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retelling of the events, the three were walking on
Albertus Street when Visser hit King in the head with the side of his arm. King fell down, moaning and unable to stand up, and the back of his head had a visible bump. Per Groenewald, "Visser then said he was due to go on leave and I should lock King up on a charge of drunkenness: King's breath smelt of liquor. This was the first mention of drunkenness." Groenewald, Visser, and potentially another constable carried an unconscious King to a police station and charged him as such. Sergeant A. V. Hoffman later testified that he had examined King around that time and found no visible injuries. Hoffman concluded that King was unconscious due to drunkenness, although he did not smell of liquor.
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previously considered the idea of goods bans, the commercial boycotts begun across several
Caribbean islands in the wake of King's death were the first known multi-national effort to economically sanction South Africa for its racist policies and treatment of non-whites. Historian Alan Cobley called them the beginning of the international anti-apartheid movement, and scholar Elizabeth Williams used the King case to highlight race consciousness and political action among West Indians who empathized with Africans' racial struggles.
883:(2) We, 10,000 Barbadians assembled in Bridgetown, Barbados, this 25th day of August, 1951, deplore the cowardly murder of Milton King, a Barbadian seaman, by a South African Policeman, sometime between March 3 and 4, 1951, and we demand that the strongest representations be made by the United Kingdom Government to the Union of South Africa to continue to take steps to bring his murderer to justice and to obtain suitable compensation for his widow and children.
277:, William Rowntree, went to the station that night to bail King out, but found him in the courtyard outside the cells, unconscious with a beaten-up face and a bruised eye. Rowntree refused to post King's bail, later explaining he could not accept the responsibility; Rowntree left the station after a sergeant assured him King would be sent to a hospital. Another constable visited King hourly throughout the night and later reported noticing 'nothing remarkable'.
881:(1) We, thousands of West Indians of African descent, loyal British subjects, assembled at Queen's Park, Barbados on August 25, 1951, place on record our profound detestation of the racial policies of the South African Government which are not only the negation of democratic Government but are likely to be the cause of a deplorable conflict between the white and coloured races of this world.
761:, collected details in August 1951 with the aim of lodging a formal compensation claim against the Union of South Africa's government. In August 1952, Barbados and South Africa negotiated the compensation amount in London; Barbados claimed £2500 (equivalent to £90,861 in 2023) but South Africa only offered £1800 (equivalent to £65,420 in 2023).
877:'s policies, the brutality of King's killing, and the disgraceful results of his killers' prosecution. The Steel Shed meeting passed two resolutions, which its members intended to send to the Governor of Barbados, the relevant authorities in the British Isles, the Government of South Africa, and even the Secretariat of the United Nations:
907:, a Johannesburg newspaper that would later become known for its anti-apartheid stances, published two articles in October 1951 about Cape Town companies grappling with union-led boycotts in the West Indies. The first, on October 6, described a letter sent from a Bridgetown firm to a Cape Town exporter, reading: "The local trade union of
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also planned to protest, advocating for a ban that would prevent all South
African goods and all European-descended South Africans from entering British Caribbean territories. It is unknown whether demonstrations actually took place in British Guiana and Grenada in August. However, the British Guiana
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was reporting a multi-island boycott enforced largely by workers' unions. According to a Cape Town company (which was finding it difficult to continue selling canned goods to the West Indies), three importing firms in the
Caribbean had informed them that they were unable to do business "owing to the
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In the morning, King was still unconscious, but the district surgeon examined him and said he was simply under the influence. Sergeant H. G. Kruger, on duty at the cells that day, tried twice to get the surgeon's permission to send him to the hospital; Kruger was denied both times and eventually did
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man; when King (at that point sober) intervened, one of the policemen hit him and a scuffle began. Constable
Groenewald later testified that Visser had not only kicked the chair of the coloured man, named Adams, and slapped him as well. However, Groenewald's story, which pinned almost all wrongdoing
337:
In South Africa, Visser was charged with culpable homicide, and he appeared before the Cape Town
Magistrate's Court for a preparatory examination on April 13. On July 12, Visser was fined £10 (equivalent to £397 in 2023) for his role in King's death, but was not found guilty, since it could not
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where men of any race could vote in parliamentary elections, as long as they met property and literacy qualifications. Although the effects of the Cape franchise had been somewhat diluted (by expanding voting rights to more white women and more landless white men, for example), Coloured communities
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The public outcry and boycotts sparked by Milton King's murder marked an important moment in the early history of the international anti-apartheid movement. Although India had condemned South Africa at the United
Nations for its racism against Indians in 1946–47, and some national labor unions had
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Cobley argued these goods bans foreshadowed and contributed momentum to some of the first official government anti-apartheid sanctions. On July 2, 1959, the
Jamaican government announced that it was banning all trade with South Africa, and the trade ministers of the colonies of Barbados, British
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On August 10, the Cape Town Deputy
Commissioner of Police, G. P. Britz, announced that a Police Department Board of Inquiry had investigated Visser and Groenewald's actions. Britz said that the men had been punished but that the specifics could not be made public. Although a police investigation
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and put on trial, while the other, Constable J. Groenewald, was interrogated. The homicide trial magistrate ruled that since it could not be determined which of the two men struck the ultimately-fatal blow, neither could be found guilty of any serious charge. The only publicly-known punishment
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was continuing to purchase goods imported from Cape Town. Some smaller
Caribbean islands had supposedly been boycotting particular sectors of South African goods since at least April. These embargoes emanated not from island governments, but instead from the trade unions that controlled which
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is threatening to retaliate by refusing to unload or handle any cargo from South Africa. So until this matter is clarified — as doubtless it will be through Government action — we would not risk ordering any more goods from South Africa at present." The October 6 article also noted the August
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According to Constable Groenewald's later testimony, Visser arrested King in the café on a charge of 'using obscene language'. The Brownes were ordered to leave the café and later saw King, sober and walking unassisted, being escorted out of the building by the two policemen. In Groenewald's
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These two men only know who hit King the blow in the street which caused his death. How can I be asked to accept Groenewald's statement that Visser struck the blow when he is a confessed liar? I do not know why they are so stupid and inhuman as to fabricate this story and charge King with
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drunkenness. I am inclined to believe that Groenewald is the man who struck the blow, but the court cannot rely on the evidence of one or the other constable. I am sure, and have confidence, that you will be brought to task and be dealt with departmentally for your action.
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for "apartness"), a policy of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination against nonwhites. Although legally-sanctioned racial discrimination was widely practiced before 1948, apartheid policies reinforced and expanded these structures. Examples include the
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addressed the House of Assembly on behalf of the Government, saying he was authorized to confirm that an investigation was taking place. However, due to British jurisprudence laws and jurisdiction issues, all the Barbadian Government could really do was call for
236:
The social connotations of 'colouredness' in South Africa and in the Caribbean have historically differed somewhat. However, King would likely have been perceived as Coloured in Cape Town, and later news reports in South Africa described King as "Coloured".
737:. Crew members who disembarked that evening wore black ties in honor of their deceased crew mate. King's funeral was held in the following days and was attended by much of the ship's crew, King's wife, and the officiating minister. In an interview with
706:
Responses in South Africa to Milton King's death (and the ensuing legal proceedings) are poorly documented, but opposition politicians did discuss it as an example of apartheid's injustices. In the wake of protests and riots in May 1951 opposing
225:. Malan spoke to the national Parliament in 1949, suggesting that Coloured voters were broadly immature, easily tricked, and readily accepting of bribes. His National Party would eventually attempt to gut the Cape franchise in 1951, sparking the
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cook who had accompanied King ashore, said that many of the West Indian crew aboard the vessel were afraid to even set foot on South African soil after King's death. Browne observed that Cape Town and Durban, the two South African cities where
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in London — perhaps the first deliberately multi-racial and Black-led organization to push for racial justice in the United Kingdom — raised awareness about King's murder through a series of actions. The first was a protest meeting at
304:
In Barbados, the colonial Government first heard of King's death on March 31 and subsequently began its own investigation, focused on bringing the killers to justice and on providing adequate compensation to King's children. The
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and Milton King's death in particular. About 10,000 people — almost five percent of the island's population at the time — joined the procession through the city's streets. Protestors carried signs reading: "Don't be Dupes;
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The procession ended with brass musicians playing Christian hymns in the streets, with a car containing King's wife, daughter, and two sons following behind. A newspaper editorial in the following days alleged that some
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became the first country in the world to impose broad government economic sanctions against apartheid South Africa since India in 1946. Trade ministers in Barbados, alongside those of three other British colonies in the
207:
Cape Town's racial politics and tensions in the mid-20th century were somewhat distinct from those of the rest of South Africa. This was due in part to Cape Town's unique racial demographics, with neighborhoods like
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including mass protests on March 9 (mere days after King's death) and a general strike among coloured workers in April. Despite this internal resistance, the National Party succeeded in passing the
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attire entered the café: Johannes Stephanus Hoch Visser, aged 20; and a Constable named J. J. Groenewald, age unknown. The Brownes testified that the two policemen kicked a chair out from under a
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crew members Hilton Browne and Wilfred Browne. According to the Brownes' court testimony, King had one brandy that evening, and the three men then went to a "café for non-Europeans" in
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in the Cape in 1950 still represented an important group of swing voters that could theoretically tip the scales in a contest between the National Party and pro-coloured opposition
196:
of nonwhite populations from many towns and neighborhoods. Anti-apartheid resistance events inside South Africa were limited but growing in scope by the early 1950s, with a 1950
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Guiana, Dominica, and Grenada all declared their intention to follow suit (though all four later dropped those plans, potentially after lobbying by the British government).
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were now claiming they would "refuse to handle cargoes of South African goods 'when they have told the merchants not to order them'", effectively threatening a boycott.
901:
Barbadian unions seem to have made good on those threats, though the boycotts' extent and duration are somewhat difficult to gauge given the patchy historical record.
853:; End Race Hatred"; and "One Barbadian Murdered; Fascists Must Go; No Room for Prejudice". An additional thousand arrived at the march's terminus at the Steel Shed in
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be proven whether Visser or Groenewald had struck the ultimately-fatal blow. The presiding Magistrate Carnie censured the two policemen and was reported as remarking:
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97:. According to some historians, these protests and boycotts were one of the origins of the international anti-apartheid movement. In 1959, fellow Caribbean nation
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726:'s force-heavy policing philosophy by citing "the Milton King case, where a policeman practically murdered a Coloured man and then lyingly said he was drunk."
296:. The pathologist later stated that if King's fractured skull had been properly diagnosed earlier, his odds of survival would have been around 50 percent.
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reportedly told the South African parliament in March 1952 that Visser would remain a police officer, as his conviction was "only for assault".
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Even before the King case trial's end, protests were being coordinated across several British colonies in the West Indies. On July 10, 1951,
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Cobley, Alan Gregor (June 1992). "'Far from home': the origins and significance of the Afro‐Caribbean community in South Africa to 1930".
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had docked, were both "filled with race segregation," including hotels that had refused all clients who weren't 'strictly European'.
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TUC's call for Caribbean dock workers' unions to coordinate efforts on enforcing a goods ban would bear fruit later that year.
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said that " have not finished yet. This is only the beginning of our protest against the death of this West Indian seaman."
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In late summer 1951, the Barbadian government announced it would be claiming damages on behalf of King's dependents. The
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shipments could be loaded and unloaded. The duration of the boycotts, and how they were brought to an end, is unclear.
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for the local government conducted a post-mortem examination of King's body on March 5 and concluded he died from a
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188:" (used to describe a wide range of multiethnic communities), or "White" ("Asian" would be added later), and the
1523:"Capetown Colored in Worst Rioting; Disturbance Follows Protest March, Joined by Whites, Over New Election Bill"
1807:
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home to a cosmopolitan but plurality-Coloured population following World War II. Another key element was the
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The politics of race in Britain and South Africa: black British solidarity and the anti-apartheid struggle
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Cape Town seen from the air in 1946, with the harbour at the bottom and District Six near the bottom-left.
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and Cape Town in particular were in the midst of complex economic and social changes. Three years prior,
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820:, Barbados. The August 25, 1951 protest march passed over the previous bridge built at this location.
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strong anti-South African feeling prevailing among West Indians." Barbados and other islands in the
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announced it would be hosting a mass demonstration in August against both South Africa changing its
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his skull. One of the two policemen who arrested King, Johannes Visser, was charged with culpable
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1586:"Dr. Harold Arundel Moody and the League of Coloured Peoples, 1931-1947: A Retrospective View"
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By Due Process of Law?: Racial Discrimination and the Right to Vote in South Africa, 1855–1960
253:(some sources place the café on Dock Road). Some time later, two Cape Town police officers in
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King's murder and his killers' light sentences made international headlines, mostly in the
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resulting from the King trial was Visser being fined £10 (equivalent to £397 in 2023).
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1490:. Johannesburg, South Africa. South African Press Association. August 11, 1951. p. 7.
1449:. Johannesburg, South Africa. South African Press Association. April 15, 1951. p. 15.
1079:. Johannesburg, South Africa. South African Press Association. April 14, 1951. p. 10.
8:
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69:. Reactions including protest meetings, rallies, marches, and boycotts took place in the
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758:
460:
1777:"Jamaica was never afraid to stand on the side of justice – silence on Gaza shames us"
1427:"In the House of Assembly: Strauss Repeats His Challenge for Cape Riots Prosecution".
114:
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920:, the newspaper of the West Indian Labour Party, had advocated for further boycotts.
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1629:. Bridgetown, Barbados. L.E.S. (London Evening Standard?). July 31, 1951. p. 1.
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Boycotts and Sanctions against South Africa: An International History, 1946-1970
1674:(1951 ed.). New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. p. 95
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321:, was informed about the incident and was urged to take the matter up with the
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onto Visser, was questioned even by the presiding magistrate during the trial.
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in June, largely eliminating the Cape franchise in national general elections.
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were a key issue. Once in power, the National Party quickly began implementing
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of 1950, which began spatially segregating South Africa and would lead to the
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204:'s mining workforce walk off the job despite the threat of police violence.
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and the Union of South Africa when she docked in Cape Town for four days.
1740:"Assault on West Indies Seaman at Cape: Call for Boycott of S.A. Goods".
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1132:(PhD, History thesis). Columbia Academic Commons. pp. 64, 140, 147
1108:. Bridgetown, Barbados. British United Press. July 25, 1951. p. 1.
1045:. Bridgetown, Barbados. British United Press. June 15, 1951. p. 3.
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On March 3, 1951, King went ashore in Cape Town, accompanied by fellow
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1362:"EISA South Africa: White domination and Black resistance (1881–1948)"
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1951 police killing that sparked international anti-apartheid protests
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45:. King was arrested and died within the next two days, likely from a
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allegedly found Visser 'unfit to remain in the force', the then-
1340:. Oxford: Hart Publishing. pp. 20, 37, 164, 260, 269–270.
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King died within the next two days, most likely on March 5. A
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groups had stopped buying from South Africa altogether; only
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had gained control of the national government by winning a
1764:. Johannesburg, South Africa. October 10, 1951. p. 4.
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1158:(New hardback ed.). London: Tauris. pp. 12, 14.
1744:. Johannesburg, South Africa. October 6, 1951. p. 9.
1390:
Burdened by race: Coloured identities in southern Africa
1304:"'The symbolism of District Six is absolutely powerful'"
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After the Visser verdict was delivered in mid-July, the
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to pursue its own investigations thoroughly and justly.
1431:. Johannesburg, South Africa. June 21, 1951. p. 9.
1567:"B.G. Will Protest Beating Of B'dian In South Africa"
1818:
Killings by law enforcement officers in South Africa
1654:. Bridgetown, Barbados. August 26, 1951. p. 12.
1700:. Bridgetown, Barbados. August 28, 1951. p. 4.
1511:. Bridgetown, Barbados. August 20, 1952. p. 1.
184:, which classified all South Africans as "Bantu", "
1555:. Bridgetown, Barbados. August 4, 1951. p. 5.
1573:. Bridgetown, Barbados. July 11, 1951. p. 1.
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1232:. Bridgetown, Barbados. June 30, 1951. p. 5.
1189:. Bridgetown, Barbados. June 29, 1951. p. 7.
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1470:. Bridgetown, Barbados. May 23, 1951. p. 5.
1209:. Bridgetown, Barbados. May 17, 1951. p. 3.
801:story. The day after the meeting, LCP secretary
33:in March 1951 after he intervened on behalf of
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733:returned to Barbados on June 28, anchoring in
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1204:"Inquiry Into Seaman's Death Urged By M.C.P."
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857:. There, activists and politicians including
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1364:. Eisa.org.za. 10 March 2010. Archived from
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1102:"Death of B'dos Seaman: Policeman Fined £10"
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1760:"West Indies Boycott South African Goods".
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1039:"Policeman Charged in Death of Milton King"
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824:On the afternoon of August 25, 1951, the
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1505:"£1800 Offered For Milton King's Murder"
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1283:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 23 July 2024
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281:it anyway despite contravening policy.
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1584:Macdonald, Roderick J. (January 1973).
1464:"Govt. Investigate Milton King's Death"
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1800:
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1245:
1236:
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987:
545:1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
527:UN Special Committee against Apartheid
1775:Mohammed, Kenneth (1 November 2023).
1486:"Inquiry into Actions of Policemen".
1354:
1226:"Strategist Crew Feared to go Ashore"
709:disenfranchisement of Coloured voters
332:High Commissioner for Southern Africa
231:Separate Representation of Voters Act
49:that occurred after a severe beating
1396:. Cape Town: UCT Press. p. 28.
1302:Bernardo, Carla (11 February 2021).
888:Bridgetown protest march resolutions
655:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
550:1978 World Conference against Racism
41:by two police officers in a café in
1445:"Constable on Charge of Homicide".
1075:"Constable Charged with Homicide".
990:Journal of Southern African Studies
323:Secretary of State for the Colonies
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227:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
182:Population Registration Act of 1950
13:
1823:Boycotts of apartheid South Africa
426:International anti-apartheid music
14:
1854:
1246:Monroe, Richard (March 1, 1984).
299:
1813:Events associated with apartheid
502:Artists United Against Apartheid
479:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
384:
1694:"Protest March [Op-Ed]"
1577:
1711:Knight, Robin (12 June 2000).
1623:"Protest Death of Milton King"
1126:Stevens, Simon Murray (2016).
873:gave speeches criticizing the
22:(d. March 4 or 5, 1951) was a
1:
1648:"10,000 Joined Protest March"
1549:"Seaman's Death Investigated"
957:
613:(South-West Africa ceasefire)
517:Organisation of African Unity
461:Crime of Apartheid Convention
216:, a system within the former
142:had been sailing between the
29:who was beaten and killed by
1719:. Vol. 155, no. 23
1154:Williams, Elizabeth (2015).
814:Charles Duncan O'Neal Bridge
621:(arms embargo strengthening)
597:(arms embargo strengthening)
364:
7:
843:Boycott South African Goods
448:Instruments and legislation
134:, a steamship owned by the
10:
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1602:10.1177/030639687301400304
1387:Adhikari, Mohamed (2009).
790:League of Coloured Peoples
662:television programming ban
421:Free South Africa Movement
109:
95:civil rights organisations
1668:1951 Demographic Yearbook
1310:. University of Cape Town
1002:10.1080/03057079208708318
944:
836:protesting South African
666:Rugby union and apartheid
640:Elimination of Racism Day
378:apartheid in South Africa
200:strike seeing 80% of the
85:, and other parts of the
776:and King's beating. The
605:(mandatory arms embargo)
581:(voluntary arms embargo)
373:International opposition
214:Cape Qualified Franchise
826:Barbados Workers' Union
589:(sanctions feasibility)
507:Commonwealth of Nations
497:Anti-Apartheid Movement
431:International sanctions
416:Constructive engagement
348:Magistrate J. T. Carnie
311:Ernest Deighton Mottley
1838:Labor in the Caribbean
1336:Loveland, Ian (1999).
1248:"Lessons of the 1950s"
891:
821:
573:(Sharpeville massacre)
351:
167:white racial anxieties
119:
1698:The Barbados Advocate
1652:The Barbados Advocate
1627:The Barbados Advocate
1571:The Barbados Advocate
1553:The Barbados Advocate
1509:The Barbados Advocate
1468:The Barbados Advocate
1230:The Barbados Advocate
1207:The Barbados Advocate
1187:The Barbados Advocate
1106:The Barbados Advocate
1043:The Barbados Advocate
896:Barbadian dockworkers
879:
830:Barbados Labour Party
811:
770:Trades Union Congress
741:, Hilton Browne, the
739:The Barbados Advocate
512:Halt All Racist Tours
340:
151:Union of South Africa
138:. In March 1951, the
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1808:1951 in South Africa
1183:"Strategist Arrives"
467:Gleneagles Agreement
436:Milton King boycotts
315:Governor of Barbados
126:man who worked as a
31:South African police
1713:"The Daily Courage"
1252:Inqaba ya basebenzi
904:The Rand Daily Mail
721:Minister of Justice
563:UN Security Council
473:Sullivan principles
356:Minister of Justice
327:Hugh Gordon Cummins
313:on May 15 that the
83:St. Kitts and Nevis
1527:The New York Times
1308:www.news.uct.ac.za
822:
759:Lynn Ungoed-Thomas
455:UN Resolution 1761
292:associated with a
122:Milton King was a
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1843:March 1951 events
909:waterside workers
867:K. N. R. Husbands
795:Holborn Town Hall
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307:House of Assembly
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1581:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1098:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1006:
1005:
985:
889:
875:Malan government
755:King's Solicitor
719:criticized then-
696:
689:
682:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
582:
574:
406:Sporting boycott
401:Academic boycott
388:
369:
368:
349:
290:brain hemorrhage
241:Arrest and death
163:general election
47:brain hemorrhage
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1769:
1762:Rand Daily Mail
1759:
1758:
1749:
1742:Rand Daily Mail
1739:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1709:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:Rand Daily Mail
1485:
1484:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1429:Rand Daily Mail
1426:
1425:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1334:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1244:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1152:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1077:Rand Daily Mail
1074:
1073:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1009:
986:
965:
960:
947:
925:Rand Daily Mail
923:By October 10,
890:
887:
882:
832:led a march in
700:
671:
670:
635:
627:
626:
620:
619:Resolution 591
612:
611:Resolution 435
604:
603:Resolution 418
596:
595:Resolution 282
588:
587:Resolution 191
580:
579:Resolution 181
572:
571:Resolution 134
566:
555:
554:
540:
532:
531:
492:
484:
483:
449:
441:
440:
396:
376:
367:
350:
347:
302:
243:
194:forced removals
190:Group Areas Act
112:
89:, often led by
87:Lesser Antilles
17:
12:
11:
5:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1794:
1793:
1767:
1747:
1729:
1703:
1685:
1657:
1632:
1614:
1596:(3): 291–310.
1576:
1558:
1540:
1529:. May 29, 1951
1514:
1493:
1473:
1452:
1434:
1416:
1402:
1379:
1368:on 4 June 2012
1353:
1346:
1321:
1294:
1265:
1235:
1212:
1192:
1171:
1164:
1143:
1111:
1082:
1048:
1007:
996:(2): 349–370.
962:
961:
959:
956:
946:
943:
885:
859:Grantley Adams
766:British Guiana
717:Harry Lawrence
702:
701:
699:
698:
691:
684:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
663:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
616:
608:
600:
592:
584:
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561:
560:
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556:
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547:
541:
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469:
463:
457:
450:
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442:
439:
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428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
381:
380:
366:
363:
345:
301:
300:Investigations
298:
242:
239:
159:National Party
144:United Kingdom
128:second steward
111:
108:
75:British Guiana
67:United Kingdom
37:patrons being
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:1951 protests
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1782:
1778:
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1743:
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1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1405:
1403:9781919895147
1399:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1347:9781841130491
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1165:9781780764207
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
963:
955:
951:
942:
939:
935:
931:
926:
921:
919:
914:
910:
906:
905:
899:
897:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:Ware"; "Kill
848:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
815:
810:
806:
804:
800:
799:Daily Express
796:
791:
786:
783:
779:
778:Workers Union
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
757:, likely Sir
756:
751:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
677:
675:
674:
667:
664:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:"Biko" (song)
643:
641:
638:
637:
634:Other aspects
631:
630:
623:
617:
615:
609:
607:
601:
599:
593:
591:
585:
583:
577:
575:
569:
568:
564:
559:
558:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
536:
535:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
491:Organisations
488:
487:
480:
476:
474:
470:
468:
464:
462:
458:
456:
452:
451:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Disinvestment
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
392:
391:
387:
383:
382:
379:
374:
371:
370:
362:
360:
357:
344:
339:
335:
333:
328:
325:. On May 22,
324:
320:
319:Alfred Savage
316:
312:
308:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
276:
272:
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:In 1951, the
147:
145:
141:
137:
136:Harrison Line
133:
129:
125:
116:
107:
105:
100:
96:
92:
91:labour unions
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:British Isles
68:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
25:
21:
1784:. Retrieved
1781:The Guardian
1780:
1770:
1761:
1741:
1721:. Retrieved
1716:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1667:
1660:
1651:
1626:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1593:
1589:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1508:
1487:
1467:
1447:Sunday Times
1446:
1428:
1407:. Retrieved
1389:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1356:
1337:
1312:. Retrieved
1307:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1280:
1256:. Retrieved
1251:
1229:
1206:
1186:
1155:
1134:. Retrieved
1128:
1105:
1076:
1042:
993:
989:
952:
948:
924:
922:
917:
902:
900:
892:
880:
871:D. D. Garner
863:Errol Barrow
855:Queen's Park
845:; Don't Buy
823:
787:
763:
752:
747:
742:
738:
735:Carlisle Bay
730:
728:
713:United Party
705:
435:
352:
341:
336:
309:was told by
303:
294:broken skull
283:
279:
274:
268:
264:
255:plainclothes
251:District Six
244:
235:
223:United Party
210:District Six
206:
170:
148:
139:
131:
121:
73:, Barbados,
60:
19:
18:
1833:1951 deaths
1277:"Apartheid"
774:voting laws
724:C. R. Swart
565:Resolutions
539:Conferences
522:TransAfrica
359:C. R. Swart
286:pathologist
247:West Indian
218:Cape Colony
155:D. F. Malan
104:West Indies
20:Milton King
1802:Categories
1723:2015-11-10
1281:Britannica
958:References
918:The Beacon
913:lightermen
834:Bridgetown
818:Bridgetown
803:Sam Morris
748:Strategist
743:Strategist
731:Strategist
275:Strategist
140:Strategist
132:Strategist
130:aboard SS
1409:11 August
1314:27 August
1254:(13): 4–9
838:apartheid
650:Activists
395:Campaigns
365:Reactions
177:Afrikaans
172:apartheid
165:in which
124:Barbadian
63:Caribbean
51:fractured
43:Cape Town
24:Barbadian
1786:1 August
1287:8 August
1258:8 August
1136:1 August
938:Trinidad
934:Windward
886:—
851:Malanism
847:Jim Crow
346:—
273:for the
259:coloured
186:Coloured
65:and the
55:homicide
39:harassed
35:Coloured
1678:31 July
1607:30 July
1533:24 July
930:Leeward
782:Grenada
715:member
198:May Day
110:Context
99:Jamaica
79:Grenada
1400:
1372:6 July
1344:
1162:
945:Legacy
869:, and
660:Equity
271:purser
27:seaman
1672:(PDF)
1394:(PDF)
477:1986
471:1977
465:1977
459:1973
453:1962
1788:2024
1717:TIME
1680:2024
1609:2024
1590:Race
1535:2024
1411:2024
1398:ISBN
1374:2012
1342:ISBN
1316:2024
1289:2024
1260:2024
1160:ISBN
1138:2024
932:and
911:and
828:and
812:The
269:The
202:Rand
93:and
1598:doi
998:doi
816:in
780:in
768:'s
729:SS
157:'s
1804::
1779:.
1750:^
1732:^
1715:.
1696:.
1650:.
1635:^
1625:.
1594:14
1592:.
1588:.
1569:.
1551:.
1525:.
1507:.
1496:^
1476:^
1466:.
1455:^
1437:^
1419:^
1324:^
1306:.
1279:.
1268:^
1250:.
1238:^
1228:.
1215:^
1195:^
1185:.
1174:^
1146:^
1114:^
1104:.
1085:^
1051:^
1041:.
1010:^
994:18
992:.
966:^
865:,
861:,
711:,
375:to
317:,
81:,
77:,
1790:.
1726:.
1682:.
1611:.
1600::
1537:.
1413:.
1376:.
1350:.
1318:.
1291:.
1262:.
1168:.
1140:.
1004:.
1000::
695:e
688:t
681:v
175:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
