Persian literature

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entered the Nimai’ poem, he recognized the role of prose and music hidden in the language. In the structure of Sepid poetry, in contrast to the prosodic and Nimai’ rules, the poem is written in more "natural" words and incorporates a prose-like process without losing its poetic distinction. Sepid poetry is a developing branch of Nimai’ poetry built upon Nima Youshij's innovations. Nima thought that any change in the construction and the tools of a poet’s expression is conditional on his/her knowledge of the world and a revolutionized outlook. Sepid poetry could not take root outside this teaching and its application.

1301: 9883: 4211:(Stylistics). It is a pioneering work on the practice of Persian literary historiography and the emergence and development of Persian literature as a distinct institution in the early part of the 20th century. It contends that the exemplary status of Sabk-shinasi rests on the recognition of its disciplinary or institutional achievements. It further contends that, rather than a text on Persian ‘stylistics’, Sabk-shinasi is a vast history of Persian literary prose, and, as such, is a significant intervention in Persian literary historiography. 2104: 4926: 802: 5131:(which translates to white poem), which draws its sources from this poet, avoided the compulsory rules which had entered the Nimai’ school of poetry and adopted a freer structure. This allowed a more direct relationship between the poet and his or her emotional roots. In previous poetry, the qualities of the poet’s vision as well as the span of the subject could only be expressed in general terms and were subsumed by the formal limitations imposed on poetic expression. 42: 10214: 3568:, who challenged the traditional system of Persian poetry in terms of introducing new content and experimentation with rhetoric, lexico-semantics, and structure. Dehkhoda, for instance, used a lesser-known traditional form, the mosammat, to elegize the execution of a revolutionary journalist. 'Aref employed the ghazal, "the most central genre within the lyrical tradition" (p. 88), to write his "Payam-e Azadi" (Message of Freedom). 844: 10641: 3538: 306: 5116:

classical poetry. His artistry was not confined to removing the need for a fixed-length hemistich and dispensing with the tradition of rhyming but focused on a broader structure and function based on a contemporary understanding of human and social existence. His aim in renovating poetry was to commit it to a "natural identity" and to achieve a modern discipline in the mind and linguistic performance of the poet.

2915: 5195:(M. Sereshk). Though he is from Khorassan and sways between allegiance to Nima Youshij and Akhavan Saless, in his poetry he shows the influences of Hafiz and Mowlavi. He uses simple, lyrical language and is mostly inspired by the political atmosphere. He is the most successful of those poets who in the past four decades have tried hard to find a synthesis between the two models of Ahmad Shamloo and Nima Youshij. 863: 9876: 5154:, a free-flowing poetry style similar to the Western sonnet. Simin Behbahani contributed to a historic development in the form of the ghazal, as she added theatrical subjects, and daily events and conversations into her poetry. She has expanded the range of traditional Persian verse forms and produced some of the most significant works of Persian literature in the 20th century. 351: 3010:(which was highly Persianised itself) had developed towards a fully accepted language of literature, which was even able to satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%. The Ottomans produced thousands of Persian literary works throughout their century long lifespan. 5228:. Among them Ali Abdolrezaei enjoyed a wider admissibility due to the new language he expressed which prevailed in that period. Of these poets Reza Barahani’s “Butterflies” (or Addressed to Butterflies), Ali Abdolrezaei’s “Paris in Renault”, “So Sermon of Society”, “Shinema” and “Mothurt”, and Ali Babachahi’s “The Soft Rain is Me” belong to this genre. 4148:, who belong to Nafisi's generation, were also involved in modern literature and critical writings. Natel-Khanlari is distinguished by the simplicity of his style. He did not follow the traditionalists, nor did he advocate the new. Instead, his approach accommodated the entire spectrum of creativity and expression in Persian literature. Another critic, 3488:

Pistoso (Nizam al-Mulk), Giorgio Vercellin (Nizami 'Aruzi), Giovanni Maria D'Erme ('Ubayd Zakani, Hafiz), Sergio Foti (Suhrawardi, Rumi, Jami), Rita Bargigli (Sa'di, Farrukhi, Manuchehri, 'Unsuri), Nahid Norozi (Sohrab Sepehri, Khwaju of Kerman, Ahmad Shamlu), Faezeh Mardani (Forugh Farrokhzad, Abbas Kiarostami). A complete translation of Firdawsi's

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the Persians after Firdausi. His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population, and he spent the whole of his life in Transcaucasia; the verse in some of his poetic works which makes him a native of the hinterland of Qom is a spurious interpolation."

1819:), to delay her execution. The stories are told over a period of one thousand and one nights, and every night she ends the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her alive for another day. The individual stories were created over several centuries, by many people from a number of different lands. 5180:

is important in the literary history of Iran for three reasons. First, she was among the first generation to embrace the new style of poetry, pioneered by Nima Yushij during the 1920s, which demanded that poets experiment with rhyme, imagery, and the individual voice. Second, she was the first modern

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Ahmad Shamlu discovered the inner characteristics of poetry and its manifestation in the literary creations of classical masters as well as the Nimai’ experience. He offered an individual approach. By distancing himself from the obligations imposed by older poetry and some of the limitations that had

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Nima’s poetry transgressed these limitations. It relied on the natural function inherent within poetry itself to portray the poet’s solidarity with life and the wide world surrounding him or her in specific and unambiguous details and scenes. Sepid poetry continues the poetic vision as Nima expressed

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Vardar Yenicesi differed from other localities in the Balkans insofar as that it was a town where Persian was also widely spoken. However, the Persian of Vardar Yenicesi and throughout the rest of the Ottoman-held Balkans was different from formal Persian both in accent and vocabulary. The difference

5584:

C. A. (Charles Ambrose) Storey and Franço de Blois (2004), "Persian Literature - A Biobibliographical Survey: Volume V Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period", RoutledgeCurzon; 2nd revised edition (June 21, 2004). p. 363: "Nizami Ganja’i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of

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Nima held that the formal technique dominating classical poetry interfered with its vitality, vigor and progress. Although he accepted some of its aesthetic properties and extended them in his poetry, he never ceased to widen his poetic experience by emphasizing the "natural order" of this art. What

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Franklin Lewis, Rumi Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2000. How is it that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of

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made a profound impression in Tajik poetry. This period is probably the richest and most prolific period for the development of themes and forms in Persian poetry in Tajikistan. Some Tajik poets were mere imitators, and one can easily see the traits of foreign poets in their work. Only two or three

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Very gradually new styles found their way into literature and literary circles despite the efforts of traditionalists. The first book of new poems was published in the year 1957 (1336 AH), and in 1962 (1341 AH), a collection of modern Persian (Dari) poetry was published in Kabul. The first group to

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Schools. The critics consider Mehdi Akhavan Sales as one of the best contemporary Persian poets. He is one of the pioneers of free verse (new style poetry) in Persian literature, particularly of modern style epics. It was his ambition, for a long time, to introduce a fresh style to Persian poetry.

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The transformation brought about by Nima Youshij, who freed Persian poetry from the fetters of prosodic measures, was a turning point in a long literary tradition. It broadened the perception and thinking of the poets that came after him. Nima offered a different understanding of the principles of

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by Alessandro Bausani (Nizami, Rumi, Iqbal, Khayyam), Carlo Saccone ('Attar, Sana'i, Hafiz, Nasir-i Khusraw, Nizami, Ahmad Ghazali, Ansari of Herat, Sa'di, Ayené), Angelo Piemontese (Amir Khusraw Dihlavi), Pio Filippani-Ronconi (Nasir-i Khusraw, Sa'di), Riccardo Zipoli (Kay Ka'us, Bidil), Maurizio

1977:

The production of Persian dictionaries declined in Iran after the 14th century, while it simultaneously grew in the Indian subcontinent and Ottoman Turkey, regions that were increasingly becoming Persianized. Only 4 dictionaries of Persian were compiled in Iran between the 10th and 19th centuries,

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begun in the Persian poetry leading to the modern poetry that changed the balancing principle of rhythm and rhyme of the traditional Persian poetry, as did in the Free Verse poetry following the rhythm of natural speech. Now, the center of the attention was language alone, and not only rhythm was

3643:

In 1930 (1309 AH), after months of cultural stagnation, a group of writers founded the Herat Literary Circle. A year later, another group calling itself the Kabul Literary Circle was founded in the capital. Both groups published regular magazines dedicated to culture and Persian literature. Both,

1875:, Africa, and Europe were all found in Baghdad. During this time, many of the stories that were originally folk stories are thought to have been collected orally over many years and later compiled into a single book. The compiler and 9th-century translator into Arabic is reputedly the storyteller 2197:

Distinguished scholars of Persian such as Gvakharia and Todua are well aware that the inspiration derived from the Persian classics of the ninth to the twelfth centuries produced a ‘cultural synthesis’ which saw, in the earliest stages of written secular literature in Georgia, the resumption of

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was translated, not only to satisfy the literary and aesthetic needs of readers and listeners, but also to inspire the young with the spirit of heroism and Georgian patriotism. Georgian ideology, customs, and worldview often informed these translations because they were oriented toward Georgian

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is considered the father of modern Persian poetry, introducing many techniques and forms to differentiate the modern from the old. Nevertheless, the credit for popularizing this new literary form within a country and culture solidly based on a thousand years of classical poetry goes to his few

3675:

titled "Gharab" and "Ghoghnus" were published, Khalili wrote a poem under the name "Sorude Kuhestan" or "The Song of the Mountain" in the same rhyming pattern as Nima and sent it to the Kabul Literary Circle. The traditionalists in Kabul refused to publish it because it was not written in the

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for "lying" in a panegyric qasida written in Kabir's honor. Kabir saw poetry in general and the type of poetry that had developed during the Qajar period as detrimental to "progress" and "modernization" in Iranian society, which he believed was in dire need of change. Such concerns were also

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A few notable classical poets have arisen since the 19th century, among whom Mohammad Taghi Bahar and Parvin Etesami have been most celebrated. Mohammad Taghi Bahar had the title "king of poets" and had a significant role in the emergence and development of Persian literature as a distinct

1916:

and was first published in 1931. It traces the historical development of the Persian language, providing a comprehensive resource to scholars and academic researchers, as well as describing usage in its many variations throughout the world. He names 200 Persian lexicographical works in his

5198:

In the twenty-first century, a new generation of Iranian poets continues to work in the New Poetry style and now attracts an international audience thanks to efforts to translate their works. Éditions Bruno Doucey published a selection of forty-eight poems by Garus Abdolmalekian entitled

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in 1859. Khayyam is esteemed more as a scientist than a poet in his native Persia, but in Fitzgerald's rendering, he became one of the most quoted poets in English. Khayyam's line, "A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou", is known to many who could not say who wrote it, or where:

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it and avoids the contrived rules imposed on its creation. However, its most distinct difference with Nimai’ poetry is to move away from the rhythms it employed. Nima Youshij paid attention to an overall harmonious rhyming and created many experimental examples to achieve this end.

2986:, which can "roughly" be seen as their eventual successors, took this tradition over. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire. The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as sultan 3783:

The new poetry in Tajikistan is mostly concerned with the way of life of people and is revolutionary. From the 1950s until the advent of new poetry in France, Asia and Latin America, the impact of the modernization drive was strong. In the 1960s, modern Iranian poetry and that of

3587:, were inspired by developments and changes that had occurred in Western, particularly European, literatures. Such inspirations did not mean blindly copying Western models but, rather, adapting aspects of Western literature and changing them to fit the needs of Iranian culture. 5187:

is best known as conciliator of classical Persian poetry with the New Poetry initiated by Nima Yooshij. One of the major contributions of Moshiri's poetry, according to some observers, is the broadening of the social and geographical scope of modern Persian literature.

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In this period, the influence of the western literature on the Iranian writers and authors is obvious. The new and modern approaches to writing is introduced and several genres have developed specially in the field of short story. The most popular trends are toward

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Beginning in the early 16th century, Persian traditions had a large impact on the Georgian ruling elites, which in turn resulted in Persian influence on Georgian art, architecture, and literature. This cultural influence lasted until the arrival of the Russians.

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Persian literature was little known in the West before the 18-19th century. It became much better known following the publication of several translations from the works of late medieval Persian poets, and it inspired works by various Western poets and writers.

2070:, too, is hugely admired in both East and West, and he was inspired by Sufism if he was not actually a Sufi himself. The themes and styles of this kind of devotional poetry have been widely imitated by many Sufi and non-Sufi poets. See also the article on 6857: 9237:

Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of

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In the contemporary period, the growth and manifestation of children's poetry in Persian language and literature increased and in this period we see the emergence of prominent poets such as Mahmoud Kianoosh and Abbas Yamini Sharif in young poetry and

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Persian literature in Afghanistan has also experienced a dramatic change during the last century. At the beginning of the 20th century, Afghanistan was confronted with economic and social change, which sparked a new approach to literature. In 1911,

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at court or in the households of the affluent, or as soldiers and bodyguards. Young men, slaves or not, also, served wine at banquets and receptions, and the more gifted among them could play music and maintain a cultivated conversation. It was

4179:. Among these figures, Zarrinkoub held academic positions and had a reputation not only among the intelligentsia but also in academia. Besides his significant contribution to the maturity of Persian language and literature, Zarrinkoub boosted 1441:. This style is often called Araqi (Iraqi) style (Araq-e-Ajam) and is known by its emotional lyric qualities, rich meters, and the relative simplicity of its language. Emotional romantic poetry was not something new, however, as works such as 3582:

and whether these terms are synonymous when describing the evolution of Iranian society. It can be argued that almost all advocates of modernism in Persian literature, from Akhundzadeh, Kermani, and Malkom Khan to Dehkhoda, Aref, Bahar, and

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The Persian poet and mystic Rumi (1207–1273) (known as Molana in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and as Mevlana in Turkey), has attracted a large following in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Popularizing translations by

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of 1906–1911, the idea that change in poetry was necessary became widespread. Many argued that Persian poetry should reflect the realities of a country in transition. This idea was propagated by notable literary figures such as

1517:

which was the subject of lyrical introductions to panegyrics from the beginning of Persian poetry, and of the ghazal. " During the same Safavid era, many subjects of the Iranian Safavids were patrons of Persian poetry, such as

3639:

not only played an important role in journalism, it also gave new life to literature as a whole and opened the way for poetry to explore new avenues of expression through which personal thoughts took on a more social colour.

2030:'s two-volume Oxford edition (1777) and Gladwin-Malda's (1770) Persian-English Dictionaries, Scharif and S. Peters' Persian-Russian Dictionary (1869), and 30 other Persian lexicographical translations through the 1950s. 3644:

especially the Kabul publication, had little success in becoming venues for modern Persian poetry and writing. In time, the Kabul publication turned into a stronghold for traditional writers and poets, and modernism in

5203:(2012), translated into French by Farideh Rava. Other notable names are poet and publisher Babak Abazari (1984–2015), who died under mysterious circumstances in January 2015, and emerging young poet Milad Khanmirzaei. 3789:

poets were able to digest the foreign poetry and compose original poetry. In Tajikistan, the format and pictorial aspects of short stories and novels were taken from Russian and other European literature. Some of

2202:

was a never-ending source of inspiration, not only for high literature, but for folklore as well. “Almost every page of Georgian literary works and chronicles contains names of Iranian heroes borrowed from the

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Iranian woman to graphically articulate private sexual landscapes from a woman's perspective. Finally, she transcended her own literary role and experimented with acting, painting, and documentary film-making.

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as asserting that the pre-Islamic Iranians had books on eloquence, such as 'Karvand'. No trace remains of such books. There are some indications that some among the Persian elite were familiar with Greek

1553:'s works also belong to this genre as do the major works of Rumi, although some tend to classify these in the lyrical type due to their mystical and emotional qualities. In addition, some tend to group 11000: 6035: 5348: 3571:

Some researchers argue that the notion of "sociopolitical ramifications of esthaetic changes" led to the idea of poets "as social leaders trying the limits and possibilities of social change".

3509:

In the 19th century, Persian literature experienced dramatic change and entered a new era. The beginning of this change was exemplified by an incident in the mid-19th century at the court of

1216: 11010: 10250: 9868: 4954: 2966:) had been ruled various times prior to the Middle Ages by various Persian-speaking dynasties originating in Iran, the language lost its traditional foothold there with the demise of the 3067:

during the 16th century, the official language of the Indian subcontinent became Persian. Only in 1832 did the British army force the South Asia to begin conducting business in English.

5882: 3085: 6970:

Chopra, R.M., "The Rise Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature", 2012, published by Iran Culture House, New Delhi and Iran Society, Kolkata. Revised edition published in 2013.

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the Greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in Central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in which is now Turkey, some 1500 miles to the west? (p. 9)

1314:

So strong is the Persian inclination to versifying everyday expressions that one can encounter poetry in almost every classical work, whether from Persian literature, science, or

6098: 6342: 11005: 6839: 6005: 5975: 6130: 6068: 10965: 5216:

absent but the charm of language leads it to be the main axle pushing the Persian poetry forward. The three most talked about poets of the Post Modern Poetry in Iran are

5516: 6725: 5475: 10243: 4947: 6312: 5652: 5150:'s works. He is considered the founder of Sepid poetry according to Behbahani. Behbahani herself used the "Char Pareh" style of Nima, and subsequently turned to 3798: 3709: 3671:. He was also interested in modern poetry and wrote a few poems in a more modern style with new aspects of thought and meaning. In 1318 (AH), after two poems by 1668:

folk tales, can also be mentioned in this category. It is seen as a collection of adages in Persian literary studies and thus does not convey folkloric notions.

1997:. Unlike the Persian dictionaries of India, most dictionaries from Ottoman Turkey are bilingual (Persian-Turkish). Some significant dictionaries of the era are 6290: 830: 11020: 10730: 6254: 3182:, was galvanized by the abundant Persian-speaking and Persian-writing communities of Vardar Yenicesi, and he referred to the city as a "hotbed of Persian". 8746: 3685: 6703: 5165:(1951) to support contentions against Nima Yushij's groundbreaking endeavors. In Persian poetry, Mehdi Akhavan Sales has established a bridge between the 3084:

and other scholars of the 20th century, for example, largely based their works on the detailed lexicography produced in India, using compilations such as

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among Iranian philosophical circles. Given the social and political climate of Persia (Iran) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which led to the

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dynasties. Persian became the language of the nobility, literary circles, and the royal Mughal courts for hundreds of years. In the early 19th century,

1805: 10860: 6643: 6030: 5936: 3713: 3635:

was not the first such publication in the country, but in the field of journalism and literature it launched a new period of change and modernization.

1627: 6512: 3701: 3652: 3099: 5856: 3689: 3146:), with a range of cities being famed for their long-standing traditions in the study of Persian and its classics, amongst them Saraybosna (modern 4968: 3681: 3627:, who came back to Afghanistan after years of exile in Turkey and was influential in government circles, started a fortnightly publication named 3441: 1373:, is characterized by its supercilious diction, dignified tone, and relatively literate language. The chief representatives of this lyricism are 3404:) are now widely known in English and can be read in various translations. Other works of Persian literature are untranslated and little known. 1760:

and is considered the oldest surviving example of Persian prose. It also shows an attempt by the authors to evaluate literary works critically.

6483: 4214: 4086: 3772: 6424: 3744:) on the newly established Afghan prose and poetry, especially in the second half of the 20th century, must also be taken into consideration. 3736:(an Iranian poet living in exile in Russia) exerted a special influence on the Persian poets in Afghanistan. The influence of Iranians (e.g. 6398: 5877: 7191: 5286: 6450: 6350: 5434: 3729: 3019: 6673: 3166:). As learned people such as students, scholars and literati often frequented Vardar Yenicesi, it soon became the site of a flourishing 7244: 6883: 6817: 5325: 5314: 823: 3048:

too. In general, from its earliest days, Persian literature and language was imported into the subcontinent by culturally Persianised

6221: 3733: 2945: 334: 6093: 1339:"exalted in style". The tradition of royal patronage began perhaps under the Sassanid era and carried over through the Abbasid and 1005:

At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, Indic and

6843: 6605: 6000: 5970: 5096:

Parvin Etesami may be called the greatest Persian woman poet writing in the classical style. One of her remarkable series, called

3708:, and others joined the group. Each had his own share in modernizing Persian poetry in Afghanistan. Other notable figures include 3598:

and many others, the Iranian wave of comparative literature and literary criticism reached a symbolic crest with the emergence of

6584: 6125: 6063: 2994:. It was a major literary language in the empire. Some of the noted earlier Persian literature works during the Ottoman rule are 1557:'s works in this style as well; however true gems of this genre are two books by Saadi, a heavyweight of Persian literature, the 4971:

has undergone three stages of development: a formative period, a period of consolidation and growth, and a period of diversity.

6791: 6536: 1020:'s assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature, Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of 6372: 6320: 1286:, and their generation, as they used pre-Islamic nationalism as a conduit to revive the language and customs of ancient Iran. 10677: 7123: 5793: 3534:. Khan also addressed a need for a change in Persian poetry in literary terms as well, always linking it to social concerns. 3440:

aspects of classical Persian poetry. His translations have had a great impact on numerous modern Swedish writers, among them

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poetic culture. Conversely, Georgians consider these translations works of their native literature. Georgian versions of the

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institution in the early part of the 20th century. The theme of his poems was the social and political situation of Iran.

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Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 13 - Inventories of Books to Korea: Libraries in the Republic of

5636: 5469: 627: 10172: 572: 7146: 7090: 7055: 7033: 7016: 6997: 6953: 6761: 6282: 5842: 5646: 5546: 5510: 5428: 3556: 11066: 7627: 7239: 7184: 5291: 3267: 2396: 2258: 6480: 11071: 9208: 8639: 6265: 4265: 6938:

Dū qarn sukūt: sarguz̲asht-i ḥavādis̲ va awz̤āʻ-i tārīkhī dar dū qarn-i avval-i Islām (Two Centuries of Silence)

5462:

Language policy and language conflict in Afghanistan and its neighbors: the changing politics of language choice

1500:

notes, "As a rule, the beloved is not a woman, but a young man. In the early centuries of Islam, the raids into

1318:. In short, the ability to write in verse form was a pre-requisite for any scholar. For example, almost half of 11051: 8279: 7790: 7299: 7075: 6695: 6202:

Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In

6183:

Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In

6155:

Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In

6142: 6110: 6080: 6047: 6017: 5987: 5926: 5894: 4899: 3552: 3202: 1702: 986:, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia, as well as the Balkans. Not all Persian literature is written in 657: 8387: 6635: 5192: 5037: 4222: 3483:

During the last century, numerous works of classical and modern Persian literature have been translated into

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Many notable texts in Persian mystic literature are not poems, yet highly read and regarded. Among those are

2027: 1913: 1693: 1613: 327: 448: 9430: 4051: 2970:. Centuries later however, the practise and usage in the region would be strongly revived. A branch of the 2685: 2283: 2126: 1048:

and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in

466: 6504: 602: 597: 587: 11041: 10026: 9071: 8090: 7569: 7177: 5269: 5264: 4894: 4836: 4321: 4043: 1769: 1446: 413: 7304: 3288:

was another admirer of Persian poetry. He published several essays in 1876 that discuss Persian poetry:

2669: 11056: 9947: 9638: 8362: 8168: 7152: 6227: 5112:

disciples such as Ahmad Shamlou, who adopted Nima's methods and tried new techniques of modern poetry.

4889: 4152:, an experienced authority on literature, attacked the writers and poets whose works served despotism. 3218: 3185:

Many Ottoman Persianists who established a career in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (modern-day

2248: 1909: 1823: 1741: 1181: 790: 785: 766: 761: 745: 740: 735: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 617: 7157: 3471:, who has published several essays on the development of Persian literature. Excerpts from Ferdowsi's 1728:

mystics, which is referenced by many subsequent authors and considered a significant work in mystical

443: 10975: 10670: 10554: 10177: 10096: 8392: 7319: 7263: 5913:(...) Iranian power and cultural influence dominated eastern Georgia until the coming of the Russians 5073: 4800: 4705: 4550: 4434: 2253: 1037: 677: 538: 76: 6570: 5758: 11046: 10885: 10755: 8892: 8835: 8776: 7850: 7673: 7095: 6428: 4864: 3885: 3835: 3510: 3315: 3007: 2931: 2620: 1366: 1360: 1142: 474: 438: 320: 71: 3541:"In life there are certain sores which slowly erode the mind in solitude like a kind of canker." ( 3412:

During the last century, numerous works of classical Persian literature have been translated into

509: 504: 405: 10815: 10810: 10289: 9272: 9157: 8761: 8756: 8741: 8652: 8152: 7022: 7003: 6402: 5376: 5256: 4985: 4218: 4172: 4117: 4076: 4055: 4023: 4003: 3970: 3870: 3737: 3599: 2066:. Rumi, in particular, is renowned both as a poet and as the founder of a widespread Sufi order. 1344: 1205: 775: 725: 479: 5931: 3277:

A portion of this abridgment was later versified by the British poet Matthew Arnold in his 1853

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Also highly regarded in the contemporary Persian literature lexical corpus are the works of Dr.

1746:

The oldest surviving work of Persian literary criticism after the Islamic conquest of Persia is

10970: 10890: 10720: 10710: 10079: 10003: 8609: 8160: 8077: 7883: 6933: 6458: 5498: 4616: 4461: 4270: 4180: 3785: 3527: 3240: 2710: 2610: 2198:

literary contacts with Iran, “much stronger than before” (Gvakharia, 2001, p. 481). Ferdowsi’s

1158: 1113: 612: 6665: 5785: 5416: 2886: 1426:" with a source of pride and inspiration that has helped preserve a sense of identity for the 11076: 10935: 10895: 10870: 10775: 10461: 10228: 10144: 9002: 8830: 8807: 8662: 8409: 7589: 7360: 7279: 6557: 6552:

Wali Ahmadi. "The institution of Persian literature and the genealogy of Bahar's stylistics".

5773: 5745: 5457: 4785: 4689: 4679: 4611: 4372: 4243: 4145: 4141: 4101: 3965: 3523: 2645: 2635: 2298: 1573: 1519: 1514: 1433:

The 13th century marks the ascendancy of lyric poetry with the consequent development of the

851: 622: 557: 379: 6902: 6813: 6095:

Rumi - Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jal l al-Din Rumi

1153:, however, took with them some of the books of the Zoroastrian canon, including some of the 1129:. Most of what remains consists of the royal inscriptions of Achaemenid kings, particularly 1028:, the latter of which dates back as far as 522 BCE, the date of the earliest surviving 11015: 10980: 10865: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10800: 10740: 10725: 10663: 10401: 10279: 10104: 10088: 9548: 9503: 9448: 9400: 9362: 9042: 8907: 8887: 8825: 8584: 8254: 7919: 7904: 7834: 7813: 7795: 7740: 7622: 7553: 7436: 7229: 7224: 7213: 5128: 4914: 4765: 4730: 4658: 4574: 4564: 4559: 2978:, took Persian language, art and letters to Anatolia. They adopted Persian language as the 2665: 2582: 2293: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2239: 2034: 1978:

while more than 66 were produced in India. Significant dictionaries from India include the

1565: 1247: 1033: 637: 562: 433: 423: 394: 161: 9618: 9483: 6232: 5100:(The Drunk and the Sober), won admiration from many of those involved in romantic poetry. 1300: 8: 10855: 10835: 10795: 10765: 10760: 10715: 10705: 10576: 10324: 9628: 9508: 8967: 8706: 8624: 8476: 8461: 8377: 8284: 8241: 8085: 7748: 5158: 5057: 4997: 4859: 4843: 4831: 4760: 4745: 4735: 4720: 4648: 4602: 4589: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4456: 4419: 4367: 4204: 4081: 3920: 3725: 3656: 3390: 3285: 3235: 3057: 2680: 2639: 2331: 2278: 2154: 2122: 1987: 1893: 1696:(which has been regarded as a reliable chronological source by many experts), as well as 1393:

were known for their love of nature, their verses abounding with evocative descriptions.

966:

and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran,

686: 672: 607: 582: 577: 552: 524: 453: 418: 241: 223: 57: 4232:. His classic book won the prestigious award of Iran's Year Best book in the year 2000. 3171: 1676:

Among the major historical and biographical works in classical Persian, one can mention

1184:, such as "Ayin-e name nebeshtan" (Principles of Writing Book) and "Bab-e edteda’I-ye" ( 1036:. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the 10925: 10920: 10915: 10880: 10830: 10820: 10790: 10780: 10750: 10745: 10735: 10566: 10496: 10491: 10411: 10217: 10188: 10071: 9882: 9803: 9778: 9773: 9704: 9603: 9593: 9583: 9493: 9309: 9265: 9111: 9096: 9066: 8927: 8771: 8512: 8430: 8317: 8299: 7800: 7701: 7456: 7395: 7350: 7309: 7294: 7061: 6613: 5848: 5177: 5069: 5005: 4904: 4869: 4813: 4770: 4755: 4740: 4674: 4643: 4584: 4569: 4406: 4397: 4382: 4362: 4275: 4156: 4071: 3993: 3850: 3794: 3561: 3551:

The new Persian literary movement cannot be understood without an understanding of the

3457: 3433: 3421: 3310: 3167: 3081: 3002:, which begun in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the 2730: 2725: 2695: 2655: 2625: 2615: 2596: 2341: 1919: 1908:

ever published, comprising 16 volumes (more than 27,000 pages). It is published by the

1898: 1720: 1715: 1550: 1462: 1201: 1173: 1134: 1109: 1056:

because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties of post-Islamic Iran such as the

850:

Persian manuscript copy dated 1429, depicts the Jackal trying to lead the Lion astray.

667: 592: 390: 236: 166: 135: 112: 10436: 7118:

Chopra, R.M., "Great Poets of Classical Persian", 2014, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata,

5690:, Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 973–974. 1986. 3162:

was apparent to such a degree that the Ottomans referred to it as "Rumelian Persian" (

1430:

over the ages. Ferdowsi set a model to be followed by a host of other poets later on.

632: 10960: 10900: 10875: 10825: 10805: 10770: 10700: 10621: 10541: 10531: 10304: 10199: 10194: 10167: 10112: 9563: 9177: 9116: 9022: 8987: 8972: 8957: 8868: 8731: 8644: 8604: 8589: 8507: 8502: 8415: 8322: 8274: 8016: 7868: 7805: 7658: 7602: 7431: 7274: 7119: 7086: 7071: 7051: 7043: 7029: 7012: 6993: 6949: 6941: 6877: 6588: 6138: 6106: 6076: 6043: 6013: 5983: 5890: 5852: 5838: 5789: 5642: 5542: 5506: 5465: 5424: 5184: 5025: 4930: 4790: 4780: 4775: 4725: 4710: 4653: 4507: 4482: 4449: 4392: 4377: 4168: 4047: 3940: 3930: 3607: 3531: 2979: 2740: 2705: 2700: 2675: 2660: 2650: 2605: 2587: 2439: 2180: 2176: 1697: 1622: 1535: 1415: 1279: 1119: 1080: 847: 806: 662: 567: 547: 529: 519: 209: 117: 94: 62: 6783: 6533: 5736: 5727: 1481:, were highly respected ghazal writers. However, the elite of this school are Rumi, 10930: 10905: 10785: 10686: 10511: 10501: 10481: 10349: 10334: 10329: 10120: 9963: 9836: 9473: 9372: 9198: 9027: 9017: 8977: 8962: 8942: 8922: 8917: 8850: 8726: 8693: 8629: 8527: 8522: 8357: 8269: 8236: 8024: 7914: 7696: 7339: 6914: 6376: 5830: 5781: 5731: 5391: 5367: 4909: 4750: 4715: 4625: 4579: 4502: 4444: 4429: 4424: 4285: 4194: 4176: 4164: 4122: 3910: 3895: 3764: 3760: 3611: 3603: 3484: 3413: 2975: 2967: 2745: 2720: 2715: 2630: 2562: 2523: 2434: 2420: 2391: 2091: 2019: 1902: 1835: 1827: 1809: 1790: 1774: 1682: 1677: 1545: 1470: 1378: 1370: 1177: 1049: 987: 928: 880: 652: 499: 494: 358: 130: 99: 4225:, are other notable figures who have edited a number of prominent literary works. 3449: 2366: 1442: 10910: 10446: 10431: 10426: 10391: 10366: 10339: 10314: 10299: 10284: 10263: 10162: 10152: 9846: 9578: 9478: 9213: 9172: 9131: 9037: 8992: 8952: 8751: 8716: 8677: 8672: 8619: 8372: 8347: 8327: 8304: 8294: 8249: 8122: 8053: 7840: 7777: 7686: 7663: 7653: 7597: 7524: 7355: 7066: 7007: 6988: 6540: 6134: 6102: 6072: 6039: 6009: 5979: 5886: 5221: 5191:

A poet of the last generation before the Islamic Revolution worthy of mention is

5143: 5077: 5053: 5049: 5029: 5021: 5009: 5001: 4795: 4684: 4342: 4280: 4127: 3915: 3900: 3645: 3074: 3041: 3033: 2867: 2735: 2321: 2232: 2112: 2103: 2085: 1955: 1940: 1856: 1801: 1585: 1497: 1493: 1427: 1411: 1340: 1308: 1239: 1166: 1095:

are also known in the West and have influenced the literature of many countries.

999: 642: 484: 428: 293: 288: 283: 270: 251: 196: 186: 52: 33: 6757: 3475:

has also been translated into Swedish prose by Namdar Nasser and Anja Malmberg.

3389:

sage. There are also a number of more literary translations by scholars such as

3305: 10611: 10591: 10571: 10546: 10536: 10521: 10506: 10476: 10441: 10421: 10371: 10361: 10356: 10344: 10319: 10309: 10013: 10008: 9851: 9841: 9410: 9182: 9167: 9162: 9152: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9061: 9032: 8997: 8932: 8912: 8902: 8845: 8781: 8736: 8721: 8599: 8564: 8532: 8492: 8471: 8466: 8451: 8382: 8367: 8264: 8109: 7963: 7873: 7732: 7537: 5822: 5336: 5238: 5081: 5065: 5033: 4487: 4439: 4065: 4028: 4018: 4013: 3987: 3925: 3840: 3756: 3697: 3579: 3574:

An important movement in modern Persian literature centered on the question of

3445: 3397: 3304:

Perhaps the most popular Persian poet of the 19th and early 20th centuries was

3154:(also in Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Vardar Yenicesi (or Yenice-i Vardar, now 3049: 2983: 2567: 2381: 2316: 2224: 2208: 1864: 1688: 1641: 1540: 1509: 1478: 1295: 1084: 1044:

came to power (750 CE), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the

1021: 995: 991: 951: 458: 257: 246: 191: 10386: 6905:(ed.). "Georgia and Iran: Three Millennia of Cultural Relations An Overview". 5834: 4136:

analyzed and edited several critical works. He is well known for his works on

3468: 514: 11035: 10645: 10601: 10586: 10581: 10526: 10516: 10486: 10466: 10451: 10406: 10376: 10294: 10274: 10182: 9730: 9438: 9218: 9203: 9126: 9121: 9106: 9101: 9076: 8937: 8897: 8815: 8667: 8657: 8634: 8614: 8517: 8446: 8397: 8332: 8289: 8061: 7976: 7953: 7948: 7878: 7860: 7845: 7830: 7826: 7753: 7668: 7574: 7545: 7508: 7482: 7441: 7329: 6918: 6487: 5225: 5217: 5121: 5061: 5041: 4497: 4477: 4337: 4160: 4149: 4111: 4106: 4091: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3890: 3875: 3845: 3825: 3810: 3741: 3717: 3595: 3591: 3575: 3543: 3417: 3382: 3228: 3131: 3064: 3037: 2995: 2891: 2881: 2813: 2783: 2754: 2537: 2509: 2406: 2351: 2038: 2012: 1993: 1651: 1593: 1559: 1554: 1486: 1482: 1076: 1072: 181: 171: 25: 9533: 6945: 1211: 1009:

poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of

10626: 10596: 10456: 10416: 10396: 10381: 10157: 9681: 9136: 9012: 8982: 8820: 8786: 8711: 8701: 8594: 8548: 8405: 8342: 8259: 8114: 8066: 8045: 8008: 7992: 7968: 7943: 7818: 7785: 7612: 7561: 7451: 7334: 7289: 7137:

National Committee for the Expansion of the Persian Language and Literature

5421:

Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery

5147: 5108: 5045: 5013: 4133: 4096: 4008: 3935: 3905: 3880: 3705: 3672: 3624: 3565: 3461: 2919: 2818: 2808: 2371: 2288: 1786: 1660: 1605: 1508:. Slaves were also bought or received as gifts. They were made to serve as 1501: 1356: 1325:

Works of the early era of Persian poetry are characterized by strong court

1263: 1185: 1146: 1092: 912: 888: 148: 9385: 9380: 6967:

Chopra, R.M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2010.

3651:

Two of the most prominent classical poets in Afghanistan at the time were

1804:

queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King

1270:

lands. The rebirth of the language in its new form is often accredited to

10616: 10606: 10471: 9914: 9909: 9793: 9395: 9390: 9247: 9007: 8860: 8840: 8766: 8456: 8352: 8309: 8040: 7314: 6491: 5017: 4981: 4301: 3975: 3960: 3855: 3806: 3748: 3493: 3053: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2532: 2401: 2307: 2071: 1951: 1880: 1729: 1646: 1589: 1438: 1397: 1315: 1259: 1138: 1053: 1025: 967: 900: 364: 310: 201: 41: 9699: 9656: 9553: 9257: 7163: 5607:

Science and Religion, 400 B.C. to A.D. 1550 From Aristotle to Copernicus

9973: 9686: 9405: 9243: 8947: 8855: 8802: 8337: 7772: 7681: 7632: 7617: 7584: 7532: 7516: 7503: 7446: 7324: 7047: 6203: 6184: 6156: 5349:

List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language

3998: 3830: 3790: 3584: 3514: 3190: 3045: 3025: 2991: 2959: 2896: 2858: 2848: 2557: 1965: 1905: 1632: 1515:

love toward young pages, soldiers, or novices in trades and professions

1419: 1386: 1330: 1267: 1221: 1126: 1029: 1010: 979: 971: 963: 959: 920: 916: 887:. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within 884: 9651: 7706: 7142: 3676:

traditional rhyme. They criticized Khalili for modernizing his style.

2211:, may have left the most enduring imprint on Georgian literature (...) 9993: 9922: 9901: 9813: 9538: 9458: 9415: 9347: 9289: 7899: 7425: 7234: 7169: 5342: 5330: 4492: 3775:

grew up in Iran and were influenced by Iranian writers and teachers.

3747:

Prominent novelists and short story writers from Afghanistan include

3721: 3518: 3245: 3155: 2876: 2853: 2793: 2469: 2459: 2063: 1756: 1707: 1458: 1326: 1045: 868: 5772:

Sedighi, Anousha; Shabani-Jadidi, Pouneh, eds. (10 September 2018).

2464: 2157:. They are indirect evidence for an Old Georgian translation of the 843: 10655: 10018: 9942: 9808: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9691: 9661: 9543: 9498: 9337: 9327: 9317: 9294: 7984: 7691: 7464: 7421: 7143:

The Packard Humanities Institute: Persian Literature in Translation

7136: 3537: 3428:, Omar Khayyam, Saadi and Sanai. Influenced by the writings of the 3425: 3401: 3259: 3186: 3147: 3006:, a glorification of Selim I. After a period of several centuries, 2963: 2484: 2376: 1782: 1751: 1671: 1617: 1526: 1454: 1406: 1401: 1352: 1319: 1271: 1235: 1231: 1197: 1169:

geography and travel also survived, albeit in Arabic translations.

1130: 1068: 1061: 1057: 975: 955: 943: 904: 855: 3227:, a collection of lyric poems inspired by a German translation of 2990:, despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of 2828: 2494: 1188:), have been considered as literary criticism (Zarrinkoub, 1959). 9998: 9937: 9927: 9831: 9753: 9748: 9676: 9671: 9646: 9613: 9573: 9568: 9420: 9332: 9322: 8497: 7713: 7637: 7579: 7284: 5823:"2. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan" 4189: 3802: 3465: 3386: 3175: 3142: 3137: 3029: 2987: 2971: 2843: 2833: 2803: 2778: 2773: 2577: 2504: 2411: 2059: 1947: 1860: 1850: 1505: 1255: 1251: 1041: 1016:

Described as one of the great literatures of humanity, including

924: 489: 175: 10640: 9463: 7107: 6975: 10259: 10139: 9978: 9932: 9875: 9798: 9783: 9725: 9666: 9623: 9608: 9588: 9528: 9523: 9443: 9352: 8144: 7924: 7721: 7487: 7477: 7472: 7416: 7411: 5151: 4311: 4137: 4042:

Pioneers of Persian literary criticism in 19th century include

3693: 3437: 3429: 3368: 3179: 3151: 2901: 2823: 2788: 2572: 2499: 2489: 2479: 2474: 2449: 2386: 2356: 2336: 2142: 2055: 1853: 1655: 1474: 1434: 1390: 1382: 1374: 1348: 1283: 1275: 1225: 1154: 1125:

have survived, partly due to the destruction of the library at

1017: 908: 862: 647: 10258: 9518: 9513: 6208:

The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

6189:

The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

6161:

The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

5972:

History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century

5635:

Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold; Daily, Jay E. (1 January 1975).

3073:

Persian poetry in fact flourished in these regions while post-

2146: 931:

has historically been either the native or official language.

10559: 9988: 9983: 9968: 9788: 9740: 9598: 9558: 9488: 9468: 9453: 8176: 7909: 7607: 4316: 4306: 3453: 3189:) pursued early Persian training in Saraybosna, amongst them 2763: 2514: 2454: 2444: 2429: 2361: 2326: 2067: 2023: 2015:. The first volume of Moin Dictionary was published in 1963. 1872: 1868: 1665: 1530: 1437:

into a major verse form, as well as the rise of mystical and

1414:

in heroic and elevated verses, he and other notables such as

1150: 1006: 983: 947: 939: 5951: 1724:("Biographies of the Saints") is also a detailed account of 9714: 9357: 9342: 9239: 7958: 7855: 5120:

Nima Youshij founded in contemporary poetry, his successor

5087: 3077: 2838: 2798: 2346: 1725: 1711: 1466: 1423: 1351:

was perhaps the most famous form of panegyric used, though

1162: 1122: 1088: 935: 896: 892: 16:

Oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language

4228:

Critical analysis of Jami's works has been carried out by

3170:

linguistic and literary culture. The 16th-century Ottoman

2058:, and their poetry was, and is, widely read by Sufis from 1883:

of Shahrzad seems to have been added in the 14th century.

1863:

had become an important cosmopolitan city. Merchants from

1846:), a collection of ancient Indian and Persian folk tales. 1492:

Regarding the tradition of Persian love poetry during the

946:(in modern-day Tajikistan), wrote in Persian and lived in 6932: 5146:, Sepid poetry did not receive general acceptance before 3136:

Persian learning was also widespread in the Ottoman-held

2768: 2150: 1396:

Through these courts and system of patronage emerged the

1212:

Persian literature of the medieval and pre-modern periods

6696:"Persian Language & Literature: Mehdi Akhavan Sales" 950:(in modern-day Turkey), at that time the capital of the 5333:(a source of translations of Persian poetry in English) 3648:

was pushed to the fringes of social and cultural life.

6120: 6118: 5622:

The Western Tradition A Survey of Western Civilization

4207:'s main contribution to this field is his book called 3244:(1883–1885), referring to the ancient Persian prophet 6399:"A history of literary criticism in Iran (1866-1951)" 5909:

Vagabond Life: The Caucasus Journals of George Kennan

5771: 5381: 4996:

Notable Persian poets, modern and classical, include

4201:, using the principles of modern literary criticism. 3344: 879:

comprises oral compositions and written texts in the

7067:

A Two-colored Brocade: The Imagery of Persian Poetry

6058: 6056: 2026:

dictionary, printed at Leiden. This was followed by

1644:

work of Persian literature. Also highly regarded is

1604:

The most significant prose writings of this era are

6115: 1584:styles) took over. This style has its roots in the 5870: 5701:A History of Literary Criticism in Iran, 1866-1951 3499: 3436:, he was especially attracted to the religious or 3396:The classical poets (Hafiz, Saadi, Khayyam, Rumi, 2054:Some of Persia's best-beloved medieval poets were 6600: 6598: 6053: 5688:Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods 4187:is a critical and comparative analysis of Rumi's 1103: 11033: 6163:. University of California Press. p. 85-86. 6032:The Ashgate Research Companion to Border Studies 5634: 5497:Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, eds. (2013). 1672:Biographies, hagiographies, and historical works 7240:Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress 6636:"جایزه شعر بیژن جلالی به سیمین بهبهانی اهدا شد" 5829:, University of California Press, p. 149, 5562:, Charles Scribner's Sons. 2002, vol. 4, p. 480 3763:. Some prominent writers from Afghanistan like 1754:. The work deals with the myths and legends of 1628:Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir 1098: 938:, one of the best-loved Persian poets, born in 6900: 6726:"Forough Farrokhzad and modern Persian poetry" 6595: 5957: 5911:. University of Washington Press. p. 32. 5609:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 232. 3663:(King of Poets). Khalili was drawn toward the 1369:, whose followers mostly were associated with 10671: 10244: 9273: 7185: 7100:Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran. 6505:"Persian Literature: The Persian Short Story" 6373:"پویایی فرهنگ هر کشور ی در "آزادی" نهفته است" 6257:"A Look at Persian Literature in Afghanistan" 6210:. University of California Press. p. 85. 6191:. University of California Press. p. 86. 4948: 4183:and Persian literary criticism. Zarrinkoub's 3793:'s prominent names in Persian literature are 3361:Ah, would there were a loaf of bread as fare, 3327: 3117: 3107: 3093: 2939: 1969: 1959: 1934: 1924: 1822:The nucleus of the collection is formed by a 1334: 1262:soon became a literary language again of the 824: 328: 6451:"Luminaries - Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani" 5774:"The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics" 5496: 5287:Persian Speculative Art and Literature Award 5244: 7070:. University of North Carolina Press, USA. 3346:gar(agar) dast dahad ze maghz-e gandom nāni 3020:Persian language in the Indian subcontinent 2033:Currently, English-Persian dictionaries of 990:, as some consider works written by ethnic 962:conquered large territories in Central and 10678: 10664: 10251: 10237: 9280: 9266: 7245:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island 7192: 7178: 5924: 5449: 5408: 5326:Academy of Persian Language and Literature 5315:List of Persian-language poets and authors 4955: 4941: 3680:write poems in the new style consisted of 3452:. More recently classical authors such as 2946: 2932: 831: 817: 335: 321: 9287: 9246:and one of the two official languages of 6784:"Modern Persian Poetry By Mahmud Kianush" 5927:"Šāh-nāma Translations ii. Into Georgian" 5907:Kennan, Hans Dieter; et al. (2013). 5735: 5505:(3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 1339. 5080:(Post Modernism and New Post Modernism), 3513:, when the reform-minded prime minister, 1576:of Persian poetry (sometimes also called 6978:Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs 6901:Farmanfarmaian, Fatema Soudavar (2009). 6585:"Parvin Etesami's biography at IRIB.com" 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 5925:Giunshvili, Jamshid Sh. (15 June 2005). 5211:In 1990s a progressive evolution called 5103: 5088:Classical Persian poetry in modern times 4235: 4061:Prominent 20th century critics include: 3536: 3420:. He translated works by, among others, 3348:va'z(va az) mey do mani ze gūsfandi rāni 3044:and its literature gradually moved into 2102: 1299: 1215: 994:or Iranians in other languages, such as 861: 842: 6666:"معرفی منتقدان و پژوهشگران برگزیده شعر" 6551: 5999:Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters. 5786:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.001.0001 5558:Von David Levinson; Karen Christensen, 5455: 5414: 4037: 3464:have been rendered into Swedish by the 3363:A joint of lamb, a jug of vintage rare, 3112:), and particularly Muhammad Padshah's 2129:with that of the Persian literary work 1886: 369:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 11034: 7199: 6882:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6758:"Fereydoon Moshiri's official website" 6127:Persian Historiography & Geography 6065:Persian Historiography & Geography 5939:from the original on 22 September 2020 5906: 5859:from the original on 22 September 2023 5619: 5490: 4974: 3821:Among the best-known playwrights are: 2175:are quite popular, and the stories of 2153:, are found in 11th- and 12th-century 2098: 10659: 10232: 9261: 8206: 7377: 7261: 7211: 7173: 6167: 5879:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age 5655:from the original on 13 November 2022 5604: 5390: 5157:A reluctant follower of Nima Yushij, 3478: 3407: 3365:And you and I in wilderness encamped— 3352:'eyshi bovad ān na had-de har soltāni 3252: 3196: 1735: 10685: 6706:from the original on 1 November 2022 6515:from the original on 1 November 2022 6201: 6182: 6154: 6105:Oneworld Publications, 18 okt. 2014 5820: 5802:from the original on 22 October 2023 5703:, (Ibex Publishers, Inc., 2003), 14. 5519:from the original on 22 October 2023 5478:from the original on 22 October 2023 5437:from the original on 22 October 2023 5308: 5231: 3755:(مرداره قول اس), written in part in 3659:. Betab received the honorary title 3371:'s pleasure could with ours compare. 3266:(935–1020) was published in 1832 by 3234:The German essayist and philosopher 3211: 1785:collection which tells the story of 1748:Muqaddame-ye Shahname-ye Abu Mansuri 7042:. Reidel Publishing Company, 1968. 6646:from the original on 21 August 2006 6457:. 24 September 2005. Archived from 5821:Alam, Muzaffar (31 December 2019), 5503:Compendium of the World's Languages 5423:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 177–178. 5371: 5300:Lois Roth Persian Translation Prize 3350:vāngah man-o tō neshaste dar vīrāni 3328: 3158:, in the northern part of Greece). 1877:Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar 1813: 1794: 1335: 13: 9881: 9874: 9867: 6926: 6820:from the original on 16 April 2015 6794:from the original on 23 April 2006 6293:from the original on 14 March 2006 6002:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 5725: 3590:Following the pioneering works of 2207:” (ibid). Ferdowsi, together with 2049: 1901:. It is the largest comprehensive 1891:The biggest Persian dictionary is 1457:Bokharai exemplify. Poets such as 1322:'s medical writings are in verse. 14: 11088: 7280:Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan 7139:(شورای گسترش زبان و ادبیات فارسی) 7130: 6676:from the original on 20 June 2006 6283:"گلرخسار صفی اوا، مادر ملت تاجیک" 6012:Infobase Publishing, 1 jan. 2009 5575:, Brill Publications, CD version. 5541:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953, 5339:(includes description of symbols) 3617: 3557:Persian Constitutional Revolution 3028:and their successors such as the 2183:became part of Georgian folklore. 1599: 1191:Some researchers have quoted the 883:and is one of the world's oldest 10639: 10264:different cultures and languages 10213: 10212: 10042:Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan) 8207: 7114:. Charleston: CreateSpace, 2012. 6982:. Charleston: CreateSpace, 2012. 6764:from the original on 12 May 2015 5292:Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Awards 4924: 3778: 3118: 3108: 3094: 3086:Ghazi khan Badr Muhammad Dehlavi 2913: 1970: 1960: 1935: 1925: 1839: 1778: 1230:, Page from a manuscript of the 800: 349: 304: 40: 9209:Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi 8640:Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer) 7164:Persian Literature & Poetry 6962:A History of Persian Literature 6850: 6832: 6806: 6776: 6750: 6718: 6688: 6658: 6628: 6577: 6545: 6527: 6497: 6473: 6443: 6417: 6391: 6365: 6335: 6305: 6275: 6247: 6214: 6195: 6148: 6086: 6042:Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011 6023: 5993: 5963: 5918: 5900: 5814: 5765: 5737:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_8387 5719: 5706: 5693: 5680: 5667: 5628: 5613: 5598: 3769:Reza Ebrahimi, Ameneh Mohammadi 3667:of poetry instead of the usual 3500:Contemporary Persian literature 1763: 1750:, which was written during the 1549:(Treasury of Secrets). Some of 1410:at the apex. By glorifying the 1141:writings were destroyed in the 942:(in modern-day Afghanistan) or 872:describing the valour of Rustam 11001:British Indian Ocean Territory 8280:Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani 7300:Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan 6313:"مومن قناعت، شاعر و سیاستمدار" 5588: 5578: 5565: 5552: 5531: 5460:. In Schiffman, Harold (ed.). 5392:[ædæbiːˌjɒːtefɒːɾˈsiː] 5361: 3866:Well-known novelists include: 3270:, a physician employed by the 3203:Persian literature in the West 1706:(which spans the Mongolid and 1703:Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini 1588:era and produced the likes of 1104:Pre-Islamic Persian literature 974:, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, 1: 10051:Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman) 8388:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani 7628:Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami 7378: 7040:History of Iranian Literature 6907:Journal of Persianate Studies 5876:Willem Floor, Edmund Herzig. 5464:. Leiden: Brill. p. 94. 5401: 5193:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani 5038:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani 4223:Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani 3333:وانگه من و تو نشسته در ویرانی 3174:(died 1572), who hailed from 3013: 2215: 2190:Journal of Persianate Studies 2161:that is no longer extant. ... 2125:remarks on the connection of 1946:The most widely used Persian 1914:Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute 1912:under the supervision of the 1910:Tehran University Press (UTP) 1694:Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi 1614:Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi 1539:(Garden of Truth) as well as 1224:and Courtiers Entertained by 10054:Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan 6964:. Tehran: Kayhan Press, 1973 6425:"AH Zarrinkoub: A biography" 5827:Literary Cultures in History 3522:expressed by others such as 2044: 1943:era of the 3rd-7th century. 1572:After the 15th century, the 1389:. Panegyric masters such as 1099:Classical Persian literature 7: 11062:Persian-language literature 8091:Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani 7110:Afghan Proverbs Illustrated 7102:Calcutta: Arya Press, 1950. 5624:. Dryden Press. p. 96. 5560:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 5419:. In Marashi, Mehdi (ed.). 5382: 5319: 5304:Jaleh Esfahani Poetry Award 5270:Martyr Avini Literary Award 4991: 4895:List of years in literature 4159:reached its maturity after 4052:Mirza `Abd al-Rahim Talebof 3345: 3335:عیشی بود آن نه حد هر سلطانی 3331:وز می دو منی ز گوسفندی رانی 3238:was the author of the book 3150:, Bosnia and Herzegovina), 3100:Ibrahim Ghavamuddin Farughi 1770:One Thousand and One Nights 1118:Very few literary works of 10: 11093: 10048:Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid 10045:Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein) 8169:Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr 7262: 7008:Literary History of Persia 6894: 6228:Frostburg State University 5677:, Tehran 1959 pp: 374–379. 5573:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 5312: 5207:Post Modern Persian poetry 4969:modern Persian short story 4890:History of science fiction 4044:Mirza Fath `Ali Akhundzade 3985: 3504: 3329:گر دست دهد ز مغز گندم نانی 3272:British East India Company 3200: 3129: 3125: 3024:With the emergence of the 3017: 1917:dictionary, the earliest, 1742:Literary criticism in Iran 1739: 1293: 1180:. However, some essays in 1172:No single text devoted to 1107: 1040:c. 650 CE. After the 10989: 10949: 10693: 10635: 10270: 10208: 10132: 10064: 10035: 9956: 9892: 9865: 9822: 9739: 9713: 9637: 9429: 9371: 9308: 9301: 9235: 9191: 9145: 9051: 8877: 8795: 8686: 8577: 8557: 8541: 8485: 8439: 8423: 8393:Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar 8230: 8217: 8213: 8202: 8137: 8102: 8033: 8001: 7936: 7929:Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani 7892: 7765: 7646: 7496: 7404: 7388: 7384: 7373: 7320:Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr 7270: 7257: 7220: 7207: 7083:Persian Poetry in Kashmir 6934:ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb 6494:. Accessed on 2006-03-31. 6222:"Nietzsche's Zarathustra" 6137:Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd 6075:Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd 5889:I.B.Tauris, 15 sep. 2012 5835:10.1525/9780520926738-007 5714:"Land and People of Iran" 5686:Yar-Shater, Ehsan. 1986. 5673:Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub, 5663:– via Google Books. 5458:"Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki" 5417:"Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki" 5245:Persian literature awards 5201:Our Fists under the Table 4801:Indian writing in English 4056:Zeyn al-`Abedin Maraghe`i 3981: 3696:and a few others. Later, 3519:Habibollah Qa'ani Shirazi 3385:have presented Rumi as a 3314:was freely translated by 3294:From the Persian of Hafiz 2041:are widely used in Iran. 1465:(who ostensibly inspired 1363:are also widely popular. 1289: 1165:) thereof. Some works of 1133:(522–486 BC) and his son 1064:being based in Khorasan. 1038:Muslim conquest of Persia 10756:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8808:Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh 7851:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo 7674:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi 7570:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani 7230:Old Persian inscriptions 6919:10.1163/187471609X445464 5712:Abdol Hossein Saeedian, 5354: 5265:Iran's Annual Book Prize 4520:North and South American 3861: 3753:Real Men Keep Their Word 1849:During the reign of the 1640:), is a highly esteemed 1606:Nizami Arudhi Samarqandi 1343:courts into every major 1145:in the 7th century. The 1143:Islamic conquest of Iran 11067:Literature by ethnicity 11011:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9158:Houshang Moradi Kermani 8762:Houshang Moradi Kermani 8757:Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi 8742:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh 8653:Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei 8153:Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani 8127:Abbas Foroughi Bastami 7212: 7158:Encyclopædia Britannica 7147:latest archived version 6814:"Editions Bruno Doucey" 6608:"Shamlu's poetic world" 6481:همایش بزرگداشت افصح زاد 6226:Philosophical forum at 5778:Oxford Handbooks Online 5456:Spooner, Brian (2012). 5415:Spooner, Brian (1994). 5257:Houshang Golshiri Award 5253:National Ferdowsi Prize 4219:Badiozzaman Forouzanfar 4173:Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub 4118:Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub 4077:Badiozzaman Forouzanfar 4024:Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi 4004:Kioumars Saberi Foumani 3871:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh 3816: 3751:, known especially for 3600:Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub 3290:Letters and Social Aims 2123:Jamshid Sh. Giunashvili 2107:Georgian manuscript of 1496:era, Persian historian 1412:Iranian historical past 1333:, and what is known as 11072:Literature by language 10178:Rostam's Seven Labours 10057:Gang Castle (Gang-Dez) 9886: 9879: 9872: 8610:Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad 8161:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat 7782:Shams al-Din Qays Razi 7525:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 6960:Aryanpur, Manoochehr. 6565:Cite journal requires 5753:Cite journal requires 5605:Grant, Edward (2006). 5283:Isfahan Literary Award 5241:in adolescent poetry. 4181:comparative literature 3786:Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri 3553:intellectual movements 3548: 3528:Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani 3241:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 3080:literature stagnated. 2213: 2187:Farmanfarmaian in the 2185: 2163: 2115: 1983:Sharafnama-ye Ebrahimi 1529:genre one can mention 1400:style of poetry, with 1311: 1307:, early 13th century. 1248:overshadowed by Arabic 1243: 1114:Zoroastrian literature 1067:Persian poets such as 891:including present-day 873: 859: 357:This article contains 11052:History of literature 10173:Rostam and Esfandiyar 9885: 9878: 9871: 9146:Children's literature 9003:Rasoul Mollagholipour 8893:Rakhshan Bani-E'temad 8836:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi 8831:Alireza Koushk Jalali 8777:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi 8663:Shahriyar Mandanipour 7905:Shah Ni'matullah Wali 7749:Kamal al-Din Esfahani 7590:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani 7361:Shikand-gumanig Vizar 7344:Anthology of Zadspram 6455:Iran Daily - Panorama 6343:"فرزانه، صدای نسل نو" 6038:24 April 2023 at the 5969:Sigfried J. de Laet. 5620:Naidis, Mark (1972). 5537:Arthur John Arberry, 5104:Modern Persian poetry 5084:(Children's poetry). 4931:Literature portal 4900:Literature by country 4244:History of literature 4236:Persian short stories 4197:worked on Ferdowsi's 4155:Contemporary Persian 4146:Gholamhossein Yousefi 4142:Parviz Natel-Khanlari 4140:and Sufi literature. 4102:Parviz Natel-Khanlari 3966:Shahriyar Mandanipour 3886:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi 3836:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi 3710:Leila Sarahat Roshani 3540: 3524:Fath-'Ali Akhundzadeh 3517:, chastised the poet 3496:in the 19th century. 3070:(Clawson, p. 6) 3018:Further information: 2195: 2164: 2135: 2106: 1520:Teimuraz I of Kakheti 1329:, an extravagance of 1303: 1294:Further information: 1219: 865: 852:Topkapi Palace Museum 846: 807:Literature portal 380:History of literature 10926:United Arab Emirates 9629:Eskandar (Alexander) 9043:Sohrab Shahid-Saless 8908:Pouran Derakhshandeh 8888:Mohammad Reza Aslani 8826:Amir Reza Koohestani 8585:Ali Mohammad Afghani 8255:Mohammad Reza Aslani 8184:Mahmud Saba Kashani 7920:Fazlallah Astarabadi 7796:Afdal al-Din Kashani 7791:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī 7741:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 7623:Afdal al-Din Kashani 7437:Abu Tahir Khosrovani 7225:Behistun Inscription 6539:19 July 2006 at the 6271:on 27 February 2008. 6133:8 April 2023 at the 6101:8 April 2023 at the 6071:8 April 2023 at the 6029:Doris Wastl-Walter. 6008:7 April 2023 at the 5978:8 April 2023 at the 5932:Encyclopædia Iranica 5885:8 April 2023 at the 5571:Frye, R.N., "Darī", 5539:The Legacy of Persia 5280:Yalda Literary Award 5277:Parvin Etesami Award 5250:Sadegh Hedayat Award 5058:Mohammad Taghi Bahar 4915:Intellectual history 4248:by region or country 4205:Mohammad Taghi Bahar 3657:Khalil Ullah Khalili 3224:West-östlicher Divan 2035:Manouchehr Aryanpour 2022:completed a Persian- 2003:Loghat-e Ne'matallah 1974:), written in 1092. 1887:Persian dictionaries 1859:in the 8th century, 1638:A Mirror for Princes 1630:'s famous work, the 1590:Amir Khosrow Dehlavi 1504:produced many young 1034:Behistun Inscription 82:World Heritage Sites 10951:States with limited 8968:Varuzh Karim-Masihi 8707:Abolhassan Etessami 8625:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi 8477:Abdul Ali Mustaghni 8462:Khalilullah Khalili 8402:Manouchehr Sheybani 8378:Tahereh Saffarzadeh 8285:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar 8242:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales 7884:Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani 7729:Faramarz-e Khodadad 7315:Shabuhragan of Mani 7062:Schimmel, Annemarie 6992:. Macmillan, 2005. 6903:Arjomand, Saïd Amir 6738:on 27 February 2008 6700:www.iranchamber.com 6616:on 19 February 2012 6591:on 12 January 2008. 6509:www.iranchamber.com 6431:on 11 February 2009 6405:on 19 February 2012 6379:on 29 November 2005 6323:on 23 December 2012 6092:Franklin D. Lewis. 5958:Farmanfarmaian 2009 5159:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales 4998:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales 4986:speculative fiction 4975:Period of diversity 4082:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar 3921:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi 3795:Golrokhsar Safi Eva 3308:(1048–1123), whose 3286:Ralph Waldo Emerson 2982:of the empire. The 2887:Karagöz and Hacivat 2155:Georgian literature 2099:Georgian literature 1988:Farhang-i Jahangiri 1931:Farhang-i Menakhtay 1894:Dehkhoda Dictionary 1654:, a famous Persian 1305:Bowl of Reflections 1002:, to be included. 608:Old Church Slavonic 598:Maharashtri Prakrit 11042:Persian literature 10189:Khosrow and Shirin 10027:Other locations... 9887: 9880: 9873: 9112:Ebrahim Pourdavoud 9097:Ahmad Kamyabi Mask 9067:Najaf Daryabandari 8928:Behrouz Gharibpour 8772:Shahrnush Parsipur 8747:Aboutorab Khosravi 8649:Aboutorab Khosravi 8513:Gulrukhsor Safieva 8431:Edward Haghverdian 8095:Rasa Salim Tehrani 7814:Abu'l Majd Tabrizi 7801:Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi 7457:Abusaeid Abolkheir 7396:Muhammad ibn Wasif 7351:Zand-i Wahman yasn 7310:Dana-i Menog Khrat 7295:Book of Arda Viraf 7201:Persian literature 7153:Persian literature 7145:(currently down) ( 6986:Clawson, Patrick. 6940:. Tihrān: Sukhan. 6913:(1). BRILL: 1–43. 6864:on 6 November 2018 6353:on 14 January 2013 5274:Mehrgan Adab Prize 5261:Bijan Jalali Award 5178:Forough Farrokhzad 5006:Forough Farrokhzad 4967:Historically, the 4905:History of theatre 4157:literary criticism 4038:Literary criticism 3562:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda 3549: 3479:Italian literature 3434:Emanuel Swedenborg 3422:Farid al-Din Attar 3408:Swedish literature 3284:The American poet 3253:English literature 3197:Western literature 3114:Farhang-i Anandraj 3104:Farhang-i Ibrahimi 2322:Azerbaijani carpet 2137:The names of many 2116: 1980:Farhang-e Ghavvas, 1899:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda 1736:Literary criticism 1721:Tazkerat-ol-Owliya 1664:, translated from 1536:Hadiqat-ul-Haqiqah 1312: 1244: 1202:literary criticism 1176:has survived from 1174:literary criticism 1110:Pahlavi literature 877:Persian literature 874: 860: 603:Pre-Proto-Mongolic 210:Miniature painting 202:Visual art history 11057:Iranic literature 11029: 11028: 10993:other territories 10653: 10652: 10646:Poetry portal 10226: 10225: 10200:Persian mythology 10195:Bijan and Manijeh 10168:Rostam and Sohrab 9863: 9862: 9639:Female characters 9619:Rostam Farrokhzād 9564:Zangay-i Shavaran 9255: 9254: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9178:Farhad Hasanzadeh 9117:Hamid Samandarian 9058:Amrollah Abjadian 9023:Fereydoun Rahnema 8988:Mohsen Makhmalbaf 8973:Samuel Khachikian 8958:Ebrahim Hatamikia 8869:Mohammad Yaghoubi 8865:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi 8732:Houshang Golshiri 8645:Houshang Golshiri 8605:Mahshid Amirshahi 8590:Ghazaleh Alizadeh 8573: 8572: 8508:Abolqasem Lahouti 8503:Iskandar Khatloni 8416:Fereydoon Moshiri 8363:Mohammad Mokhtari 8323:Forugh Farrokhzad 8275:Manouchehr Atashi 8198: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8173: 8165: 8157: 8149: 8130: 8119: 8082: 8078:Abdul-Qādir Bēdil 8071: 8058: 8050: 8021: 8017:Muhtasham Kashani 8013: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7869:Nozhat al-Majales 7865: 7823: 7810: 7806:Mahmud Shabistari 7773:Abu Tahir Tarsusi 7758: 7745: 7737: 7726: 7718: 7710: 7678: 7659:Suzani Samarqandi 7603:Abu-al-Faraj Runi 7594: 7566: 7558: 7554:Masud Sa'd Salman 7550: 7542: 7529: 7521: 7513: 7469: 7461: 7432:Abu Shakur Balkhi 7369: 7368: 7305:Cube of Zoroaster 7275:Ayadgar-i Zariran 7253: 7252: 7124:978-81-89140-99-1 7023:Browne, Edward G. 6788:www.art-arena.com 5795:978-0-19-873674-5 5699:Iraj Parsinejad, 5380: 5309:Authors and poets 5296:Golden Pen Awards 5232:Children's poetry 5213:Postmodern Ghazal 5185:Fereydoon Moshiri 5076:(classical) and, 5026:Fereydoon Moshiri 4965: 4964: 4877: 4876: 4808: 4807: 4597: 4596: 4515: 4514: 4483:Poststructuralism 4450:Matter of Britain 4350: 4349: 4230:Ala Khan Afsahzad 4221:and his student, 4169:Houshang Golshiri 4048:Mirza Malkom Khan 3971:Abutorab Khosravi 3941:Houshang Golshiri 3931:Ghazaleh Alizadeh 3851:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi 3803:Farzaneh Khojandi 3608:Houshang Golshiri 3532:Mirza Malkom Khan 3378: 3377: 3316:Edward Fitzgerald 3279:Rustam and Sohrab 3258:A selection from 3212:German literature 3072: 2980:official language 2956: 2955: 2177:Rostam and Sohrāb 2080:Kimiya-yi sa'ādat 1961:فرهنگ ابوحفص سغدی 1939:), from the late 1698:Ata-Malik Juvayni 1678:Abolfazl Beyhaghi 1661:Kelileh va Demneh 1623:Jawami ul-Hikayat 1355:such as those in 1046:Islamic Caliphate 1032:inscription, the 866:A scene from the 848:Kelileh va Demneh 841: 840: 754:Modern by century 495:Classical Chinese 365:rendering support 345: 344: 11084: 11006:Christmas Island 10991:Dependencies and 10694:Sovereign states 10687:Asian literature 10680: 10673: 10666: 10657: 10656: 10644: 10643: 10253: 10246: 10239: 10230: 10229: 10216: 10215: 9837:House of Goudarz 9306: 9305: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9259: 9258: 9199:Aydin Aghdashloo 9028:Rasul Sadr Ameli 9018:Kambuzia Partovi 8978:Abbas Kiarostami 8963:Abdolreza Kahani 8943:Ebrahim Golestan 8923:Farrokh Ghaffari 8918:Bahman Farmanara 8851:Abbas Nalbandian 8727:Ebrahim Golestan 8694:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad 8630:Soudabeh Fazaeli 8528:Mirzo Tursunzoda 8523:Payrav Sulaymoni 8358:Shams Langeroodi 8314:Parviz Eslampour 8270:Aminollah Rezaei 8237:Ahmadreza Ahmadi 8228: 8227: 8215: 8214: 8204: 8203: 8185: 8179: 8171: 8163: 8155: 8147: 8128: 8117: 8086:Naw'i Khabushani 8080: 8069: 8056: 8048: 8019: 8011: 7987: 7979: 7971: 7915:Abu Ali Qalandar 7863: 7821: 7808: 7756: 7743: 7735: 7724: 7716: 7704: 7697:Najm al-Din Razi 7676: 7592: 7564: 7556: 7548: 7540: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7467: 7459: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7374: 7340:Dadestan-i Denig 7259: 7258: 7209: 7208: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7171: 7170: 7166:at parstimes.com 7115: 7105:Zellem, Edward. 7096:Walker, Benjamin 7026:Islamic Medicine 6983: 6973:Zellem, Edward. 6957: 6922: 6888: 6887: 6881: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6860:. Archived from 6854: 6848: 6847: 6846:on 7 March 2016. 6842:. Archived from 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6731:. Archived from 6730: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6612:. Archived from 6606:"Mansur Khaksar 6602: 6593: 6592: 6587:. Archived from 6581: 6575: 6574: 6568: 6563: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6501: 6495: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6427:. Archived from 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6401:. Archived from 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6375:. Archived from 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6349:. Archived from 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6319:. Archived from 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6264:. Archived from 6263: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6235:on 11 March 2018 6231:. Archived from 6218: 6212: 6211: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6180: 6165: 6164: 6152: 6146: 6124:Bertold Spuler. 6122: 6113: 6090: 6084: 6062:Bertold Spuler. 6060: 6051: 6027: 6021: 5997: 5991: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5904: 5898: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5741: 5739: 5726:SĀMEʿĪ, ḤOSAYN. 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5412: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5365: 5050:Houshang Ebtehaj 4957: 4950: 4943: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4910:History of ideas 4837:Ancient Egyptian 4821: 4820: 4633: 4632: 4526: 4525: 4503:Post-colonialism 4445:Matter of France 4414: 4413: 4286:World literature 4260: 4259: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4195:Shahrokh Meskoob 4177:Shahrokh Meskoob 4165:Ebrahim Golestan 4123:Shahrokh Meskoob 3911:Ebrahim Golestan 3896:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad 3765:Asef Soltanzadeh 3761:Rahnaward Zaryab 3714:Sayed Elan Bahar 3612:Ebrahim Golestan 3604:Shahrokh Meskoob 3354: 3337: 3336: 3322: 3321: 3121: 3111: 3097: 3068: 2976:Sultanate of Rum 2968:Sassanian Empire 2948: 2941: 2934: 2920:Islam portal 2918: 2917: 2916: 2220: 2219: 2181:Bījan and Maniža 2141:heroes, such as 2127:Georgian culture 2092:Kashf ul Mahjoob 2020:Christian Ravius 1973: 1963: 1938: 1928: 1897:(16 volumes) by 1815: 1796: 1781:) is a medieval 1683:Tarikh-i Beyhaqi 1610:"Chahār Maqāleh" 1546:Makhzan-ul-Asrār 1471:Khaqani Shirvani 1451:Yusof o Zoleikha 1379:Farrukhi Sistani 1371:Greater Khorasan 1338: 1337: 1246:While initially 1186:Kalileh o Demneh 1178:pre-Islamic Iran 929:Persian language 881:Persian language 833: 826: 819: 805: 804: 803: 573:Gandhari Prakrit 414:Ancient Egyptian 385: 376: 375: 353: 352: 337: 330: 323: 309: 308: 307: 44: 21: 20: 11092: 11091: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11047:Persian culture 11032: 11031: 11030: 11025: 10994: 10992: 10985: 10966:Northern Cyprus 10954: 10952: 10945: 10736:Burma (Myanmar) 10689: 10684: 10654: 10649: 10638: 10631: 10266: 10257: 10227: 10222: 10204: 10163:Zal and Rudabeh 10153:Derafsh Kaviani 10128: 10100:of Shah Tahmasp 10060: 10031: 9952: 9894: 9888: 9859: 9847:House of Nowzar 9824: 9818: 9735: 9709: 9633: 9431:Male characters 9425: 9367: 9297: 9286: 9256: 9251: 9223: 9214:Ehsan Yarshater 9187: 9173:Poopak NikTalab 9141: 9132:Ahmad Tafazzoli 9047: 9038:Parviz Shahbazi 8993:Dariush Mehrjui 8953:Abolfazl Jalili 8873: 8791: 8752:Mostafa Mastoor 8717:Simin Daneshvar 8682: 8678:Iraj Pezeshkzad 8673:Mansour Koushan 8620:Simin Daneshvar 8569: 8553: 8537: 8481: 8435: 8419: 8410:She'r-e Nimaa'i 8373:Yadollah Royaee 8348:Siavash Kasraie 8328:Hossein Monzavi 8318:Parvin E'tesami 8305:Hushang Ebtehaj 8295:Simin Behbahani 8250:Qeysar Aminpour 8226: 8209: 8190: 8133: 8123:Neshat Esfahani 8098: 8054:Asir-e Esfahani 8029: 7997: 7932: 7888: 7841:Bahram-e-Pazhdo 7778:Awhadi Maraghai 7761: 7687:Falaki Shirvani 7664:Hassan Ghaznavi 7642: 7638:Mahsati Ganjavi 7598:Uthman Mukhtari 7492: 7400: 7380: 7365: 7356:Drakht-i Asurig 7266: 7249: 7216: 7203: 7198: 7133: 7106: 6974: 6929: 6927:Further reading 6897: 6892: 6891: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6865: 6858:"Archived copy" 6856: 6855: 6851: 6840:"Babak Abazari" 6838: 6837: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6566: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6541:Wayback Machine 6532: 6528: 6518: 6516: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6434: 6432: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6261: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6236: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6200: 6196: 6181: 6168: 6153: 6149: 6135:Wayback Machine 6123: 6116: 6103:Wayback Machine 6091: 6087: 6073:Wayback Machine 6061: 6054: 6040:Wayback Machine 6028: 6024: 6010:Wayback Machine 5998: 5994: 5980:Wayback Machine 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5923: 5919: 5905: 5901: 5887:Wayback Machine 5875: 5871: 5862: 5860: 5845: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5796: 5770: 5766: 5754: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5724: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5694: 5685: 5681: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5649: 5633: 5629: 5618: 5614: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5513: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5472: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5431: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5387: 5383:Adabiyâte fârsi 5366: 5362: 5357: 5331:Persian Poetics 5322: 5317: 5311: 5247: 5234: 5222:Ali Abdolrezaei 5144:Simin Behbahani 5106: 5098:Mast va Hoshyar 5090: 5078:Ali Abdolrezaei 5068:(new classic), 5054:Mirzadeh Eshghi 5030:Nader Naderpour 5022:Siavash Kasraie 5010:Mohammad Zohari 5002:Simin Behbahani 4994: 4977: 4961: 4925: 4923: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4128:Ali Abdolrezaei 4040: 3990: 3984: 3916:Bahman Sholevar 3901:Simin Daneshvar 3864: 3819: 3799:Mo'men Ghena'at 3781: 3702:Asadullah Habib 3661:Malek ul Shoara 3653:Abdul Haq Betab 3646:Dari literature 3629:Saraj’ul Akhbar 3620: 3511:Nasereddin Shah 3507: 3502: 3481: 3410: 3374: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3255: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3134: 3128: 3090:Adat al-Fudhala 3042:Persian culture 3022: 3016: 3008:Ottoman Turkish 2952: 2914: 2912: 2284:Sudano-Sahelian 2233:Islamic culture 2218: 2113:Georgian script 2111:written in the 2101: 2086:Asrar al-Tawhid 2052: 2050:Sufi literature 2047: 2028:John Richardson 1956:Abu Hafs Sughdi 1954:were those of 1889: 1857:Harun al-Rashid 1766: 1744: 1738: 1674: 1602: 1498:Ehsan Yarshater 1422:presented the " 1367:Khorasani style 1345:Iranian dynasty 1309:Brooklyn Museum 1298: 1292: 1240:Brooklyn Museum 1214: 1116: 1106: 1101: 837: 801: 799: 563:Byzantine Greek 500:Classical Latin 485:Ancient Prakrit 383: 382: 374: 373: 372: 363:Without proper 354: 350: 341: 311:Iran portal 305: 303: 298: 294:Kurdish cuisine 289:Caspian cuisine 284:Balochi cuisine 275: 262: 228: 215: 153: 140: 122: 104: 86: 67: 34:Culture of Iran 17: 12: 11: 5: 11090: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10997: 10995: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10957: 10955: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10683: 10682: 10675: 10668: 10660: 10651: 10650: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10462:Latin American 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10256: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10233: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10220: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10142: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10126: 10118: 10110: 10102: 10094: 10086: 10077: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10055: 10052: 10049: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10037: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10024: 10021: 10016: 10014:Mount Damavand 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9948:White Elephant 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9904: 9898: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9852:House of Sasan 9849: 9844: 9842:House of Viseh 9839: 9834: 9828: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9745: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9719: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9643: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9411:Humay Chehrzad 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9314: 9312: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9285: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9262: 9253: 9252: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9183:Ramak NikTalab 9180: 9175: 9170: 9168:Hengameh Mofid 9165: 9163:Babak NikTalab 9160: 9155: 9153:Samad Behrangi 9149: 9147: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9092:Saleh Hosseini 9089: 9087:Ramak NikTalab 9084: 9082:Sadegh Hedayat 9079: 9074: 9072:Mohammad Ghazi 9069: 9064: 9062:Jaleh Amouzgar 9059: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9033:Mohammad Sadri 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8998:Reza Mirkarimi 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8933:Bahman Ghobadi 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8913:Asghar Farhadi 8910: 8905: 8903:Hajir Darioush 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8846:Hengameh Mofid 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8812:Mohsen Yalfani 8810: 8805: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8789: 8784: 8782:Bahram Sadeghi 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8737:Sadegh Hedayat 8734: 8729: 8724: 8722:Nader Ebrahimi 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8600:Reza Amirkhani 8597: 8592: 8587: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8565:Muhammad Iqbal 8561: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8533:Satim Ulugzade 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8493:Sadriddin Ayni 8489: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8472:Massoud Nawabi 8469: 8467:Youssof Kohzad 8464: 8459: 8454: 8452:Wasef Bakhtari 8449: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8413: 8403: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8383:Sohrab Sepehri 8380: 8375: 8370: 8368:Nosrat Rahmani 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8265:Ahmad NikTalab 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8246:Hormoz Alipour 8244: 8239: 8234: 8232: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8211: 8210: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8182: 8174: 8166: 8158: 8150: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8120: 8112: 8110:Hatef Esfahani 8106: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8075: 8072: 8064: 8059: 8057:(c. 1620–1648) 8051: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8014: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7982: 7974: 7966: 7964:Kamal Khujandi 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7874:Khwaju Kermani 7871: 7866: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7824: 7816: 7811: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7751: 7746: 7738: 7733:Nizami Ganjavi 7730: 7727: 7719: 7711: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7559: 7551: 7543: 7538:Qatran Tabrizi 7535: 7530: 7522: 7514: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7462: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7419: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7382: 7381: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7290:Book of Jamasp 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7255: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7205: 7204: 7197: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7161: 7150: 7140: 7132: 7131:External links 7129: 7128: 7127: 7116: 7103: 7093: 7079: 7059: 7036: 7020: 7001: 6984: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6958: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6849: 6831: 6805: 6775: 6749: 6717: 6687: 6657: 6627: 6594: 6576: 6567:|journal= 6544: 6526: 6496: 6486:2012-07-22 at 6472: 6461:on 17 May 2006 6442: 6416: 6390: 6364: 6334: 6304: 6274: 6255:"Latif Nazemi 6246: 6213: 6194: 6166: 6147: 6114: 6085: 6052: 6022: 5992: 5982:UNESCO, 1994. 5962: 5950: 5917: 5899: 5869: 5843: 5813: 5794: 5764: 5755:|journal= 5728:"DICTIONARIES" 5718: 5705: 5692: 5679: 5666: 5647: 5627: 5612: 5597: 5587: 5577: 5564: 5551: 5530: 5511: 5489: 5471:978-9004201453 5470: 5448: 5429: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5337:Diwan (poetry) 5334: 5328: 5321: 5318: 5313:Main article: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5259: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5243: 5239:Babak Niktalab 5233: 5230: 5161:published his 5105: 5102: 5089: 5086: 5082:Babak NikTalab 5070:Parvin Etesami 5066:Ahmad NikTalab 5034:Sohrab Sepehri 4993: 4990: 4976: 4973: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4884: 4883: 4882:Related topics 4879: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4706:Ancient Meitei 4700: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4629: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4606: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4551:Latin American 4547: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4488:Deconstruction 4485: 4480: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4440:Matter of Rome 4435:Early Medieval 4432: 4427: 4422: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4355:Middle Eastern 4352: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4271:Literary terms 4268: 4256: 4255: 4254:General topics 4251: 4250: 4237: 4234: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4066:Jamshid Behnam 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4029:Javad Alizadeh 4026: 4021: 4019:Hadi Khorsandi 4016: 4014:Ebrahim Nabavi 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3988:Persian satire 3986:Main article: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3926:Bahram Sadeghi 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3841:Esmaeel Khalaj 3838: 3833: 3828: 3818: 3815: 3811:Layeq Shir-Ali 3780: 3777: 3757:Kabuli dialect 3738:Farrokhi Yazdi 3698:Vasef Bakhtari 3690:Solayman Layeq 3686:Baregh Shafi’i 3665:Khorasan style 3619: 3618:In Afghanistan 3616: 3580:Westernization 3566:Abolqasem Aref 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3480: 3477: 3446:Willy Kyrklund 3409: 3406: 3376: 3375: 3359: 3357: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3302: 3301: 3282: 3275: 3268:James Atkinson 3254: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3248:(c. 1700 BCE). 3232: 3221:published his 3213: 3210: 3201:Main article: 3198: 3195: 3178:in modern-day 3164:Rumili Farsisi 3127: 3124: 3109:فرهنگ ابراهیمی 3015: 3012: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2527: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2407:Turkish carpet 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2382:Persian carpet 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2317:Arabian carpet 2311: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2217: 2214: 2100: 2097: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2007:Lesan al-Ajam. 1888: 1885: 1844:Thousand Myths 1765: 1762: 1752:Samanid period 1737: 1734: 1689:Lubab ul-Albab 1673: 1670: 1642:Belles-lettres 1601: 1600:Prose writings 1598: 1428:Iranian people 1296:Persian metres 1291: 1288: 1213: 1210: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1022:Middle Persian 839: 838: 836: 835: 828: 821: 813: 810: 809: 796: 795: 794: 793: 788: 780: 779: 772: 771: 770: 769: 764: 756: 755: 751: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 730: 729: 722: 721: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 691: 690: 683: 682: 681: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 542: 541: 539:Early medieval 535: 534: 533: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 480:Ancient Hebrew 477: 471: 470: 462: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 439:Hurro-Urartian 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 410: 409: 399: 398: 387: 386: 367:, you may see 355: 348: 347: 346: 343: 342: 340: 339: 332: 325: 317: 314: 313: 300: 299: 297: 296: 291: 286: 280: 277: 276: 274: 273: 267: 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 249: 244: 239: 233: 230: 229: 227: 226: 220: 217: 216: 214: 213: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 169: 164: 158: 155: 154: 152: 151: 145: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 127: 124: 123: 121: 120: 115: 109: 106: 105: 103: 102: 97: 91: 88: 87: 85: 84: 79: 74: 68: 66: 65: 60: 55: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11089: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10988: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10976:South Ossetia 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10948: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10681: 10676: 10674: 10669: 10667: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10648: 10647: 10642: 10634: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10249: 10247: 10242: 10240: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10219: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10186: 10184: 10183:Davazdah Rokh 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10080:Great Mongol 10078: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10056: 10053: 10050: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919:Koulad-Ghandi 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906:Kharvazan Div 9905: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9731:Mehrab Kaboli 9729: 9727: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9283: 9278: 9276: 9271: 9269: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9220: 9219:Ahmad Kasravi 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9204:Ali Latifiyan 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9127:Jafar Shahidi 9125: 9123: 9122:Jalal Sattari 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9107:Mohammad Moin 9105: 9103: 9102:Ahmad Shamlou 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9077:Lili Golestan 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8938:Fereydun Gole 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8898:Bahram Beyzai 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884:Saeed Aghighi 8883: 8882: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8816:Bahram Beyzai 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687:Short stories 8685: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8668:Abbas Maroufi 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8658:Ahmad Mahmoud 8656: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8635:Reza Ghassemi 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615:Reza Baraheni 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8576: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518:Loiq Sher-Ali 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8447:Nadia Anjuman 8445: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8398:Ahmad Shamlou 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8333:Hushang Irani 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8290:Reza Baraheni 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8205: 8201: 8183: 8178: 8175: 8170: 8167: 8162: 8159: 8154: 8151: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8062:Kalim Kashani 8060: 8055: 8052: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8025:'Orfi Shirazi 8023: 8018: 8015: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7991: 7986: 7983: 7978: 7975: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7949:Salman Savaji 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7879:Badr Shirvani 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7862: 7861:Homam Tabrizi 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7846:Pur-Baha Jami 7844: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7755: 7754:Shams Tabrizi 7752: 7750: 7747: 7742: 7739: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7723: 7720: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7669:Faramarz Nama 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7575:Ahmad Ghazali 7573: 7571: 7568: 7563: 7560: 7555: 7552: 7547: 7546:Nizam al-Mulk 7544: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7526: 7523: 7518: 7515: 7510: 7509:Nasir Khusraw 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:Kisai Marvazi 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7466: 7463: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7442:Shahid Balkhi 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7330:Menog-i Khrad 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7188: 7183: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7172: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7111: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091:0-520-09312-7 7088: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7056:90-277-0143-1 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7035: 7034:81-87570-19-9 7031: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7017:0-7007-0406-X 7014: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6998:1-4039-6276-6 6995: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6981: 6979: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6954:964-5983-33-6 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6885: 6879: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6615: 6611: 6609: 6601: 6599: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6572: 6559: 6548: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534:Archived copy 6530: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6493: 6489: 6488:archive.today 6485: 6482: 6476: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6267: 6260: 6258: 6250: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6121: 6119: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5960:, p. 24. 5959: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5873: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5844:9780520926738 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5780:: 2166–2170. 5779: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5747: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5709: 5702: 5696: 5689: 5683: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5650: 5648:9780824720131 5644: 5641:. CRC Press. 5640: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5591: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5547:0-19-821905-9 5544: 5540: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5512:9781136258466 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5430:9780936347356 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5407: 5393: 5384: 5378: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5316: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5229: 5227: 5226:Ali Babachahi 5223: 5219: 5218:Reza Barahani 5214: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5142:According to 5140: 5136: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5122:Ahmad Shamlou 5117: 5113: 5110: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5072:(classical), 5071: 5067: 5064:(classical), 5063: 5062:Aref Ghazvini 5060:(classical), 5059: 5056:(classical), 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5042:Ahmad Shamlou 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4972: 4970: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:South African 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776:Modern Meitei 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498:Postmodernism 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4478:Structuralism 4476: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161:Sadeq Hedayat 4158: 4153: 4151: 4150:Ahmad Kasravi 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4112:Ahmad Kasravi 4110: 4108: 4107:Sadeq Hedayat 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4092:Mohammad Moin 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3956:Reza Ghassemi 3954: 3952: 3951:Abbas Maroufi 3949: 3947: 3946:Reza Baraheni 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3891:Ahmad Mahmoud 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3876:Sadeq Hedayat 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3846:Ali Nassirian 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3826:Bahram Beyzai 3824: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3779:In Tajikistan 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3742:Ahmad Shamlou 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3724:. Poets like 3723: 3719: 3718:Parwin Pazwak 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682:Mahmud Farani 3677: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596:Sadeq Hedayat 3593: 3592:Ahmad Kasravi 3588: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3576:modernization 3572: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3545: 3544:The Blind Owl 3539: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450:Gunnar Ekelöf 3447: 3443: 3442:Karl Wennberg 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418:Eric Hermelin 3415: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3391:A. J. Arberry 3388: 3384: 3383:Coleman Barks 3373: 3370: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3341: 3338: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3132:Fevzi Mostari 3123: 3120: 3119:فرهنگ آنندراج 3115: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3065:Mughal Empire 3061: 3060:replaced it. 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038:Mughal Empire 3035: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000:Hasht Bihisht 2997: 2996:Idris Bidlisi 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958:Despite that 2949: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2814:Mappilappattu 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2784:Gendang beleq 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2621:Crimean Tatar 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2352:Iznik pottery 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2042: 2040: 2039:Soleiman Haim 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2013:Mohammad Moin 2009: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1994:Burhan-i Qati 1990: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1971:فرهنگ لغت فرس 1967: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1936:فرهنگ مناختای 1932: 1927: 1922: 1921: 1920:Farhang-i Oim 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832:Hazār Afsānah 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1652:Nizam al-Mulk 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1594:Nand Lal Goya 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1555:Naser Khosrow 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1487:Hafiz Shirazi 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:As'ad Gorgani 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:Central Asian 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1111: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 934:For example, 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911:, regions of 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 871: 870: 864: 857: 853: 849: 845: 834: 829: 827: 822: 820: 815: 814: 812: 811: 808: 798: 797: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 781: 777: 774: 773: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758: 757: 753: 752: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 732: 731: 727: 724: 723: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 693: 692: 688: 685: 684: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 543: 540: 537: 536: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 475:Ancient Greek 473: 472: 469: 468: 464: 463: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 403: 402: 401: 400: 396: 392: 389: 388: 381: 378: 377: 370: 366: 362: 360: 338: 333: 331: 326: 324: 319: 318: 316: 315: 312: 302: 301: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 279: 278: 272: 269: 268: 266: 265: 259: 256: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 232: 231: 225: 222: 221: 219: 218: 211: 207: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 177: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 157: 156: 150: 147: 146: 144: 143: 137: 134: 132: 129: 128: 126: 125: 119: 116: 114: 111: 110: 108: 107: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 90: 89: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 64: 61: 59: 56: 54: 51: 50: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 11077:Arts in Iran 10921:Turkmenistan 10886:Saudi Arabia 10637: 10577:Serbian epic 10187: 10158:Babr-e Bayan 10146: 10145:Abu-Mansuri 10122: 10114: 10105: 10097: 10090: 10085:(or Demotte) 10081: 10073: 9856:House of Sām 9682:Banu Goshasp 9288: 9137:Abbas Zaryab 9013:Jafar Panahi 8983:Majid Majidi 8821:Bahman Forsi 8787:Goli Taraqqi 8712:Javad Mojabi 8702:Sadeq Chubak 8698:Shamim Bahar 8595:Bozorg Alavi 8549:Asad Gulzoda 8406:Nima Yooshij 8343:Bijan Jalali 8260:Aref Qazvini 8208:Contemporary 8145:Mirza Ghalib 8115:Azar Bigdeli 8074:Saba Kashani 8067:Hazin Lāhiji 8046:Saib Tabrizi 8009:Vahshi Bafqi 7993:Baba Faghani 7969:Ahli Shirazi 7944:Ubayd Zakani 7819:Amir Khusrau 7809:(1288–1320s) 7786:Sultan Walad 7613:Banu Goshasp 7562:Omar Khayyam 7452:Rabia Balkhi 7335:Jamasp Namag 7200: 7156: 7109: 7099: 7082: 7081:Tikku, G.L. 7065: 7039: 7038:Rypka, Jan. 7025: 7006: 7004:Browne, E.G. 6989:Eternal Iran 6987: 6977: 6961: 6937: 6910: 6906: 6866:. Retrieved 6862:the original 6852: 6844:the original 6834: 6822:. Retrieved 6808: 6796:. Retrieved 6787: 6778: 6766:. Retrieved 6752: 6740:. Retrieved 6733:the original 6720: 6708:. Retrieved 6699: 6690: 6678:. Retrieved 6669: 6660: 6648:. Retrieved 6639: 6630: 6618:. Retrieved 6614:the original 6607: 6589:the original 6579: 6558:cite journal 6547: 6529: 6517:. Retrieved 6508: 6499: 6475: 6463:. Retrieved 6459:the original 6454: 6445: 6433:. Retrieved 6429:the original 6419: 6407:. Retrieved 6403:the original 6393: 6381:. Retrieved 6377:the original 6367: 6355:. Retrieved 6351:the original 6346: 6337: 6325:. Retrieved 6321:the original 6316: 6307: 6295:. Retrieved 6286: 6277: 6266:the original 6256: 6249: 6237:. Retrieved 6233:the original 6225: 6216: 6207: 6197: 6188: 6160: 6150: 6126: 6094: 6088: 6064: 6031: 6025: 6001: 5995: 5971: 5965: 5953: 5941:. Retrieved 5930: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5878: 5872: 5861:, retrieved 5826: 5816: 5804:. Retrieved 5777: 5767: 5746:cite journal 5721: 5713: 5708: 5700: 5695: 5687: 5682: 5674: 5669: 5657:. Retrieved 5637: 5630: 5621: 5615: 5606: 5600: 5590: 5580: 5572: 5567: 5559: 5554: 5538: 5533: 5521:. Retrieved 5502: 5492: 5480:. Retrieved 5461: 5451: 5439:. Retrieved 5420: 5410: 5372:ادبیات فارسی 5363: 5235: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5148:Bijan Jalali 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5014:Bijan Jalali 4995: 4984:methods and 4978: 4966: 4387: 4266:Basic topics 4227: 4215:Jalal Homaei 4213: 4209:Sabk Shenasi 4208: 4203: 4198: 4188: 4184: 4154: 4134:Saeed Nafisi 4132: 4097:Saeed Nafisi 4087:Jalal Homaei 4060: 4041: 4033:Emran Salahi 4009:Obeid Zakani 3936:Bahman Forsi 3906:Bozorg Alavi 3881:Sadeq Chubak 3865: 3820: 3782: 3773:Abbas Jafari 3752: 3746: 3706:Latif Nazemi 3678: 3673:Nima Youshij 3668: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625:Mahmud Tarzi 3621: 3589: 3573: 3570: 3550: 3542: 3508: 3492:was made by 3489: 3482: 3472: 3462:Nizami Aruzi 3411: 3395: 3379: 3360: 3343: 3326: 3309: 3306:Omar Khayyam 3303: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3278: 3263: 3239: 3231:(1326–1390). 3222: 3206: 3184: 3163: 3160: 3141: 3135: 3113: 3103: 3089: 3069: 3062: 3023: 3003: 2999: 2957: 2809:Madih nabawi 2690: 2372:Oriental rug 2254:Indo-Islamic 2240:Architecture 2204: 2199: 2196: 2188: 2186: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2158: 2145:, Thehmine, 2138: 2136: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2053: 2032: 2017: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999:Oqnum-e Ajam 1998: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1945: 1930: 1918: 1892: 1890: 1876: 1848: 1843: 1831: 1830:book called 1821: 1816: 1797: 1787:Scheherazade 1779:هزار و یک شب 1768: 1767: 1764:Storytelling 1755: 1747: 1745: 1719: 1701: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1659: 1645: 1637: 1631: 1621: 1609: 1603: 1581: 1577: 1574:Indian style 1571: 1564: 1558: 1544: 1534: 1524: 1502:Central Asia 1491: 1450: 1432: 1405: 1395: 1365: 1357:Omar Khayyam 1324: 1313: 1304: 1258:caliphates, 1245: 1228:the Musician 1220: 1192: 1190: 1171: 1159:commentaries 1157:and ancient 1149:who fled to 1117: 1093:Omar Khayyam 1066: 1015: 1004: 933: 913:Central Asia 889:Greater Iran 876: 875: 867: 776:Contemporary 726:Early modern 465: 404: 359:Persian text 356: 162:Architecture 18: 10953:recognition 10871:Philippines 10816:South Korea 10811:North Korea 10701:Afghanistan 10497:Old English 10492:New Zealand 10412:Indian epic 10387:Guernésiais 10290:Anglo-Welsh 10089:Baysonghor 10065:Manuscripts 9915:Div-e Sepid 9910:Arzhang Div 9895:and animals 9396:Kay Lohrasp 9391:Kay Khosrow 9248:Afghanistan 9052:Translators 9008:Amir Naderi 8878:Screenplays 8861:Pari Saberi 8841:Bijan Mofid 8767:Bijan Najdi 8457:Raziq Faani 8440:Afghanistan 8353:Esmail Khoi 8310:Bijan Elahi 8186:(1813–1893) 8180:(1808–1854) 8172:(1801–1880) 8164:(1800–1871) 8156:(1779–1837) 8148:(1797–1869) 8129:(1798–1857) 8118:(1722–1781) 8081:(1642–1720) 8070:(1692–1766) 8049:(1607–1670) 8041:Taleb Amoli 8020:(1500–1588) 8012:(1523–1583) 7988:(1487–1524) 7980:(1483–1556) 7972:(1454–1535) 7864:(1238–1314) 7822:(1253–1325) 7744:(1149–1209) 7736:(1141–1209) 7725:(1126–1189) 7717:(1120–1190) 7677:(1155–1191) 7593:(1098–1131) 7565:(1048–1131) 7557:(1046–1121) 7549:(1018–1092) 7541:(1009–1072) 7528:(1006–1088) 7520:(1058–1111) 7512:(1004–1088) 7347:Warshtmansr 6670:BBC Persian 6640:BBC Persian 6492:BBC Persian 6347:BBC Persian 6317:BBC Persian 6287:BBC Persian 6204:Green, Nile 6185:Green, Nile 6157:Green, Nile 5675:Naqde adabi 5124:continued. 5109:Nima Yushij 5046:Nima Yushij 5018:Mina Assadi 4982:post-modern 4852:Sub-Saharan 4617:New Zealand 4462:Renaissance 4193:. In turn, 3976:Nazi Safavi 3961:Zoya Pirzad 3856:Bijan Mofid 3807:Bozor Sobir 3749:Akram Osman 3669:Hendi style 3494:Italo Pizzi 3469:Ashk Dahlén 3172:Aşık Çelebi 3095:اداة الفضلا 3004:Salim-Namah 2711:South Asian 2611:Azerbaijani 2543:Chaand Raat 2402:Turkmen rug 2332:Calligraphy 2249:Azerbaijani 2072:Sufi poetry 1952:Middle Ages 1881:frame story 1730:hagiography 1647:Siyasatnama 1620:compendium 1612:as well as 1592:, and Bhai 1443:Vis o Ramin 1439:Sufi poetry 1316:metaphysics 1260:New Persian 1250:during the 1139:Zoroastrian 1054:Transoxiana 1026:Old Persian 968:Mesopotamia 901:Afghanistan 885:literatures 613:Old English 515:Old Persian 242:Calligraphy 224:Handicrafts 11036:Categories 10931:Uzbekistan 10906:Tajikistan 10826:Kyrgyzstan 10806:Kazakhstan 10721:Bangladesh 10711:Azerbaijan 10622:Vietnamese 10542:Rajasthani 10532:Portuguese 10305:Australian 10108:of Rashida 10036:Structures 10009:Alborzkouh 10004:Mazandaran 9974:Zabulistan 9893:Creatures 9832:Kashvadian 9687:Gordafarid 9534:Esfandiyār 9406:Kay Bahman 9310:Pishdadian 9302:Characters 9244:Tajikistan 8948:Ali Hatami 8856:Akbar Radi 8803:Reza Abdoh 8542:Uzbekistan 8486:Tajikistan 8338:Iraj Mirza 7682:Adib Sabir 7618:Borzu-Nama 7585:Manuchehri 7533:Asadi Tusi 7517:Al-Ghazali 7504:Bābā Tāher 7468:(980–1037) 7460:(967–1049) 7325:Bundahishn 7076:1469616378 6710:1 November 6519:1 November 6143:9971774887 6111:1780747373 6081:9971774887 6048:0754674061 6018:1438110251 5988:9231028138 5895:1850439303 5863:20 January 5806:20 January 5659:1 November 5402:References 5388:pronounced 5345:(pen name) 5167:Khorassani 5129:Sepid poem 4786:Rajasthani 4690:Vietnamese 4680:Philippine 4612:Australian 4508:Hypertexts 4373:Babylonian 4185:Serr e Ney 3999:Iraj Mirza 3831:Akbar Radi 3791:Tajikistan 3726:Mayakovsky 3692:, Sohail, 3585:Taqi Rafat 3515:Amir Kabir 3191:Ahmed Sudi 3168:Persianate 3130:See also: 3063:Under the 3058:Hindustani 3046:South Asia 3026:Ghaznavids 3014:South Asia 2992:Shia Islam 2960:Asia Minor 2859:Tambourine 2636:Indonesian 2597:Literature 2558:Imamat Day 2342:Embroidery 2259:Indonesian 2216:Asia Minor 1966:Asadi Tusi 1926:فرهنگ اویم 1906:dictionary 1840:هزار افسان 1740:See also: 1700:'s famous 1680:'s famous 1633:Qabus nama 1420:Asadi Tusi 1387:Manuchehri 1361:Ruba'iyyat 1331:panegyrics 1268:West Asian 1254:and early 1222:Bahram Gur 1206:Zarrinkoub 1193:Sho'ubiyye 1127:Persepolis 1120:Achaemenid 1108:See also: 1030:Achaemenid 1013:cultures. 1011:Persianate 980:Bangladesh 972:Azerbaijan 964:South Asia 960:Ghaznavids 927:where the 921:South Asia 917:Tajikistan 778:by century 728:by century 689:by century 633:Old Turkic 618:Old German 406:Bronze Age 237:Embroidery 206:Modern art 167:Literature 136:Irreligion 113:Philosophy 11016:Hong Kong 10971:Palestine 10896:Sri Lanka 10891:Singapore 10776:Indonesia 10555:Classical 10551:Sanskrit 10512:Pakistani 10502:Old Norse 10482:Malayalam 10350:Cantonese 10335:Byzantine 10330:Bulgarian 10147:Shahnameh 10123:Shahnameh 10115:Shahnameh 10106:Shahnameh 10098:Shahnameh 10091:Shahnameh 10082:Shahnameh 10074:Shahnameh 10072:Florence 10023:Kasa-Roud 9994:Ctesiphon 9923:Huma bird 9902:Akvan Div 9823:Clans and 9814:Biderafsh 9459:Kayanoush 9416:Kay Darab 9386:Kay Kāvus 9381:Kay Kawād 9348:Manuchehr 9290:Shahnameh 9192:Essayists 7900:Ibn Yamin 7426:Shahnameh 7379:Classical 7235:Ganjnameh 5853:226770775 5549:, p. 200. 5499:"Persian" 5377:romanized 5343:Takhallus 4766:Malayalam 4731:Pakistani 4667:Southeast 4659:Mongolian 4575:Colombian 4565:Brazilian 4560:Argentine 4493:Modernism 4276:Criticism 4199:Shahnameh 3730:Yase Nien 3722:Qahar Asi 3490:Shah-nama 3473:Shahnameh 3416:by baron 3264:Shahnameh 3246:Zoroaster 3236:Nietzsche 3217:In 1819, 3156:Giannitsa 2877:Bangsawan 2854:Talempong 2666:Malaysian 2538:al-Ghadir 2470:Jellabiya 2460:Headscarf 2367:Miniature 2131:Shahnameh 2109:Shahnameh 2064:Indonesia 2045:Influence 2018:In 1645, 1826:Sassanid 1783:folk tale 1757:Shahnameh 1353:quatrains 1327:patronage 1208:, 1947). 915:(such as 869:Shahnameh 858:, Turkey. 673:Tocharian 628:Old Malay 623:Old Khmer 520:Old Tamil 467:Classical 118:Astronomy 95:Mythology 77:Festivals 63:Languages 10961:Abkhazia 10911:Thailand 10866:Pakistan 10851:Mongolia 10846:Maldives 10841:Malaysia 10741:Cambodia 10567:Scottish 10447:Kashmiri 10437:Jèrriais 10432:Javanese 10427:Japanese 10392:Gujarati 10367:Estonian 10340:Canadian 10315:Biblical 10300:Assamese 10285:American 10280:Albanian 10218:Category 10113:Windsor 10019:Tammisha 9943:Shabrang 9825:families 9809:Nastihan 9769:Afrasiab 9764:Garsivaz 9759:Aghrirat 9741:Turanian 9700:Katāyoun 9696:Manizheh 9692:Farangis 9662:Sindukht 9657:Shahrnāz 9554:Siyâvash 9549:Fariborz 9544:Faramarz 9539:Pashotan 9504:Gershasp 9499:Gostaham 9449:Shahrasp 9401:Goshtasb 9373:Kayanian 9363:Garshasp 9338:Fereydun 9328:Tahmuras 9318:Keyumars 9295:Ferdowsi 8558:Pakistan 8300:Dehkhoda 7985:Ismail I 7835:Golestān 7757:(d.1248) 7654:Iranshah 7465:Avicenna 7422:Ferdowsi 7085:. 1971. 7064:(1992). 7028:. 2002. 6946:46632917 6936:(2000). 6878:cite web 6868:16 April 6824:16 April 6818:Archived 6798:27 March 6792:Archived 6768:27 March 6762:Archived 6742:30 March 6704:Archived 6680:31 March 6674:Archived 6650:31 March 6644:Archived 6620:27 March 6537:Archived 6513:Archived 6484:Archived 6465:31 March 6435:30 March 6409:31 March 6383:31 March 6357:31 March 6327:31 March 6297:31 March 6291:Archived 6239:31 March 6131:Archived 6099:Archived 6069:Archived 6036:Archived 6006:Archived 5976:Archived 5937:Archived 5883:Archived 5857:archived 5800:Archived 5653:Archived 5523:12 April 5517:Archived 5482:12 April 5476:Archived 5441:12 April 5435:Archived 5320:See also 5074:Shahriar 4860:Nigerian 4844:Moroccan 4832:Egyptian 4761:Kashmiri 4746:Gujarati 4736:Assamese 4721:Sanskrit 4649:Japanese 4603:Oceanian 4590:Peruvian 4542:Jamaican 4537:Canadian 4532:American 4457:Medieval 4420:Armenian 4407:European 4368:Sumerian 4072:Dehkhoda 4070:Allameh 3994:Dehkhoda 3456:, Rumi, 3426:Ferdowsi 3424:, Rumi, 3402:Ferdowsi 3311:Rubaiyat 3298:Ghaselle 3260:Ferdowsi 3187:Istanbul 3148:Sarajevo 3082:Dehkhoda 3034:Timurids 2984:Ottomans 2964:Anatolia 2681:Nigerian 2646:Kashmiri 2640:Javanese 2563:New Year 2533:Arba'een 2524:Holidays 2485:Keffiyeh 2421:Clothing 2377:Paan dan 2225:a series 2223:Part of 2205:Shahnama 2200:Shahnama 2173:Šāh-nāma 2168:Šāh-nāma 2159:Šāh-nāma 2143:Rostom-i 2139:Šāh-nāma 1948:lexicons 1941:Sassanid 1806:Shahryar 1802:Sassanid 1708:Ilkhanid 1618:anecdote 1578:Isfahani 1566:Gulistan 1563:and the 1527:didactic 1407:Shahnama 1402:Ferdowsi 1336:سبک فاخر 1320:Avicenna 1272:Ferdowsi 1236:Ferdowsi 1232:Shahnama 1198:rhetoric 1167:Sassanid 1131:Darius I 1069:Ferdowsi 1062:Samanids 1058:Tahirids 1050:Khorasan 1042:Abbasids 992:Persians 976:Pakistan 956:Anatolia 923:and the 905:Caucasus 856:Istanbul 687:Medieval 588:Japanese 583:Georgian 558:Bactrian 553:Armenian 525:Sanskrit 510:Phrygian 505:Parthian 454:Sumerian 419:Akkadian 131:Religion 100:Folklore 26:a series 24:Part of 10936:Vietnam 10836:Lebanon 10766:Georgia 10716:Bahrain 10706:Armenia 10612:Turkish 10592:Spanish 10572:Serbian 10547:Russian 10537:Punjabi 10522:Persian 10507:Ottoman 10477:Marathi 10442:Kannada 10422:Italian 10372:Finnish 10362:English 10357:Cornish 10345:Chinese 10325:Bosnian 10320:British 10310:Bengali 10133:Related 10121:Davari 9999:Estakhr 9938:Shabdiz 9928:Simurgh 9754:Pashang 9749:Zadashm 9677:Tahmina 9672:Sudabeh 9652:Arnavāz 9647:Faranak 9614:Shaghad 9574:Goudarz 9569:Kashvad 9509:Nariman 9421:Dara II 9333:Jamshid 9323:Hushang 8498:Farzona 8424:Armenia 7714:Khaqani 7633:Mu'izzi 7580:Hujwiri 7447:Bal'ami 7285:Dēnkard 6895:Sources 6206:(ed.). 6187:(ed.). 6159:(ed.). 5716:p. 447. 5379:: 5368:Persian 4870:Swahili 4814:African 4771:Marathi 4756:Kannada 4741:Bengali 4675:Burmese 4644:Chinese 4585:Mexican 4570:Chilean 4398:Israeli 4388:Persian 4383:Pahlavi 4363:Ancient 4343:Authors 4322:Romance 4190:Masnavi 3734:Lahouti 3505:History 3485:Italian 3466:Iranist 3432:mystic 3430:Swedish 3414:Swedish 3387:New Age 3176:Prizren 3143:Rumelia 3138:Balkans 3126:Balkans 3078:Iranian 3075:Safavid 3030:Ghurids 2988:Selim I 2972:Seljuks 2897:Ta'zieh 2868:Theatre 2844:Qawwali 2834:Nasheed 2779:Gamelan 2774:Dastgah 2731:Turkmen 2726:Turkish 2696:Punjabi 2691:Persian 2656:Kurdish 2626:Gambian 2616:Bengali 2588:Raghaib 2583:Bara’at 2578:Ramadan 2568:al-Qadr 2553:al-Adha 2548:al-Fitr 2505:Songkok 2412:Zardozi 2294:Swahili 2274:Persian 2269:Ottoman 2264:Moorish 2060:Morocco 1950:in the 1903:Persian 1861:Baghdad 1851:Abbasid 1836:Persian 1828:Persian 1824:Pahlavi 1817:Šahryār 1810:Persian 1798:Šahrzād 1791:Persian 1775:Persian 1710:era of 1586:Timurid 1525:In the 1494:Safavid 1341:Samanid 1256:Abbasid 1252:Umayyad 1182:Pahlavi 1137:. Many 988:Persian 952:Seljuks 925:Balkans 668:Tibetan 658:Sogdian 593:Kannada 490:Aramaic 434:Hittite 424:Elamite 395:corpora 391:Ancient 271:Cuisine 258:Jewelry 252:Pottery 197:Gardens 187:Theater 176:Dastgah 72:Symbols 53:History 10981:Taiwan 10916:Turkey 10881:Russia 10821:Kuwait 10801:Jordan 10791:Israel 10751:Cyprus 10731:Brunei 10726:Bhutan 10602:Telugu 10587:Slovak 10582:Sindhi 10527:Polish 10517:Pashto 10487:Nepali 10467:Latino 10452:Korean 10407:Indian 10402:Hebrew 10377:French 10295:Arabic 10275:Afghan 10260:Poetry 10140:Daqiqi 9979:Sistan 9957:Places 9933:Rakhsh 9804:Barman 9799:Houman 9784:Arjasp 9779:Shideh 9774:Tageuo 9726:Zahhak 9722:Mardas 9715:Tazian 9705:Azadeh 9667:Rudaba 9624:Barbad 9609:Zavara 9604:Gorgin 9594:Bahram 9589:Rohham 9584:Bizhan 9529:Sohrab 9524:Rostam 9444:Siamak 9439:Jamasp 9353:Nowzar 8578:Novels 8218:Poetry 7977:Fuzuli 7954:Hatefi 7925:Nasimi 7831:Bustan 7722:Anvari 7707:c.1220 7705:(1142– 7488:Ayyuqi 7478:Asjadi 7473:Unsuri 7417:Daqiqi 7412:Rudaki 7264:Middle 7122: 7089: 7074: 7054: 7048:460598 7046: 7032: 7015: 7011:1998. 6996: 6952: 6944: 6141: 6109: 6079: 6046: 6016: 5986: 5943:28 May 5893: 5851: 5841: 5792: 5645: 5545: 5509: 5468: 5427: 5152:ghazal 4992:Poetry 4791:Sindhi 4781:Nepali 4726:Indian 4711:Telugu 4654:Korean 4470:Modern 4393:Arabic 4378:Hebrew 4312:Poetry 4281:Theory 4138:Rudaki 3982:Satire 3809:, and 3771:, and 3759:, and 3720:, and 3694:Ayeneh 3530:, and 3398:Nizami 3369:Sultan 3296:, and 3219:Goethe 3180:Kosovo 3152:Mostar 3054:Afghan 3050:Turkic 2974:, the 2902:Wayang 2789:Ghazal 2741:Uyghur 2706:Somali 2701:Sindhi 2686:Pashto 2676:Malian 2661:Kyrgyz 2651:Kazakh 2606:Arabic 2573:Mawlid 2510:Taqiya 2500:Salwar 2490:Kupiah 2480:Kameez 2475:Kaftan 2465:Jilbab 2450:Chador 2440:Boubou 2392:Suzani 2387:Soumak 2357:Khatam 2337:Damask 2299:Yemeni 2279:Somali 2209:Nezāmi 2151:Zaal-i 2005:, and 1991:, and 1964:) and 1929:) and 1879:. 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