35:
430:, was a founding member of FSAM and played a key role in its development. As a coalition of unionists and anti-apartheid groups, the organization protested in front of the South African Embassy, leading to 5,000 Americans being arrested. The FSAM had three major objectives: (1) build awareness among the American general public of apartheid through a strategy of civil disobedience and demonstrations that elicited media coverage, (2) begin a change in the U.S. policy of constructive engagement toward South Africa, and (3) influence other Western countries to follow suit once American policy has changed.
423:, which led to the arrest of Robinson, Fauntroy and Berry. Norton was not arrested because she was addressing the media outside of the embassy, which had been notified beforehand. The sit-in was planned for Thanksgiving Eve to ensure wide press coverage. Thereafter, Trans-Africa organized daily protests outside the embassy. These protests helped create the FSAM.
438:
After the formation of FSAM, demonstrations at South
African consulates continued. Following the demonstration at the South African Embassy, universities across the country mobilized anti-apartheid protests. "Black Student Movement" protests occurred in both historically black colleges and
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universities and majority-white institutions, including Ohio State
University and George Washington University. Within one year, more than 4,500 arrests followed, and local branches of FSAM formed in cities across the country.
371:. With local branches throughout the country, it was the primary anti-Apartheid movement in the United States. Famous artists also got involved including Keith Haring who handed out over 20,000 'Free South Africa' posters.
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455:. Many European countries followed suit by enacting their own sanctions. FSAM is arguably the most important and successful initiative undertaken by black private citizens since the
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Randall
Robinson and Clarence Lusane. "An Interview with Randall Robinson: State of the U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement." The Black Scholar, Vol. 16, No. 6, p.41.
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615:"The apartheid divestment movement at George Washington University: the legacy of student activism and GW Voices for a Free South Africa"
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363:) was a coalition of individuals, organizations, students, and unions across the United States of America who sought to end
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714:"Danny Glover on South Africa 25 Years Later: Remembering The Movement that Unraveled Apartheid"
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together with the commitment of private citizens around the country led to the passage of the
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662:"The Black Student Movement at the Ohio State University"
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Selling
Apartheid: South Africa's Global Propaganda War
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International opposition to apartheid in South Africa
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The combined leadership of FSAM, TransAfrica and the
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abuses in South Africa. They demanded the release of
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580:"Randall Robinson and the legacy of TransAfrica"
557:"Chronology of the Free South Africa Movement."
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419:and refused to leave the embassy by staging a
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473:Anti-Apartheid movement in the United States
379:The movement began on 21 November 1984 when
766:United States foreign relations legislation
660:Stanford-Randle, Greer (1 December 2010).
529:. London, U.K.: Pluto Press. p. 110.
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194:1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
176:UN Special Committee against Apartheid
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776:South Africa–United States relations
559:http://transafrica.org/fsam-history/
304:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
199:1978 World Conference against Racism
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761:Legal history of the United States
756:Boycotts of apartheid South Africa
712:Glover, Danny (15 December 2009).
407:met with South African Ambassador
75:International anti-apartheid music
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792:
578:Spector, J. Brooks (1 May 2012).
613:Novak, Andrew (2 January 2021).
463:in forming US.. foreign policy.
453:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
151:Artists United Against Apartheid
128:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
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666:African-American Studies Theses
459:. It expanded the influence of
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411:at his embassy to highlight
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270:(arms embargo strengthening)
246:(arms embargo strengthening)
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97:Instruments and legislation
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716:. The Root. Archived from
498:"African Activist Archive"
449:Congressional Black Caucus
409:Bernardus Gerhardus Fourie
357:Free South Africa Movement
311:television programming ban
70:Free South Africa Movement
564:16 September 2013 at the
426:Robinson's organization,
315:Rugby union and apartheid
289:Elimination of Racism Day
27:apartheid in South Africa
383:, executive director of
254:(mandatory arms embargo)
230:(voluntary arms embargo)
22:International opposition
781:International sanctions
502:Africanactivist.msu.edu
434:Anti-Apartheid protests
238:(sanctions feasibility)
156:Commonwealth of Nations
146:Anti-Apartheid Movement
80:International sanctions
65:Constructive engagement
391:, Commissioner of the
222:(Sharpeville massacre)
457:Civil Rights movement
405:Eleanor Holmes Norton
401:Georgetown University
161:Halt All Racist Tours
116:Gleneagles Agreement
85:Milton King boycotts
417:political prisoners
395:, D.C. Congressman
212:UN Security Council
122:Sullivan principles
720:on 13 October 2013
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389:Mary Frances Berry
104:UN Resolution 1761
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724:8 November
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479:References
647:225288473
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375:Formation
365:Apartheid
299:Activists
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525:(2016).
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421:sit-in
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309:Equity
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126:1986
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