593:
575:
1905:
528:
126:
610:
551:
102:
1911:
1916:
1937:
511:
384:
1923:
1019:
367:. Cotton & Braddy (2000) place it in a new "Trilobite clade" containing the Trilobita, recognizing the close affinities of the nektaspids to trilobites. However this necessitates the inclusion of genera that look very little like trilobites., it was formerly placed in the stem-group to the
414:
spines. Preserved soft tissue of the group indicates that the cephalic (head) shield of nektaspids and liwiids contained branched digestive glands. The
Naraoiidae have their exoskeletons mostly composed of only two major shields, which have a single articulation point.
431:
of the limbs possibly allowing soft-bodied prey to be shredded before ingestion. The differences in gut morphology between some species of naraoiids suggests that some species only intermittently fed, while others regularly fed.
358:
to conform with the names of the other trilobite orders. Whittington described it in 1985 with the spelling
Nektaspida; the revised 1997 Treatise by Raymond and Fortey uses this spelling, as do other modern works.
813:
480:
during the
Cambrian, and are absent from major Cambrian deposits elsewhere during this period, but are widespread in the southern high-latitude margin of Gondwana during the
1020:"A new Late Silurian (Pridolian) naraoiid (Euarthropoda: Nektaspida) from the Bertie Formation of southern Ontario, Canadaâdelayed fallout from the Cambrian explosion"
550:
812:
PĂ©rez-Peris, Francesc; Laibl, LukĂĄĆĄ; Lustri, Lorenzo; Gueriau, Pierre; Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Enright, Orla G. Bath; Daley, Allison C. (March 2021).
1414:
1459:
1240:
1074:
647:
PĂ©rez-Peris, Francesc; Laibl, LukĂĄĆĄ; Lustri, Lorenzo; Gueriau, Pierre; Antcliffe, Jonathan B; Bath
Enright, Orla G; Daley, Allison C (2020-07-10).
257:
2004:
1487:
1438:
574:
1814:
1650:
1542:
1494:
1430:
1361:
223:
592:
527:
1823:
1556:
1535:
1466:
1347:
1332:
1224:
239:
1570:
1514:
1422:
1354:
722:"A nektaspid arthropod from the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna, with a description of retrodeformation based on functional morphology"
1639:
1480:
1284:
1851:
1577:
1563:
1549:
1694:
1368:
1340:
2055:
354:
2060:
1102:
869:"Three new naraoiid species from the Burgess Shale, with a morphometric and phylogenetic reinvestigation of Naraoiidae"
2050:
352:
The order was originally proposed by
Raymond in 1920 as Nektaspia. StĂžrmer corrected it to Nectaspida for the 1959
609:
1035:
2065:
1904:
411:
360:
769:
Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla".
125:
391:
The group is united by several morphological characters, including reduced or absent lateral eyes, a
510:
427:
organisms that were opportunistic scavengers and predators of soft-bodied prey, with the spine-like
396:
407:
1095:
617:
2022:
1915:
1957:
1407:
328:, which they superficially resemble, they are now placed as close relatives as members of the
2017:
392:
2009:
924:"Phylogenetic response of naraoiid arthropods to earlyâmiddle Cambrian environmental change"
1995:
1922:
935:
880:
867:
Mayers, Benjamin; Aria, CĂ©dric; Caron, JeanâBernard (January 2019). Zhang, XiâGuang (ed.).
825:
733:
188:
1910:
8:
2045:
1880:
868:
307:
980:
939:
884:
829:
737:
1940:
1088:
1047:
996:
961:
904:
849:
794:
782:
751:
676:
120:
1051:
1039:
1000:
965:
953:
908:
896:
853:
841:
786:
755:
680:
668:
445:
798:
1450:
1031:
992:
943:
888:
833:
778:
741:
660:
489:
1597:
1400:
1233:
400:
329:
303:
695:
1980:
1673:
1625:
1263:
1184:
648:
535:
493:
371:
subdivision of the
Arthropoda phylum. However, it currently considered part of
922:
Bond, Andrew D.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (January 2021). Zhang, XiâGuang (ed.).
837:
664:
2039:
1666:
1316:
1138:
1043:
1004:
957:
900:
845:
672:
600:
428:
59:
746:
721:
1714:
1618:
1505:
1325:
790:
449:
424:
333:
205:
1077:âmore technical overview with references and descriptions of known genera.
101:
1989:
1611:
1528:
1392:
1379:
1277:
1068:
1018:
Caron, Jean-Bernard; Rudkin, David M.; Milliken, Stuart (November 2004).
814:"A new nektaspid euarthropod from the Lower Ordovician strata of Morocco"
649:"A new nektaspid euarthropod from the Lower Ordovician strata of Morocco"
465:
464:
were diverse in low latitudes during
Cambrian Series 2 and the following
457:
368:
34:
1750:
1741:
1730:
1687:
1680:
1659:
1632:
1473:
1198:
1071:âphotographs of specimens and discussion of classification controversy.
948:
923:
892:
558:
518:
481:
461:
341:
310:
217:
79:
44:
1869:
1858:
1799:
1792:
1777:
1305:
1291:
1205:
1177:
1159:
1144:
1129:
1111:
582:
541:
469:
372:
364:
325:
313:
275:
248:
231:
170:
157:
137:
84:
1951:
484:. The youngest known member of the group is the Laurentian naraoiid
1974:
1844:
1830:
1768:
1723:
1521:
1298:
1247:
1212:
981:"Digestive system and feeding mode in Cambrian naraoiid arthropods"
564:
473:
453:
441:
337:
321:
317:
266:
211:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
383:
332:
within
Artiopoda. The order is divided into three major families;
1837:
1757:
1191:
477:
110:
89:
64:
375:, the clade that contains trilobites and their close relatives.
1123:
403:
147:
1785:
811:
646:
1080:
1036:
10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<1138:ANLSPN>2.0.CO;2
399:
attachment, extensive articulation overlap between unfused
696:"The appendages, anatomy, and relationships of trilobites"
771:
Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
347:
700:
Memoirs of the
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
440:
The group first appeared and was most diverse in the
1017:
452:are only known from the Cambrian Series 2 of East
2037:
866:
1096:
921:
387:Digestive systems of various naraoiid species
979:VANNIER, JEAN; CHEN, JUN-YUAN (2007-01-02).
978:
1103:
1089:
768:
715:
713:
100:
947:
745:
1157:
382:
762:
710:
693:
435:
423:The naraoiids have been interpreted as
2038:
348:Naming history and taxonomic placement
1956:
1955:
1084:
355:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
719:
642:
640:
638:
456:(now Australia) and the then nearby
13:
997:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2002.tb00072.x
783:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x
492:in Ontario, Canada, dating to the
115:fossils with preserved appendages
14:
2077:
1062:
635:
598:Life restoration of the naraoiid
1936:
1935:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1903:
608:
591:
580:Fossil of the Ordovician liwiid
573:
549:
526:
509:
316:. They are known from the lower-
124:
32:
556:Restoration of the emucaridids
533:Drawing of the carapace of the
363:(1985) placed the order in the
1011:
972:
915:
860:
805:
687:
1:
1110:
628:
2056:Prehistoric arthropod orders
7:
324:. Originally classified as
16:Extinct order of arthropods
10:
2082:
2061:Cambrian first appearances
499:
418:
378:
1964:
1931:
1901:
1868:
1813:
1767:
1740:
1713:
1704:
1649:
1606:
1595:
1504:
1449:
1387:
1378:
1315:
1272:
1261:
1223:
1172:
1168:
1153:
1118:
838:10.1017/S001675682000062X
665:10.1017/s001675682000062x
201:
196:
121:Scientific classification
119:
108:
99:
23:
2051:Prehistoric chelicerates
1069:Are Naraoids trilobites?
444:, especially during the
1024:Journal of Paleontology
747:10.1111/1475-4983.00064
618:Misszhouia longicaudata
694:Raymond, P.E. (1920).
388:
2018:Paleobiology Database
386:
2066:Silurian extinctions
720:Budd, G. E. (1999).
516:Life restoration of
472:and in South China.
436:Evolutionary history
940:2021Palgy..64..161B
885:2019Palgy..62...19M
830:2021GeoM..158..509P
818:Geological Magazine
738:1999Palgy..42...99B
653:Geological Magazine
30:AtdabanianâSilurian
949:10.1111/pala.12516
893:10.1111/pala.12383
476:first appeared in
389:
2033:
2032:
1958:Taxon identifiers
1949:
1948:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1809:
1808:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1257:
1256:
562:(blue, left) and
486:Naraoia bertensis
446:Cambrian Series 2
410:that do not form
285:
284:
192:
2073:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1953:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1711:
1710:
1604:
1603:
1451:Tremaglaspididae
1385:
1384:
1270:
1269:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1075:Order Nectaspida
1056:
1055:
1030:(6): 1138â1145.
1015:
1009:
1008:
976:
970:
969:
951:
919:
913:
912:
864:
858:
857:
809:
803:
802:
766:
760:
759:
749:
717:
708:
707:
691:
685:
684:
644:
612:
595:
577:
553:
530:
513:
490:Bertie Formation
302:) is an extinct
187:
182:
169:
129:
128:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1927:
1920:
1887:
1864:
1805:
1763:
1736:
1700:
1645:
1600:
1598:Trilobitomorpha
1583:
1500:
1445:
1415:Chacharejocaris
1401:Australaglaspis
1374:
1311:
1266:
1253:
1234:Acanthomeridion
1219:
1162:
1149:
1114:
1109:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1016:
1012:
977:
973:
920:
916:
865:
861:
810:
806:
767:
763:
718:
711:
692:
688:
645:
636:
631:
626:
625:
624:
621:
613:
604:
596:
587:
578:
569:
568:(yellow, right)
554:
545:
531:
522:
514:
502:
438:
421:
381:
350:
330:Trilobitomorpha
186:
180:
171:Trilobitomorpha
167:
123:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1986:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1674:Phytophilaspis
1670:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1626:Pygmaclypeatus
1622:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1460:Brachyaglaspis
1455:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1264:Vicissicaudata
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1241:Australimicola
1237:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1185:Falcatamacaris
1181:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1063:External links
1061:
1058:
1057:
1010:
991:(2): 107â120.
971:
934:(1): 161â177.
914:
859:
824:(3): 509â517.
804:
761:
709:
686:
659:(3): 509â517.
633:
632:
630:
627:
623:
622:
614:
607:
605:
597:
590:
588:
579:
572:
570:
555:
548:
546:
536:incertae sedis
532:
525:
523:
515:
508:
505:
504:
503:
501:
498:
494:Upper Silurian
437:
434:
420:
417:
380:
377:
349:
346:
283:
282:
281:
280:
271:
262:
258:Phytophylaspis
253:
244:
235:
227:
220:
214:
208:
199:
198:
194:
193:
178:
174:
173:
165:
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88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2078:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1667:Luohuilinella
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1488:Quasimodaspis
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1439:Rozhkovocaris
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1317:Cheloniellida
1314:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:Panarthropoda
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:Superphylum:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Palaeontology
925:
918:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:Palaeontology
870:
863:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:(2): 253â95.
776:
772:
765:
757:
753:
748:
743:
739:
735:
732:(1): 99â122.
731:
727:
726:Palaeontology
723:
716:
714:
705:
701:
697:
690:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
641:
639:
634:
620:
619:
611:
606:
603:
602:
601:Pseudonaraoia
594:
589:
586:from Sardinia
585:
584:
576:
571:
567:
566:
561:
560:
552:
547:
544:
543:
538:
537:
529:
524:
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512:
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398:
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385:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
356:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:to the upper
319:
315:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:(also called
289:
278:
277:
272:
269:
268:
263:
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236:
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185:
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127:
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118:
114:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1965:
1908:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:Conciliterga
1798:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1756:
1749:
1729:
1722:
1715:Emucarididae
1705:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:Xandarellida
1638:
1631:
1624:
1619:Kwanyinaspis
1617:
1610:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1543:Glypharthrus
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:Aglaspididae
1495:Tremaglaspis
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1437:
1431:Obrutschewia
1429:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1367:
1362:Pseudarthron
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1326:Cheloniellon
1324:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1134:
1027:
1023:
1013:
988:
984:
974:
931:
927:
917:
879:(1): 19â50.
876:
872:
862:
821:
817:
807:
774:
770:
764:
729:
725:
703:
699:
689:
656:
652:
616:
599:
581:
563:
557:
540:
534:
517:
485:
450:Emucarididae
439:
422:
406:, and fused
390:
353:
351:
334:Emucarididae
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
274:
265:
256:
247:
238:
230:
224:Petalopleura
206:Emucarididae
183:
109:
18:
1990:Wikispecies
1824:Haifengella
1612:Arthroaspis
1557:Hesselbonia
1536:Chraspedops
1529:Aglaspoides
1467:Chlupacaris
1393:Angarocaris
1380:Aglaspidida
1348:Neostrabops
1333:Drabovaspis
1278:Emeraldella
1225:Protosutura
466:Miaolingian
458:South China
369:chelicerata
361:Whittington
308:mineralised
240:Campanamuta
164:Subphylum:
2046:Nektaspida
2040:Categories
1996:Nektaspida
1966:Nektaspida
1751:Misszhouia
1742:Naraoiidae
1731:Kangacaris
1706:Nektaspida
1688:Xandarella
1681:Sinoburius
1660:Cindarella
1633:Retifacies
1571:Tuboculops
1515:Aglaspella
1474:Cyclopites
1423:Girardevia
1408:Beckwithia
1355:Paraduslia
1199:Squamacula
1145:Arthropoda
629:References
615:Fossil of
559:Kangacaris
539:nektaspid
519:Misszhouia
482:Ordovician
462:Naraoiidae
342:Naraoiidae
326:trilobites
314:arthropods
311:artiopodan
300:Nectaspida
288:Nektaspida
218:Naraoiidae
184:Nektaspida
158:Arthropoda
24:Nektaspida
1881:Trilobita
1870:Trilobita
1859:Tegopelte
1800:Tariccoia
1793:Soomaspis
1778:Buenaspis
1640:Tonglaiia
1481:Flobertia
1306:Carimersa
1292:Kodymirus
1285:Eozetetes
1206:Thulaspis
1178:Bailongia
1160:Artiopoda
1130:Ecdysozoa
1122:Kingdom:
1112:Artiopoda
1052:131595361
1044:0022-3360
1005:0024-1164
966:229454194
958:0031-0239
909:135331371
901:0031-0239
854:221859513
846:0016-7568
756:128566745
681:221859513
673:0016-7568
583:Tariccoia
542:Buenaspis
488:from the
470:Laurentia
393:hypostome
373:Artiopoda
365:Trilobita
296:Nektaspia
292:Naraoiida
276:Tegopelte
249:Panlongia
232:Buenaspis
197:Families
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
1981:Q3337678
1975:Wikidata
1941:Category
1852:Skioldia
1845:Saperion
1831:Helmetia
1769:Liwiidae
1724:Emucaris
1578:Uarthrus
1564:Setaspis
1550:Gogglops
1522:Aglaspis
1299:Sidneyia
1248:Zhiwenia
1213:Urokodia
1143:Phylum:
1124:Animalia
799:39772232
791:10881389
706:: 1â169.
565:Emucaris
474:Liwiidae
454:Gondwana
442:Cambrian
404:tergites
338:Liwiidae
322:Silurian
318:Cambrian
267:Saperion
212:Liwiidae
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
113:compacta
1838:Kuamaia
1758:Naraoia
1695:Zhugeia
1369:Triopus
1192:Molaria
985:Lethaia
936:Bibcode
881:Bibcode
826:Bibcode
734:Bibcode
500:Gallery
478:Baltica
429:endites
425:benthic
419:Ecology
412:lateral
408:pleurae
395:with a
379:Anatomy
306:of non-
189:Raymond
177:Order:
111:Naraoia
2023:151332
1341:Duslia
1050:
1042:
1003:
964:
956:
907:
899:
852:
844:
797:
789:
754:
679:
671:
397:natant
340:, and
191:, 1920
2010:11121
2005:IRMNG
1786:Liwia
1135:Clade
1048:S2CID
962:S2CID
905:S2CID
850:S2CID
795:S2CID
752:S2CID
677:S2CID
401:trunk
304:order
1879:see
1040:ISSN
1001:ISSN
954:ISSN
897:ISSN
842:ISSN
787:PMID
669:ISSN
298:and
35:Preê
1032:doi
993:doi
944:doi
889:doi
834:doi
822:158
779:doi
742:doi
661:doi
657:158
468:in
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2007::
1992::
1977::
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877:62
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775:75
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724:.
712:^
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675:.
667:.
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294:,
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1097:t
1090:v
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216:â
210:â
204:â
181:â
168:â
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:ê
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