 693:Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences 488:was further characterized by small, 3094:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1923: 1229:More recent studies of the skin of 1042:and an elongated depression on the 13: 4566:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4155:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3695:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3002:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1841:Cross section through the tail of 1660:same species is possible as well. 14: 9688: 8200: 5284: 4984:Revista Española de Paleontología 1731:Analyses of the jaw structure of 1242: 734:one of the largest abelisaurids. 9496: 9490: 9483: 8935: 8928: 8921: 8915: 8181: 8174: 8169: 8162: 8156: 7394: 7375: 7368: 7361: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 5871: 5865: 5238: 5168: 5103: 5046: 4994: 4923: 4916:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01002.x 4642:Summer Bioengineering Conference 4011:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00640.x 3918:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01091.x 3148:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World 2681: 2672: 2471:p. 191 in Mazzetta et al. (1998) 2390:p. 187 in Mazzetta et al. (1998) 2222: 1931:reptile encephalization quotient 1850: 1834: 1586: 1564: 1535: 1497: 1475: 1433: 339: 148: 52: 4785: 4648: 4042: 3495: 3151:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2399:p. 79 in Mazzetta et al. (2004) 2393: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2238:Timeline of ceratosaur research 2009:Originally, the rocks in which 1816:)—had independently evolved in 1638: 1294:than in any other abelisaurid. 5177:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 5116:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4028:. Springer. pp. 213–243. 2267: 2258: 2249: 2169:). Mammals are represented by 2089:, which is closely related to 1872:was adapted to withstand high 1266:is one of the best-understood 1205:Skin impressions from the tail 710: 454:in the southern landmasses of 1: 9672:Fossil taxa described in 1985 6709: 5889: 5465: 5337: 5267:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105595 5158:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 5024:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105674 4945:10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997 4769:Salgado y Bonaparte, 1991, y 4640:and head-clubbing giraffes". 4071:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104994 3761:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3528:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.001 3176:Yong, Ed (October 18, 2011). 2769:10.1080/08912963.2020.1802445 2693: 2543:p. 1276 in Ruiz et al. (2011) 2363:p. 556 in Calvo et al. (2004) 1825: 999:The lower jaw was found with 9677:Taxa named by José Bonaparte 5079:10.1080/03115518.2013.736788 3956:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3846:10.1371/journal.pone.0025763 3619:10.1080/08912960410001715132 3022:10.1080/02724634.2011.550354 2976:National Geographic Research 2417:p. 28–32 in Bonaparte (1990) 1697:in a 2011 conference paper. 1109: 1061: 518: 7: 4959:Albino, Adriana M. (2000). 3691:Majungasaurus crenatissimus 3301:Dinosaurs, the encyclopedia 2811:Novas, Fernando E. (2009). 2660:pp. 260–261 in Novas (2009) 2651:pp. 259–261 in Novas (2009) 2615:pp. 256–261 in Novas (2009) 2588:pp. 264–299 in Novas (2009) 2579:pp. 264–299 in Novas (2009) 2215: 2201:Ferugliotherium windhauseni 2143:). Plesiosaurs include two 1381:as the nearest relative of 1139:and may have lacked claws. 1070:Sixth tail vertebra of the 960:were equipped with fifteen 560:National Geographic Society 443:is a derived member of the 10: 9693: 5128:10.1007/s10914-021-09585-2 4739:Bakker, Robert T. (1998). 4246:10.1038/s41598-018-28154-x 3673:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.09.005 2606:p. 276–277 in Novas (2009) 2444:p. 4–5 in Bonaparte (1990) 669:were described, including 599:pushed backwards onto the 18: 9524: 9480: 9437: 9332: 9275: 9246: 9237: 9163: 9154: 9138: 9127: 9037: 9022: 9018: 9007: 8977: 8962: 8949: 8913: 8860: 8828: 8774: 8740: 8713: 8686: 8664: 8655: 8628: 8617: 8588: 8577: 8457: 8453: 8442: 8390: 8361: 8338: 8334: 8312: 8223: 8208: 8195: 8154: 8124: 8058: 7990: 7980: 7976: 7911: 7896: 7887: 7808: 7799: 7747: 7696: 7687: 7643: 7632: 7576: 7553: 7544: 7506: 7502: 7491: 7452: 7441: 7417: 7402: 7389: 7358: 7320: 7277: 7233: 7224: 7186: 7141: 7132: 7094: 7083: 7019: 6978: 6963: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6923: 6877: 6862: 6858: 6836: 6732: 6717: 6704: 6666: 6632: 6535: 6455: 6425: 6361: 6275: 6264: 6208: 6174: 6090: 6081: 6041: 6037: 6026: 5995: 5950: 5946: 5935: 5912: 5897: 5884: 5862: 5827: 5807: 5731: 5687: 5678: 5570: 5559: 5488: 5473: 5460: 5428: 5410: 5397: 5345: 5212:Annals of Carnegie Museum 5189:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3 4824:Encyclopedia of dinosaurs 4710:The carnivorous dinosaurs 4655:Sakamoto, Manabu (2022). 4417:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043 4220:Delcourt, Rafael (2018). 4202:10.11646/zootaxa.2450.1.1 4111:10.1007/s00114-008-0487-4 4026:The Evolution of Feathers 3976:10.1007/s12542-009-0044-2 3368:Glut, Donald F. (2000). " 3260:10.1080/10292389109380385 3114:10.1017/S1477201907002246 2597:p. 32 in Bonaparte (1990) 2561:p. 32 in Bonaparte (1990) 2552:p. 32 in Bonaparte (1990) 2381:p. 30 in Bonaparte (1990) 2318:p. 38 in Bonaparte (1990) 2058:middle facies association 1722:Dinosaur Discovery Museum 1579: 1557: 1550: 1528: 1521: 1490: 1468: 1461: 1451: 1426: 1419: 1134:in the hand, so that the 1090:and an unknown number of 760:was a highly specialized 312: 305: 145:Scientific classification 143: 135: 126: 30: 3331:Glut, Donald F. (2003). 3291:Glut, Donald F. (1997). 2922:Contributions in Science 2678:p. 3 in Bonaparte (1990) 2570:p. 3 in Bonaparte (1990) 2516:p. 6 in Bonaparte (1990) 2507:p. 6 in Bonaparte (1990) 2498:p. 6 in Bonaparte (1990) 2489:p. 6 in Bonaparte (1990) 2462:p. 3 in Bonaparte (1990) 2453:p. 5 in Bonaparte (1990) 2426:p. 8 in Bonaparte (1990) 2309:p. 3 in Bonaparte (1990) 2282:p. 2 in Bonaparte (1990) 2273:p. 2 in Bonaparte (1990) 2264:p. 2 in Bonaparte (1990) 2243: 2195:Argentodites coloniensis 2178:Coloniatherium cilinskii 2117:and Madtsoidae, such as 1994:Age and paleoenvironment 796: 719:Scale diagram comparing 19:Not to be confused with 5112:Reigitherium bunodontum 3887:"The hand structure of 3733:Hartman, Scott (2012). 3427:Ekrixinatosaurus novasi 2534:pp. 257 in Novas (2009) 2172:Reigitherium bunodontum 2050:North Patagonian Massif 1159: 772:and the forelimbs. The 4298:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692 3755:Méndez, Ariel (2014). 3653:Comptes Rendus Palevol 3504:Pycnonemosaurus nevesi 3062:Dinofest International 2687:p. 276 in Novas (2009) 2480:p. 255 in Novas (2009) 2408:p. 276 in Novas (2009) 2255:p. 276 in Novas (2009) 2212:have been discovered. 2120:Alamitophis argentinus 2015:Gorro Frigio Formation 2006: 1776:was twice that of the 1728: 1653: 1260: 1252: 1206: 1127: 1119: 1075: 996: 945: 921:supratemporal fenestra 913:infratemporal fenestra 845:(eye opening) was the 806: 724: 618: 535: 9667:Cañadón Asfalto Basin 9604:Paleobiology Database 7889:Carcharodontosaurinae 7801:Carcharodontosauridae 4470:Sereno, Paul (2005). 4439:Sereno, Paul (2005). 3935:on September 22, 2017 3774:10.4202/app.2011.0129 2102:Titanomachya gimenezi 2001: 1719: 1712:Jaw function and diet 1704:horns if there was a 1651: 1644:Function of the horns 1258: 1250: 1204: 1125: 1117: 1069: 992: 943: 885:promaxillary fenestra 804: 718: 613: 526: 468:was a lightly built, 9662:Fossils of Argentina 9657:Cretaceous Argentina 9647:Maastrichtian genera 8865:Dubious coelurosaurs 7578:Metriacanthosaurinae 7546:Metriacanthosauridae 5828:Dubious neotheropods 5224:10.2992/007.080.0104 4586:10.1671/039.029.0313 3219:on February 22, 2012 2208:and, possibly, of a 2027:La Colonia Formation 1937:but smaller than in 1737:capturing small prey 1283:carcharodontosaurids 1051: 1043: 1035: 975: 926: 918: 917:on the side and the 910: 902: 890: 882: 870: 862: 830: 827:major skull openings 786: 697:Bernardino Rivadavia 600: 592: 579: 563: 437:La Colonia Formation 7902:Carcharodontosaurus 7689:Carcharodontosauria 5259:2023CrRes.15005595A 5247:Cretaceous Research 5071:2013Alch...37..163O 5055:Sulcusuchus erraini 5016:2023CrRes.15205674O 5004:Cretaceous Research 4907:2011Palgy..54...63S 4771:Carnotaurus sastrei 4767:Amargasaurus cazaui 4674:10.7717/peerj.13731 4578:2009JVPal..29..822M 4562:Carnotaurus sastrei 4408:2017CBio...27..144W 4292:(1546): 1325–1330. 4238:2018NatSR...8.9730D 4103:2009NW.....96..409C 4091:Naturwissenschaften 4063:2021CrRes.12804994H 4051:Cretaceous Research 3968:2010PalZ...84..293A 3910:2011Palgy..54.1271R 3889:Carnotaurus sastrei 3837:2011PLoSO...625763P 3819:Carnotaurus sastrei 3665:2019CRPal..18..985C 3649:Carnotaurus sastrei 3601:2004HBio...16...71M 3558:Carnotaurus sastrei 3520:2017CrRes..69...71G 3508:Cretaceous Research 3252:1991HBio....5....1B 3211:Carnotaurus sastrei 3188:on October 29, 2018 3182:National Geographic 3106:2008JSPal...6..183C 3014:2011JVPal..31..378P 2998:Carnotaurus sastrei 2913:Carnotaurus sastrei 2841:Amargasaurus cazaui 2751:Carnotaurus sastrei 2185:, and the possible 929:mandibular fenestra 847:antorbital fenestra 663:Southern Hemisphere 638:Carnotaurus sastrei 538:The only skeleton ( 425:Southern Hemisphere 420:Carnotaurus sastrei 319:Carnotaurus sastrei 9357:Archaeornithomimus 7878:Veterupristisaurus 7738:Veterupristisaurus 7594:Metriacanthosaurus 7534:Piatnitzkysauridae 6969:Eustreptospondylus 6879:Piatnitzkysauridae 6762:Chuandongocoelurus 5626:Notatesseraeraptor 4801:. October 21, 2011 4226:Scientific Reports 3999:Journal of Zoology 3589:Historical Biology 3506:is the new king". 3240:Historical Biology 2972:Bonaparte, José F. 2757:Historical Biology 2007: 1891:, attaches to the 1804:(1998) found that 1778:American alligator 1729: 1726:Kenosha, Wisconsin 1654: 1261: 1253: 1207: 1188:but was absent in 1128: 1120: 1076: 997: 946: 807: 725: 619: 536: 435:from rocks of the 9629: 9628: 9591:Open Tree of Life 9518:Taxon identifiers 9509: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9478: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9239:Macrocheiriformes 9156:Ornithomimosauria 9130:Maniraptoriformes 9123: 9122: 8969:Maniraptoromorpha 8956:Maniraptoromorpha 8945: 8944: 8911: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8834:Maniraptoromorpha 8824: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8573: 8572: 8438: 8437: 8392:Proceratosauridae 8344:Chingkankousaurus 8191: 8190: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8120: 8119: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7385: 7384: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7220: 7219: 7176:Vallibonavenatrix 7079: 7078: 7075: 7074: 6919: 6918: 6700: 6699: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6022: 6021: 5880: 5879: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5803: 5802: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 4843:978-0-12-226810-6 4725:978-0-253-34539-4 4523:10.1111/cla.12583 4348:978-0-520-24209-8 4035:978-3-030-27222-7 3383:978-0-7864-0591-6 3354:978-0-7864-1166-5 3314:978-0-375-82419-7 3162:978-0-671-61946-6 2951:on July 21, 2010. 2822:978-0-253-35289-7 2763:(10): 2444–2485. 2191:multituberculates 2109:; and an unnamed 2086:Koleken inakayali 1945:, which produces 1893:fourth trochanter 1790:flexural strength 1675:moment of inertia 1635: 1634: 1626: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1598: 1510: 1509: 1100:spinous processes 956:teeth, while the 623:Telsen Department 330: 329: 286: 9684: 9622: 9621: 9612: 9611: 9599: 9598: 9586: 9585: 9573: 9572: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9513: 9512: 9500: 9494: 9487: 9343:Aepyornithomimus 9244: 9243: 9161: 9160: 9136: 9135: 9100:Sinocalliopteryx 9020: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9010:Neocoelurosauria 8975: 8974: 8964: 8963: 8951: 8950: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8919: 8862: 8861: 8830: 8829: 8799:Zhuchengtyrannus 8731:Thanatotheristes 8662: 8661: 8626: 8625: 8594:Appalachiosaurus 8586: 8585: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8445:Pantyrannosauria 8336: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8326:Tyrannosauroidea 8321: 8320: 8296:Xinjiangovenator 8221: 8220: 8210: 8209: 8197: 8196: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8166: 8160: 7988: 7987: 7978: 7977: 7894: 7893: 7814:Acrocanthosaurus 7806: 7805: 7694: 7693: 7641: 7640: 7567:Yangchuanosaurus 7551: 7550: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7450: 7449: 7431:Lourinhanosaurus 7415: 7414: 7404: 7403: 7391: 7390: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7322: 7321: 7288:Sigilmassasaurus 7231: 7230: 7188:Ceratosuchopsini 7139: 7138: 7092: 7091: 7037:Dubreuillosaurus 6961: 6960: 6944:Streptospondylus 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6902:Piatnitzkysaurus 6860: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6845: 6844: 6730: 6729: 6719: 6718: 6706: 6705: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6634: 6633: 6469:Ekrixinatosaurus 6453: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6273: 6272: 6088: 6087: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6034: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5910: 5909: 5899: 5898: 5886: 5885: 5875: 5869: 5779:Procompsognathus 5685: 5684: 5568: 5567: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5474: 5462: 5461: 5408: 5407: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5347: 5346: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5299: 5279: 5278: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5122:(4): 1051–1081. 5107: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5050: 5044: 5043: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4863: 4848: 4847: 4827: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4745: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4713: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4676: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4557: 4536: 4535: 4525: 4501: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4478:. Archived from 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4447:. Archived from 4436: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4336: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4257: 4217: 4206: 4205: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4122: 4086: 4075: 4074: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3934: 3928:. Archived from 3904:(6): 1271–1277. 3895: 3882: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3848: 3812: 3797: 3796: 3786: 3776: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3730: 3719: 3718: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3612: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3564: 3551: 3532: 3531: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3450:Paul, Gregory S. 3446: 3435: 3434: 3422: 3411: 3410: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3184:. Archived from 3173: 3167: 3166: 3143:Paul, Gregory S. 3139: 3126: 3125: 3089: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3034: 3033: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2968: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2944:. Archived from 2934:10.5962/p.226819 2919: 2906: 2853: 2852: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2808: 2781: 2780: 2744: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2232: 2230:Dinosaurs portal 2227: 2226: 2225: 2210:neornithine bird 2204:. Remains of an 2187:gondwanatherians 2029:, dating to the 1924:Brain and senses 1854: 1838: 1590: 1583:Ekrixinatosaurus 1568: 1553: 1552: 1539: 1524: 1523: 1501: 1479: 1464: 1463: 1454: 1453: 1437: 1422: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1055: 1047: 1039: 994:Life restoration 979: 930: 922: 914: 906: 899:binocular vision 894: 893:postorbital bone 886: 874: 866: 865:antorbital fossa 834: 790: 737:Ekrixinatosaurus 604: 596: 583: 567: 458:during the late 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 321: 317: 281: 274: 261: 248: 232: 153: 152: 131: 121: 51: 36:Temporal range: 28: 27: 9692: 9691: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9617: 9615: 9607: 9602: 9594: 9589: 9581: 9576: 9568: 9563: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9520: 9510: 9501: 9488: 9462: 9425: 9406:Sinornithomimus 9328: 9271: 9233: 9150: 9144:Compsognathidae 9132: 9119: 9107:Sinosauropteryx 9039:Compsognathidae 9033: 9012: 9003: 8971: 8958: 8941: 8940: 8926: 8899: 8894:Shanyangosaurus 8887:Phaedrolosaurus 8848: 8804: 8770: 8736: 8715:Daspletosaurini 8709: 8682: 8657:Tyrannosaurinae 8651: 8630:Albertosaurinae 8622: 8620:Tyrannosauridae 8613: 8582: 8580:Eutyrannosauria 8569: 8447: 8434: 8415:Proceratosaurus 8386: 8357: 8328: 8317: 8308: 8274:Richardoestesia 8258:Chilantaisaurus 8217: 8204: 8187: 8186: 8167: 8140: 8116: 8076:Australovenator 8054: 8048:Chilantaisaurus 8026:Phuwiangvenator 7948: 7913:Giganotosaurini 7907: 7883: 7795: 7758:Chilantaisaurus 7743: 7683: 7637: 7620: 7572: 7540: 7496: 7487: 7465:Monolophosaurus 7446: 7437: 7411: 7398: 7381: 7380: 7366: 7340: 7300: 7273: 7239:Camarillasaurus 7216: 7182: 7128: 7122:Ostafrikasaurus 7100:Camarillasaurus 7088: 7071: 7021:Afrovenatorinae 7015: 6974: 6950: 6928: 6915: 6873: 6852: 6850:Megalosauroidea 6841: 6832: 6827:Vectaerovenator 6820:Szechuanosaurus 6798:Monolophosaurus 6784:Kaijiangosaurus 6777:Cryolophosaurus 6738:Calamospondylus 6726: 6713: 6696: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6652: 6608: 6589:Pycnonemosaurus 6531: 6442: 6436:Majungasaurinae 6421: 6363:Majungasaurinae 6357: 6352:Xenotarsosaurus 6288:Dryptosauroides 6269: 6252: 6204: 6176:Elaphrosaurinae 6170: 6077: 6063:Ornithomimoides 6031: 6018: 5991: 5940: 5931: 5906: 5893: 5876: 5870: 5848: 5823: 5799: 5727: 5674: 5640:Shuangbaisaurus 5564: 5555: 5482: 5469: 5444: 5424: 5418:Avemetatarsalia 5403:Avemetatarsalia 5393: 5378:Avemetatarsalia 5352: 5351: 5341: 5336: 5297: 5287: 5282: 5243: 5239: 5208: 5204: 5173: 5169: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5108: 5104: 5051: 5047: 4999: 4995: 4980: 4976: 4957: 4953: 4928: 4924: 4887: 4883: 4864: 4851: 4844: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4763: 4759: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4704: 4700: 4653: 4649: 4634: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4558: 4539: 4502: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4482:on May 16, 2012 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4451:on May 16, 2012 4441:"Carnotaurinae" 4437: 4433: 4396:Current Biology 4388: 4384: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4327: 4323: 4278:Sereno, Paul C. 4275: 4271: 4218: 4209: 4186: 4182: 4151: 4144: 4087: 4078: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4022: 4018: 3995: 3991: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3893: 3883: 3872: 3813: 3800: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3722: 3687: 3680: 3645: 3634: 3610:10.1.1.694.1650 3585: 3578: 3562: 3552: 3535: 3500: 3496: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3447: 3438: 3423: 3414: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3289: 3285: 3274: 3267: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3140: 3129: 3090: 3069: 3058: 3037: 2994: 2987: 2969: 2956: 2948: 2917: 2907: 2856: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2809: 2784: 2745: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2206:enantiornithine 2135:) and one from 1996: 1954:olfactory bulbs 1926: 1909:epaxial muscles 1874:bending moments 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1828: 1714: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1511: 1245: 1181:surface texture 1173:shoulder girdle 1162: 1112: 1082:(neck), twelve 1064: 1057: 1049: 1041: 981: 932: 924: 916: 908: 896: 888: 876: 868: 836: 799: 792: 749:Pycnonemosaurus 713: 627:Chubut Province 606: 598: 585: 569: 521: 429:Chubut Province 411:Late Cretaceous 391: 388: 385: 382: 342: 338: 326: 325:Bonaparte, 1985 323: 315: 314: 301: 298:C. sastrei 280: 272: 259: 246: 230: 147: 122: 120: 119: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 46: 45: 38:Late Cretaceous 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9690: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9613: 9600: 9587: 9574: 9561: 9546: 9530: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9452: 9443: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9371:Dromiceiomimus 9367: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9338: 9336: 9334:Ornithomimidae 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9319: 9315:Paraxenisaurus 9311: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9281: 9279: 9277:Deinocheiridae 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9266:Shenzhousaurus 9262: 9255: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9224: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9180: 9172: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9139: 9133: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9063:Beipiaognathus 9059: 9052: 9043: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9023: 9013: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8994: 8987: 8978: 8972: 8967: 8960: 8959: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8934: 8920: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8868: 8866: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8838: 8836: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8778: 8776:Tyrannosaurini 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8746: 8744: 8742:Teratophoneini 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8727: 8724:Daspletosaurus 8719: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8704:Qianzhousaurus 8700: 8692: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8673: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8642: 8634: 8632: 8623: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8604: 8601:Bistahieversor 8597: 8589: 8583: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8473: 8466: 8458: 8448: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8396: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8376: 8368: 8366: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8329: 8324: 8318: 8315:Tyrannoraptora 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8232: 8224: 8218: 8213: 8206: 8205: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8180: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8064: 8062: 8060:Megaraptoridae 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8044: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8007: 7999: 7991: 7985: 7974: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7922:Giganotosaurus 7917: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7785: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7753: 7751: 7749:Neovenatoridae 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7734: 7731:Ulughbegsaurus 7727: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7673: 7665: 7657: 7649: 7647: 7638: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7582: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7559:Xuanhanosaurus 7554: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7530: 7526:Xuanhanosaurus 7522: 7515: 7512:Asfaltovenator 7507: 7497: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7477: 7473:Megalosauridae 7469: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7427: 7418: 7412: 7407: 7400: 7399: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7374: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7291: 7283: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7247:Ichthyovenator 7243: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7192: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7172: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7118: 7111: 7108:Cristatusaurus 7104: 7095: 7089: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7065:Poekilopleuron 7061: 7058:Piveteausaurus 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6982: 6980:Megalosaurinae 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6964: 6958: 6956:Megalosauridae 6952: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6939: 6929: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6909:Xuanhanosaurus 6905: 6898: 6891: 6883: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6868:Yunyangosaurus 6863: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6808: 6805:Pandoravenator 6801: 6794: 6791:Kayentavenator 6787: 6780: 6773: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6742: 6733: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6714: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6519:Skorpiovenator 6515: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6456: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6431: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6375: 6367: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6331:Spectrovenator 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6284: 6276: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6165:Spinostropheus 6161: 6154: 6147: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6115: 6108: 6100: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6067: 6059: 6051: 6042: 6032: 6029:Abelisauroidea 6027: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5999: 5997:Ceratosauridae 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5986:Saltriovenator 5982: 5974: 5967: 5963:Fosterovenator 5959: 5951: 5941: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5925:Lophostropheus 5921: 5913: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5894: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5786:Pterospondylus 5782: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5756:Lucianovenator 5752: 5745: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5688: 5682: 5680:Coelophysoidea 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5619:Lophostropheus 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5571: 5565: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5518:Erythrovenator 5514: 5506: 5498: 5489: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5470: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5411: 5405: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5380: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5286: 5285:External links 5283: 5281: 5280: 5237: 5202: 5167: 5141: 5102: 5065:(2): 163–176. 5045: 4993: 4986:(in Spanish). 4974: 4951: 4922: 4881: 4849: 4842: 4830:Academic Press 4812: 4784: 4777:(in Spanish). 4757: 4731: 4724: 4698: 4647: 4628: 4609: 4572:(3): 822–830. 4537: 4516:(3): 307–356. 4493: 4472:"Carnotaurini" 4462: 4431: 4402:(1): 144–148. 4382: 4354: 4347: 4333:The Dinosauria 4321: 4269: 4207: 4180: 4142: 4076: 4041: 4034: 4016: 3989: 3962:(2): 293–300. 3946: 3870: 3831:(10): e25763. 3798: 3747: 3720: 3701:(sp8): 95–96. 3678: 3659:(8): 985–995. 3632: 3595:(2–4): 71–83. 3576: 3533: 3494: 3471: 3464: 3436: 3412: 3389: 3382: 3360: 3353: 3320: 3313: 3283: 3265: 3230: 3199: 3168: 3161: 3127: 3100:(2): 183–236. 3067: 3035: 3008:(2): 378–386. 2985: 2954: 2854: 2847:(in Spanish). 2828: 2821: 2782: 2749:"The skull of 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2217: 2214: 2070:coastal plains 2005:in environment 1995: 1992: 1939:tyrannosaurids 1925: 1922: 1889:caudofemoralis 1856: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1786:Komodo dragons 1713: 1710: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1561:Skorpiovenator 1556: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1452: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1410: 1287:tyrannosaurids 1276:supercontinent 1259:Forelimb bones 1244: 1243:Classification 1241: 1161: 1158: 1111: 1108: 1063: 1060: 1032:autapomorphies 855:Skorpiovenator 833:external naris 798: 795: 712: 709: 684:Skorpiovenator 547:José Bonaparte 520: 517: 405:that lived in 328: 327: 324: 310: 309: 303: 302: 294: 292: 288: 287: 270: 266: 265: 257: 253: 252: 244: 237: 236: 228: 224: 223: 218: 211: 210: 205: 198: 197: 192: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 141: 140: 133: 132: 124: 123: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9689: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9620: 9614: 9610: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9536: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9514: 9499: 9495: 9493: 9486: 9457: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9413:Struthiomimus 9410: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9364:"Coelosaurus" 9361: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9352: 9351: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9259:Pelecanimimus 9256: 9254: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9220:Thecocoelurus 9217: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9199:Kinnareemimus 9196: 9194: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9126: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9078:Huaxiagnathus 9075: 9073: 9072: 9071:Compsognathus 9068: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8998:Ornitholestes 8995: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8952: 8948: 8938: 8933: 8931: 8924: 8918: 8896: 8895: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8792:Tyrannosaurus 8789: 8787: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8765:Teratophoneus 8762: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8639:Albertosaurus 8636: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8576: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8556:Xiongguanlong 8553: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8534:Suskityrannus 8531: 8529: 8528: 8527:Stokesosaurus 8524: 8522: 8521: 8520:Santanaraptor 8517: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8463:Alectrosaurus 8460: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8441: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8424: 8423: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8381: 8380:Tanycolagreus 8377: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8243:Bahariasaurus 8240: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8215:Coelurosauria 8211: 8207: 8203: 8202:Coelurosauria 8198: 8194: 8184: 8179: 8177: 8172: 8165: 8159: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8126:Coelurosauria 8123: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8003:Bahariasaurus 8000: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7843:Kelmayisaurus 7840: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7679: 7678: 7677:Saurophaganax 7674: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7631: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7608:Siamotyrannus 7605: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7494:Allosauroidea 7490: 7483: 7482: 7481:Spinosauridae 7478: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7440: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7364: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7226:Spinosaurinae 7223: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7204:Riparovenator 7201: 7199: 7198: 7197:Ceratosuchops 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7161:Riojavenatrix 7158: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7134:Baryonychinae 7131: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7086:Spinosauridae 7082: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7010:Wiehenvenator 7007: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6922: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746:Chienkosaurus 6743: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6537:Furileusauria 6534: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511:Rahiolisaurus 6508: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6427:Carnotaurinae 6424: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6408:Rahiolisaurus 6405: 6403: 6402: 6401:Majungasaurus 6398: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6338:Tarascosaurus 6335: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6296:Eoabelisaurus 6293: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6281:Chenanisaurus 6278: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6267:Abelisauridae 6263: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6226:Masiakasaurus 6223: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6192:Huinculsaurus 6189: 6187: 6186: 6185:Elaphrosaurus 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104:Austrocheirus 6101: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6025: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5956:Berberosaurus 5953: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5868: 5845: 5844: 5843:Halticosaurus 5840: 5838: 5837: 5836:Teinurosaurus 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763:Megapnosaurus 5760: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5733:Coelophysidae 5730: 5724: 5723: 5722:Powellvenator 5719: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5612:Liliensternus 5609: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583:Dolichosuchus 5580: 5578: 5577: 5576:Dilophosaurus 5573: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5550: 5549:Herrerasauria 5546: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5502:Daemonosaurus 5499: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5164:(2): 257–262. 5163: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4971:(2): 247–253. 4970: 4966: 4965:Geodiversitas 4962: 4955: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895:Palaeontology 4892: 4885: 4878:(3): 395–414. 4877: 4873: 4872:Geodiversitas 4869: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4828:. San Diego: 4826: 4825: 4816: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4781:(1): 105–106. 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4638:Majungasaurus 4632: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4377:2027.42/48667 4374: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097:(3): 409–14. 4096: 4092: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898:Palaeontology 3892: 3890: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3767:(1): 99–107. 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3491:(4): 555–563. 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3465:9780691137209 3461: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3280:. A (30): 89. 3279: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2982:(1): 149–151. 2981: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2248: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2156:Chubutinectes 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2105:; an unnamed 2104: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2039:Maastrichtian 2036: 2035:Maastrichtian 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:Majungasaurus 1932: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1853: 1844: 1837: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:Robert Bakker 1799: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1695:Majungasaurus 1692: 1688: 1687:marine iguana 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1650: 1631: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1612: 1604: 1603: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1430:Majungasaurus 1424: 1423: 1417: 1416:Carnotaurinae 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1347:Carnotaurinae 1344: 1340: 1338: 1337:Majungasaurus 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1314:Majungasaurus 1310: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1272:Abelisauridae 1269: 1265: 1257: 1249: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1186:Majungasaurus 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1124: 1116: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1068: 1059: 1056: 1048: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1027:of the neck. 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008:cartilaginous 1005: 1002: 995: 991: 987: 985: 984:Majungasaurus 980: 973: 968: 963: 959: 955: 951: 942: 938: 936: 931: 923: 915: 907: 900: 895: 887: 880: 875: 867: 860: 859:Majungasaurus 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 828: 823: 820: 816: 812: 803: 794: 791: 784: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 750: 745: 744: 740:and possibly 739: 738: 733: 729: 722: 717: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 685: 680: 679: 678:Majungasaurus 674: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655: 650: 647: 646:specific name 643: 639: 635: 632: 628: 624: 617: 612: 608: 605: 597: 589: 584: 577: 573: 568: 561: 557: 556: 552: 548: 544: 541: 534: 530: 525: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 461: 457: 453: 450: 446: 445:Abelisauridae 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421: 416: 412: 408: 407:South America 404: 401: 397: 375: 336: 335: 322: 320: 311: 308: 307:Binomial name 304: 300: 299: 293: 290: 289: 284: 279: 278: 271: 268: 267: 264: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250:Furileusauria 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234:Abelisauridae 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 157: 156: 151: 146: 142: 139: 134: 130: 125: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 50: 43: 42:Maastrichtian 39: 33: 29: 26: 22: 9642:Abelisaurids 9525: 9489: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9385:Ornithomimus 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9323:Tyrannomimus 9321: 9313: 9305: 9298: 9293:Deinocheirus 9291: 9284: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9226: 9218: 9213:Nqwebasaurus 9211: 9206:Nedcolbertia 9204: 9197: 9190: 9184:Calamosaurus 9182: 9176:Aviatyrannis 9174: 9167: 9142: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9061: 9056:Aristosuchus 9054: 9048:Aniksosaurus 9046: 9028:Aniksosaurus 9026: 8996: 8989: 8981: 8927: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8763: 8756: 8751:Dynamoterror 8749: 8729: 8722: 8702: 8695: 8675: 8670:Asiatyrannus 8668: 8644: 8637: 8608:Dryptosaurus 8606: 8599: 8592: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8499:Jinbeisaurus 8497: 8490: 8483: 8475: 8470:Aviatyrannis 8468: 8461: 8427: 8422:Sinotyrannus 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8378: 8371: 8349: 8342: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8279: 8272: 8264: 8256: 8251:Bicentenaria 8249: 8241: 8236:Asiamericana 8234: 8227: 8168: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8046: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8011:Deltadromeus 8009: 8001: 7994: 7943:Tyrannotitan 7941: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7900: 7876: 7871:Taurovenator 7869: 7862: 7855: 7850:Lajasvenator 7848: 7841: 7834: 7829:Concavenator 7827: 7819: 7812: 7787: 7779: 7772: 7764: 7756: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7675: 7667: 7659: 7652: 7645:Allosauridae 7613: 7606: 7601:Shidaisaurus 7599: 7592: 7585: 7565: 7557: 7532: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7479: 7471: 7463: 7456: 7429: 7421: 7409:Avetheropoda 7396:Avetheropoda 7367: 7326:Avetheropoda 7293: 7286: 7279:Spinosaurini 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7237: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7174: 7166: 7159: 7154:Protathlitis 7152: 7145: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7044:Leshansaurus 7042: 7035: 7028: 7008: 7001: 6996:Megalosaurus 6994: 6989:Duriavenator 6987: 6967: 6942: 6926:Megalosauria 6907: 6900: 6895:Marshosaurus 6893: 6888:Condorraptor 6886: 6866: 6825: 6818: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6769:Cruxicheiros 6767: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6601: 6596:Quilmesaurus 6594: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6459: 6448:Brachyrostra 6434: 6414: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6377: 6370: 6350: 6345:Tralkasaurus 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6286: 6279: 6247:Vespersaurus 6245: 6240:Velocisaurus 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6135:Deltadromeus 6133: 6125: 6119:Compsosuchus 6117: 6110: 6102: 6094: 6069: 6061: 6055:Lametasaurus 6053: 6045: 6011: 6006:Ceratosaurus 6004: 5984: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5954: 5938:Ceratosauria 5923: 5916: 5841: 5834: 5792: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5720: 5715:Podokesaurus 5713: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5667: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5598:Gojirasaurus 5596: 5591:Dracovenator 5589: 5581: 5574: 5562:Neotheropoda 5547: 5539: 5531: 5525:Guaibasaurus 5523: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5494:Chindesaurus 5492: 5382: 5373: 5298:(in Spanish) 5292: 5291:The bite of 5250: 5246: 5240: 5218:(1): 35–42. 5215: 5211: 5205: 5183:(1): 25–49. 5180: 5176: 5170: 5161: 5157: 5144: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4935: 4925: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4875: 4871: 4823: 4815: 4803:. 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1458:Carnotaurini 1448:Brachyrostra 1428: 1427: 1407: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1354: 1351:Carnotaurini 1342: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1329:sister taxon 1322: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1263: 1262: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1220:conspecifics 1208: 1195: 1189: 1185: 1164: 1163: 1140: 1129: 1086:, six fused 1077: 1030:A number of 1029: 1015: 1011: 998: 983: 950:premaxillary 947: 934: 905:frontal bone 878: 858: 854: 850: 839:Ceratosaurus 838: 824: 815:Ceratosaurus 814: 808: 782:Ceratosaurus 780: 757: 753: 747: 741: 735: 731: 727: 726: 720: 700: 688: 682: 676: 670: 667:abelisaurids 658: 652: 648: 641: 637: 620: 615: 555:Amargasaurus 553: 537: 528: 512: 504: 501:conspecifics 498: 485: 473: 465: 464: 440: 419: 418: 333: 332: 331: 318: 313: 297: 296: 276: 275: 263:Carnotaurini 240: 214: 201: 188: 31: 25: 9556:Carnotaurus 9550:Wikispecies 9526:Carnotaurus 9450:Maniraptora 9439:Maniraptora 9420:Tototlmimus 9350:Anserimimus 9300:Garudimimus 9286:Beishanlong 9228:Valdoraptor 9169:Arkansaurus 9114:Xunmenglong 8991:Juravenator 8785:Tarbosaurus 8677:Nanuqsaurus 8646:Gorgosaurus 8563:Megaraptora 8549:Timurlengia 8281:Sciurumimus 8229:Aratasaurus 8097:Murusraptor 8019:Fukuiraptor 7982:Megaraptora 7864:Shaochilong 7836:Eocarcharia 7789:Megaraptora 7709:Lusovenator 7587:Alpkarakush 7444:Carnosauria 7295:Spinosaurus 7268:Siamosaurus 7168:Suchosaurus 7115:Iberospinus 7051:Magnosaurus 7030:Afrovenator 7003:Torvosaurus 6754:Chilesaurus 6567:Carnotaurus 6560:Caletodraco 6546:Abelisaurus 6372:Arcovenator 6219:Laevisuchus 6210:Noasaurinae 6112:Berthasaura 6083:Noasauridae 6013:Genyodectes 5978:Lukousaurus 5971:Jubbulpuria 5771:Panguraptor 5749:Coelophysis 5742:Camposaurus 5701:Panguraptor 5693:Dracoraptor 5669:Zupaysaurus 5654:Tachiraptor 5633:Sarcosaurus 5533:Nhandumirim 5293:Carnotaurus 4832:. pp. 4718:–198, 228. 4595:11336/34937 4232:(1): 9730. 4120:11336/52024 3784:11336/32909 3740:December 7, 3485:Ameghiniana 3409:(33): 5–19. 3370:Carnotaurus 3335:Carnotaurus 3295:Carnotaurus 2851:(3–4): 334. 2845:Ameghiniana 2166:Sulcusuchus 2161:polycotylid 2145:elasmosaurs 2091:Carnotaurus 2081:plesiosaurs 2079:, turtles, 2066:tidal flats 2054:Carnotaurus 2043:Carnotaurus 2011:Carnotaurus 2003:Carnotaurus 1980:Carnotaurus 1976:Carnotaurus 1968:Carnotaurus 1958:optic lobes 1913:longissimus 1905:Carnotaurus 1901:Carnotaurus 1897:Phil Currie 1878:Carnotaurus 1866:Carnotaurus 1843:Carnotaurus 1806:Carnotaurus 1795:Carnotaurus 1774:Carnotaurus 1767:Carnotaurus 1762:Carnotaurus 1757:Carnotaurus 1753:Carnotaurus 1733:Carnotaurus 1682:Carnotaurus 1671:adaptations 1666:Carnotaurus 1657:Carnotaurus 1494:Carnotaurus 1387:Carnotaurus 1383:Carnotaurus 1371:Carnotaurus 1362:Abelisaurus 1356:Abelisaurus 1343:Carnotaurus 1333:Carnotaurus 1319:Carnotaurus 1299:Carnotaurus 1292:Carnotaurus 1264:Carnotaurus 1236:Carnotaurus 1231:Carnotaurus 1216:hadrosaurid 1191:Abelisaurus 1165:Carnotaurus 1141:Carnotaurus 1136:metacarpals 1104:caudal ribs 1096:epipophyses 1016:Carnotaurus 1012:Carnotaurus 1004:hyoid bones 952:and twelve 935:Carnotaurus 879:Carnotaurus 851:Carnotaurus 758:Carnotaurus 754:Carnotaurus 743:Abelisaurus 732:Carnotaurus 728:Carnotaurus 721:Carnotaurus 711:Description 701:Carnotaurus 689:Carnotaurus 659:Carnotaurus 654:Abelisaurus 642:Carnotaurus 616:Carnotaurus 603:nasal bones 595:premaxillae 566:articulated 529:Carnotaurus 513:Carnotaurus 505:Carnotaurus 486:Carnotaurus 482:carnivorous 474:Carnotaurus 466:Carnotaurus 449:predatorial 441:Carnotaurus 409:during the 334:Carnotaurus 277:Carnotaurus 47:72–69 32:Carnotaurus 21:Carnosaurus 9636:Categories 9378:Gallimimus 9307:Harpymimus 9252:Harpymimus 8873:Iliosuchus 8843:see below↓ 8688:Alioramini 8506:Juratyrant 8492:Eotyrannus 8477:Bagaraatan 8429:Yutyrannus 8363:Coeluridae 8289:Vayuraptor 8135:see below↓ 8111:Tratayenia 8104:Orkoraptor 8090:Megaraptor 7996:Aoniraptor 7929:Mapusaurus 7857:Sauroniops 7821:Altispinax 7774:Neovenator 7716:Siamraptor 7702:Datanglong 7669:Epanterias 7661:Antrodemus 7654:Allosaurus 7635:Allosauria 7458:Altispinax 7423:Gasosaurus 7335:see below↓ 7211:Suchomimus 6812:Sinosaurus 6647:see below↓ 6603:Viavenator 6553:Aucasaurus 6490:Ilokelesia 6461:Dahalokely 6416:Rajasaurus 6394:Indosaurus 6387:Genusaurus 6379:Dahalokely 6303:Indosuchus 6199:Limusaurus 6158:Ligabueino 6151:Kiyacursor 6143:Genusaurus 6127:Dahalokely 6047:Betasuchus 5918:Dornraptor 5818:see below↓ 5794:Segisaurus 5647:Sinosaurus 5510:Eodromaeus 5439:see below↓ 5387:Dinosauria 5369:Sauropsida 5253:. 105595. 5088:11336/2489 5010:: 105674. 4754:: 145–158. 4667:: e13731. 4625:: 233–240. 4510:Cladistics 4161:(2): 460. 4057:: 104994. 3573:: 185–192. 3560:Bonaparte" 3433:: 161–169. 3403:Uberlândia 3213:etymology" 2694:References 2150:Kawanectes 2141:Cryptodira 2133:Pleurodira 2107:ankylosaur 2098:titanosaur 2023:Cenomanian 1963:Indosaurus 1870:thigh bone 1826:Locomotion 1819:Allosaurus 1741:crocodiles 1706:keratinous 1532:Ilokelesia 1472:Aucasaurus 1391:Aucasaurus 1379:Aucasaurus 1375:Aucasaurus 1369:formed by 1324:Ilokelesia 1308:Aucasaurus 1175:, and the 1021:middle ear 958:lower jaws 723:to a human 672:Aucasaurus 634:concretion 588:death pose 572:weathering 460:Cretaceous 208:Saurischia 195:Dinosauria 9541:Q18510948 9454:includes 9399:Rativates 9392:Qiupalong 9092:Scipionyx 9085:Mirischia 8758:Lythronax 8697:Alioramus 8351:Labocania 8069:Aerosteon 7615:Sinraptor 7519:Erectopus 7254:Irritator 6839:Orionides 6724:Tetanurae 6711:Tetanurae 6638:Tetanurae 6574:Elemgasem 6497:Llukalkan 6476:Elemgasem 6233:Noasaurus 6096:Afromimus 5904:Averostra 5891:Averostra 5809:Averostra 5661:Velocipes 5480:Theropoda 5467:Theropoda 5430:Theropoda 5355:Kingdom: 5339:Theropoda 5275:259059084 5136:254704047 5097:131429825 5040:260830333 5032:0195-6671 4901:(1): 65. 4805:April 22, 4371:(1): 25. 4175:131148538 3715:129240095 3605:CiteSeerX 3514:: 71–89. 3030:129933997 2942:132580445 2777:225374445 2062:estuaries 2031:Campanian 1988:inner ear 1972:flocculus 1810:sauropods 1146:vestigial 1110:Forelimbs 1062:Vertebrae 1046:pterygoid 954:maxillary 770:vertebrae 582:braincase 527:Mount of 519:Discovery 509:sauropods 490:vestigial 433:Argentina 389:meat bull 291:Species: 283:Bonaparte 221:Theropoda 168:Kingdom: 162:Eukaryota 9535:Wikidata 8983:Coelurus 8408:Kileskus 8401:Guanlong 8373:Coelurus 8266:Gualicho 7766:Gualicho 7147:Baryonyx 6483:Guemesia 6310:Kryptops 6071:Ozraptor 5708:Pendraig 5363:Chordata 5361:Phylum: 5357:Animalia 5232:85015365 5197:42799370 4990:(1): 23. 4938:: 1–20. 4798:CBC News 4693:35846881 4604:84565615 4532:38771085 4426:28017609 4316:15306329 4264:29950661 4196:(1): 1. 4137:23619863 4129:19057888 3984:84491924 3926:43168700 3865:22043292 3825:PLOS ONE 3793:67792084 3627:56028251 3452:(2010). 3246:(1): 1. 3192:July 31, 3145:(1988). 3122:30068953 2928:: 1–41. 2216:See also 2183:docodont 2159:) and a 2129:Chelidae 2077:lungfish 2041:stage). 1947:hormones 1917:spinalis 1782:tetrapod 1349:and the 1335:but not 1279:Gondwana 1177:rib cage 1132:carpalia 1080:cervical 1072:holotype 1038:quadrate 1025:air sacs 1001:ossified 873:lacrimal 762:theropod 631:hematite 551:sauropod 540:holotype 456:Gondwana 403:dinosaur 400:theropod 227:Family: 182:Chordata 178:Phylum: 172:Animalia 158:Domain: 9619:4538387 9596:4129819 9583:4822830 9570:4532780 8541:Timimus 8303:Zuolong 8033:Rapator 7936:Meraxes 7261:Oxalaia 6582:Koleken 5605:Lepidus 5367:Class: 5255:Bibcode 5067:Bibcode 5012:Bibcode 4903:Bibcode 4684:9285543 4574:Bibcode 4404:Bibcode 4307:1691741 4255:6021374 4234:Bibcode 4190:Zootaxa 4099:Bibcode 4059:Bibcode 3964:Bibcode 3906:Bibcode 3856:3197156 3833:Bibcode 3661:Bibcode 3597:Bibcode 3516:Bibcode 3345:274–276 3305:256–259 3248:Bibcode 3153:284–285 3102:Bibcode 3010:Bibcode 1986:of the 1882:ostrich 1814:occiput 1745:kinesis 1691:giraffe 1402:Koleken 1327:as its 1303:derived 1270:of the 1050:of the 978:dentary 967:erupted 962:dentary 819:frontal 649:sastrei 578:in the 576:sutures 470:bipedal 415:species 394:) is a 383: 316:† 295:† 269:Genus: 256:Tribe: 116:↓ 9616:uBio: 9192:Hexing 8880:Kakuru 8485:Dilong 6526:Thanos 6504:Niebla 6324:Rugops 6317:Kurupi 5273: 5230: 5195: 5134: 5095: 5038: 5030: 4840: 4722: 4691: 4681: 4602: 4530: 4424: 4345: 4314: 4304: 4262: 4252: 4173: 4135: 4127: 4032: 3982: 3924: 3863: 3853: 3791: 3713: 3625: 3607: 3462: 3380: 3351: 3311: 3159: 3120: 3028: 2940: 2819: 2775: 2115:Boidae 2093:; the 2019:Albian 1984:lagena 1941:. The 1788:: the 1749:snakes 1396:Niebla 1268:genera 1224:iguana 1212:scutes 1196:Rugops 1169:fossil 1092:caudal 1088:sacral 1084:dorsal 1054:palate 972:crowns 774:pelvis 768:, the 494:scales 285:, 1985 138:Prague 9609:54533 9456:birds 8513:Moros 8040:Siats 7781:Siats 7723:Siats 5383:Clade 5374:Clade 5271:S2CID 5228:S2CID 5193:S2CID 5154:(PDF) 5132:S2CID 5093:S2CID 5036:S2CID 4836:–56. 4744:(PDF) 4661:PeerJ 4600:S2CID 4171:S2CID 4133:S2CID 3980:S2CID 3933:(PDF) 3922:S2CID 3894:(PDF) 3789:S2CID 3711:S2CID 3623:S2CID 3563:(PDF) 3209:"Re: 3118:S2CID 3026:S2CID 2949:(PDF) 2938:S2CID 2918:(PDF) 2773:S2CID 2244:Notes 1702:bovid 1367:clade 1154:kiwis 849:. In 843:orbit 811:snout 797:Skull 789:femur 778:basal 766:skull 478:horns 452:niche 396:genus 241:Clade 215:Clade 202:Clade 189:Clade 9578:GBIF 9448:see 8083:Maip 5541:Tawa 5416:see 5028:ISSN 4838:ISBN 4807:2017 4748:Gaia 4720:ISBN 4689:PMID 4619:Gaia 4528:PMID 4488:2012 4457:2012 4422:PMID 4343:ISBN 4312:PMID 4260:PMID 4194:2450 4125:PMID 4030:ISBN 3941:2018 3861:PMID 3742:2012 3567:Gaia 3460:ISBN 3378:ISBN 3349:ISBN 3309:ISBN 3225:2012 3194:2019 3157:ISBN 2817:ISBN 2198:and 2175:and 2153:and 2125:taxa 2033:and 1952:The 1915:and 1399:and 1373:and 1194:and 1160:Skin 1152:and 1150:emus 857:and 681:and 543:MACN 380:lit. 55:PreꞒ 9565:EoL 5263:doi 5251:150 5220:doi 5185:doi 5124:doi 5083:hdl 5075:doi 5020:doi 5008:152 4940:doi 4911:doi 4716:179 4679:PMC 4669:doi 4590:hdl 4582:doi 4564:". 4518:doi 4412:doi 4373:hdl 4302:PMC 4294:doi 4290:271 4250:PMC 4242:doi 4198:doi 4163:doi 4115:hdl 4107:doi 4067:doi 4055:128 4007:doi 4003:280 3972:doi 3914:doi 3851:PMC 3841:doi 3779:hdl 3769:doi 3703:doi 3669:doi 3651:". 3615:doi 3524:doi 3372:". 3256:doi 3110:doi 3018:doi 2930:doi 2926:416 2765:doi 2189:or 2068:or 2021:or 1311:or 625:of 531:at 431:of 417:is 398:of 365:ɔːr 350:ɑːr 44:), 9638:: 9606:: 9593:: 9580:: 9567:: 9552:: 9537:: 5385:: 5376:: 5269:. 5261:. 5249:. 5226:. 5216:80 5214:. 5191:. 5181:16 5179:. 5162:52 5160:. 5156:. 5130:. 5120:28 5118:. 5091:. 5081:. 5073:. 5063:37 5061:. 5034:. 5026:. 5018:. 5006:. 4988:15 4969:22 4967:. 4963:. 4934:. 4909:. 4899:54 4897:. 4893:. 4876:22 4874:. 4870:. 4852:^ 4834:51 4795:. 4779:36 4752:15 4750:. 4746:. 4687:. 4677:. 4665:10 4663:. 4659:. 4623:15 4621:. 4598:. 4588:. 4580:. 4570:29 4568:. 4540:^ 4526:. 4514:40 4512:. 4508:. 4496:^ 4474:. 4443:. 4420:. 4410:. 4400:27 4398:. 4394:. 4369:31 4367:. 4341:. 4339:65 4310:. 4300:. 4288:. 4284:. 4258:. 4248:. 4240:. 4228:. 4224:. 4210:^ 4192:. 4169:. 4159:22 4157:. 4145:^ 4131:. 4123:. 4113:. 4105:. 4095:96 4093:. 4079:^ 4065:. 4053:. 4001:. 3978:. 3970:. 3960:84 3958:. 3920:. 3912:. 3902:54 3900:. 3896:. 3873:^ 3859:. 3849:. 3839:. 3827:. 3823:. 3801:^ 3787:. 3777:. 3765:59 3763:. 3759:. 3723:^ 3709:. 3699:27 3697:. 3681:^ 3667:. 3657:18 3655:. 3635:^ 3621:. 3613:. 3603:. 3593:16 3591:. 3579:^ 3571:15 3569:. 3565:. 3536:^ 3522:. 3512:69 3510:. 3489:41 3487:. 3483:. 3439:^ 3415:^ 3407:17 3405:. 3392:^ 3347:. 3339:. 3323:^ 3307:. 3299:. 3268:^ 3254:. 3242:. 3180:. 3155:. 3130:^ 3116:. 3108:. 3096:. 3070:^ 3038:^ 3024:. 3016:. 3006:31 3004:. 2988:^ 2978:. 2957:^ 2936:. 2924:. 2920:. 2857:^ 2849:28 2831:^ 2785:^ 2771:. 2761:33 2759:. 2755:. 2701:^ 2064:, 1724:, 1405:. 1393:, 1389:, 1058:. 986:. 695:, 675:, 657:, 439:. 378:; 356:oʊ 243:: 217:: 204:: 191:: 105:Pg 49:Ma 9318:? 9310:? 9223:? 9187:? 9179:? 9147:? 9095:? 9066:? 9051:? 8986:? 8566:? 8544:? 8480:? 8383:? 8365:? 8354:? 8284:? 8269:? 8261:? 8246:? 8050:? 8042:? 8014:? 8006:? 7984:? 7824:? 7792:? 7784:? 7769:? 7761:? 7726:? 7680:? 7672:? 7664:? 7562:? 7537:? 7529:? 7484:? 7476:? 7468:? 7434:? 7426:? 7242:? 7179:? 7171:? 7125:? 7103:? 7068:? 6947:? 6912:? 6815:? 6772:? 6757:? 6749:? 6741:? 6577:? 6514:? 6464:? 6439:? 6411:? 6382:? 6291:? 6146:? 6138:? 6130:? 6122:? 6107:? 6099:? 6074:? 6066:? 6058:? 6050:? 5981:? 5966:? 5928:? 5789:? 5774:? 5766:? 5696:? 5664:? 5586:? 5552:? 5544:? 5536:? 5528:? 5513:? 5505:? 5497:? 5331:e 5324:t 5317:v 5277:. 5265:: 5257:: 5234:. 5222:: 5199:. 5187:: 5138:. 5126:: 5099:. 5085:: 5077:: 5069:: 5042:. 5022:: 5014:: 4948:. 4942:: 4919:. 4913:: 4905:: 4846:. 4809:. 4728:. 4695:. 4671:: 4606:. 4592:: 4584:: 4576:: 4534:. 4520:: 4490:. 4459:. 4428:. 4414:: 4406:: 4379:. 4375:: 4351:. 4318:. 4296:: 4266:. 4244:: 4236:: 4230:8 4204:. 4200:: 4177:. 4165:: 4139:. 4117:: 4109:: 4101:: 4073:. 4069:: 4061:: 4038:. 4013:. 4009:: 3986:. 3974:: 3966:: 3943:. 3916:: 3908:: 3867:. 3843:: 3835:: 3829:6 3795:. 3781:: 3771:: 3744:. 3717:. 3705:: 3675:. 3671:: 3663:: 3629:. 3617:: 3599:: 3530:. 3526:: 3518:: 3468:. 3386:. 3357:. 3337:" 3333:" 3317:. 3297:" 3293:" 3262:. 3258:: 3250:: 3244:5 3227:. 3196:. 3165:. 3124:. 3112:: 3104:: 3098:6 3032:. 3020:: 3012:: 2980:1 2932:: 2911:" 2825:. 2779:. 2767:: 2163:( 2147:( 2139:( 2131:( 392:' 386:' 374:/ 371:s 368:ə 362:t 359:ˈ 353:n 347:k 344:ˌ 341:/ 337:( 273:† 260:† 247:† 231:† 110:N 100:K 95:J 90:T 85:P 80:C 75:D 70:S 65:O 60:Ꞓ 40:( 23:.

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