38:
3134:
466:
987:
first, the concert would look like a television show without awkward gaps encouraging audiences to switch off; and, second, broadcasters would be less likely to impose their own narrative on the event. The use of film stars to introduce major acts also helped achieve these objectives. Some broadcasters did send presenters to carry out backstage interviews for the presumed gaps but stopped doing so after a couple of hours.
364:
966:, criticising the BBC for giving "publicity to a movement that encourages the African National Congress in its terrorist activities". However, no appeal was either planned or made. Further, the artists’ contracts – which in many cases were signed backstage at Wembley – laid down that no proceeds from the income of the event should go "towards the purchase of or in any other connection with armaments".
405:
754:, who led the AAM (Anti-Apartheid Movement) at the time these concerts were organised. If the concert was to be successful, it was important to win the support of the movement and, with it, the implicit support of Mandela. But Terry and his senior officials firmly resisted Hollingsworth's proposal, insisting on three conditions, based on the policies of the African National Congress.
974:
the question upwards or to the news or current-affairs divisions. According to
Hollingsworth, once they had agreed to show the concert, the news divisions would have to stop referring to Mandela as a terrorist leader, thereby helping to ensure that Mandela was looked upon in a more favourable light. This was said to be a campaign objective which was beginning to be achieved by March.
2198:"...the worldwide campaign for the release of Nelson Mandela and political prisoners made a decisive contribution....One event in particular symbolised that campaign – the 'Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute'...The ANC owes an enormous debt of gratitude to the artists and performers and all those who made that event possible..."
723:, for which Hollingsworth was producing a number of festivals and concerts, might be able to fund the AAA. The authority was due to be abolished at the end of March and had spare cash to give away. But a grant turned out to be impossible because the AAA was not a legal entity and Dammers had no interest in making it one.
1248:
and its popularity reached
Mandela and other political prisoners. In time, the strong ripple effect is thought to have increased pressure on the government to release Mandela, and it became increasingly likely that he would be released, albeit 20 months after the concert and 27 years after he was put in prison.
757:
First, the concert must focus on all political prisoners in South Africa, not just
Mandela. Mandela had himself told the ANC that he did not wish to be singled out from other prisoners in the organisation's campaigning. Second, the event must campaign against apartheid as a whole and this was to be
1247:
The estimated audience for the
Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute of 600 million in 67 countries was arguably an underestimate in that several broadcasters in Africa were given a free licence. However, the apartheid government did not allow the event to be broadcast in South Africa. But news of the event
1028:
when she came on stage to introduce one of the acts, saying that she had been told to say nothing political. The request did not come from the concert organisers but from the Fox TV producer at
Wembley who, unbeknown to the organisers, told the Hollywood film stars to avoid saying anything political
914:
Hollingsworth told Sting that he would fly the singer and his band to London on a private plane after his Friday evening Berlin concert, drive him to
Wembley in the morning where an identical set of equipment would be set up on stage for him. Sting would then do a sound check and open the show a few
910:
Several weeks before
Wembley, Hollingsworth went to Switzerland where Sting was playing and booked himself into the same hotel. He got reception to put him through to Sting (using the singer's actual name, Gordon Sumner), told Sting that his management had refused to let him talk to the singer, and
907:, however, refused even to put the proposition to the singer because he would be on a world tour at the time and the Wembley concert would not fit in. The final tour schedule showed Sting due to perform in Berlin the night before Wembley and elsewhere in Europe on the evening of the Wembley concert.
796:
Hollingsworth signed up other big names, albeit on a provisional basis, put them in touch with one another and finally they all, including Dire
Straits, agreed to perform. With clearly enough talent on board, Hollingsworth announced the bill in March, three months before the 11 June event. The list
761:
Hollingsworth argued that the concert could not be effective under those terms. They would not work for an event that was intended for the mass media across the world, including in countries where there might be little knowledge of
Mandela, let alone support for him. The event should not be "angry",
2236:
Letter from Mike Terry, Executive
Secretary, Anti-Apartheid Movement, 18 January 2003: "...he performed multiple roles of creator, risk taker, executive producer, producer and artists recruiter. He never claimed such an array of titles nor pushed himself in front of the media preferring to let the
2173:
Letter from Mike Terry, Executive Secretary, AAM, 18 January 2003: "Before the first event, the prospect of Nelson Mandela's imminent release from prison seemed completely unrealistic. Yet within 20 months he walked free and I have no doubt that the first event played a decisive role in making this
973:
With the BBC on board, it was easier to persuade other broadcasters to buy the rights for the concert. The show was in most cases sold to the entertainment divisions of broadcasters as a birthday tribute that would not be political. As a result, they could agree to show the event without referring
938:
to sing a duet together but which the two singers turned down. Wonder agreed the booking. This was never announced but was to be a surprise for the audience. In the event, the singer caused a major backstage drama when the equipment used to play his pre-recorded music was lost. He refused to play
840:
There were some difficulties. Bicknell, for instance, was shocked when Hollingsworth told him there was one condition to Dire Straits playing. The band must rehearse for the event because it had not been on tour for some time and had even disbanded, albeit temporarily. Hollingsworth, in fact, told
1041:
There were supposed to be no political speeches at the event except for the message that Nelson Mandela should be freed – coming from Harry Belafonte in his opening speech, from the film stars and musicians introducing the acts or the next piece of music and from the slogans around the stage. The
986:
Broadcasters were also told that the concert would use two stages, enabling acts to follow each other without a break, with top acts on the main stage and lesser-known groups on the second. There would therefore be no need for broadcasters to add material between events. The reasoning was that,
869:
Hollingsworth told him the audience was not the right culture for him. He feared that Belafonte's singing would turn the clock back 30 years and would lose much of the television audience across the world. He was already worried about losing the audience as a result of using African singers and
852:
A week after the first bill was announced, Simple Minds threatened to quit, arguing that there was not enough grit in it: Whitney Houston, for instance, should not be there. Hollingsworth argued that there was plenty of grit but that Whitney Houston was needed to broaden the audience to include
765:
Many broadcasters, Hollingsworth argued, would not televise a Mandela concert if it followed the AAM and ANC campaign policies. They would regard it as a political event. Other broadcasters would provide only limited airtime. But a positive birthday tribute would conform to the broadcasters'
726:
Hollingsworth told Dammers that he would put on an anti-apartheid concert if the singer could find a big name. Dammers did not phone back until June 1987, although in the summer of 1986 he had organised a free anti-apartheid concert, Freedom Beat, in London's Clapham Common attended by 200,000
1196:
The initial funding for Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute came from Hollingsworth and, specifically, from the money that he had put into the production company, Elephant House, set up with television producer Neville Bolt. But the money amounted only "to 75 per cent of what was needed as a
918:
Copeland was furious about the agreement and shocked that Sting would open the show rather than be one of the closing acts. But the event was being organised not as a live concert but as a television show and that, according to Hollingsworth, meant a top act at the beginning when "the largest
1016:
Whitney Houston, who was contracted to make advertisements for Coca-Cola, did her act in front of a black backdrop instead of the usual picture of Nelson Mandela. But, according to Hollingsworth, this was nothing to do with censorship but the result of an electricity generator failing.
1065:, for instance, in the run-up to singing Sun City with Simple Minds, declared that "we the people will no longer tolerate the terrorism of the government of South Africa" and that "we will no longer do business with those who do business with the terrorist government of South Africa".
766:
entertainment mandate and there would be a good chance they would show the full day's event. Hollingsworth was not seeking ANC backing because that would have put off broadcasters. He wanted the AAM's backing but, for similar reasons, did not want the movement's name on the event.
997:
network showed only six hours in what was referred to as a "significantly de-radicalised version". A number of artists had their songs or speeches cut. One US newspaper objected that Fox "cut out some of the most passionate – and especially most political – moments of the day".
1060:
Nonetheless, the posters, the political references from the actors and musicians, the music itself, the way the singers worked the audience and the audience response almost certainly got across a wider political message about apartheid. One or two artists took a harder line.
681:
Eighteen months after the event, with a release now thought to be approaching, Mandela asked for the organisers of the event to create a second concert as an official international reception at which, after 27 years in prison, he would address the world. The second event,
915:
minutes after mid-day, the first act of the concert (after an opening speech and a set of South African show dancers). As soon as he had done his half-hour slot, he would be driven to the airport and put on the private plane taking him back to the continent. Sting agreed.
969:
What problems there were came from the other side. Both the Anti-Apartheid Movement and Hollingsworth received bomb threats warning them not to go ahead with the event. Nearer the event, there was a threat to blow up the power station distributing electricity to Wembley.
870:
dancers whom many people would not have heard of. On the other hand, Belafonte, as a highly respected, internationally known personality, would be an effective speaker. Belafonte told him he would think about it, but Hollingsworth should also think about him performing.
781:
By the time that the Anti-Apartheid Movement had agreed to support the concert, Hollingsworth had booked Wembley Stadium for the following June and had approached several artists in addition to Simple Minds. Few were saying a definite no, but hardly anyone would commit.
1204:
Although the aim of the day was to raise consciousness about South Africa and Mandela, the event also made a profit of $ 5 million. One half went to the AAM to cover its costs, including a protest march the following day; and one half to seven charities named by
927:: One of the first artists that Hollingsworth tried to sign up was Stevie Wonder. He could never get through to the singer, though he phoned him every Friday at his studio. Senior members of the team told him each time that the matter was "under consideration".
1032:
The producer had been flown in a week before the Wembley concert to replace Fox's original choice who had been working on the production for three weeks but was thought by the network to have become infected by the political ethos of the concert organisation.
1084:
UB40 were finishing their set on the main stage, and Wonder's equipment was set up, plugged in and ready to be rolled on after a 10-minute act on a side stage. He was about to walk up the ramp to the stage when it was discovered that the hard disc of his
1029:
because an election was coming up in the States. After the event, the producer – in charge of his own editing team for the US broadcast – took out a full-page advertisement in a US trade magazine thanking American artists for participating in his show.
1049:, the African-American Civil Rights leader, from going on stage to make a speech. To have agreed to the request would have made it very difficult to say no to others. Jackson was, instead, shepherded to the Royal Box, joining Labour Party leader
1089:, carrying all 25 minutes of synthesised music for his act, was missing. He said he could not play without it, turned round, walked down the ramp crying, with his band and other members of his entourage following him, and out of the stadium.
301:
2262:, president of the African National Congress, 12 June 1988, the day after the first Mandela concert: "On behalf of all of us who got the credit for the marvellous Anti Apartheid concert and all that will follow from it – a thousand thanks!"
1118:, started on the side stage using three minutes and 30 seconds of pre-approved stage time. Following Salt-N-Pepa's performance, there was no announcement, no sound from the main stage until, out of the darkness, came the opening lines of "
693:, music critic and presenter of the BBC broadcast, writing in 1989, was the "biggest and most spectacular pop-political event of all time, a more political version of Live Aid with the aim of raising consciousness rather than just money."
1200:
Wembley agreed to the unusual procedure of handing over ticket revenue as soon as it came in, and some television companies agreed to pay rights fees earlier than usual (although the BBC did not pay cash but provided facilities).
1002:
was appalled when he saw a recording of the Fox broadcast on his return to the US. He complained to the press, describing it as "a totally Orwellian experience". His own contribution, including a strident rendering of the song,
734:, the Glasgow rock band, agreeing to perform at an event which Hollingsworth had suggested for the previous year. The two agreed to go to Edinburgh, where Simple Minds were performing, to talk about a deal for a new event.
789:, one of the largest acts in the world and the kind of act that was needed if broadcasters across the world were to sign up for the event, to head the bill. The group took the same line as Simple Minds. The band's manager
866:: Hollingsworth went to New York to ask Harry Belafonte to give the opening address of the concert. Belafonte made it clear he was upset that, with so many musicians appearing, he was being asked only to talk.
737:
Hollingsworth had in mind a major event, a birthday tribute for Mandela, who would be 70 the following year. The event would seek worldwide television and would call for his release – the first step in ending
1020:
Fox also refused to use the concert title, Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute. Instead, it billed the show as Freedomfest, objecting to the pleas of the organisers to at least add "for Nelson Mandela".
1076:
landed in the United Kingdom on the Saturday morning of the concert and went straight to Wembley Stadium, where a room was prepared for him and his band to warm up. He was to appear in the evening after
930:
On the Wednesday before the concert, Wonder phoned back, asking whether there was still space for him. Hollingsworth told him there was a 25-minute slot – time that had originally been kept open for
983:
said that the concert would have "the most overtly political theme since the 1960s.... It's a confrontational political event aimed at the government of South Africa and its practice of apartheid".
1251:
Shortly before Mandela's release, Hollingsworth, Terry and Mandela's lawyer sat down in London to plan another broadcast event to celebrate Mandela's release and to call for the end of Apartheid.
885:, to sing with him. Belafonte did not get any of those, but came back with a list which Hollingsworth said was not good enough. Eventually, Belafonte agreed just to give the opening speech.
841:
most of the artists they must rehearse, offering to pay for all rehearsal costs. Dire Straits, like the others, complied. In the event, the band had to bring in a guest guitarist to replace
1232:, Bishop Ambrose Reeves Trust and the International Defence and Aid Fund. With the charities in mind, a company, Freedom Productions, was set up to which the artists rights were assigned.
196:
1122:" and a huge roar from the audience. The lights came on and Wonder went into the rest of the set. With the loss of the programmed hard disc, he shouted the change of notes to the band.
3051:
683:
345:
750:
At the same time, Hollingsworth started what turned out to be a series of meetings with Mike Terry, head of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in London. Also of note was the work of
2676:
291:
2616:
2010:
769:
Terry was the first to come round to Hollingsworth's view, but needed some time before persuading the rest of his team. On the other hand, he quickly won the approval of
955:, said that he would provide five hours of airtime – and more if the bill improved. After several more top artists were added, the BBC agreed to televise the whole show.
873:
The two spoke a week later, with each taking much the same position, although Hollingsworth added that Belafonte could sing if he could get a category-A artist, such as
2621:
990:
Most broadcasters showed the event live. Others, particularly in the Americas, showed it delayed because of the time difference. Most gave more or less full coverage.
57:
2187:, President of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, 12 July 1995: "The result of his efforts helped to generate the pressures which secured the release of Nelson Mandela."
1372:
1042:
principle – aimed at ensuring that broadcasters would, first, buy the television rights and, second, continue to show the proceedings – was more or less followed.
1419:
893:: Hollingsworth went to great lengths to get Sting to perform at the concert. The singer was associated with human rights issues, partly as a result of his song
1383:
1096:, who had already performed her act, agreed to appear again. The two appearances shot her to stardom, with two songs from her recently released first album: "
686:, was, like the first, conceived to be shown on television across the world and was broadcast from Wembley Stadium to more than 60 countries on 16 April 1990.
2774:
2606:
483:
429:
377:
696:
The organiser and risk-funder of the two events was producer and impresario Tony Hollingsworth. Hollingsworth also conceived the idea for the first event.
2405:
Nelson Mandela 70th birthday tribute: with Artists Against Apartheid in support of the anti apartheid movement, Wembley Stadium, Saturday 11 June, London
338:
2661:
178:
24:
77:
719:" in 1984 and founded the Artists Against Apartheid organisation the following year. In early 1986, Hollingsworth contacted Dammers to say that the
793:
said that Dire Straits would perform if other top acts also agreed, but Hollingsworth was not to mention Dire Straits in persuading the other acts.
530:
3667:
3652:
2272:
2156:
919:
audience tunes in to see how it's going to be". At least one big act was planned for each hour of the 11-hour day in a bid to keep the audience.
502:
106:
1483:
1344:
626:
625:, London, and broadcast to 67 countries and an audience of 600 million. Marking the forthcoming 70th birthday (18 July 1988) of the imprisoned
331:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
3612:
3094:
2571:
1766:
509:
3637:
2804:
2431:
1130:
The concert included several well-known protest songs and others which received an added resonance from the occasion. The songs included:
3114:
3104:
516:
3109:
2611:
383:
1197:
minimum". Funding to help pay the deposit on Wembley Stadium came from a trade-union loan organised by the Anti-Apartheid Movement.
3044:
2656:
2502:
2474:
1479:
82:
3172:
2251:
751:
651:
498:
201:
3099:
1399:
1225:
3448:
2819:
2419:
1292:
1104:". Before the concert, she had sold about 250,000 albums. In the following two weeks, she was said to have sold two million.
1107:
Wonder returned to the stadium, but turned down the request to use the same equipment as the present act on the main stage,
977:
Even so, given the subject matter, the event was bound to be political in a broad sense. Thus, a week before the event, the
3627:
3076:
2794:
2601:
2200:
2046:
1980:
2671:
2174:
happen. This was implicitly acknowledged by Nelson Mandela, himself, by his decision to participate in the second event."
2641:
1676:
1352:
1111:. Other members of the band said they would use other people's equipment. Finally, with time running out, Wonder agreed.
2128:
3647:
3617:
3210:
1626:
1280:
1184:
2298:
2712:
2586:
2224:
2092:
1602:
1588:
567:
549:
447:
391:
3215:
2720:
1439:
1101:
153:
130:
52:
523:
3089:
2566:
1928:
1874:
1360:
1170:
1119:
214:
124:
62:
3632:
1340:
487:
3463:
3438:
3384:
3205:
2917:
2534:
1622:
168:
3657:
3310:
2666:
2646:
2633:
2467:
2095:. Quoted by Norman Solomon in Shirley, John, "Political and Corporate Censorship in the Land of the Free",
1541:
1507:
675:
3220:
3165:
2789:
1898:
1612:
1592:
2869:
2769:
2759:
1912:
853:
people who were not so likely to know about Mandela and apartheid. Simple Minds accepted the argument.
742:. Simple Minds was interested in the proposal but only if Hollingsworth brought in another top group.
72:
2276:
2160:
650:
heavily censored the political aspects of the concert. The concert is considered a notable example of
3662:
3071:
3039:
2968:
2829:
2651:
2591:
2496:
2029:
1886:
1348:
667:
420:
317:
2325:
3469:
3200:
2809:
2779:
2018:
1984:
1809:
1009:, was one of those that were cut. Fox was worried about its sponsors and advertisers, particularly
947:
Once the first set of artists had signed up, broadcasters were approached, starting with the BBC.
647:
37:
3642:
3622:
3138:
2784:
2460:
2412:
The Rhetoric of Moral Protest: Public Campaigns, Celebrity Endorsement and Political Mobilization
1988:
1938:
1409:
963:
959:
663:
476:
158:
148:
67:
3453:
3195:
3158:
2992:
2824:
2255:
1878:
720:
622:
600:
939:
and walked out of the stadium – though he returned later using Whitney Houston's instruments.
3433:
3353:
3242:
2909:
2814:
2799:
1636:
1288:
678:
and forcing the regime to release Nelson Mandela earlier than would otherwise have happened.
163:
3368:
2877:
2754:
2704:
2699:
1902:
1471:
1449:
1435:
1315:
1236:
311:
118:
87:
2956:
2950:
2519:
8:
3443:
3272:
3081:
3061:
2893:
2861:
2845:
2157:"The Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Concert, Wembley Stadium, London, 11 June 1988"
1847:
1572:
1521:
1356:
1135:
716:
2436:
3428:
3316:
3292:
3282:
3066:
2853:
2546:
1801:
1654:
1558:
1551:
1163:
904:
704:
Hollingsworth developed the plan for the first Mandela concert after talking to singer
112:
3558:
3513:
3262:
2529:
2524:
2447:
2415:
2220:
2184:
2088:
1992:
1805:
1783:
1779:
1689:
1229:
1206:
979:
931:
874:
833:. The announcement of the list made it easier to bring in further artists, including
770:
415:
3358:
3287:
2986:
2980:
2925:
2764:
2681:
2561:
2113:
2041:
1976:
1942:
1825:
1794:
1547:
1284:
1276:
1149:
1062:
999:
900:
895:
889:
3487:
3475:
3363:
3348:
3004:
2901:
2728:
2576:
2539:
2326:"From 'Kingston Town' to the Nelson Mandela Tribute in 1988: interview with UB40"
2204:
2032:
were meant to perform, but a part of the set collapsed and they were unable to.
1890:
1862:
1837:
1666:
1467:
1463:
1425:
1415:
1389:
1377:
1326:
1270:
1156:
1108:
1025:
1005:
862:
806:
2974:
2197:
3563:
3458:
3257:
3016:
3010:
2998:
2885:
2483:
1946:
1870:
1866:
1833:
1726:
1704:
1700:
1660:
1562:
1489:
1366:
1308:
1304:
994:
818:
798:
690:
671:
629:
3589:
2414:. De Gruyter Studies in Organisation, 76. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
1307:(introduced by Lenny Henry) – "Village Ghetto Land", "If You Were My Woman", "
3606:
3553:
3373:
3247:
3181:
3022:
2581:
2556:
2551:
2351:"Freedomfest: Nelson Mandela's 70th Birthday Celebratation (TV Special 1988)"
2002:
1998:
1924:
1894:
1853:
1843:
1815:
1762:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1716:
1685:
1640:
1578:
1495:
1217:
1177:
1093:
1073:
1046:
923:
830:
826:
705:
1209:
on condition that none of the money went towards the purchase of armaments.
670:(ANC), as raising worldwide consciousness of the imprisonment of ANC leader
3584:
3548:
3533:
3398:
3326:
3056:
2259:
2247:
2133:
2014:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1882:
1771:
1740:
1693:
1670:
1568:
1531:
1517:
1475:
1445:
1330:
1050:
846:
814:
802:
786:
731:
709:
3267:
3543:
3492:
3481:
3391:
3343:
3277:
3252:
3119:
2962:
2944:
2775:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
2749:
1955:
1908:
1819:
1790:
1775:
1648:
1632:
1608:
1537:
1513:
1503:
1499:
1429:
1298:
1221:
1142:
1115:
1054:
948:
878:
790:
762:
but a "positive" birthday tribute, calling only for Mandela to be freed.
296:
173:
2441:
2350:
3412:
3338:
3321:
2299:"When Pop Went Political: Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Concert"
1598:
1459:
1405:
1336:
1086:
882:
842:
834:
758:
in its title. Third, it must call for sanctions against South Africa.
2246:
Letter to Hollingsworth from AAM, signed by Archbishop Huddleston, Dr
3568:
3538:
3405:
3304:
3298:
1829:
1750:
1527:
1321:
1010:
739:
29:
2387:
John Swenson, "Big pop concert will seek Nelson Mandela's release",
465:
3508:
3418:
3332:
2022:
1934:
1720:
1618:
1582:
1455:
1395:
1264:
1097:
822:
3528:
3523:
3423:
3150:
2452:
1918:
845:, who had just become the father of twin girls. The new man was
684:
Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa
3518:
3378:
837:
who had earlier refused three times, but other big names also.
730:
Dammers told Hollingsworth that he had received a letter from
1213:
911:
asked to meet him. Sting told him to come round to his room.
903:, and was at the height of his popularity. Sting's manager
773:, the AAM president and a former priest in southern Africa.
2085:
Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Detecting Bias in News Media
1681:
1078:
952:
935:
856:
810:
1092:
There was an urgent need to fill the gap he had left and
745:
712:
662:
The Birthday Tribute was regarded by many, including the
2403:
M. Rainbird Pub. in association with Associated Media:
1045:
Early on, the organisers stopped an insistent Reverend
1114:
Houston finished with three encores and the next act,
1013:
which had booked six advertising spots for each hour.
621:
was a popular-music concert staged on 11 June 1988 at
1663:
and Youssou N’Dour - "When the Stone Begins to Turn"
490:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2063:
2061:
2217:When The Music's Over: The Story of Political Pop
2129:"Nelson Mandela: the triumph of the protest song"
3604:
1719:(2nd appearance) (introduced by Lenny Henry) - "
1024:A further issue was highlighted by film actress
2432:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute track list
2058:
2273:"Anti-racism education for Australian schools"
2071:, University of Minnesota Press, 2005, p. 174.
1846:, Simple Minds (introduced by Lenny Henry) - "
1345:There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)
657:
3166:
3077:"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" (song)
2572:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
2468:
2079:
2077:
1057:along with a number of actors and musicians.
339:
2805:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
2159:. African National Congress. Archived from
2107:
2105:
1191:
776:
392:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3173:
3159:
2871:Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation
2503:President of the African National Congress
2475:
2461:
2074:
1921:(introduced by Meat Loaf) - "Free Mandela"
1707:", "Breakfast in Bed", "Sing Our Own Song"
1254:
1068:
346:
332:
2323:
1081:. His appearance had not been announced.
568:Learn how and when to remove this message
550:Learn how and when to remove this message
448:Learn how and when to remove this message
2657:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2154:
2102:
1893:", "He/I Believe" (duet with her mother
857:Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie Wonder
2730:Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years
2196:ANC website message from Oliver Tambo:
2126:
1836:, Youssou N'Dour & Daryl Hannah - "
1818:, Simple Minds & Youssou N'Dour - "
752:Robert Hughes, Baron Hughes of Woodside
3668:June 1988 events in the United Kingdom
3653:Tribute concerts in the United Kingdom
3605:
2120:
1226:Catholic Fund for Overseas Development
746:Persuading the Anti-Apartheid Movement
632:, the concert was also referred to as
499:"Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute"
197:1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
179:UN Special Committee against Apartheid
3154:
2456:
2083:Lee, Martin A., and Solomon, Norman,
1480:He's Got the Whole World in His Hands
942:
3613:Rock festivals in the United Kingdom
2795:Nelson Mandela International Airport
2700:"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech)
2443:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
2437:Rock's Conscience Spotlights Mandela
2047:Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute
1036:
619:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
581:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
488:adding citations to reliable sources
459:
398:
357:
307:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
202:1978 World Conference against Racism
16:1988 popular-music concert in London
3638:Music festivals established in 1988
2662:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2324:Pingitore, Silvia (14 April 2020).
2127:Lynskey, Dorian (6 December 2013).
1677:Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queens
1353:You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart
1279:(introduced by Harry Belafonte) – "
951:, recently appointed controller of
13:
3211:List of industrial music festivals
3180:
2820:Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital
2482:
2397:
2237:media focus on the cause at hand."
1971:(introduced by Billy Connolly) - "
1281:If You Love Somebody Set Them Free
676:South African apartheid government
78:International anti-apartheid music
14:
3679:
2714:Mandela: The Authorised Biography
2425:
2219:, London: Faber and Faber, 1990 (
1603:Everybody Wants to Rule the World
1506:) - "Why?", "Behind the Wall", "
1125:
699:
373:This article has multiple issues.
3216:List of jam band music festivals
3133:
3132:
2617:state memorial service attendees
2407:. Concert booklet. OCLC 23081366
1961:Billy Connolly (stand-up comedy)
1713:Whoopi Goldberg - One Woman Show
1498:(1st appearance) (introduced by
1339:(introduced by Richard Gere) – "
1235:Rights in the event are held by
715:band, who had written the song "
689:The first concert, according to
464:
403:
362:
154:Artists United Against Apartheid
131:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
36:
2381:
2368:
2343:
2317:
2291:
2265:
2240:
2230:
1951:Harry Enfield (stand-up comedy)
1929:I Just Called to Say I Love You
1828:, Simple Minds, Peter Gabriel,
1739:(introduced by Lenny Henry) - "
1627:I've Gotta Get a Message to You
1398:(introduced by Lenny Henry) – "
1361:Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)
1185:I've Gotta Get a Message to You
1171:I Just Called to Say I Love You
1120:I Just Called to Say I Love You
475:needs additional citations for
381:or discuss these issues on the
2785:Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate
2587:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
2494:18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013
2209:
2190:
2177:
2167:
2148:
1:
3464:Tuska Open Air Metal Festival
3439:Sauna Open Air Metal Festival
3385:Rock am Ring and Rock im Park
3206:List of heavy metal festivals
3052:International Tribute Concert
2919:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
2111:Morse, Steve (13 June 1988),
2052:
2009:Further appearances included
1937:(introduced by Meat Loaf) - "
1911:(introduced by Meat Loaf) - "
1440:Ain't No Mountain High Enough
1242:
265:(South-West Africa ceasefire)
169:Organisation of African Unity
113:Crime of Apartheid Convention
3062:"Free Nelson Mandela" (song)
2667:Constitution of South Africa
2652:Government of National Unity
1875:Didn't We Almost Have It All
1237:Tribute Inspirations Limited
771:Archbishop Trevor Huddleston
646:. In the United States, the
627:anti-apartheid revolutionary
425:quotes need quote templates.
273:(arms embargo strengthening)
249:(arms embargo strengthening)
7:
3628:Concerts at Wembley Stadium
3221:List of punk rock festivals
2790:Nelson Mandela Invitational
2535:1955 Congress of the People
2035:
2011:Grupo Experimental de Dansa
1931:", speech, "Dark 'n Lovely"
1899:I Wanna Dance with Somebody
1651:(introduced by Lenny Henry)
899:about the Chilean dictator
658:First of two Mandela events
639:Free Nelson Mandela Concert
423:. The specific problem is:
100:Instruments and legislation
10:
3684:
3095:Cape Town City Hall statue
2770:Mandela Rhodes Scholarship
2760:Nelson Mandela Institution
2525:Mandela and Tambo law firm
2410:Lahusen, Christian. 1996.
1212:The seven charities were:
1102:Talkin' 'Bout a Revolution
314:television programming ban
73:Free South Africa Movement
3648:Music festivals in London
3618:Rock festivals in England
3577:
3501:
3229:
3188:
3128:
3040:African National Congress
3032:
2969:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
2937:
2838:
2830:Nelson Mandela University
2740:
2722:Conversations With Myself
2690:
2632:
2512:
2497:President of South Africa
2490:
2030:The Doug Anthony Allstars
1887:Where Do Broken Hearts Go
1508:Talkin' Bout a Revolution
1349:Here Comes the Rain Again
668:African National Congress
607:
596:
585:
318:Rugby union and apartheid
292:Elimination of Racism Day
30:apartheid in South Africa
3470:The Unholy Alliance Tour
3201:List of gothic festivals
2951:Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
2810:Mandela National Stadium
2780:Nelson Mandela Challenge
2582:Mandela House and museum
2019:Mark Kelly (keyboardist)
1561:" (w/Phil Collins &
1259:In order of appearance:
1192:Funding and organisation
1180:", sung by Jessye Norman
777:Signing up first artists
257:(mandatory arms embargo)
233:(voluntary arms embargo)
25:International opposition
3115:Washington, D.C. statue
2677:Intervention in Lesotho
2612:Death and state funeral
2183:Letter from Archbishop
1789:Simple Minds featuring
1255:Performers and speakers
1069:Stevie Wonder walks out
964:House of Commons motion
958:Before the concert, 24
664:Anti-Apartheid Movement
241:(sanctions feasibility)
159:Commonwealth of Nations
149:Anti-Apartheid Movement
83:International sanctions
68:Constructive engagement
3454:Summer Sanitarium Tour
3196:List of folk festivals
2993:Zenani Mandela-Dlamini
2256:Andimba Toivo ja Toivo
2028:Australian comedy act
1945:"/"Free Mandela" with
1879:Love Will Save the Day
1808:", "East at Easter", "
1534:All Stars (House Band)
1373:The Arnhemland Dancers
721:Greater London Council
648:Fox television network
225:(Sharpeville massacre)
3633:1988 in British music
3434:Rock Never Stops Tour
3354:Magic Circle Festival
3243:Anger Management Tour
2815:Nelson Mandela Bridge
2800:Nelson Mandela Square
2602:90th Birthday Tribute
2597:70th Birthday Tribute
2567:Victor Verster Prison
2376:When The Music's Over
2330:the-shortlisted.co.uk
1723:", "Across the Lines"
1710:Richard Gere - speech
1637:Philip Michael Thomas
1593:Don't Dream It's Over
1542:Harvest for the World
1472:Ashford & Simpson
1436:Ashford & Simpson
1420:True Love Never Fails
1369:- 30 seconds of abuse
1289:Every Breath You Take
1207:Archbishop Huddleston
1159:" by Steven Van Zandt
785:Hollingsworth wanted
587:Popular-music concert
164:Halt All Racist Tours
3369:Nintendo Fusion Tour
3067:"Mandela Day" (song)
2879:Mandela and de Klerk
2825:Ponts Nelson-Mandela
2755:Nelson Mandela Forum
2706:Long Walk to Freedom
2672:1995 Rugby World Cup
2303:Classic Pop Magazine
2203:2 March 2016 at the
1954:Lenny Henry doing a
1903:Greatest Love of All
1859:Angolan Dance Troupe
1520:and Lenny Henry) - "
1388:Lenny Henry doing a
1384:Amabutho Male Chorus
1316:Richard Attenborough
1301:- introduces the day
652:anti-apartheid music
484:improve this article
430:improve this article
419:to meet Knowledge's
119:Gleneagles Agreement
88:Milton King boycotts
3658:Pop music festivals
3444:Sonisphere Festival
3273:Deconstruction Tour
3100:Johannesburg statue
2947:(great-grandfather)
1848:Free Nelson Mandela
1639:- Introduction for
1522:Wishing I Was Lucky
1400:Let's Stay Together
1357:When Tomorrow Comes
1293:Message in a Bottle
1136:Free Nelson Mandela
1053:and Liberal leader
717:Free Nelson Mandela
582:
215:UN Security Council
125:Sullivan principles
3429:Projekt Revolution
3317:Hard Electric Tour
3293:Fuji Rock Festival
3283:Family Values Tour
2855:Death of Apartheid
2607:Awards and honours
2279:on 27 January 2014
2069:The Art of Protest
1552:Love and Affection
1363:", "Brand New Day"
1173:" by Stevie Wonder
1145:" by Peter Gabriel
1138:" by Jerry Dammers
943:Broadcast politics
674:and others by the
580:
107:UN Resolution 1761
3598:
3597:
3559:Sign of the horns
3263:California Jam II
3148:
3147:
3090:Atlanta sculpture
2622:funeral attendees
2530:UMkhonto we Sizwe
2420:978-3-11-015093-3
2389:Chicago Sun-Times
2374:Denselow (1990),
2215:Denselow, Robin,
2185:Trevor Huddleston
1993:Wonderful Tonight
1985:Money for Nothing
1856:(stand-up comedy)
1810:Alive and Kicking
1806:Sanctify Yourself
1780:Denzel Washington
1759:(stand-up comedy)
1729:(stand-up comedy)
1690:Rat in Mi Kitchen
1673:- "Set Them Free"
1492:(stand-up comedy)
1484:Higher and Higher
1230:Save the Children
1187:" by The Bee Gees
1166:" by Simple Minds
1037:On-stage politics
980:Chicago Sun-Times
875:Bruce Springsteen
615:
614:
578:
577:
570:
560:
559:
552:
534:
458:
457:
450:
421:quality standards
412:This article may
396:
356:
355:
3675:
3663:Musical tributes
3359:Monsters of Rock
3288:Festival Express
3175:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3136:
3135:
3072:"Rise Up" (song)
2987:Makaziwe Mandela
2981:Makgatho Mandela
2682:Mahlamba Ndlopfu
2562:Pollsmoor Prison
2477:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2275:. Archived from
2269:
2263:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2124:
2118:
2114:The Boston Globe
2109:
2100:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2042:46664 (concerts)
1989:Brothers in Arms
1981:Romeo and Juliet
1977:Sultans of Swing
1826:Steven van Zandt
1800:Simple Minds - "
1795:Summertime Blues
1667:Sly & Robbie
1548:Joan Armatrading
1410:Unchain My Heart
1285:They Dance Alone
1150:They Dance Alone
1063:Steven Van Zandt
1000:Steven Van Zandt
901:Augusto Pinochet
896:They Dance Alone
592:
588:
583:
579:
573:
566:
555:
548:
544:
541:
535:
533:
492:
468:
460:
453:
446:
442:
439:
433:
407:
406:
399:
388:
366:
365:
358:
348:
341:
334:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
226:
58:Sporting boycott
53:Academic boycott
40:
21:
20:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3573:
3497:
3488:Wacken Open Air
3476:Uproar Festival
3364:Montebello Rock
3349:Mayhem Festival
3231:
3225:
3184:
3179:
3149:
3144:
3124:
3110:Pretoria statue
3028:
3019:(granddaughter)
3007:(granddaughter)
3005:Ndileka Mandela
2933:
2839:Film depictions
2834:
2742:
2736:
2692:
2686:
2628:
2577:Liliesleaf Farm
2540:Freedom Charter
2508:
2495:
2486:
2481:
2428:
2400:
2398:Further reading
2395:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2305:. 2 August 2018
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2214:
2210:
2205:Wayback Machine
2195:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2163:on 9 July 2008.
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2125:
2121:
2110:
2103:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2038:
1995:", "Solid Rock"
1891:How Will I Know
1865:(introduced by
1863:Whitney Houston
1774:(introduced by
1684:(introduced by
1516:(introduced by
1468:Freddie Jackson
1464:Jonathan Butler
1426:Freddie Jackson
1416:Jonathan Butler
1390:Michael Jackson
1378:Whoopi Goldberg
1327:Whoopi Goldberg
1271:Harry Belafonte
1257:
1245:
1194:
1128:
1109:Whitney Houston
1071:
1039:
1026:Whoopi Goldberg
993:In the US, the
962:MPs put down a
945:
863:Harry Belafonte
859:
807:Whitney Houston
779:
748:
702:
660:
623:Wembley Stadium
601:Wembley Stadium
591:Various Artists
590:
586:
574:
563:
562:
561:
556:
545:
539:
536:
493:
491:
481:
469:
454:
443:
437:
434:
427:
408:
404:
367:
363:
352:
323:
322:
287:
279:
278:
272:
271:Resolution 591
264:
263:Resolution 435
256:
255:Resolution 418
248:
247:Resolution 282
240:
239:Resolution 191
232:
231:Resolution 181
224:
223:Resolution 134
218:
207:
206:
192:
184:
183:
144:
136:
135:
101:
93:
92:
48:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:1988 in London
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Nelson Mandela
3620:
3615:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3578:Related events
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3564:Summer of Love
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3459:Taste of Chaos
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3258:California Jam
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3182:Rock festivals
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:Nelson Mandela
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3017:Zoleka Mandela
3014:
3011:Mandla Mandela
3008:
3002:
2999:Zindzi Mandela
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2957:Nosekeni Fanny
2954:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2911:Winnie Mandela
2907:
2899:
2891:
2887:Goodbye Bafana
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:46664 concerts
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:Nelson Mandela
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2426:External links
2424:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2391:, 4 June 1988.
2380:
2367:
2342:
2316:
2290:
2264:
2239:
2229:
2208:
2189:
2176:
2166:
2155:Mike Ketchum.
2147:
2119:
2101:
2073:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1962:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1947:Chubby Checker
1932:
1922:
1916:
1906:
1871:Jennifer Beals
1867:Corbin Bernsen
1860:
1857:
1851:
1841:
1834:Jackson Browne
1823:
1813:
1798:
1787:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1744:
1730:
1727:Billy Connolly
1724:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:I Got You Babe
1701:Chrissie Hynde
1697:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1661:Jackson Browne
1658:
1655:Youssou N’Dour
1652:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1563:Mark Brzezicki
1555:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1511:
1493:
1490:Fry and Laurie
1487:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1367:Graham Chapman
1364:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1309:Sexual Healing
1305:George Michael
1302:
1296:
1274:
1268:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1127:
1126:Resonant music
1124:
1070:
1067:
1038:
1035:
995:Fox Television
944:
941:
905:Miles Copeland
858:
855:
819:Sly and Robbie
799:George Michael
778:
775:
747:
744:
701:
700:Starting point
698:
691:Robin Denselow
666:(AAM) and the
659:
656:
630:Nelson Mandela
613:
612:
609:
605:
604:
598:
594:
593:
576:
575:
558:
557:
472:
470:
463:
456:
455:
411:
409:
402:
397:
371:
370:
368:
361:
354:
353:
351:
350:
343:
336:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
219:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
127:
121:
115:
109:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
46:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3680:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Crowd surfing
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Provinssirock
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Area Festival
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:London statue
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3023:Ndaba Mandela
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2927:Mandela's Gun
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:1994 election
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Robben Island
2555:
2553:
2552:Rivonia Trial
2550:
2548:
2547:Treason Trial
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:Robert Hughes
2249:
2243:
2233:
2226:
2225:0-571-13906-X
2222:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2093:0-8184-0561-9
2090:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2003:Amazing Grace
2000:
1999:Jessye Norman
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:Stevie Wonder
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:Cissy Houston
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:Harry Enfield
1852:
1849:
1845:
1844:Jerry Dammers
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:Peter Gabriel
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:Courtney Pine
1761:
1758:
1757:Michael Palin
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:Miriam Makeba
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:Miriam Makeba
1734:
1733:Hugh Masekela
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:Tracy Chapman
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:Gregory Hines
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:- "Pitche Mi"
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1645:Jonas Gwangwa
1644:
1642:
1641:Jonas Gwangwa
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:You Win Again
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:Midge Ure - "
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:Tracy Chapman
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:Pink Cadillac
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:Christian Aid
1215:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:Amazing Grace
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Tracy Chapman
1090:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:Stevie Wonder
1066:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Jesse Jackson
1043:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1001:
996:
991:
988:
984:
982:
981:
975:
971:
967:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
940:
937:
933:
928:
926:
925:
924:Stevie Wonder
920:
916:
912:
908:
906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
871:
867:
865:
864:
854:
850:
848:
844:
838:
836:
832:
831:Hugh Masekela
828:
827:Miriam Makeba
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
794:
792:
788:
783:
774:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
753:
743:
741:
735:
733:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
706:Jerry Dammers
697:
694:
692:
687:
685:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
584:
572:
569:
554:
551:
543:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501: –
500:
496:
495:Find sources:
489:
485:
479:
478:
473:This article
471:
467:
462:
461:
452:
449:
441:
438:November 2019
431:
426:
422:
418:
417:
410:
401:
400:
395:
393:
386:
385:
380:
379:
374:
369:
360:
359:
349:
344:
342:
337:
335:
330:
329:
327:
326:
319:
316:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
297:"Biko" (song)
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:Other aspects
283:
282:
275:
269:
267:
261:
259:
253:
251:
245:
243:
237:
235:
229:
227:
221:
220:
216:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
188:
187:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
143:Organisations
140:
139:
132:
128:
126:
122:
120:
116:
114:
110:
108:
104:
103:
97:
96:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
63:Disinvestment
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
26:
23:
22:
19:
3600:
3590:Concert tour
3585:Rock concert
3549:Stage diving
3534:Pogo (dance)
3480:
3468:
3411:
3404:
3399:Rock in Roma
3397:
3390:
3383:
3331:
3327:Ilosaarirock
3309:
3297:
3233:
3137:
3082:
3057:Madiba shirt
2975:Graça Machel
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2596:
2442:
2411:
2404:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2302:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:the original
2267:
2260:Oliver Tambo
2248:Allan Boesak
2242:
2232:
2216:
2211:
2192:
2179:
2169:
2161:the original
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:The Guardian
2132:
2122:
2112:
2099:No. 3, 1992.
2096:
2084:
2068:
2067:Reed, T.V.,
2027:
2015:H. B. Barnum
2008:
1973:Walk of Life
1969:Eric Clapton
1965:Dire Straits
1883:So Emotional
1772:Simple Minds
1741:Soweto Blues
1694:Red Red Wine
1569:Paul Carrack
1532:Phil Collins
1518:Daryl Hannah
1476:Natalie Cole
1446:Natalie Cole
1341:I Need a Man
1331:Richard Gere
1258:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1129:
1113:
1106:
1091:
1083:
1072:
1059:
1051:Neil Kinnock
1044:
1040:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1004:
992:
989:
985:
978:
976:
972:
968:
960:Conservative
957:
946:
929:
922:
921:
917:
913:
909:
894:
888:
887:
872:
868:
861:
860:
851:
847:Eric Clapton
839:
803:Dire Straits
795:
787:Dire Straits
784:
780:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
736:
732:Simple Minds
729:
725:
710:The Specials
703:
695:
688:
680:
661:
643:
638:
637:
633:
618:
616:
611:11 June 1988
564:
546:
537:
527:
520:
513:
506:
494:
482:Please help
477:verification
474:
444:
435:
428:Please help
424:
413:
389:
382:
376:
375:Please help
372:
306:
18:
3544:Headbanging
3514:Heavy metal
3493:Warped Tour
3482:Vive Latino
3392:Rock in Rio
3344:Lilith Fair
3311:Good Things
3278:Doomination
3253:Big Day Out
3120:Ismail Ayob
2963:Evelyn Mase
2945:Ngubengcuka
2750:Mandela Day
2505:(1991–1997)
2499:(1994–1999)
1956:Tina Turner
1909:Salt-N-Pepa
1802:Mandela Day
1791:Johnny Marr
1776:Emily Lloyd
1767:IDJ Dancers
1649:Salif Keita
1633:Ali MacGraw
1609:Bryan Adams
1538:Tony Hadley
1514:Wet Wet Wet
1504:Hugh Laurie
1500:Stephen Fry
1430:Jam Tonight
1299:Lenny Henry
1222:War on Want
1164:Mandela Day
1116:Salt-N-Pepa
1055:David Steel
949:Alan Yentob
879:Mick Jagger
791:Ed Bicknell
644:Mandela Day
634:Freedomfest
432:if you can.
217:Resolutions
191:Conferences
174:TransAfrica
3607:Categories
3413:Ruido Fest
3339:Kuopiorock
3322:H.O.R.D.E.
3236:= ongoing)
3025:(grandson)
3013:(grandson)
3001:(daughter)
2995:(daughter)
2989:(daughter)
2741:Legacy and
2647:Presidency
2634:Presidency
2592:The Elders
2520:Early life
2283:6 December
2227:), p. 276.
2140:26 October
2053:References
2005:" (Finale)
1967:featuring
1784:Waterfront
1599:Curt Smith
1589:Paul Young
1460:Joe Cocker
1406:Joe Cocker
1337:Eurythmics
1243:Postscript
1152:" by Sting
1087:synclavier
883:Elton John
843:Jack Sonni
835:Eurythmics
797:included:
510:newspapers
378:improve it
3569:Rivethead
3539:Punk rock
3509:Deadheads
3449:Soundwave
3406:Rock Boat
3305:Gigantour
3268:Crüe Fest
3230:Traveling
2743:namesakes
2691:Books and
2378:, p. 279.
1943:The Twist
1830:Meat Loaf
1751:Pata Pata
1699:UB40 and
1528:Midge Ure
1322:Amampondo
1011:Coca-Cola
740:apartheid
540:July 2023
384:talk page
302:Activists
47:Campaigns
3419:Ruisrock
3333:Knotfest
3189:Subtypes
3139:Category
2959:(mother)
2953:(father)
2903:Invictus
2693:speeches
2201:Archived
2097:Gauntlet
2036:See also
2023:Ray Lema
1935:Fat Boys
1838:Sun City
1721:Fast Car
1619:Bee Gees
1613:Somebody
1583:Kayleigh
1573:How Long
1559:Dear God
1456:Al Green
1396:Al Green
1380:- speech
1333:- speech
1318:- speech
1273:- speech
1267:Drummers
1265:Farafina
1157:Sun City
1098:Fast Car
1006:Sun City
823:Bee Gees
727:people.
603:, London
414:require
3529:Moshing
3524:La Onda
3519:Hippies
3502:Culture
3424:Ozzfest
3234:italics
3045:history
3033:Related
2895:Endgame
2863:Mandela
2847:Mandela
2360:22 July
2335:22 July
2309:22 July
1939:Wipeout
1919:Derek B
1913:Push It
1100:" and "
672:Mandela
608:Date(s)
524:scholar
416:cleanup
3379:Qstock
2977:(wife)
2971:(wife)
2965:(wife)
2938:Family
2929:(2016)
2921:(2013)
2913:(2011)
2905:(2009)
2897:(2009)
2889:(2007)
2881:(1997)
2873:(1996)
2865:(1996)
2857:(1995)
2849:(1987)
2732:(2017)
2724:(2010)
2716:(1999)
2708:(1994)
2418:
2223:
2091:
2021:, and
1958:parody
1778:&
1765:&
1474:, and
1392:parody
932:Prince
526:
519:
512:
505:
497:
312:Equity
2983:(son)
1873:) - "
1782:) - "
1688:) - "
1671:Aswad
1277:Sting
1214:Oxfam
890:Sting
815:Aswad
597:Venue
531:JSTOR
517:books
129:1986
123:1977
117:1977
111:1973
105:1962
3085:(EP)
2513:Life
2448:IMDb
2416:ISBN
2362:2021
2355:IMDb
2337:2021
2311:2021
2285:2013
2258:and
2254:MP,
2221:ISBN
2142:2016
2089:ISBN
1991:", "
1987:", "
1983:", "
1979:", "
1975:", "
1941:", "
1901:", "
1897:), "
1889:", "
1885:", "
1881:", "
1877:", "
1869:and
1820:Biko
1804:", "
1692:", "
1682:UB40
1669:and
1635:and
1625:", "
1579:Fish
1530:and
1502:and
1482:", "
1359:", "
1355:", "
1351:", "
1347:", "
1343:", "
1329:and
1314:Sir
1291:", "
1287:", "
1283:", "
1263:The
1143:Biko
1079:UB40
953:BBC2
936:Bono
934:and
829:and
811:UB40
642:and
617:The
503:news
2446:at
2001:- "
1927:- "
1793:- "
1749:- "
1703:- "
1621:- "
1611:- "
1601:- "
1591:- "
1581:- "
1571:- "
1550:- "
1540:- "
1478:- "
1448:- "
1438:- "
1428:- "
1418:- "
1408:– "
881:or
877:or
713:ska
708:of
589:by
486:by
3609::
3299:G3
2353:.
2328:.
2301:.
2250:,
2131:.
2104:^
2087:.
2076:^
2060:^
2025:.
2017:,
2013:,
1832:,
1470:,
1466:,
1462:,
1458:,
1239:.
1228:,
1224:,
1220:,
1216:,
849:.
825:,
821:,
817:,
813:,
809:,
805:,
801:,
654:.
636:,
387:.
27:to
3232:(
3174:e
3167:t
3160:v
2476:e
2469:t
2462:v
2364:.
2339:.
2313:.
2287:.
2144:.
2117:.
1915:"
1905:"
1850:"
1840:"
1822:"
1812:"
1797:"
1786:"
1753:"
1743:"
1735:/
1696:"
1629:"
1615:"
1605:"
1595:"
1585:"
1575:"
1565:)
1554:"
1544:"
1524:"
1510:"
1486:"
1452:"
1442:"
1432:"
1422:"
1412:"
1402:"
1311:"
1295:"
1183:"
1176:"
1169:"
1162:"
1155:"
1148:"
1141:"
1134:"
571:)
565:(
553:)
547:(
542:)
538:(
528:·
521:·
514:·
507:·
480:.
451:)
445:(
440:)
436:(
394:)
390:(
347:e
340:t
333:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
