Kannada literature

1962: 1330: 500: 2634:("English Songs")—a collection of poems translated from English set the tone for more translations using a standardisation of a modern written idiom. Original and seminal works which drew greatly from native and folk traditions also emerged alongside the translations. Stalwarts like S. G. Narasimhachar, Panje Mangesha Rao and Hattiangadi Narayana Rao also contributed with celebrated efforts. Literary subjects now veered from discussing kings and gods to more humanistic and secular pursuits. Kannada writers experimented with several forms of western literature, the novel and the short story in particular. The novel found an early champion in 1492: 1946: 2380:(1565–1763) rose to power in the southern and western regions of modern Karnataka respectively. Production of literary texts covering various themes flourished in these courts. The Mysore court was adorned by eminent writers who authored encyclopaedias, epics, and religious commentaries, and composers and musicians. The Keladi court is better known for writings on Veerashaiva doctrine. The Mysore kings themselves were accomplished in the fine arts and made important contributions. A unique and native form of poetic literature with dramatic representation called 953: 2608: 644: 6247: 458: 1146: 1954: 2695: 2365: 2131: 1740: 3114: 2901:, 1928) and Kuvempu ("Subbamma Heggadathi of Kanur", 1936) leading the charge. Significantly, writers chose to carry on from where Puttanna, Gulvadi and Kerur had left off around the start of the 20th century rather than continue with popular translations in the style of Venkatachar and Galaganath. Aesthetic concerns replaced the didactic and a sense of form developed. 2527: 1818:, portraying all characters with the exception of Krishna to suffer from human foibles. An interesting aspect of the work is the sense of humour exhibited by the poet and his hero, Krishna. This work marked a transition of Kannada literature to a more modern genre and heralded a new age combining poetic perfection with religious inspiration. The remaining 3181:; life was seen not as a pursuit of already existing values, but as an introspective search for them, occasionally narrated in stream of consciousness technique. Events and details were increasingly treated metaphorically and the short story grew closer to poetry. Gopalakrishna Adiga is considered the father of this form of expression with his 3095:("Family Tree", 1966) that put him in the spotlight as one of Kannada's most popular novelists. It is a story of a respected scholar, Srinivasa Srotri, his family and their long-held values. The protagonist's young and widowed daughter-in-law wishes to remarry, putting his family tradition at risk. Bhyrappa's best novel of the period was 943:, forms that were more accessible to the common man. Writings eulogising kings, commanders and spiritual heroes waned, with a proportional increase in the use of local genres. Kannada literature moved closer to the spoken and sung folk traditions, with musicality being its hallmark, although some poets continued to use the ancient 1713:, a unique set of stories dealing with perversion. In one of the stories, a king intended to perform a ritual sacrifice of two young boys to Mariamma, a local deity. After hearing the boys' tale, the king is moved to release them and renounce the practice of human sacrifice. In honour of this work, Janna received the title 1180:, written during this period, is a treatise on the Kannada speaking people, their poetry and their language. A portion of the writing qualifies as a practical grammar. It describes defective and corrective examples (the "do's and don't's") of versification and native composition styles recognised by earlier poets ( 3368:

Modernisation and westernisation continue to inform sensibilities and spawn new literary techniques and genres. The most striking developments in recent times have been the rise of the prose form to a position of predominance — a position earlier held by poetry — and the prodigious growth in dramatic

1901:

Interaction between Kannada and Telugu literatures, a trend which had begun in the Hoysala period, increased. Translations of classics from Kannada to Telugu and vice versa became popular. Well-known bilingual poets of this period were Bhima Kavi, Piduparti Somanatha and Nilakanthacharya. In fact, so

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The pace of change towards more modern literary styles gained momentum in the early 19th century. Kannada writers were initially influenced by the modern literature of other languages, especially English. Modern English education and liberal democratic values inspired social changes, intertwined with

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Attestations in literature span one and a half millennia, with some specific literary works surviving in rich manuscript traditions, extending from the 9th century to the present. The Kannada language is usually divided into three linguistic phases: Old (450–1200 CE), Middle (1200–1700 CE) and Modern

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families: the dowry system, religious persecution, woes in the extended family system and exploitation of women. Novels of the early 20th century promoted a nationalist consciousness in keeping with the political developments of the time. While Venkatachar and Galaganath translated Bankim Chandra

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and J. H. Fleet edited and published critical editions of literary classics, contemporary folk ballads and inscriptions. Following the rich tradition of dictionaries in Kannada since the 11th century, the first dictionaries expressing meanings of Kannada words in European languages were published in

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The Navya movement was not without its critics. The doubt, dilemmas and indecision in every turn of the plot resulted in increasingly sophisticated and complex narrations, which some readers found uninteresting. It was derided as an intellectual exercise of the middle class intelligentsia; in its

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was credited with broadening readers' horizons; works produced during this period dealt extensively with subjects of everyday life, rural themes and the common man. The language was less inhibited and made generous use of colloquialism and slang. Anakru himself was a prolific writer of novels but

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stood as a bulwark against these invasions and created an atmosphere conducive to the development of the fine arts. In a golden age of Kannada literature, competition between Vaishnava and Veerashaiva writers was fierce and literary disputations between the two sects were common, especially in the

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Modern Kannada literature was cross-fertilized by the colonial period in India as well., with translations of Kannada works and dictionaries into European languages as well as other Indian languages, and vice versa, and the establishment of European style newspapers and periodicals in Kannada. In

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in the early 12th century from Jainism to Vaishnavism was to later prove a setback to Jain literature. In the decades to follow, Jain writers faced competition from the Veerashaivas, to which they responded with rebuttals, and from the 15th century, from the writers of the Vaishnava cadre. These

542:—recognising the prominence of these three faiths in giving form to, and fostering, classical expression of the language, until the advent of the modern era. Although much of the literature prior to the 18th century was religious, some secular works were also committed to writing. 1664:

and between Harishchandra and Vishvamitra. It is believed that this interpretation of the story of Harishchandra is unique to Indian literature. The writing is an original and does not follow any established epic traditions. In addition to Hoysala patronage, Raghavanka was honoured by

2622:('B. M. Sri'), regarded as the "Father of modern Kannada literature", called for a new era of writing original works in modern Kannada while moving away from archaic Kannada forms. This paradigmatic shift spawned an age of prolificacy in Kannada literature and came to be dubbed the 628:. In the 19th century, some literary forms, such as the prose narrative, the novel, and the short story, were borrowed from English literature. Modern Kannada literature is now widely known and recognised: during the last half century, Kannada language authors have received eight 1114:) used in their poems. Most Jain writings included in the list are from the period 1200–1450 CE, while Lingayat and Vaishnava writings are from later periods. Secular topics include mathematics, medicine, science of horses and elephants, architecture, geography and hydrology. 2985:

to be the product of aesthetes, too puritanical to be of any social relevance. This movement drew both established and young writers into its fold and, while it produced no poetry or drama of special merit, its contributions to short story and novel forms were appreciable.

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There was a push towards original works in prose narratives and a standardisation of prose during the late 19th century. Translations of works from English, Sanskrit and other Indian languages like Marathi and Bengali continued and accelerated. Lakshman Gadagkar's

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Though religious literature was prominent, literary genres including romance, fiction, erotica, satire, folk songs, fables and parables, musical treatises and musical compositions were popular. The topics of Kannada literature included grammar, philosophy, prosody,

1030:, chronicles, biography, history, drama and cuisine, as well as dictionaries and encyclopedias. According to critic Joseph T. Shipley, over fifty works on scientific subjects including medicine, mathematics and astrology have been written in the Kannada language. 3172:

who best exemplified the ethos of the movement. Poetry and, later, the short story became the most effective vehicles of the movement. With the passing of the Gandhian era and its influences, a new era in which to express modern sensibilities had arrived. The

1876:, for all his services to Rama, is exalted to the status of "the next creator". Towards the end of the story, during the war with Rama, Ravana realises that his adversary is none other than the God Vishnu and hastens to die at his hands to achieve salvation. 3219:("Songs of Equanimity", 1951), poems distinguished by an idealistic bent. He continued to write poems in the same vein, although in his later poems there is a gradual shift to social issues with a streak of admiration for god's creation. His critical essay, 3273:

in contrasting styles, a tyrannical and whimsical ruler and at the same time, an idealist who sought the best for his subjects. Most plays written by Karnad have either history or mythology as their theme, with a focus on their relevance to modern society.

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During the period between the 13th and 15th centuries, there was decline in Jain writings and an increase in the number of works from the Lingayat tradition; there were also contributions from Vaishnava writers. Thereafter, Lingayat and

2599:(1899) signalled the move away from the highly stylised mores and aesthetics of prior Kannada works to modern prose, establishing the modern novel genre and fundamentally influencing the essay, literary criticism and drama genres. 1460:

made significant contributions with his works in grammar, poetry, prosody, and vocabulary; these are standard authorities and their importance to the study of Kannada language is well acknowledged. Among his other writings, the

3081:. The common theme in both works is the despotism and tyranny of the incumbent native rulers resulting in the intervention of a foreign power appearing on the scene to restore order, but with its own imperialistic intentions. 2737:(1940), was perhaps the most outstanding Kannada lyricist of the period. His poems covered a wide range of themes including patriotism, love of nature, conjugal love, transcendental experiences and sympathy for the poor. 2149:("Haridasa literature"). Influenced by the Veerashaivism of the 12th century, this movement touched the lives of millions with its strong current of devotion. The Haridasas conveyed the message of Vedantic philosopher 3969: 2114:

in 1604 and Sanskrit language in 1652 and again in the 18th century. The encyclopaedia includes entries on 1,500 topics and covers a wide range of subjects including poetics, dance and drama, musicology and erotics.

3483:: "The earliest records in Kannada are full length inscriptions dating from the 5th century AD onward. The earliest literary work is the Kavirajamarga (c. AD 850), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model." 984:(hundred-line verse). There were numerous translations and adaptations of Sanskrit writings into Kannada and, to a lesser extent, from Kannada into Sanskrit. The medieval period saw the development of literary 2435:

contain his observations on the art of living, the purpose of life and the ways of the world. He was not patronised by royalty, nor did he write for fame; his main aim was to instruct people about morality.

872:. Jains were the earliest known cultivators of Kannada literature, which they dominated until the 12th century, although a few works by Lingayats from that period have survived. Jain authors wrote about 1473:(1042), which has been ascribed by some scholars to Nagavarma II, has created uncertainty about his actual lifetime since it suggests that he may have lived a century earlier and been patronised by 1848:. According to the author, the epic he wrote merely narrated God Shiva's conversation with his consort Parvati. This writing has remained popular for centuries and inspired folk theatre such as the 2809:. The work, through the use of metaphors and similes, focuses on the concept that all living creatures will eventually evolve into perfect beings. Other important works of the period are Masti's 2842:(1925), an adaptation of Ranna's medieval epic. While Kuvempu and B.M. Sri were inspired by old Kannada, Masti and later P. T. Narasimhachar ('Pu. Ti. Na') explored modern sensibilities in their 2145:(devotional) movement involving well-known Haridasas (devotee saints) of that time made an indelible imprint on Kannada literature starting in the 15th century, inspiring a body of work called 3355:. In his preface to Abachurina Post Office, Tejaswi expressed a path breaking observation towards then prevailing literary movements. Tejaswi won the "most creative novel of the year" for his 1176:

There was an emphasis on the adoption of Sanskritic models while retaining elements of local literary traditions, a style that prevailed in Kannada literature throughout the classical period.

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compiled by Kannada scholar R. Narasimhachar lists over one thousand anonymous pieces of Kannada literature that cover an array of topics under religious and secular categories. Some fifty

3099:("Breaking of a Home", 1970), a story of a woman surviving under tragic circumstances. The characters in the story are rustic and often use vulgar language. His other important novel is 1118:

the desire to retain the best of traditional ways. New genres including short stories, novels, literary criticism, and essays, were embraced as Kannada prose moved toward modernisation.

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in his writing, Ranna eulogised his patron King Satyashraya and favourably compared him to Bhima, whom he crowned at the end of the Mahabharata war. His other well-known writing is the

2995:('Ta Ra Su'), Basavaraju Kattimani and Niranjana. T. R. Subba Rao initially wrote short stories, although he later turned his talents to novels, which were popular. His early novels, 2709:

While the first quarter of the 20th century was a period of experiment and innovation, the succeeding quarter was one of creative achievement. This period saw the rise of acclaimed

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and Harinarayana Apte respectively, Gulvadi Venkata Rao, Kerur Vasudevachar and M. S. Puttanna initiated the movement toward realistic novels with their works. Aluru Venkatarao's

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The period also saw advances in dramatic works. Though there is evidence that theatre was known from the 12th century or earlier, modern Kannada theatre is traced to the rise of

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extreme sophistication, it was thought to have lost its touch with realities of life. This led to a gradual waning of the Navya school as it was supplanted by emerging waves of

1786:(the pen name of Naranappa), a doyen of medieval epic poets and one of the most influential Vaishnava poets of the time. He was particularly known for his sophisticated use of 590:, is the oldest extant literary work in the language, it has been generally accepted by modern scholars that prose, verse and grammatical traditions must have existed earlier. 1767:. Acute rivalry led to "organised processions" in honour of the classics written by poets of the respective sects. The king himself was no less a writer, the romantic stories 3981: 2541:

The development of modern Kannada literature can be traced to the early 19th century when Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III and his court poets moved away from the ancient

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even called his Telugu, "Kannada". This process of interaction between the two languages continued into the 19th century in the form of translations by bilingual writers.

2122:, Chidananda Avadhuta of the 17th century and Sarpabhushana Shivayogi of the 18th century. So vast is this body of literature that much of it still needs to be studied. 2913:(1928); the former was a much acclaimed work which delved into the psychology of the protagonist, while the latter was a historical novel tracing the emergence of the 972:) was the most popular written form from the 9th century onwards, although it started to fall into disuse in the 12th century. Other Sanskritic metres used were the 2431:

metre, constitute some of Kannada's most celebrated works. With the exception of some early poems, his works focus on his spiritual quest as a drifter. The pithy

1212:, but others believe that the book may have been inspired by the king and co-authored or authored in full by Srivijaya, a Kannada language theorist and court poet. 1237:, the plight of humans on earth, and social issues of the time such as education, trade and commerce, magic, superstition, and the condition of women in society. 3285:(1965). The novel details the search for new values and identity by the protagonist, a Brahmin, who had sexual intercourse with the untouchable mistress of his 2981:('Anakru') gained momentum in the early 1940s. This left-leaning school contended that literature must be an instrument of social revolution and considered the 2512:

and a drama. His reign signalled the shift from classical genres to modern literature which was to be complemented by the influence of colonial period of India.

2016:, is generally regarded as the inspiration for this movement. Devotees gathered to discuss their mystic experiences at a centre for religious discussion called 486: 1872:

a ceremony of "choice of a husband"). His failure to win the bride's hand results in jealousy towards Rama, the eventual bridegroom. As the story progresses,

3050:("Mookajji's visions", 1968), where Karanth explored the origins of man's faith in the mother goddess and the stages of evolution of civilisation. Kuvempu's 4495: 3343:

From the early 1970s, a segment of writers including many "Navya" writers started to write novels and stories that were anti-"Navya". This genre was called

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Other well-known poet saints of the Veerashaiva tradition include Muppina Sadakshari, a contemporary of Shivayogi, whose collection of songs are called the

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The Haridasa movement returned to prominence from the 17th through 19th centuries, producing as many as 300 poets in this genre; well known among them are

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addition, in the 19th century, interaction with European technology, including new printing techniques accelerated the development of modern literature.

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movement of the 12th century created new literature which flourished alongside the Jain works. With the waning of Jain influence during the 14th-century

1890:(1430), was later translated into Telugu and Tamil at the behest of his patron king. In the story, the saint was considered an incarnation of Hindu God 7437: 1988:(or Lingayatism) developed as a revolt against the existing social order of Hindu society. Some of the followers of this faith wrote literature called 1225:. It contains 19 lengthy stories, some in the form of fables and parables, such as "The Sage and the Monkey". Inspired by the earlier Sanskrit writing 3003:, told the stories of the underprivileged, the downtrodden and the outcast. Best known among his novels—some of whose plots are centred on his native 3401: 3105:, a major work in Kannada fiction acclaimed as an admirable attempt at recreating life on the sub-continent during the time of the epic Mahabharata. 2827:("Dull Thimma's Rigmarole", 1943) harkened back to the wisdom poems of the late medieval poet Sarvajna. A celebrated writer of conjugal love poems, 633: 7139: 2334:(1728–1809), Mahipathi Dasa (1750), Helavanakatte Giriamma and others. Over time, the movement's devotional songs inspired a form of religious and 1837: 1530:

in southern India. A new chronological era was adopted, imperial titles were claimed and Kannada literature flourished with such noted scholars as

1173:, marks the beginning of the classical period of writings in the Kannada language under royal patronage, and the end of the age of Sanskrit epics. 669: 5892: 170: 3261:(1964) portrays violence caused by idealism gone astray. Considered an important creation in Kannada theatre, the play depicts the 14th-century 1906:, that they freely used many Kannada terms in their Telugu writings. It was because of this "familiarity" with Kannada, that the notable writer 5358:

Chidananda Murti, M. (1978). "Kannada language and literature during the Chalukyas of Badami (c. 540–750 A.D.)". In M. S. Nagaraja Rao (ed.).

2455:("Repudiation of Sita"). The author successfully converted a religious story into a very human tale; it remains popular even in modern times. 1033:

Kannada literature of this period was mainly written on palm leaves. However, more than 30,000 more durable inscriptions on stone (known as

935:"devotion" period starting in the 12th century was the decline of court literature and the rise in popularity of shorter genres such as the 7513: 2094:, synthesised with an offshoot of the Veerashaiva faith. A prolific writer, Shivayogi composed devotional songs collectively known as the 1252:, collectively called the "three gems of Kannada literature", heralded the age of classical Kannada in the 10th century. Pampa, who wrote 3026:

wave was already in decline by the close of the 1950s. Legendary writers of the previous era continued to produce notable works in the

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prose emphasising the worthlessness of riches, rituals and book learning, displaying a dramatic quality reminiscent of the dialogues of

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After the decline of the Vijayanagara empire in the 16th century, Kannada literature was supported by the various rulers, including the

6236: 479: 6081: 2921:(1942), the saga of three generations of a family, reflecting the social, cultural and economic developments of over a hundred years. 2311:(renunciation) has become popular as a standard book of learning for children. Kanaka Dasa authored a unique allegorical poem titled 3752: 1042: 3658:

N.S. Lakshminarayan Bhatta in Kavirajamarga, Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Volume 3, 1994, pp. 2033–2034; Mugali (1975), p. 13

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region in modern southern Karnataka, exploited the political uncertainty in the Deccan to gain dominance in the region south of the

7062: 6900: 661: 7518: 2882:("Prostitute", 1945), he unleashed his contempt for outdated quasi-religious mores. Societal ills were also examined in Bendre's 2451:

metre, is one of the most popular poems of the late medieval period. A collection of stories, the poem includes the tale of the

1474: 2947:(1937) are particularly notable. The essay, another form adopted from western literature, was richly served by A N Murthy Rao ( 1427:

in his version of the Mahabharata epic, one of the earliest poetic elegies in the Kannada language. Unlike Pampa, who glorified

7559: 7097: 6885: 1961: 1324: 1303:("supreme poet in two languages") for his command of both Kannada and Sanskrit. Although Sri Ponna borrowed significantly from 7069: 6657: 6250: 5991: 5835: 5658: 4501: 3975: 665: 472: 1854:, which has made use of its verses as a script for enacting episodes from the great epic. In Valmiki's version of the epic, 7412: 1352:

From the late 10th century, Kannada literature made considerable progress under the patronage of the new overlords of the

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Seshagiri Rao (1994), pp. 2278–2283; B.L.Rice (1897), pp. 496–497; Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 2; E.P.Rice: (1921), p. 25

2504:, was another prolific writer of the era. More than 40 writings are attributed to him, including a poetic romance called 864:

In the early period and beginning of the medieval period, between the 9th and 13th centuries, writers were predominantly

1617:. In a deviation from the norm, Harihara avoided glorifying saintly mortals. He is credited with more than 100 poems in 7508: 7422: 7111: 7038: 2535: 2359: 1734: 1329: 283: 3710: 228: 6182: 6148: 6129: 6110: 6091: 6070: 6051: 6029: 6010: 5972: 5953: 5934: 5906: 5885: 5863: 5806: 5742: 5721: 5700: 5677: 5620: 5572: 5553: 5478: 5459: 5421: 5402: 5381: 5348: 5214: 5114: 3465: 3442: 2342:("Stories of Hari"). Similar developments were seen among the followers of the Veerashaiva faith who popularised the 2074:

poetry was curtailed until the 15th century when another wave of writings began under the patronage of the rulers of

499: 7549: 7427: 7048: 1970: 3305:, which describes the tragedy that befell a young pregnant widow, from the point of view of a boy. His collection 1550:

and others. An important achievement during this period was the establishment of native metres in literature (the

7554: 6277: 3405: 2102:, literally "songs of the pathway to emancipation"). His songs were reflective, philosophical and concerned with 2051:

was prominent among the several women poets; in addition to her poetry, she is credited with two short writings,

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inscription (c. 700), and the Hummacha and Soraba inscriptions (c. 800) are good examples of poetry in

637: 7362: 7292: 6973: 6910: 6890: 6653: 6298: 6229: 3015:("Swan Song"), a story about a dedicated musician of the late 18th century during annexation of Chitradurga by 2443:(or Lakshmisha), a well-known story-teller and a dramatist, is dated to the mid-16th or late 17th century. The 2331: 1680:

writer, under the patronage of Chandramouli, a minister of King Veera Ballala II. Based on the earlier work of

1204:, which may refer to previous grammarians or rhetoricians, have also been mentioned. Some historians attribute 1092:(commentary) metre mourn the death of heroes who sacrificed their lives and the bravery of women who performed 558:), and until the middle of the 12th century, literature in Kannada was almost exclusively composed by the 17: 3782: 2423:

and drifter Veerashaiva poet who left a deep imprint on Kannada speaking region and its people. His didactic

2161:(devotional songs in praise of god). The philosophy of Madhvacharya was spread by eminent disciples including 928:, were first noted in the 15th century. Writings on secular subjects remained popular throughout this period. 313: 7379: 6945: 6455: 5209:

Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India, Nalini Natarajan, Emmanuel Sampath Nelson, p. 170, 1996,

3223:(1980), is about the Vachana poets of the 12th century, their tradition, style and influence on later poets. 3038:(1964) stand out. V.K. Gokak brought out the innate insufficiencies of the more advanced western cultures in 2531: 2200:

Purandara Dasa (1484–1564), a wandering bard, is believed to have composed 475,000 songs in the Kannada and

104: 7475: 7397: 7164: 7132: 6895: 6341: 6323: 6305: 6285: 5543: 3347:

and sought to fulfil a more socially responsible role. The best-known authors in this form of writing were

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The Veerashaiva movement experienced a setback with the assassination of King Bijjala and eviction of the

258: 253: 243: 7539: 7407: 7076: 6905: 6742: 2493: 968:

Sanskritic metre (poems in verses of various metres interspersed with paragraphs of prose, also known as

69: 7544: 7402: 7366: 6332: 6314: 6294: 3078: 2474:

in various languages, although all are written in the Kannada script. He is credited with the earliest

1882:, a Veerashaiva poet, was a rival of Kumara Vyasa in the court of Devaraya II. His eulogy of the saint 1491: 1132: 446: 441: 422: 417: 401: 396: 391: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 273: 3480: 1441:(993), which recounts the life of the second Jain Tirthankar Ajitanatha. Ranna was bestowed the title 99: 7159: 7146: 6395: 6375: 6246: 6222: 6214: 6158: 3054:("The Bride of the Hills", 1967) is about loving relationships that exist in every level of society. 2927:, which had its beginnings in the first quarter-century, also made significant progress. B.M. Sri's 2521: 1369: 1099: 333: 194: 3215:. A protégé of Kuvempu, Shivarudrappa's fame came the peak of popularity of romantic poems with his 7154: 7090: 6714: 6679: 6674: 6608: 6351: 5454:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research and Pratibha Prakashan. Pp. xv, 170, 88 plates. 3061:(1950), which describe the defeat of Bidanur's chief Channabasava Nayaka (on Karnataka's coast) by 2902: 2683: 1945: 1274:

in a quest for the liberation of his soul from the cycle of life and death. Pampa's other classic,

1140: 1041:) have survived to inform modern students of the historical development of Kannada literature. The 130: 94: 3760: 3561:

Steever, S.B. (1998), p. 129; Krishnamurti (2003), p. 23; Pollock (2007), p. 81; Sahitya Akademi,

165: 160: 61: 7374: 7312: 6828: 6548: 6196: 5820: 5539: 3118: 2639: 431: 381: 135: 2226:

in simple yet expressive language. He also devised a system by which the common man could learn

1270:. In this spiritual saga, Rishabhadeva's soul moves through a series of births before attaining 7174: 7083: 6877: 6503: 6440: 6415: 6410: 6405: 3528:

has dated it to the "end of the fifth century A. D. or the beginning of the 6th century A.D." (

3235: 2801: 1136: 268: 2020:("hall of experience") in Kalyani. Here, they expressed their devotion to God Shiva in simple 1980:

successfully rebelled against their overlords, the Western Chalukyas, and annexed the capital

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Old-Kannada inscription dated 578 CE (Badami Chalukya dynasty) outside Badami cave temple no.3

6805: 6643: 6445: 3348: 3294: 2467: 2323:. Apart from these classics, about 240 songs written by the Kanaka Dasa are available today. 1977: 1365: 1170: 1062: 567: 278: 213: 35: 2043:, Siddharama (1150), and Kondaguli Kesiraja are the best known among numerous poets (called 7465: 7389: 7332: 7202: 6833: 6684: 6420: 6400: 3408:

in India, and numerous other national and international awards since India's independence.

3011:("Flower from a cemetery"), a story about the plight of prostitutes, and historical novel 2828: 2408:

metre. This is the first writing to propagate the Vaishnava faith in the Kannada language.

2190: 1334: 1249: 293: 218: 89: 79: 50: 8: 7352: 7322: 6790: 6772: 6709: 6689: 6613: 6588: 6435: 6289: 5798:

The Language of Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture and Power in Pre-modern India

3503:, p. 177), "... with inscriptions dating from the late 6th century AD, ... 3226:

K. S. Narasimhaswamy remained prominent through this era, writing such landmark poems as

3204: 3169: 3134: 3074: 2823: 2231: 1759: 1276: 1162: 900:

writers dominated Kannada literature. Vaishnava writers focused on the Hindu epics – the

648: 598: 579: 342: 328: 263: 238: 233: 208: 180: 109: 74: 3087:, a charismatic young writer, first came to attention in the 1960s with his first novel 952: 7490: 7262: 7104: 6666: 6425: 6367: 5780: 5772: 5732: 5599: 3282: 3243: 3130: 2924: 2079: 1486: 323: 46: 6022:

The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India c. 1350–1650

2890:("Sanctum", 1932), which decried the exploitation of society in the name of religion. 2569: 2561: 2257:

Kanaka Dasa (whose birth name was Thimmappa Nayaka, 1509–1609) of Kaginele (in modern

994:(three-line verse, in use from the 7th century), one of the oldest native metres; the 288: 7470: 7307: 7018: 6737: 6732: 6724: 6704: 6568: 6553: 6390: 6178: 6144: 6125: 6106: 6087: 6066: 6047: 6025: 6006: 5987: 5968: 5949: 5930: 5902: 5881: 5859: 5831: 5802: 5784: 5738: 5717: 5696: 5673: 5654: 5635: 5616: 5603: 5568: 5549: 5527: 5510: 5502: 5474: 5455: 5417: 5398: 5392: 5377: 5344: 5210: 5110: 3461: 3438: 2978: 2619: 2501: 2373: 2355: 2201: 1457: 1357: 1019: 625: 621: 462: 318: 223: 203: 185: 175: 5471:

International Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature – vol 4, Kavirajamarga-Kannada

3476: 2545:

form of prose toward prose renderings of Sanskrit epics and plays. Kempu Narayana's

1014:(compositions meant to be sung with a musical instrument, in use from 1232) and the 7480: 7460: 7455: 7327: 6968: 6838: 6800: 6780: 6747: 6699: 6628: 6563: 6523: 6498: 6493: 6345: 6327: 5873: 5764: 5695:. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 1066. pp. 323–383. 5591: 3374: 3352: 3270: 3211:("A Horoscope of Bombay", 1966), which takes a closer look at urbanised society in 3142: 3138: 2642:('Masti'), laid the foundation for generations of story tellers to follow with his 2635: 2611: 2582: 2577: 2111: 2017: 1998:("literature of the devotees") consisting of a unique and native form of poetry in 1718: 1677: 1393: 1346: 1222: 515: 308: 155: 150: 3649:

Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1474–1475; Sastri (1955), p. 355; Steever (1998), p. 4

7445: 7232: 7207: 7118: 6915: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6820: 6810: 6795: 6752: 6638: 6633: 6558: 6543: 5816: 5796: 5792: 5752: 5711: 5648: 5435: 5371: 3046:-style novels continued to be successful with such noteworthy works as Karanth's 2992: 2914: 2858:

completed his trilogy about Ranadhira Kantirava, a Mysore king of yore, with his

2393: 2368:

King Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704), writer and patron of Kannada literature

2267: 2258: 2063:

metre and 1,379 extant poems (though he has claimed authorship of 68,000 poems).

2040: 1990: 1827: 1743: 1649: 1535: 1094: 1046: 957: 885: 651:, usually dated to the fifth century, is the earliest example of written Kannada. 643: 606: 298: 140: 84: 5737:. Mysore: Government Press. Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. 5716:. Mysore: Government Press. Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. 2673:

system in marriage. His plays mainly focused on problems affecting middle class

2607: 1633:(a form of Hindu god Shiva). For his poetic talent, he has earned the honorific 1299:(950), a biography of the 16th Jain Tirthankar Shantinatha. He earned the title 7498: 7347: 7337: 7272: 7267: 6998: 6863: 6785: 6762: 6757: 6694: 6623: 6538: 6430: 6380: 6336: 6309: 6192: 5668:

Murthy, K. Narasimha (1992). "Modern Kannada Literature". In George K.M (ed.).

3549: 3122: 3084: 2866:(1938). Kailasam's mastery over wit and stage rhetoric come to the fore in his 2855: 2851: 2835:("Mysore Jasmine", 1942), a description of the bliss of everyday marital life. 2818: 2762: 2698: 2654: 2497: 2462:(a type of field play), which appeared in the 16th century. The golden age of 2227: 2182: 2178: 2162: 1578: 1570: 1515: 1353: 1209: 1197: 985: 523: 114: 5595: 4536:

Srinatha called himself "Karnatadesakataka" (Narasimhacharya 1934, pp. 27–28)

3631:

Rice E.P. (1921), p. 17; Kamath (1980), pp. 49–50, 67, 88–90, 114–115, 132–134

2630:. 'A new rise') period—a period of awakening. B. M. Sri led the way with his 2106:. Shivayogi also wrote a highly respected scientific encyclopaedia called the 1582:

events changed the literary landscape of the Kannada-speaking region forever.

7533: 7222: 7217: 7192: 7023: 7013: 6978: 6953: 6935: 6598: 6583: 6468: 6385: 6357: 6318: 5367: 3492: 3382: 3250: 3101: 2713:

whose works combined native folk songs and the mystic poetry of the medieval

2396:(1673–1704), the earliest composer of the dynasty, who went by the honorific 2377: 2316: 2048: 2036: 1985: 1883: 1682: 1653: 1527: 1437: 1385: 1241: 1230: 1150: 547: 5584:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

5499:

A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present

5394:

Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages

2024:

poems. These poems were spontaneous utterances of rhythmic, epigrammatical,

1810:

tradition. The work is a translation of the first ten chapters of the epic

1648:(1200), considered a classic despite occasionally violating strict rules of 1145: 7317: 7252: 7197: 6920: 6618: 6573: 6508: 6473: 6170: 6039: 5639: 5531: 5514: 3718: 3533: 2973: 2722: 2702: 2197:, visited the region in 1510, further stimulating the devotional movement. 2150: 2091: 2075: 1981: 1927: 1783: 1764: 1751: 1574: 1449: 1271: 1267: 1217: 587: 5946:

A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar

3640:

Dalby (1998), p. 300; Masica (1993), pp. 45–46; Kamath (1980), pp. 143–144

2614:(1832–1903), Christian missionary and writer of Kannada-English dictionary 1469:(1145) on grammar are historically significant. However, the discovery of 7450: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7242: 7227: 7187: 6603: 3190: 3186: 3161: 3016: 3004: 2806: 2738: 2666: 2327: 2186: 2174: 2170: 1953: 1931: 1755: 1657: 1594: 1539: 1411:, a devout Jain woman. Ranna's poetic writings reached their zenith with 1404: 1389: 1292: 1285: 1058: 999: 905: 897: 873: 869: 594: 571: 539: 535: 511: 2850:(1940). The 1930s saw the emergence of Sriranga, who joined forces with 2568:

was published by Bhashyam Bhashyacharya in Mysore around the same time.

1065:

landmark of classical Kannada composition, containing poetic diction in

7237: 7033: 6983: 6578: 5776: 5109:

The Growth of the Novel in India 1950–1980, P. K. Rajan, p. 112, 1989,

3512:

Other scholars have dated the earliest Kannada inscription to 450 A.D.(

3254: 3239: 2595: 2382: 2236: 2216: 2166: 2013: 1999: 1864: 1850: 1676:

Brahmin (believer of monistic philosophy), was the earliest well-known

1589:

literary tradition, poet Harihara (or Harisvara) came from a family of

1543: 1519: 1495: 1424: 1400: 1258:

in 941, is regarded as one of the greatest Kannada writers. Written in

1081: 1022:

writings. There were rare interactions with Tamil literature, as well.

6244: 2745:(1931). The success of this work encouraged Pai to follow with three 1577:, influenced the culture of the region. The conversion of the Hoysala 7297: 7257: 7028: 6963: 6958: 6513: 6488: 6268: 6254: 5447: 5431: 3525: 3062: 2746: 2440: 2420: 2339: 2280: 2204:, though only about 1,000 songs are known today. Composed in various 2139: 2009: 1935: 1891: 1879: 1661: 1547: 1507: 1408: 1254: 1245: 909: 602: 519: 5768: 2549:("Seal Casket", 1823) is the first modern novel written in Kannada. 1006:

of c. 984 and in use from 1165), of which six types exist; the

530:(1700–present); and its literary characteristics are categorised as 7302: 7125: 6925: 6593: 6518: 6483: 3397: 2796:

awardee, demonstrated great talent in writing blank verse with his

2793: 2782: 2710: 2670: 2412: 2335: 2250:. Owing to such contributions, Purandara Dasa earned the honorific 2246: 2087: 1919: 1907: 1903: 1841: 1840:(1500) wrote the first complete brahminical adaptation of the epic 1787: 1699: 1666: 1602: 1361: 1304: 1054: 1027: 921: 901: 881: 876:

and other aspects of religion. The Veerashaiva authors wrote about

765: 629: 610: 563: 2874:("A Doctors Ailment", 1940) while he explores his serious side in 2854:

and Kailasam to pen some of the most successful plays in Kannada.

1419:

or "Battle of Clubs", 982), which describes the conflict between

7342: 6993: 6988: 6528: 6001:

Shiva Prakash, H.S. (1997). "Kannada". In Ayyappapanicker (ed.).

5196: 5194: 3357: 3126: 2962: 2789: 2766: 2725:, with his collection of 27 poems including such masterpieces as 2694: 2674: 2661:("The Hollow and the Solid", 1918). Kailasam followed this with 2364: 2262: 2222: 2211: 2153:

to the common man through simple Kannada language in the form of

2130: 2004: 1895: 1873: 1815: 1725:(1230), deals with the life of the 14th Tirthankar Ananthanatha. 1695: 1673: 1614: 1154: 990: 917: 913: 865: 754: 688: 617: 575: 559: 531: 145: 6063:

The Dravidian Languages (Routledge Language Family Descriptions)

5801:. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 703. 5506: 1585:

One of the earliest Veerashaiva writers who was not part of the

7212: 7008: 7003: 6930: 6478: 6463: 3301:(1963) contains his best collection of short stories including 3286: 3262: 3212: 2770: 2194: 2142: 2025: 1966: 1855: 1739: 1523: 1428: 1396:

and romance classics, with horses as a mark of his admiration.

1376:. The skill of Kannada poets was appreciated in distant lands. 1312: 1166: 945: 932: 889: 303: 5927:

Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol 3, Literature (Kannada)

5821:"Literary Culture and Manuscript Culture in Precolonial India" 5689:"Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture" 5191: 3185:("The Path Traversed", 1952) where he sought inspiration from 3177:

writers questioned the time-honoured standards of plot of the

1640:

Harihara's nephew, Raghavanka, was the first to introduce the

7247: 7182: 6533: 5693:

Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia

5548:. Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 574. 3622:

Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 1, 65; Sastri (1955), pp. 355–366

3393:("Murder in the Eastern Region") are examples of this trend. 3331: 3266: 3070: 2778: 2265:

and spiritual seeker who authored important writings such as

2206: 2029: 1984:. During this turbulent period, a new religious faith called 1949:

Palm leaf with 11th–12th century Vachana poems in old Kannada

1807: 1652:. Drawing on his skill as a dramatist, Raghavanka's story of 1630: 1610: 1531: 1432: 1420: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1234: 877: 5376:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 390. 3257:, Chandrashekhara Kambara and Chandrashekar Patil. Karnad's 3113: 2271:("River of Delight"), the story of the Hindu god Krishna in 1794:("Emperor of the land of Metaphors"). In 1430, he wrote the 1069:

metre, a form consisting of a group of stanzas or chapters.

6061:

Steever, S. B. (1998). "Kannada". In Steever, S. B. (ed.).

2602: 2320: 2288: 2103: 1859: 1706: 1656:

vividly describes the clash of personalities between sage

6157: 6086:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 586. 5847:

Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.)

5524:

Cultural history of Karnataka : ancient and medieval

2943:("Literature and Criticism", 1932) and Krishna Shastry's 2805:(1949). This work marks the beginning of modern Kannada 1902:

well versed in Kannada were some Telugu poets, including

3424:

Krishnamurti (2003), p. 78; Steever (1998), p. 129, 131.

3069:(1950), which describes the fall of the tiny kingdom of 2893:

The novel came of age during this period, with Karanth (

2526: 2210:, and often ending with a salutation to the Hindu deity 2012:(or Basava, 1134–1196), the prime minister of Kalachuri 1826:

were translated by Timmanna Kavi (1510) in the court of

1266:

narrates the life history of the first Jain Thirtankar,

1010:(lyrical narrative compositions, in use from 1160); the 3246:

are among the best-known later generation Navya poets.

2741:

narrated the story of Christ's crucifixion in his work

1399:

Ranna was the court poet of the Western Chalukya kings

988:

indigenous to the Kannada language. These included the

5965:

History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature

2951:, 1937), Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar's ('Gorur') humorous 2392:, a well-known treatise on music, is ascribed to King 2376:(ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) (1565–1947) and the kingdom of the 1569:

Two renowned philosophers who lived during this time,

5948:. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. 3753:"Sahitya Akademi–India's National Akademi of Letters" 3156:

mainstream, a new modernist school of writing called

1196: – compositions written in various interspersed 5545:

The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys)

2653:

The consolidation of modern drama was pioneered by

1506:

elegiac inscription (1220) at the Ishwara temple in

1215:

The earliest existing prose piece in old Kannada is

5925:Rao, Sheshagiri L.S. (1994) . Amaresh Datta (ed.). 5582:Master, Alfred (1944). "Indo-Aryan and Dravidian". 2838:Growth in poetic drama was inspired by B.M. Sri's 2581:the 19th century, the most prominent of them being 5670:Modern Indian Literature:An Anthology – Vol 1 4068: 2917:. Another high point of this period is Karanth's 2792:'), who would subsequently become Kannada's first 2400:("Expert in literature"). Inspired by Jayadeva's 2338:performing art of the Vaishnava people called the 1814:and emphasises the divinity and grace of the Lord 1758:with Muslim empires invading from the north. The 1229:, it is about Jain tenets and describes issues of 5880:. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. 5442:. Karnataka, India: Shrihari Prakashana. Pp. 346. 5440:Studies in Indian History, Epigraphy, and Culture 2572:translated Kannada classics into a series called 2447:, his version of the epic Mahabharata written in 2372:With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the 1609:style, with the story leading to the marriage of 1593:(accountants), and worked under the patronage of 605:literature grew rapidly in the 15th century; the 7531: 6065:. London: Routledge. Pp. 436. pp. 129–157. 5357: 4675: 3821: 3819: 2991:the best works of this school are attributed to 2721:with influences from modern English romantics. 2214:, his compositions presented the essence of the 670:List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language 6141:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5 6122:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2 6103:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 1 5730: 5709: 5650:The Heritage of Karnataka: in relation to India 5028:Punekar in Sahity Akademi (1992), pp. 4159–4160 4321:Derret and Coelho in Kamath (1980), pp. 124–126 3911:Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker (1997), p. 203 3783:Discovery and dating of the Halmidi inscription 2315:("Story of Rama's Chosen Grain"), which exalts 1284:, 941), is loosely based on the Hindu epic the 5878:Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4433: 4431: 4429: 2963:Late Navodaya and the rise of the progressives 2886:("Fumes of Laughter", 1936), and in Karanth's 6230: 6000: 5967:(3rd ed.). Bombay: Motilal Banarsidass. 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 3816: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3249:Outstanding playwrights from this period are 2682:had a profound influence on the movement for 2603:Navodaya – A period of modern literature 1157:praising the people for their literary skills 949:form of writing as late as the 17th century. 480: 5538: 5247: 5245: 5045: 5043: 4472: 4470: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3057:Masti's two classic novels of this era were 2299:metre. The latter writing, which deals with 1445:("Emperor among poets") by his patron king. 5830:. London: British Library. pp. 77–94. 5526:. Dharwad: Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha. 5295: 5293: 5057: 5055: 4923: 4921: 4845: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4614: 4426: 3705: 3703: 3396:Kannada writers have been presented with 8 3385:) days, have come to the fore. Mahadeva's 2564:in 1843; and the first Kannada periodical, 2349: 2070:(devotees) from Kalyani; further growth of 1644:metre into Kannada literature in his epic 1629:, 1160) praising the saint Nambiyana and 1333:Inscribed handwriting of 10th-century poet 675:Native Kannada prosody from 7th century CE 6237: 6223: 5307: 5305: 4801: 4776: 4774: 4693: 4378: 4306: 3937: 3935: 3860: 3747: 3745: 3684: 3563:Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, vol. 2 3452: 3450: 2576:during 1848–1853., while British officers 2059:. Siddharama is credited with writings in 1415:("Victory of the bold Bhima", also called 613:saints marked the high point of this era. 487: 473: 5901:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 5521: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5242: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5146: 5096: 5094: 5040: 5006: 5004: 4992: 4958: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4755: 4753: 4639: 4605: 4602:Shiva Prakash 1997, pp. 167–168, 178, 181 4530: 4523: 4521: 4467: 4440: 4410: 4408: 4181: 4179: 4023: 3886: 3884: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3788: 3160:emerged. Though formally inaugurated by 1898:took the form of a princess of Banavasi. 1043:Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena 6191: 6083:Early India: From the origins to AD 1300 6019: 5731:Narasimhacharya, Ramanujapuram (1988) . 5710:Narasimhacharya, Ramanujapuram (1990) . 5414:A History Of Indian Literature 1911–1956 5290: 5272: 5052: 4974: 4918: 4840: 4828: 4726:Pranesh (2003), preface chapter p. i–iii 4587: 4360: 4333: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4235:Kamath (1980), pp. 114, 132–134, 143–144 4229: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4197: 4050: 3874: 3872: 3711:"Awardees detail for the Jnanpith Award" 3700: 3536:to "about the end of the 6th century," ( 3277:The most acclaimed novel of the era was 3112: 2977:(progressives) movement led by novelist 2785:, characters from the epic Mahabharata. 2777:("Thumb", 1946) dramatises the story of 2693: 2606: 2525: 2470:(1704–1714). A polyglot, he authored 14 2363: 2129: 1960: 1952: 1944: 1750:The 14th century saw major upheavals in 1738: 1490: 1328: 1144: 951: 920:traditions. The devotional songs of the 662:List of milestones in Kannada literature 642: 498: 6138: 6119: 6100: 6060: 6003:Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology 5984:Encyclopedia of Literature – Vol I 5981: 5844: 5828:Literary Cultures and the Material Book 5826:. In Simon Elliot; et al. (eds.). 5815: 5791: 5755:(1998). "The Cosmopolitan Vernacular". 5751: 5686: 5610: 5366: 5360:The Chalukyas of Badami: Seminar Papers 5302: 5219: 5173: 5137: 5073: 5022: 4983: 4902: 4900: 4810: 4771: 4762: 4743: 4741: 4702: 4596: 4562: 4560: 4369: 4351: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4095: 4077: 4041: 4032: 4005: 3932: 3923: 3742: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3586: 3521: 3500: 3447: 3289:adversary. Another notable work is the 3207:made his mark in the Navya period with 2585:'s Kannada-English dictionary in 1894. 2386:gained popularity in the 18th century. 2295:, a spontaneous writing on devotion in 1957:Akka Mahadevi, 12th century female poet 1709:scholar and army commander Janna wrote 1698:leading up to his fight with the demon 1110:poets are known only by the pen names ( 880:, his 25 forms, and the expositions of 518:, spoken mainly in the Indian state of 14: 7532: 6169: 6165:. Bangalore: Kannada Sahitya Parishad. 6120:Various (1988) . Amaresh Datta (ed.). 6101:Various (1987) . Amaresh Datta (ed.). 6079: 6038: 5962: 5943: 5915: 5853: 5667: 5646: 5629: 5581: 5562: 5496: 5314: 5228: 5128: 5119: 5091: 5082: 5064: 5013: 5001: 4953: 4939: 4930: 4888: 4870: 4819: 4792: 4750: 4684: 4657: 4518: 4488: 4458: 4405: 4279: 4261: 4188: 4176: 4119:Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1474, 1699 4113: 4104: 3996: 3980:. Classicalkannada.org. Archived from 3953: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3828: 3802: 3715:Official website of Bharatiya Jnanpith 3607: 3600: 3598: 3577: 3568: 3537: 3517: 3513: 3022:Marked as its influence had been, the 2330:(1682–1755), Gopala Dasa (1721–1769), 1728: 1325:Western Chalukya literature in Kannada 1221:("Worship of Elders", 9th century) by 6218: 5390: 5281: 5254: 5155: 5031: 4965: 4909: 4861: 4783: 4720: 4666: 4648: 4630: 4578: 4548: 4539: 4502:Central Institute of Indian Languages 4342: 4324: 4297: 4270: 4238: 4215: 4206: 4158: 4140: 4092:Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1474–1475 4086: 4059: 4014: 3976:Central Institute of Indian Languages 3944: 3929:Sahitya Akademi (1996), pp. 4002–4003 3869: 3733: 3338: 3230:("The Sculptured Creeper", 1958) and 3193:. His other well-known poems include 3034:("Four Strings", 1964) and Kuvempu's 2468:King Kanteerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II 2466:compositions was tied to the rule of 1965:The bust of Basaveswara, unveiled in 1858:is depicted as one of the suitors at 1456:(poet laureate) of the Chalukya king 1184:). These composition meters are the 888:tradition advanced the philosophy of 666:List of epics in the Kannada language 27:Written forms of the Kannada language 6046:. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. 5896: 5872: 5487: 5468: 5338: 5263: 5182: 5164: 4897: 4879: 4852: 4738: 4729: 4711: 4557: 4479: 4417: 4315: 4288: 4167: 4149: 4122: 3914: 3905: 3837: 3717:. Bharatiya Jnanpith. Archived from 3670: 3661: 3625: 2556:The first Kannada newspaper called 1913: 1126: 998:(six-line verse, first mentioned by 956:Kannada poetry on stone–7th century 655: 5924: 5446: 5430: 5411: 4936:Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1077–78 4569: 4449: 4396: 4252: 4029:Sahtiya Akademi (1987), pp. 183–184 3893: 3846: 3634: 3616: 3595: 3529: 2279:, a work dealing with glory of god 2082:originated a new philosophy called 1121: 24: 6139:Various (1992) . Mohan Lal (ed.). 5473:. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. 5452:Inscriptions of the early Kadambas 4894:Murthy in George K.M(1992), p. 167 4285:Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 64–65, 3843:Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 167, 202 3592:Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 17, 61 3532:, pp. 300–301); epigraphist, 3524:, pp. 331–332). Epigraphist 3389:("Those who sold themselves") and 3377:, in some ways a throwback to the 3365:in 1985 from the Sahitya Akademi. 2646:("A few Short Stories", 1920) and 2360:Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore 1735:Vijayanagara literature in Kannada 1605:tradition, employing the old Jain 1084:) written by unknown poets in the 884:. Lingayat poets belonging to the 25: 7571: 5488:Iyer, Panchapakesa A.S. (2006) . 4747:Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 23–26 4690:Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 200–201 4681:Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 198–200 4663:Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 196–197 4348:Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p. 366 4330:Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 19–21 3825:Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 192–200 3813:Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 61–64 3759:. Sahitya Akademi. Archived from 3681:Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 166–187 3604:Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 61–65 3574:Kittel in Rice E.P. (1921), p. 14 2690:1925–50 – The Golden harvest 2618:At the dawn of the 20th century, 2593:(1892) and Gulvadi Venkata Rao's 2193:, a prominent saint from distant 1480: 1318: 1018:which came to be adopted in some 562:, who found eager patrons in the 6245: 5944:Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2002) . 5899:A History of Kanarese Literature 5845:Pranesh, Meera Rajaram (2003) . 5203: 5103: 4593:Rice B.L. in Sastri 1955, p. 361 4527:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 38–39 4414:Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1181 3959:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717 2957:Hucchu manassina Hattu mukhagalu 2761:, narrated the last days of the 2638:while another prominent writer, 2515: 2411:Also writing in this period was 1465:on grammar and rhetoric and the 1311:is considered an important Jain 456: 5691:. In Sheldon I. Pollock (ed.). 5339:Bhat, Thirumaleshwara (1993) . 5269:Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4403 5251:Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4031 5200:Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4049 5125:Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4185 5037:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1057 4849:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1077 4837:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1182 4699:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1551 4636:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1165 4575:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1324 4339:Kamath (1980), pp. 50–52, 54–56 4312:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1475 4276:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1024 4267:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1149 4164:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1180 4146:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1253 4074:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1699 4020:Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1150 4002:Sahitya Akademi (1996), p. 4392 3962: 3775: 3652: 3643: 3520:, p. 2), and "about 500" ( 3516:, pp. 297–307), 500 A.D. ( 3437:Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 11, 3391:Mudala Seemeli Kole Gile Ityadi 3168:("Modern Poems", 1950), it was 2905:distinguished himself with his 2404:in Sanskrit, it was written in 2398:Sahitya Vidyanikasha Prastharam 2291:, noted for its narration; and 1790:and had even earned the title 931:An important change during the 586:, authored during the reign of 6299:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate 5567:. Cambridge University Press. 5497:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) . 5311:Sahitya Akademi (1992), p 4309 5299:Sahitya Akademi (1992), p 4308 5287:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 165 5188:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 430 5170:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 429 5161:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 689 4980:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 413 4627:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 200 4584:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 191 4226:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620 3866:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 248 3555: 3543: 3506: 3486: 3470: 3427: 3418: 3065:in the late 18th century, and 2496:(1794–1868), the ruler of the 2439:The writing of Brahmin author 2254:("Father of Carnatic Music"). 1976:In the late 12th century, the 1940: 1746:, patron of Kannada literature 1717:("Emperor among poets") from 1601:in ten sections following the 1514:In the late 12th century, the 1072:Elegiac poetry on hundreds of 1037:) and copper plates (known as 13: 1: 7560:Indian literature by language 7380:List of people from Karnataka 6163:Sabdamanidarpanam of Kesiraja 5854:Prasad, K.B. Prabhu (1987) . 5734:History of Kannada Literature 5632:History of Kannada literature 5397:. Columbia University Press. 5332: 4885:Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 26 4825:Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 59 4780:Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 24 4393:Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 20 4366:Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 66 4249:Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 68 4185:Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 37 4110:Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 18 4101:Rice E.P., (1921), pp. 25, 28 3920:Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 27 3902:Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 29 3799:Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 17 2532:Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur 1775:"The Drizzle of Beauty") and 1200:. In some contexts, the term 552: 7476:Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award 5982:Shipley, Joseph T. (2007) . 5757:The Journal of Asian Studies 5501:. Bangalore: Jupiter books. 5362:. Bangalore: Mythic Society. 4807:Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 191 4212:Rice, E.P. (1921), pp. 31–32 4194:Narasimhacharya 1934, p. 18 3890:Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 210 3309:(1973) includes the stories 2125: 1924:Haridasas and Carnatic music 1800:Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari 1694:style, relating the life of 1407:. He was also patronised by 916:and other subjects from the 7: 6020:Sinopoli, Carla M. (2003). 5713:History of Kannada Language 4485:Sinopoli (2003) pp. 130–131 4455:Rice E.P. (1921), pp. 43–44 4357:Rice E.P. (1921), pp. 45–46 3834:Shiva Prakash (1997) p. 163 3406:Sahitya Akademi Fellowships 3234:("Before the Clock Shop"). 3030:style. In poetry, Bendre's 2701:statue in Bugle Rock Park, 2494:Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar 2252:Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha 2047:) who wrote in this genre. 1792:Rupaka Samrajya Chakravarti 1360:and their feudatories: the 1098:. According to the scholar 980:(eight line verse) and the 638:Sahitya Akademi Fellowships 10: 7576: 5412:Das, Sisir Kumar (1995) . 5134:Murthy (1992), pp. 179–180 4950:Murthy (1992), pp. 170–171 4927:Murthy (1992), pp. 168–169 4735:Kamath (2001), pp. 229–230 4446:Sastri (1955), pp. 358–359 4375:Sastri (1955), pp. 361–362 4056:Murthy (1997), pp. 189–190 4047:Kamath (2001), pp. 277–278 3369:literature. More recently 3197:("Pandemonium", 1954) and 3148:In the 1950s, even as the 3079:British East India Company 2813:and P. T. Narasimhachar's 2519: 2353: 2134:Kanaka Dasa (c. 1509–1609) 1994:("Vachana literature") or 1917: 1830:. The poet named his work 1732: 1484: 1322: 1240:The works of Jain writers 1161:The reign of the imperial 1133:Extinct Kannada literature 1130: 659: 7489: 7436: 7388: 7361: 7173: 7160:Kannada Sahitya Sammelana 7047: 6944: 6876: 6819: 6771: 6723: 6665: 6652: 6454: 6366: 6276: 6261: 6159:T. V. Venkatachala Sastry 5647:Mugaḷi, Raṃ Śrī (2006) . 5611:Moorthy, Vijaya (2001) . 5596:10.1017/s0041977x00072487 5522:Karmarkar, A.P. (1947) . 5492:. Chennai: Zion Printers. 5490:Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra 5469:Garg, Ganga Ram (1996) . 5079:Murthy (1992), p. 178–179 4971:Murthy (1992), p. 173–175 3458:The Heritage of Karnataka 3433:Ramanujan, A. K. (1973), 2831:won critical acclaim for 2650:("Short Stories", 1924). 2522:Modern Kannada literature 2508:written in two versions, 2244:("figure of speech") and 2110:; it was translated into 2090:(monistic) philosophy of 1370:Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri 1291:Sri Ponna, patronised by 1100:T. V. Venkatachala Sastry 7155:Kannada Sahitya Parishat 6609:Unification of Karnataka 6024:. Cambridge University. 5630:Mugaḷi, Raṃ Śrī (1975). 5615:. Abhinav Publications. 5565:The Indo-Aryan Languages 5563:Masica, Colin P (1993). 5540:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju 5373:A Dictionary of Language 4858:Pranesh (2003), p. 37–38 4500:Official website of the 4173:Rice E.P. (1921), p. 31 4083:Rice B.L. (1897), p. 326 3974:Official website of the 3941:Karmarkar (1947), p. 124 3613:Rice E. P, (1921), p. 16 3583:Sastri 1955, pp. 355–365 3411: 3108: 2929:Kannada Sahitya Charitre 2903:Devudu Narasimha Shastri 2680:Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava 2566:Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini 2350:Mysore and Keladi period 1782:To this period belonged 1637:("poet of exuberance"). 1467:Karnataka Bhashabhushana 1208:to the Rashtrakuta king 1141:Western Ganga literature 1061:(964) is regarded as an 976:(seven line verse), the 514:of written forms of the 7550:Literature of Karnataka 7375:Karnataka ethnic groups 7313:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 6201:Encyclopædia Britannica 6177:. Motilal Banarsidass. 6175:Indian Kavya Literature 6080:Thapar, Romila (2004). 5963:Sharma, B.N.K (2000) . 5687:Nagaraj, D.R. (2003) . 5436:"Epigraphy and Culture" 4798:Prasad (1987), pp. 9–10 4672:Rice E.P. (1921), p. 80 4554:Rice E.P. (1921), p. 42 4402:Rice E.P. (1921), p. 60 4294:Rice E.P. (1921), p. 34 4258:Rice E.P. (1921), p. 32 3857:Rice E.P. (1921), p. 59 3481:Encyclopædia Britannica 3238:, Chandrashekar Patil, 3232:Gadiyaradangadiya Munde 3119:Masti Venkatesh Iyengar 2684:Karnataka's unification 2640:Masti Venkatesh Iyengar 2534:(1940–1947) with Queen 2394:Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar 1834:after his patron king. 892:from the 12th century. 7555:Literature by language 5916:Ramesh, K. V. (1984). 5391:Dalby, Andrew (1998). 4816:Prasad (1987), pp. 5–6 4717:Nagaraj (2003), p. 378 4506:. Classicalkannada.org 3950:Shipley (2007), p. 528 3757:Awards and fellowships 3497:Dictionary of Language 3402:Sahitya Akademi awards 3236:Chandrashekhara Kambar 3145: 3091:, although it was his 3052:Malegallali Madumagalu 2802:Sri Ramayana Darshanam 2706: 2669:"), a critique on the 2665:("Wages for tying the 2644:Kelavu Sanna Kathegalu 2615: 2538: 2369: 2346:("Stories of Shiva"). 2135: 1973: 1958: 1950: 1747: 1511: 1366:Kalachuris of Kalyanis 1349: 1307:'s earlier works, his 1301:Ubhaya Kavichakravathi 1158: 1137:Rashtrakuta literature 1104:Karnataka Kavicharitre 961: 799:Parivardhini Shatpadi 652: 634:Sahitya Akademi awards 504: 6644:Western Ganga dynasty 6197:"Dravidian Languages" 5849:. Bangalore: Vee Emm. 5278:Murthy (1992), p. 187 5260:Murthy (1992), p. 665 5239:Murthy (1992), p. 185 5225:Murthy (1992), p. 184 5179:Murthy (1992), p. 182 5143:Murthy (1992), p. 180 5100:Murthy (1992), p. 183 5088:Murthy (1992), p. 179 5070:Murthy (1992), p. 178 5061:Murthy (1992), p. 177 5049:Murthy (1992), p. 176 5019:Murthy (1992), p. 174 5010:Murthy (1992), p. 175 4989:Murthy (1992), p. 173 4962:Murthy (1992), p. 172 4915:Kamath (1980), p. 279 4906:Kamath (1980), p. 280 4876:Pranesh (2003), p. 53 4867:Pranesh (2003), p. 37 4768:Pranesh (2003), p. 20 4759:Kamath (1980), p. 281 4708:Nagaraj (2003) p. 377 4645:Moorthy (2001), p. 67 4611:Nagaraj, 2003, p. 348 4566:Kamath (2001), p. 153 4545:Kamath (1980), p. 108 4504:, Government of India 4476:Sastri (1955), p. 363 4464:Kamath (1980), p. 157 4437:Sastri (1955), p. 364 4423:Sastri (1955), p. 362 4137:Sastri (1955), p. 356 4038:Murthy (1997), p. 167 3978:, Government of India 3878:Pranesh (2003), p. 21 3739:Murthy (1997), p. 190 3697:Sastri (1955), p. 365 3349:Poornachandra Tejaswi 3295:Poornachandra Tejaswi 3152:merged back into the 3116: 3048:Mookajjiya Kanasugalu 2955:(1930) and Karanth's 2941:Sahitya Hagu Vimarshe 2697: 2610: 2574:Bibliotheca Carnataca 2530:Maharaja and writer, 2529: 2419:"The all knowing")—a 2367: 2133: 1964: 1956: 1948: 1798:, popularly known as 1779:are assigned to him. 1742: 1721:. His other classic, 1719:King Veera Ballala II 1669:king Prataparudra I. 1494: 1332: 1148: 1053:metre, and the Jura ( 955: 646: 502: 463:Literature portal 36:History of literature 7466:Rajyotsava Prashasti 7333:K. S. Narasimhaswamy 5897:Rice, E.P. (1982) . 5448:Gai, Govind Swamirao 5432:Gai, Govind Swamirao 5325:Murthy (1992), p 189 5152:Murthy (1992) p. 181 4789:Prasad (1987), p. 16 4203:Kamath (1980), p. 90 4155:Bhat (1993), p. 105 4065:Kamath (1980), p. 89 4011:Kamath (1980), p. 83 3456:R.S. Mugali (2006), 3001:Munjavininda Munjavu 2829:K. S. Narasimhaswamy 2663:Tali Kattoke Cooline 2191:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 2039:, Devara Dasimayya, 1969:in 2015, facing the 1828:King Krishnadevaraya 1744:King Krishnadevaraya 924:poets, performed to 582:kings. Although the 7353:G. S. Shivarudrappa 7323:Gopalakrishna Adiga 6974:Chitrakala Parishat 6901:Dams and reservoirs 6773:Kalaburagi division 6614:Vijayanagara Empire 6589:Rashtrakuta dynasty 6504:Chitradurga Nayakas 6290:Emblem of Karnataka 6143:. Sahitya Akademi. 6124:. Sahitya Akademi. 6105:. Sahitya Akademi. 6005:. Sahitya Akademi. 5929:. Sahitya Akademi. 5858:. Sahitya Akademi. 5672:. Sahitya Akademi. 5634:. Sahitya Akademi. 5613:Romance of the Raga 5416:. Sahitya Akademi. 5343:. Sahitya Akademi. 4303:Sastri 1955, p. 358 3763:on 16 December 2008 3297:. Anantha Murthy's 3205:G. S. Shivarudrappa 3170:Gopalakrishna Adiga 3135:K. Shivaram Karanth 3075:Chikka Virarajendra 2931:(1947), Gundappa's 2824:Mankuthimmana Kagga 2558:Mangalore Samachara 2506:Saugandika Parinaya 2313:Ramadhanya Charitre 2232:musical composition 2230:, and codified the 1832:Krishnaraya Bharata 1804:Kumaravyasa Bharata 1760:Vijayanagara Empire 1729:Vijayanagara period 1646:Harishchandra Kavya 1579:King Vishnuvardhana 1448:Among grammarians, 1413:Sahasa Bhima Vijaya 1277:Vikramarjuna Vijaya 1165:and their powerful 676: 649:Halmidi inscription 607:devotional movement 599:Vijayanagara empire 522:and written in the 264:Old Church Slavonic 254:Maharashtri Prakrit 7540:Kannada literature 7263:Nijaguna Shivayogi 6667:Bangalore division 6193:Zvelebil, Kamil V. 4998:Das (1995), p. 148 4654:Iyer (2006), p. 93 3721:on 13 October 2007 3477:Kannada literature 3363:Chidambara Rahasya 3339:Post-modern trends 3283:U.R.Anantha Murthy 3244:K. S. Nissar Ahmed 3146: 3131:M. V. Seetharamiah 3067:Chickavirarajendra 3059:Channabasavanayaka 2971:period waxed, the 2953:Halliya Chitragalu 2925:Literary criticism 2840:Gadayuddha Natakam 2773:respectively. His 2707: 2632:English Geethagalu 2616: 2539: 2370: 2202:Sanskrit languages 2136: 2080:Nijaguna Shivayogi 1974: 1959: 1951: 1748: 1723:Anathanatha Purana 1711:Yashodhara Charite 1654:King Harishchandra 1627:Shivaganada ragale 1623:Nambiyanana ragale 1621:metre, called the 1512: 1487:Hoysala literature 1471:Vardhamana Puranam 1350: 1159: 962: 807:Vardhaka Shatpadi 674: 653: 545:Starting with the 508:Kannada literature 505: 259:Pre-Proto-Mongolic 7545:Indian literature 7527: 7526: 7471:Jakanachari Award 7308:Shishunala Sharif 7019:Togalu gombeyaata 6872: 6871: 6725:Belagavi division 6569:Kingdom of Mysore 6549:Kalyani Chalukyas 6358:Southern birdwing 5993:978-1-4067-0135-7 5837:978-0-7123-0684-3 5660:978-1-4067-0232-3 3313:("Peacocks") and 3183:Nadedu Banda Dari 2979:A. N. Krishna Rao 2939:(1935), Bendre's 2705:area of Bangalore 2620:B. M. Srikantaiah 2560:was published by 2374:Kingdom of Mysore 2356:Mysore literature 2086:, founded on the 1914:Mystic literature 1765:King Deva Raya II 1688:Jagannatha Vijaya 1458:Jagadhekamalla II 1358:Western Chalukyas 1227:Brihatkatha Kosha 1127:Rashtrakuta court 1057:) inscription of 862: 861: 791:Bhamini Shatpadi 656:Content and genre 626:Nayakas of Keladi 622:Kingdom of Mysore 609:of the itinerant 588:King Amoghavarsha 497: 496: 410:Modern by century 151:Classical Chinese 16:(Redirected from 7567: 7481:Kempegowda Award 7461:Basava Puraskara 7456:Nrupatunga Award 7328:V. Seetharamaiah 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7098:Western Chalukya 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7039:Mysore musicians 6969:Channapatna toys 6886:Cities and towns 6839:Dakshina Kannada 6663: 6662: 6629:Veera Ballala II 6564:Kittur Chennamma 6524:Kingdom of Coorg 6499:Chalukya dynasty 6249: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6188: 6166: 6154: 6135: 6116: 6097: 6076: 6057: 6044:Indian Epigraphy 6035: 6016: 5997: 5978: 5959: 5940: 5921: 5918:Indian Epigraphy 5912: 5891: 5869: 5850: 5841: 5825: 5817:Pollock, Sheldon 5812: 5793:Pollock, Sheldon 5788: 5753:Pollock, Sheldon 5748: 5727: 5706: 5683: 5664: 5643: 5626: 5607: 5578: 5559: 5535: 5518: 5493: 5484: 5465: 5443: 5427: 5408: 5387: 5363: 5354: 5326: 5323: 5312: 5309: 5300: 5297: 5288: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5240: 5237: 5226: 5223: 5217: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5050: 5047: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5011: 5008: 4999: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4951: 4948: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4916: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4838: 4835: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4748: 4745: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4465: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3891: 3888: 3879: 3876: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3814: 3811: 3800: 3797: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3749: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3707: 3698: 3695: 3682: 3679: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3510: 3504: 3490: 3484: 3474: 3468: 3454: 3445: 3435:Speaking of Śiva 3431: 3425: 3422: 3375:Dalit literature 3373:(Rebellion) and 3353:Devanur Mahadeva 3271:Mohammad Tughlaq 3166:Navya Kavitegalu 3143:G.P. Rajarathnam 3139:A.N. Krishna Rao 2949:Hagaluganasugalu 2945:Samskrita Nataka 2935:(1950), Masti's 2897:, 1933), Masti ( 2788:K.V. Puttappa (' 2729:("Wing", 1932), 2636:Shivaram Karanth 2612:Ferdinand Kittel 2583:Ferdinand Kittel 2578:Benjamin L. Rice 2427:, penned in the 2307:(devotion) and 2147:Haridasa Sahitya 2112:Marathi language 2108:Vivekachintamani 2096:Kaivalya sahitya 2018:Anubhava Mantapa 1888:Prabhulinga Lile 1796:Gadugina Bharata 1715:Kavichakravarthi 1672:Rudrabhatta, a 1595:King Narasimha I 1443:Kavi Chakravathi 1372:and Silharas of 1347:Shravanabelagola 1293:King Krishna III 1223:Shivakotiacharya 1122:Classical period 1059:King Krishna III 775:Kusuma Shatpadi 741:pre 9th century 733:pre 9th century 725:pre 9th century 717:pre 9th century 709:pre 9th century 701:pre 9th century 677: 673: 557: 554: 516:Kannada language 489: 482: 475: 461: 460: 459: 229:Gandhari Prakrit 70:Ancient Egyptian 41: 32: 31: 21: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7485: 7446:Karnataka Ratna 7432: 7384: 7357: 7293:Jagannatha Dasa 7208:Devar Dasimayya 7169: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7043: 6940: 6868: 6821:Mysore division 6815: 6767: 6719: 6715:Chikkaballapura 6680:Bangalore Rural 6675:Bangalore Urban 6648: 6639:Vikramaditya VI 6634:Vikramaditya II 6559:Shivappa Nayaka 6544:Kadamba dynasty 6450: 6362: 6272: 6257: 6243: 6205: 6203: 6185: 6151: 6132: 6113: 6094: 6073: 6054: 6032: 6013: 5994: 5975: 5956: 5937: 5909: 5888: 5866: 5838: 5823: 5809: 5769:10.2307/2659022 5745: 5724: 5703: 5680: 5661: 5653:. Read Books . 5623: 5575: 5556: 5481: 5462: 5424: 5405: 5384: 5351: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4496:"Sobagina Sone" 4494: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3984:on 24 June 2013 3968: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3803: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3709: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3685: 3680: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565:(1988), p. 1717 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3511: 3507: 3491: 3487: 3475: 3471: 3455: 3448: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3398:Jnanpith awards 3341: 3117:Seated L to R: 3111: 2993:T. R. Subba Rao 2965: 2937:Adikavi Valmiki 2915:Kadamba dynasty 2860:Vijayanarasimha 2648:Sanna Kathegalu 2605: 2570:Hermann Mögling 2562:Hermann Mögling 2524: 2518: 2445:Jaimini Bharata 2362: 2354:Main articles: 2352: 2332:Jagannatha Dasa 2293:Hari Bhaktisara 2287:, the story of 2268:Mohanatarangini 2259:Haveri district 2128: 2100:Tattva Padagalu 2057:Yogangatrividhi 2014:King Bijjala II 1996:Sharana Sahitya 1991:Vachana Sahitya 1943: 1938: 1918:Main articles: 1916: 1846:Torave Ramayana 1737: 1731: 1690:(1180) in the 1650:Kannada grammar 1489: 1483: 1364:, the southern 1343:gem among poets 1327: 1321: 1143: 1131:Main articles: 1129: 1124: 1047:Kappe Arabhatta 1045:(7th century), 958:Kappe Arabhatta 886:vachana sahitya 783:Bhoga Shatpadi 672: 660:Main articles: 658: 555: 493: 457: 455: 219:Byzantine Greek 156:Classical Latin 141:Ancient Prakrit 39: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7573: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7413:National parks 7410: 7405: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7348:D. V. Gundappa 7345: 7340: 7338:M. Govinda Pai 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7273:Purandara Dasa 7270: 7268:Ratnakaravarni 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7053: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6999:Karnatik music 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6829:Chamarajanagar 6825: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6763:Uttara Kannada 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6660: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6624:Vishnuvardhana 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6554:Keladi Nayakas 6551: 6546: 6541: 6539:Hoysala Empire 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6441:Transportation 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6339: 6330: 6321: 6312: 6310:Asian elephant 6302: 6301: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6242: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6189: 6183: 6167: 6155: 6149: 6136: 6130: 6117: 6111: 6098: 6092: 6077: 6071: 6058: 6052: 6036: 6030: 6017: 6011: 5998: 5992: 5986:. READ BOOKS. 5979: 5973: 5960: 5954: 5941: 5935: 5922: 5913: 5907: 5894: 5886: 5870: 5864: 5851: 5842: 5836: 5813: 5807: 5789: 5749: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5707: 5701: 5684: 5678: 5665: 5659: 5644: 5627: 5621: 5608: 5590:(2): 297–307. 5579: 5573: 5560: 5554: 5536: 5519: 5494: 5485: 5479: 5466: 5460: 5444: 5428: 5422: 5409: 5403: 5388: 5382: 5368:Crystal, David 5364: 5355: 5349: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5280: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5241: 5227: 5218: 5202: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5102: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5012: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4952: 4938: 4929: 4917: 4908: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4770: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4517: 4487: 4478: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4425: 4416: 4404: 4395: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4237: 4228: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3970:"Inscriptions" 3961: 3952: 3943: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3859: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3815: 3801: 3787: 3774: 3741: 3732: 3699: 3683: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3554: 3542: 3505: 3485: 3469: 3460:, pp. 173–175 3446: 3426: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3340: 3337: 3329:(protest) and 3123:D. V. Gundappa 3110: 3107: 3085:S. L. Bhyrappa 3009:Masanada Hoovu 2964: 2961: 2933:Sahitya Shakti 2919:Marali Mannige 2872:Vaidyana Vyadi 2833:Mysore Mallige 2819:D. V. Gundappa 2699:D. V. Gundappa 2692: 2691: 2655:T. P. Kailasam 2604: 2601: 2520:Main article: 2517: 2514: 2498:princely state 2478:that included 2453:Sita Parityaga 2402:Geetha Govinda 2378:Keladi Nayakas 2351: 2348: 2228:Carnatic music 2183:Purandara Dasa 2179:Vadirajatirtha 2163:Naraharitirtha 2127: 2124: 1942: 1939: 1915: 1912: 1838:Kumara Valmiki 1822:(chapters) of 1756:southern India 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1705:In 1209, the 1571:Ramanujacharya 1485:Main article: 1482: 1481:Hoysala period 1479: 1392:, a writer of 1323:Main article: 1320: 1319:Chalukya court 1317: 1210:Amoghavarsha I 1182:puratana kavis 1149:A stanza from 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 860: 859: 856: 852: 851: 848: 844: 843: 840: 836: 835: 832: 828: 827: 824: 820: 819: 816: 812: 811: 808: 804: 803: 800: 796: 795: 792: 788: 787: 784: 780: 779: 776: 772: 771: 768: 761: 760: 757: 751: 750: 747: 743: 742: 739: 735: 734: 731: 727: 726: 723: 719: 718: 715: 711: 710: 707: 706:Bedandegabbam 703: 702: 699: 695: 694: 691: 685: 684: 681: 657: 654: 524:Kannada script 495: 494: 492: 491: 484: 477: 469: 466: 465: 452: 451: 450: 449: 444: 436: 435: 428: 427: 426: 425: 420: 412: 411: 407: 406: 405: 404: 399: 394: 386: 385: 378: 377: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 347: 346: 339: 338: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 198: 197: 195:Early medieval 191: 190: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 136:Ancient Hebrew 133: 127: 126: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 95:Hurro-Urartian 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 66: 65: 55: 54: 43: 42: 26: 18:Navya movement 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7572: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7418:Hindu temples 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7223:Allama Prabhu 7221: 7219: 7218:Akka Mahadevi 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:Adikavi Pampa 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7091:Western Ganga 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024:Udupi cuisine 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7014:Mysore Dasara 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6979:Gaarudi Gombe 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6954:Bharatanatyam 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6936:Western Ghats 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916:Highest point 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6599:Srirangapatna 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6584:Pulakeshin II 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6469:Alupa dynasty 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6353: 6352:Carnatic carp 6349: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6319:Indian roller 6316: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6278:State symbols 6275: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6184:81-208-0450-3 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6150:81-260-1221-8 6146: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6131:81-260-1194-7 6127: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6112:81-260-1803-8 6108: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6093:0-520-24225-4 6089: 6085: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6072:0-415-10023-2 6068: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6053:81-208-1166-6 6049: 6045: 6041: 6040:Sircar, D. C. 6037: 6033: 6031:0-521-82613-6 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6012:81-260-0365-0 6008: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5974:81-208-1575-0 5970: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5955:0-19-560686-8 5951: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5936:81-260-1804-6 5932: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5908:81-206-0063-0 5904: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5887:81-206-0977-8 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5865:81-7201-404-X 5861: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5808:0-520-24500-8 5804: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5744:81-206-0303-6 5740: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5723:81-206-0559-4 5719: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5702:0-520-22821-9 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5679:81-7201-324-8 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5622:81-7017-382-5 5618: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5574:0-521-23420-4 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5555:0-521-77111-0 5551: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5533: 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3498: 3494: 3493:David Crystal 3489: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3466:1-4067-0232-3 3463: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3444: 3443:0-14-044270-7 3440: 3436: 3430: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3387:Marikondavaru 3384: 3383:Progressivism 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303:Ghatashraddha 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251:Girish Karnad 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209:Mumbai Jataka 3206: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3141:(Anakru) and 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997:Purushavatara 2994: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2878:(1929); with 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2547:Mudramanjusha 2544: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2516:Modern period 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390:Geetha Gopala 2387: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:Nrisimhastava 2274: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2132: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049:Akka Mahadevi 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Allama Prabhu 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986:Veerashaivism 1983: 1979: 1972: 1971:UK Parliament 1968: 1963: 1955: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:Allama Prabhu 1881: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:Sobagina Sone 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1683:Vishnu Purana 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599:Girijakalyana 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528:Krishna River 1525: 1521: 1518:, a powerful 1517: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:Kavyavalokana 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1438:Ajitha purana 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:central India 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1282:Pampa Bharata 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:Adikavi Pampa 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1206:Kavirajamarga 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178:Kavirajamarga 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1156: 1152: 1151:Kavirajamarga 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004:Chhandombudhi 1001: 997: 993: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 959: 954: 950: 948: 947: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 912:– as well as 911: 907: 903: 899: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 858:16th century 857: 854: 853: 850:16th century 849: 846: 845: 842:16th century 841: 838: 837: 833: 830: 829: 825: 822: 821: 817: 814: 813: 810:11th century 809: 806: 805: 802:11th century 801: 798: 797: 794:11th century 793: 790: 789: 786:11th century 785: 782: 781: 778:11th century 777: 774: 773: 770:11th century 769: 767: 763: 762: 759:11th century 758: 756: 753: 752: 749:10th century 748: 745: 744: 740: 737: 736: 732: 729: 728: 724: 722:Bajanegabbam 721: 720: 716: 713: 712: 708: 705: 704: 700: 697: 696: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 679: 678: 671: 667: 663: 650: 645: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 584:Kavirajamarga 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 550: 549: 548:Kavirajamarga 543: 541: 537: 533: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 501: 490: 485: 483: 478: 476: 471: 470: 468: 467: 464: 454: 453: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 438: 437: 433: 430: 429: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 414: 413: 409: 408: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 388: 387: 383: 380: 379: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 349: 348: 344: 341: 340: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 200: 199: 196: 193: 192: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 131:Ancient Greek 129: 128: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 64: 63: 59: 58: 57: 56: 52: 48: 45: 44: 37: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7423:Jain temples 7318:D. R. Bendre 7253:Kumara Vyasa 7112:Vijayanagara 7056: 6921:Bayalu Seeme 6806:Vijayanagara 6619:Vijayanagara 6574:Mayurasharma 6509:Deva Raya II 6474:Amoghavarsha 6376:Architecture 6267: 6204:. Retrieved 6200: 6174: 6171:Warder, A.K. 6162: 6140: 6121: 6102: 6082: 6062: 6043: 6021: 6002: 5983: 5964: 5945: 5926: 5917: 5898: 5877: 5855: 5846: 5827: 5797: 5760: 5756: 5733: 5712: 5692: 5669: 5649: 5631: 5612: 5587: 5583: 5564: 5544: 5523: 5498: 5489: 5470: 5451: 5439: 5413: 5393: 5372: 5359: 5340: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5221: 5205: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5105: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5033: 5024: 5015: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4932: 4911: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4854: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4764: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4508:. 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Sircar 3522:Pollock 2006 3508: 3501:Crystal 2001 3496: 3488: 3472: 3457: 3434: 3429: 3420: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3379:Pragatishila 3378: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3361:in 1980 and 3356: 3344: 3342: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3278: 3276: 3258: 3248: 3231: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3150:Pragatishila 3149: 3147: 3100: 3096: 3093:Vamsavriksha 3092: 3088: 3083: 3066: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040:Indilla Nale 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3024:Pragatishila 3023: 3021: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988:Pragatishila 2987: 2982: 2974:Pragatishila 2972: 2968: 2966: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2895:Chomana Dudi 2894: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2864:Mantrashakti 2863: 2859: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2797: 2787: 2774: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2723:D. R. Bendre 2718: 2714: 2708: 2703:Basavanagudi 2679: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2573: 2565: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2536:Elizabeth II 2509: 2505: 2492: 2487: 2486:(drama) and 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2381: 2371: 2343: 2325: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2221: 2215: 2205: 2199: 2158: 2154: 2151:Madhvacharya 2146: 2137: 2119: 2117: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2092:Adi Shankara 2083: 2078:. Chieftain 2076:Vijayanagara 2071: 2067: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045:Vachanakaras 2044: 2041:Channabasava 2034: 2021: 2003: 1995: 1989: 1975: 1928:Dasa Sahitya 1900: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1863: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784:Kumara Vyasa 1781: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1752:geo-politics 1749: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1696:Lord Krishna 1691: 1687: 1681: 1671: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1606: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1575:Madhvacharya 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1513: 1503: 1499: 1475:Jayasimha II 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454:Katakacharya 1453: 1450:Nagavarma-II 1447: 1442: 1436: 1416: 1412: 1398: 1351: 1342: 1338: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1281: 1275: 1272:emancipation 1268:Rishabhadeva 1263: 1259: 1253: 1239: 1226: 1218:Vaddaradhane 1216: 1214: 1205: 1202:puravcharyar 1201: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1163:Rashtrakutas 1160: 1153:(c. 850) in 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1063:epigraphical 1050: 1039:tamrashasana 1038: 1035:shilashasana 1034: 1032: 1024: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 989: 981: 977: 973: 970:champu-kavya 969: 965: 963: 944: 940: 936: 930: 894: 874:Tirthankaras 863: 693:7th century 615: 592: 583: 546: 544: 528: 507: 506: 432:Contemporary 382:Early modern 248: 121: 60: 29: 7451:Pampa Award 7288:Gopala Dasa 7283:Vijaya Dasa 7278:Kanaka Dasa 7243:Rudrabhatta 7188:Gunavarma I 7175:Noted poets 7084:Rashtrakuta 6834:Chikmagalur 6710:Ramanagara 6685:Chitradurga 6604:Tipu Sultan 5763:(1): 6–37. 5341:Govinda Pai 4510:26 February 3988:29 February 3725:13 February 3552:(2008), p.2 3538:Sircar 1996 3518:Mugaḷi 1975 3514:Master 1944 3195:Gondalapura 3191:W. H. Auden 3187:T. S. Eliot 3162:V. K. Gokak 3097:Grihabhanga 3017:Tipu sultan 3005:Chitradurga 2909:(1931) and 2884:Nageya Hoge 2876:Bhahishkara 2870:(1930) and 2862:(1936) and 2846:(1938) and 2807:epic poetry 2798:magnum opus 2739:Govinda Pai 2735:Sakhigeetha 2733:(1938) and 2667:Mangalsutra 2659:Tollu Gatti 2657:, with his 2591:Suryakantha 2476:Yakshaganas 2472:Yakshaganas 2328:Vijaya Dasa 2285:Nalacharita 2187:Kanaka Dasa 2175:Sripadaraya 2171:Vyasatirtha 2155:devaranamas 2120:Subodhasara 2053:Mantrogopya 2035:Basavanna, 1941:Veerashaiva 1932:Lingayatism 1856:King Ravana 1824:Mahabharata 1812:Mahabharata 1686:, he wrote 1678:Brahminical 1658:Vishvamitra 1635:utsava kavi 1597:. He wrote 1540:Rudrabhatta 1510:, Karnataka 1504:old Kannada 1405:Satyashraya 1390:Nagavarma I 1309:Santipurana 1297:Santipurana 1286:Mahabharata 1102:, the book 1082:hero stones 1078:maastigallu 1000:Nagavarma I 960:inscription 906:Mahabharata 730:Gadyakatha 680:Literature 632:awards, 63 595:Lingayatism 572:Rashtrakuta 536:Lingayatism 269:Old English 171:Old Persian 7534:Categories 7514:Television 7504:Newspapers 7428:Waterfalls 7238:Raghavanka 7228:Siddharama 7063:Milestones 7049:Literature 7034:Yakshagana 6984:Ilkal sari 6791:Kalaburagi 6690:Davanagere 6579:Pattadakal 6396:Demography 6337:Sandalwood 5920:. Sundeep. 5874:Rice, B.L. 5333:References 3767:6 November 3479:. (2008). 3345:Navyottara 3323:Navyottara 3315:Clip Joint 3311:Navilugulu 3293:(1966) by 3255:P. Lankesh 3240:P. Lankesh 3077:) to the 3073:(ruled by 3063:Haider Ali 3032:Naku Tanti 3013:Hamsa Gite 2888:Garbhagudi 2844:Yashodhara 2747:panegyrics 2596:Indira Bai 2464:Yakshagana 2460:Yakshagana 2383:Yakshagana 2344:Shivakatha 2303:(morals), 2237:svaravalis 2217:Upanishads 2167:Jayatirtha 2000:free verse 1978:Kalachuris 1865:Swayamvara 1851:Yakshagana 1631:Virupaksha 1544:Raghavanka 1520:hill tribe 1496:Hero stone 1425:Duryodhana 1417:Gada Yudda 1401:Tailapa II 1388:presented 1378:King Bhoja 1339:Kavi Ratna 1194:gadyakatha 1074:veeragallu 823:Hadugabba 640:in India. 556: 850 434:by century 384:by century 345:by century 289:Old Turkic 274:Old German 62:Bronze Age 7509:Magazines 7298:Lakshmisa 7258:Chamarasa 7198:Sri Ponna 7165:Karnataka 7029:Veeragase 6964:Bidriware 6959:Buta Kola 6891:Districts 6878:Geography 6658:divisions 6654:Districts 6514:Durvinita 6489:Balligavi 6416:Geography 6411:Folk arts 6406:Education 6368:Overviews 6269:Bengaluru 6255:Karnataka 6173:(1988) . 6161:(1994) . 6042:(1996) . 5876:(2001) . 5785:162941888 5604:170552998 3526:G. S. Gai 3335:schools. 3279:Samaskara 3221:Anuranana 3164:with his 3089:Dharmasri 3042:(1965). 3036:Aniketana 2907:Antaranga 2868:Home Rule 2811:Navaratri 2775:Hebberalu 2751:Vaishakhi 2749:in 1947; 2731:Nadaleele 2719:kirthanas 2711:lyricists 2490:(dance). 2482:(music), 2441:Lakshmisa 2421:mendicant 2406:saptapadi 2340:Harikatha 2281:Narasimha 2261:) was an 2242:alankaras 2159:kirthanas 2140:Vaishnava 2126:Vaishnava 2026:satirical 2010:Basavanna 1936:Basavanna 1892:Ganapathi 1886:, titled 1880:Chamarasa 1844:, called 1788:metaphors 1763:court of 1660:and sage 1548:Keshiraja 1522:from the 1508:Arasikere 1409:Attimabbe 1295:, wrote 1264:Adipurana 1255:Adipurana 1246:Sri Ponna 1167:feudatory 974:saptapadi 910:Bhagavata 898:Vaishnava 870:Lingayats 847:Ugabhoga 831:Sangatya 698:Chattana 603:Vaishnava 601:, a new 540:Vaishnava 520:Karnataka 329:Tocharian 284:Old Malay 279:Old Khmer 176:Old Tamil 123:Classical 7303:Sarvajna 7233:Harihara 7126:Haridasa 7077:Medieval 6926:Malenadu 6911:Villages 6738:Belagavi 6733:Bagalkot 6705:Tumakuru 6594:Sringeri 6519:Halebidu 6484:Banavasi 6446:Wildlife 6356:Insect: 6195:(2008). 5856:Sarvajna 5819:(2007). 5795:(2006). 5542:(2003). 5507:80905179 5450:(1996). 5434:(1992). 5370:(2001). 3550:Zvelebil 3530:Gai 1992 3228:Silalate 3201:(1959). 3179:Navodaya 3154:Navodaya 3044:Navodaya 3028:Navodaya 2983:Navodaya 2969:Navodaya 2959:(1948). 2899:Subbanna 2794:Jnanpith 2783:Ekalavya 2755:Prabhasa 2743:Golgotha 2715:vachanas 2624:Navodaya 2510:sangatya 2480:sangeeta 2449:shatpadi 2433:Vachanas 2425:Vachanas 2413:Sarvajna 2336:didactic 2309:vairagya 2297:shatpadi 2273:sangatya 2247:geethams 2220:and the 2088:advaitha 2084:Kaivalya 2068:sharanas 1920:Haridasa 1908:Srinatha 1904:Dhurjati 1842:Ramayana 1700:Banasura 1667:Kakatiya 1662:Vashisht 1642:shatpadi 1603:Kalidasa 1591:karnikas 1564:shatpadi 1562:and the 1560:sangatya 1536:Harihara 1516:Hoysalas 1362:Hoysalas 1305:Kalidasa 1192:and the 1190:chattana 1088:and the 1055:Jabalpur 1028:rhetoric 1012:sangatya 996:shatpadi 941:kirthane 922:Haridasa 908:and the 902:Ramayana 882:Shaivism 855:Mundige 766:Shatpadi 714:Melvadu 630:Jnanpith 624:and the 618:Wodeyars 611:Haridasa 578:and the 564:Chalukya 343:Medieval 244:Japanese 239:Georgian 214:Bactrian 209:Armenian 181:Sanskrit 166:Phrygian 161:Parthian 110:Sumerian 75:Akkadian 7398:Beaches 7390:Tourism 7367:society 7343:Kuvempu 7119:Vachana 7105:Hoysala 7057:Kannada 6994:Kannada 6989:Kamsale 6946:Culture 6801:Raichur 6781:Ballari 6748:Dharwad 6743:Bijapur 6700:Shimoga 6529:Halmidi 6456:History 6421:History 6401:Economy 6391:Cuisine 6386:Climate 6264:Capital 6206:8 April 5777:2659022 5640:2492406 5532:8221605 5515:7796041 3371:Bandaya 3358:Karvalo 3327:Bandaya 3291:Swarupa 3287:heretic 3259:Tughlaq 3217:Samagma 3127:Kuvempu 2967:As the 2815:Hanathe 2790:Kuvempu 2767:Krishna 2675:Brahmin 2429:tripadi 2275:metre; 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