53:
850:
858:
317:
866:
752:
1623:
1825:
1407:
781:, so named because it usually functions as the goal or destination tone that melodic cadences end on when they have a conclusory feel. This is also sometimes referred to as "tonic" but some authors avoid that usage because "tonic" is associated with Western
875:
1415:
947:
923:
874:
911:
946:
935:
922:
887:
910:
899:
934:
876:
886:
898:
948:
924:
912:
936:
888:
900:
829:("changeable"), a variable note – one that consistently appears as two distinct pitches, which can be used alternately in different contexts or at the performer's discretion.
722:
is then "first and foremost a collection of discrete and heterogeneous elements organized into a hierarchy that is entirely coherent though nevertheless flexible."
1814:
1794:
1804:
634:
s, rather than through unqualified invention. From this remarkable stability one may infer that the system must have achieved "canonical" status in Iran.
1050:
1809:
1073:
877:
949:
925:
913:
937:
1789:
889:
901:
576:
345:
1752:
1603:
725:
In conventional classifications of
Persian music, Abū ʿAṭā, Daštī, Afšārī, and Bayāt-e Tork are considered sub-classes of Šur
92:
1170:
The Radif of
Iranian music: Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
216:
1533:
1998:
517:) that is determined by the pre-established order of sequences, and revolves around 365 central core melodies known as
1454:
1446:
1374:
1254:
1204:
1993:
594:
s has remained nearly the same as it was codified by the music masters of the nineteenth century, in particular
1327:
338:
1745:
1596:
369:
1955:
1151:
374:
87:
1961:
331:
82:
1852:
1059:
17:
1988:
1738:
1589:
1301:
498:
1799:
1096:
1036:
of Mirza
Abdollah. Flats are shown with a ׳♭׳, and koron (half flats) are shown with a ׳p׳.
474:
438:
172:
1662:
768:
is more than a set of notes, and one component of the additional structure making up each
8:
666:
252:
234:
68:
1677:
1288:
1189:
731:. Likewise, Bayāt-e Esfahān is a sub-class of Homāyun, reducing the number of principal
1784:
1173:
1041:
537:
is personal, and it is a tradition of great subtlety and depth. The full collection of
502:
470:
456:
428:
247:
177:
146:
123:
969:
s (by counting Abu Ata, Dashti, Afshari, Bayat-e Kord and Bayat-e
Esfahan as separate
377:, standardised in the 19th century following the transition of Persian music from the
1450:
1442:
1370:
1275:
1250:
220:
128:
105:
73:
1090:
994:
364:
141:
110:
774:
is which pitches are singled out for various musical functions. Examples include:
1857:
1385:
622:
has been developed, it has almost always been through borrowings from the extant
304:
299:
294:
281:
262:
207:
197:
63:
44:
1509:
1465:, No. 3, Special Issue: Music and the Public Interest, pp. 422–425 (1992):
1340:
1314:
557:
The Inter-governmental
Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Heritage
1672:
1481:
Persian Music: A Study of Form and
Content of Persian Avaz, Dastgah & Radif
1353:
1079:
595:
560:
268:
257:
202:
1457:(first paperback edition, 2004). For a review of this book see: Stephen Blum,
737:
to a total of seven. A sub-class in the conventional system is referred to as
1982:
1950:
1761:
1709:
1667:
1642:
1242:
1141:
1033:
839:
755:
653:
551:
534:
460:
378:
192:
182:
36:
1110:
Bayat-e-kord (C D E♭ F G Ap B♭ C) (Sometimes included as an Avaz under Shur)
817:
which often serves as the ending note for phrases other than final cadences.
1878:
1862:
1847:
1833:
1657:
1647:
1540:
843:
649:
424:
159:
1116:(Sometimes included as an Avaz under Homayun, but usually just as a gushe)
1682:
1652:
1612:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1545:
446:
442:
321:
212:
52:
1085:
Bayat-e-Esfahan (also called simply
Esfahan) اصفهان (C D Ep F♯ G A B♭ C)
675:
identifies a group of modes grouped according to tradition. In short, a
1719:
656:
1502:
1466:
981:
s). Those who categorize the traditional
Persian art music into seven
610:
has been devised since that codification. When in the modern times an
1488:
The Radif of
Persian Music: Studies of Structure and Cultural Context
689:
564:
849:
497:
consists of seven basic notes, plus several variable notes used for
1113:
857:
782:
530:
1770:
1632:
186:
957:
Most scholars divide the traditional
Persian art music to seven
865:
791:, meaning "beginning", the pitch on which an improvisation in a
533:
come to know through experience and absorption. This process of
1967:
1699:
1689:
1581:
572:
511:
is a certain modal variety subject to a course of development (
1704:
1694:
1637:
1146:
1067:
751:
1714:
1203:, in Persian, BBC Persian, Wednesday, 30 September 2009,
1132:
s, yet this contradicts technicalities in Iranian music.
1730:
1622:
563:, held between 28 September – 2 October 2009 in
1127:
1121:
1018:
1012:
1006:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
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792:
769:
763:
738:
732:
726:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
676:
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643:
629:
623:
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611:
605:
599:
589:
583:
544:
538:
524:
518:
512:
506:
492:
478:
464:
450:
432:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
681:
is both the collective title of a grouping of modes
1186:Noruz and Iranian radifs registered on UNESCO list
1026:
1980:
405:, and then meanders through various different
387:consists of a collection of musical melodies,
1746:
1597:
669:, which the music returns to—and moreover, a
665:is usually the name of the initial mode of a
339:
1102:Rast-Panjgah راست پنجگاه (C D E F G A B♭ C)
823:("witness"), a particularly prominent pitch.
1396:
1753:
1739:
1604:
1590:
953:Rast-Panjgah (audio file played on Santur.
881:Bayat-e Tork (audio file played on Santur.
846:for information about Persian quarter tone
346:
332:
1249:. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
1120:Note that in some cases the sub-classes (
1047:Bayat-e-tork بیات ترک (C D Ep F G A B♭ C)
399:, a musician starts with an introductory
1474:Classical Persian Music: An Introduction
1237:
1235:
1011:s. The following is a list of the seven
944:
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
864:
856:
848:
750:
746:
577:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
477:being referred to as the mothers of all
929:Chahargah (audio file played on Santur.
688:According to musicians themselves, the
14:
1981:
1397:Safvat, Daryush; Caron, Nelly (1966).
1364:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1241:
1227:
1215:
1056:Abu-ata ابوعطا (C D Eb F G Ap B♭/Bp C)
1734:
1585:
1490:(Elephant & Cat, Champaign, 1987)
1405:
1383:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1232:
975:s rather than subcategories of other
963:s, although some divide them into 12
917:Homayun (audio file played on Santur.
833:
807:while in others it is the same pitch.
1441:(Cambridge University Press, 1990).
1439:The Dastgāh Concept in Persian Music
1367:The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music
1247:The Dastgah concept in Persian music
469:, 12 are most commonly played, with
373:) is the standard musical system in
998:
941:Mahur (audio file played on Santur.
893:Segah (audio file played on Santur.
716:can be translated as "system", and
368:
24:
1507:
1501:, No. 4, pp. 636–648 (1965).
1431:
905:Nava (audio file played on Santur.
698:is associated with "the position (
571:were officially registered on the
523:s (each of these melodies being a
25:
2010:
1527:
1483:Dissertation. University of Utah.
1401:. Paris: Editions Buchet/chastel.
813:("stop"), a pitch other than the
463:. In spite of 50 or more extant
1823:
1621:
1611:
1495:Contemporary Art Music in Persia
1476:(Harvard University Press, 1973)
1188:, Tehran Times, 1 October 2009,
685:the initial mode of each group.
411:, evoking different moods. Many
315:
51:
1027:List of common Dastgah and Avaz
648:has often been compared to the
1497:, The Musical Quarterly, Vol.
1399:Iran: les Traditions Musicales
1369:. Cambridge University Press.
1221:
1209:
1194:
1179:
1163:
1070:سهگاه (C D/Dp Ep F G Ap B♭ C)
637:
393:. In a song played in a given
13:
1:
1157:
1126:s) are counted as individual
1062:افشاری (C D E♭ F G Ap/A B♭ C)
423:are related to an equivalent
1479:Lloyd Clifton Miller. 1995.
1005:) in conjunction with these
659:, but this is inaccurate. A
7:
1548:in the following Dastgahs:
1201:Nowruz became international
1135:
1128:
1122:
1093:چهارگاه (C Dp E F G Ap B C)
1082:همایون (C D E♭ F G Ap B C)
1053:دشتی (C D E♭ F G A/Ap B♭ C)
1044:شور (C D Ep F G A/Ap B♭ C)
1032:Listed in order as per the
1019:
1013:
1007:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
799:
793:
770:
764:
739:
733:
727:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
677:
671:
661:
644:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
590:
584:
545:
539:
525:
519:
513:
507:
493:
479:
465:
451:
433:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
10:
2015:
1538:A sample of solo music on
1266:
837:
486:
1999:Persian words and phrases
1956:Persian traditional music
1946:
1896:
1871:
1832:
1821:
1777:
1768:
1760:
1628:
1619:
1152:Persian traditional music
803:it is different from the
1406:Tsuge, Gen'ichi (1983).
1300:Caton, Margaret (2004).
1287:Caton, Margaret (1990).
1274:Caton, Margaret (1988).
797:usually begins. In some
555:. During the meeting of
549:s is referred to as the
1994:Persian classical music
1365:Farhat, Hormoz (2004).
1352:Farhat, Hormoz (1984).
1099:ماهور (C D E F G A B C)
1076:نوا (C D Ep F G A B♭ C)
596:Mîrzā Abdollāh Farāhāni
1858:Avaz-e Bayat-e Esfahan
987:often also list seven
954:
942:
930:
918:
906:
894:
882:
870:
862:
854:
759:
710:) ". The Persian term
27:Persian musical system
1921:Darāmad-eZang-e Šotor
1815:Dastgah-e Rastpanjgah
1412:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1390:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1384:Nettl, Bruno (1990).
1358:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1345:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1339:During, Jean (2004).
1332:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1326:During, Jean (1996).
1319:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1313:During, Jean (1994).
1306:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1293:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1280:Encyclopaedia Iranica
952:
940:
928:
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
860:
852:
838:Further information:
754:
747:Distinguished pitches
582:The system of twelve
1514:Encyclopædia Iranica
598:(1843–1918). No new
431:. For example, most
93:World Heritage Sites
1962:Great Book of Music
1863:Avaz-e Bayat-e Kord
1848:Avaz-e Bayat-e Tork
1795:Dastgah-e Chahargah
1805:Dastgah-e Homayoun
1534:The Dastgah system
955:
943:
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
863:
855:
834:The Seven Dastgahs
760:
459:correspond to the
441:correspond to the
221:Miniature painting
213:Visual art history
1976:
1975:
1728:
1727:
1289:"Bayāt-e Eṣfahān"
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
375:Persian art music
356:
355:
16:(Redirected from
2006:
1827:
1826:
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1748:
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1663:Ladder of thirds
1625:
1606:
1599:
1592:
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1523:
1521:
1520:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1414:. Archived from
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773:
767:
758:(half flat) sign
742:
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381:modal system. A
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31:
21:
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1886:Nava-e Nishapur
1867:
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1824:
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1800:Dastgāh-e Māhur
1790:Dastgah-e Segah
1773:
1764:
1759:
1729:
1724:
1626:
1615:
1610:
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1459:Ethnomusicology
1437:Hormoz Farhat,
1434:
1432:Further reading
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704:) of the hand (
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475:Dastgāh-e Māhur
439:Dastgāh-e Māhur
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322:Iran portal
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305:Kurdish cuisine
300:Caspian cuisine
295:Balochi cuisine
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45:Culture of Iran
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1456:
1455:0-521-54206-5
1452:
1448:
1447:0-521-30542-X
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1418:on 2015-06-27
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1142:Dastgah music
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1106:Less common:
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461:Phrygian mode
458:
457:Dastgāh-e Šur
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1879:Bayat-e Kord
1658:Double tonic
1613:Melody types
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1539:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:
1498:
1494:
1493:Ella Zonis,
1487:
1480:
1473:
1472:Ella Zonis,
1462:
1458:
1438:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1411:
1398:
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1169:
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1031:
1030:
1017:s and seven
1002:
956:
844:Sori (music)
826:
820:
814:
810:
804:
788:
778:
761:
724:
692:of the term
687:
682:
650:musical mode
641:
581:
575:List of the
568:
556:
550:
490:
425:musical mode
359:
358:
357:
173:Architecture
29:
1683:Tune-family
1653:Modal frame
1546:Ahmad Ebadi
827:Moteghayyer
638:Terminology
447:Major scale
443:Ionian mode
417:in a given
253:Calligraphy
235:Handicrafts
1983:Categories
1720:Shashmaqam
1544:by Master
1519:2012-08-21
1422:2015-01-16
1408:"Abū ʿAṭā"
1386:"Čahārgāh"
1158:References
657:musicology
503:modulation
248:Embroidery
217:Modern art
178:Literature
147:Irreligion
124:Philosophy
1936:Neydavood
1927:Čahār-bāḡ
1903:Jāmadarān
1557:Chahārgāh
1510:"Dastgāh"
1341:"Homāyun"
1315:"Dastgāh"
1091:Chahargah
853:Chahargah
690:etymology
642:The term
604:or large
565:Abu Dhabi
543:s in all
531:musicians
529:), which
129:Astronomy
106:Mythology
88:Festivals
74:Languages
1906:Deylaman
1875:Shushtar
1563:Homāyoun
1354:"Afšārī"
1245:(1990).
1136:See also
1114:Shushtar
984:dastgāhs
861:Homayoun
800:dastgāhs
783:tonality
734:dastgāhs
480:dastgahs
466:dastgāhs
142:Religion
111:Folklore
37:a series
35:Part of
1930:Kerešma
1909:Delkash
1778:Dastgah
1771:Dastgah
1633:Dastgah
1575:Afshāri
1569:Esfahān
1461:, Vol.
1328:"Daštī"
1267:Sources
1129:dastgāh
1080:Homayun
1060:Afshari
1014:dastgāh
1008:dastgāh
995:Persian
978:dastgāh
972:dastgāh
966:dastgāh
960:dastgāh
815:finalis
805:finalis
794:dastgāh
779:Finalis
771:dastgāh
765:dastgāh
728:dastgāh
719:dastgāh
713:dastgah
695:dastgāh
678:dastgāh
672:dastgāh
662:dastgāh
654:Western
645:dastgāh
625:dastgāh
619:dastgāh
601:dastgāh
585:dastgāh
559:of the
546:dastgāh
508:dastgāh
505:. Each
494:dastgāh
487:Summary
452:gushehs
445:in the
434:gushehs
420:dastgah
414:gushehs
408:gushehs
396:dastgah
390:gushehs
384:dastgāh
365:Persian
360:Dastgāh
282:Cuisine
269:Jewelry
263:Pottery
208:Gardens
198:Theater
187:Dastgah
83:Symbols
64:History
18:Dastgah
1968:Tasnif
1939:Golriz
1933:Bozorg
1700:Pathet
1690:Mugham
1453:
1445:
1373:
1253:
1174:UNESCO
1051:Dashti
990:āvāzes
631:gusheh
628:s and
607:gusheh
591:gusheh
588:s and
573:UNESCO
569:radifs
540:gusheh
526:gusheh
520:gusheh
402:gusheh
370:دستگاه
258:Carpet
203:Cinema
69:People
39:on the
1924:Ḥeǰāz
1915:Bīdād
1897:Gusha
1889:Rahāb
1762:Radif
1710:Radif
1705:Qupai
1695:Muqam
1668:Level
1648:Maqam
1643:Makam
1638:Echos
1551:Segāh
1541:Setār
1503:JSTOR
1467:JSTOR
1147:Mugam
1097:Mahur
1068:Segah
1003:songs
869:Segah
821:Šāhed
789:Āghāz
756:Koron
667:piece
616:or a
552:radif
491:Each
379:Maqam
193:Dance
183:Music
1834:Āvāz
1715:Raga
1451:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1123:āvāz
1074:Nava
1042:Shur
1020:āvāz
999:آواز
842:and
740:āvāz
707:dast
613:āvāz
514:sayr
501:and
473:and
160:Arts
1912:Dād
1023:s:
811:Ist
701:gāh
683:and
652:in
455:in
437:in
427:in
1985::
1572:,
1566:,
1560:,
1554:,
1512:.
1499:51
1463:36
1449:,
1410:.
1388:.
1356:.
1343:.
1330:.
1317:.
1304:.
1291:.
1278:.
1234:^
1172:,
997::
762:A
743:.
579:.
567:,
483:.
367::
219:,
1754:e
1747:t
1740:v
1605:e
1598:t
1591:v
1578:.
1522:.
1469:.
1425:.
1392:.
1379:.
1360:.
1347:.
1334:.
1321:.
1308:.
1295:.
1282:.
1259:.
1206:.
1191:.
1176:.
993:(
785:.
363:(
347:e
340:t
333:v
265:,
223:)
215:(
189:)
185:(
20:)
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