276:
228:
722:
708:
159:(initially called 'steam navvies') were available in the 1840s, but were not considered cost effective until much later in the 19th century, especially in Britain and Europe where experienced labourers were easily obtained and comparatively cheap. Elsewhere, for example in the United States and Canada, where labour was more scarce and expensive, machines were used. In the States the machine tradition became so strong that " the word navvy is understood to mean not a man but a
247:." Due in part to constructing through rural areas, and, in part, the navvies negative reputation, two-thirds of the railway construction sites had housing erected specifically for the navvy. Initially, the housing "huts" were constructed quickly and meant to be temporary. As a result, little thought was given to comfort, let alone sanitation, which was actually a prominent issue for everyone during the
183:, leaving little for food. When the workers were unfit to work, monies were subtracted from their wages and meal tokens were issued. These tokens could be handed in at meal caravans for a bowl of soup and a portion of bread. At first the token was a slip of paper called a "flimsy" because of its thickness. In today's terms it would be similar to a grade called "
334:, contains the following navvy slang; "'now, Jack, I'm goin' to get a tiddley wink of pig's ear; keep your mince pies on the Billy Gorman.'" This means the speaker's going for a beer, and asking the person being addressed, to keep his eyes on the foreman. Their exclusionary code usually left outsiders confused.
286:
Due to limited safety protocols, navvies were frequently injured or killed on the job. For each mile of rail laid, there was an average of three work-related deaths, which was even higher when working on sections that required tunnelling. The particularly high incidence of navvy mortality during the
303:
in 1811. John Chave, a local who was regionally well known for living in a "haunted house," was approached by a group of drunk navvies. The encounter left Chave feeling threatened, so after proceeding home with the navvy group in tow, he used a gun to shoot a warning shot into the crowd, which hit
258:
In addition to these unhygienic living conditions, navvies shared housing, some even sleeping on floors. The majority of navvies were
Englishmen, with 30% of the group being Irish. While this ratio varied from navvy shanty town to shanty town, sleeping arrangements were segregated. In at least one
376:, still employ teams of navvies on a permanent basis to lay and maintain the state's narrow-gauge cane-train tracks. Whereas Council workers who work on general civic projects advise of their worksites with fluorescent orange "Workers Ahead" signage, navvies use pale blue "Navvies at Work" signs.
171:
Being a navvy labourer became a cultural experience unto its own during the 19th century. Most accounts chronicling the life of a navvy worker come from local newspapers portraying navvies as drunk and unruly men, but fail to provide any mention that families were formed and raised despite the
326:
Many slang terms were used as a method of communication among navvies, which facilitated bonding amongst them, as it was frequently used for a laugh, or as a method of asking for someone to watch your back, while you sneaked a smoke break, or went off for a drink.
33:
104:
returns, showed that the great majority of navvies in
Britain were English. He also stated that "only the ubiquitous Irish can be regarded as a truly international force in railway construction," but the Irish were only about 30% of the navvies.
311:
In many cases, though, as time passed, the local establishments benefited from navvy business, which strengthened relations, and even forged friendships with an occasional local helping teach reading and writing to some navvies.
195:
and had the initials LMR stamped upon them. This reduced the problems of drunken navvies and eliminated the local farm labourers freeloading from the food caravans. Tokens and a description of their use can be found in the
298:
The natural tension between locals and outsiders sometimes bred distrust of the navvies. Occasionally, this strain between the two would result in violence such as riots, or death. One such instance occurred at
266:
Over time, housing arrangements progressed positively, with the structures being built with more care, and even attached land being offered for use so navvies and their families could grow their own food.
1236:
151:
Navvies working on railway projects typically continued to work using hand tools, supplemented with explosives (particularly when tunnelling, and to clear obdurate difficulties). Steam-powered
283:
In addition to their nomadic living arrangements, navvies confronted varying degrees of dangerous work environments that depended both on the terrain, and the locals' reception of them.
275:
407:
to make concrete. The usage derives from "Navvy Jack", by ordinary name Jack Thomas, a former navvy who used a rowboat to mine good-quality gravel from beaches in
330:
Much of the terminology appears to be fluid, relying primarily on rhyming with the intended meaning. One example provided by Daniel
William Barrett, in his book,
1244:
308:. As newspapers reported on similar conflicts, anticipated tensions grew for the local inhabitants of the regions the navvy worked in, when they arrived.
468:
80:
projects and occasionally in North
America to refer to mechanical shovels and earth moving machinery. The term was coined in the late 18th century in
1375:
598:
191:, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway supplied its contractors with six-sided food tokens that were surrendered for meals. These were cut from
120:
and similar projects. Navvies also participated in building canals in
Britain, and by the 20th century, they were the predominant workforce.
215:
to administer to the perceived religious needs of navvy settlements, with preaching, a newsletter and charity work. The construction tycoon
128:
The construction of canals in
Britain was superseded by contracts to construct railway projects from 1830 onward, which developed into the
197:
252:
232:
1456:
260:
346:
In
Britain, "navvy" sometimes means a workman digging a hole in a public road to get access to buried services such as gas mains or
263:
to arrest 12 individuals. Though, this is not necessarily indicative of relations between the
English and Irish in all navvy gangs.
451:
1461:
943:
251:. Shanties "were clearly unhealthy places in which to live, and it was not uncommon for a navvy community to be overtaken by
1030:
368:, the term "navvy" is still applied to railway workers. Some areas of the country, particularly towns and cities along the
1294:
354:
227:
1209:
661:
The Ian
Campbell Folk Group song "Here Come the Navvies" which was a song frequently taught in UK schools in the 1970s.
1006:
845:
1440:
1406:
1383:
1347:
1092:
292:
219:
encouraged religious services for his workforce, as well as providing some social services to the navvy populations.
486:
176:
383:, "navvy jack" is a common term in construction and landscaping trades and in their respective supply stores for
97:
586:
answers several questions about the chemistry of concrete, the Doctor says she "would make a first class navvy".
1398:
869:
648:", covered the living conditions of a railway navvies' construction site that was in use for five years on the
631:(1993), includes a playable character called "The Navvie", who is said to have single-handedly constructed the
692:
259:
documented instance, a riot broke out between the two nationalities in one navvy shanty town, causing local
1466:
101:
291:
prompted the
Enquiry of 1846, which eventually led to the need for the formation of and evaluation by a
1153:
446:
658:, Story revolves around a navvy town in 1870 Yorkshire, where a railroad viaduct is being constructed.
497:
243:
during the early part of the 19th century lived in squalid temporary accommodations referred to as "
645:
81:
1290:
794:
547:
426:, an area that was historically home to the city's navvies, was named "Navigator Square" in 2017.
416:
145:
112:
attracted many Irish workers to become a major part of the workforce on the construction of the
1270:
558:
1424:
1275:
713:
687:
579:
458:
53:
24:
148:. There were 250,000 navvies employed during the apex of British railway expansion efforts.
649:
305:
304:
and killed one of the group members causing a riot to ensue. The death was later deemed a
8:
735:
583:
472:
235:, the last surviving navvy housing in the UK and protected as a Grade II listed building.
1168:
919:
1063:
1194:
1436:
1402:
1379:
1343:
1088:
863:
666:
632:
594:
358:
300:
212:
77:
1115:
727:
675:
627:
571:
493:
477:
380:
141:
37:
789:
1324:
1082:
618:
575:
423:
404:
288:
279:
Navvies constructing the railway between Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden (ca 1900).
42:
1237:"'Everyone wants us to move': Archway Market plans Navigator Square relocation"
554:
503:
441:
408:
117:
61:
1299:
1450:
1362:
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133:
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69:
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160:
152:
1395:
Common Labor: Workers and the Digging of North American Canals, 1780-1860
610:
530:
244:
216:
208:
1067:
678:), specializing in navigation. The hologram speaks with an Irish accent.
755:
601:
is described as having "arms like a navvy and a face like dried fruit".
578:, prompting Dickens to reply "Doctor? You look more like a navvy." In "
566:
537:
484:
Navvies are referenced throughout George Orwell's fictionalized memoir
373:
347:
201:
184:
113:
682:
640:
622:
462:
369:
365:
156:
353:
In Britain, the name "navvies" is sometimes given to members of the
132:, and the same term was applied to the workmen employed on building
88:
were being built, which were also sometimes known as "navigations".
671:
525:
1304:
750:
337:
240:
188:
73:
1054:
Brooke, David (1989-01-01). "The Railway Navvy—a reassessment".
1359:
The Railway Navvies: a history of the men who made the railways
740:
518:
137:
925:. Wymondham and Edmondthorpe Civic Society (WECS). April 2009
192:
85:
971:
969:
123:
20:
888:
507:
270:
180:
986:
984:
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32:
1431:(Dublin: Clóchomhar, 1968), translated into English as
1372:
The Men who Built Britain: A History of the Irish Navvy
840:
838:
836:
207:
In the mid-1800s some efforts were made by evangelical
343:
An excavating machine or steam shovel, as noted above.
239:
Many of the navvies employed to build the railways in
1132:
981:
900:
445:, 19 Sep 1994) concerns English navvies building the
411:
and infrequently ran a rowboat-ferry for settlers on
1210:"Navigator Square – built on the pluck of the Irish"
876:
833:
767:
703:
72:), is particularly applied to describe the manual
821:
540:song "Navigator" is based on the life of a navvy.
1448:
1340:The Railway Navvy: 'That Despicable Race of Men'
809:
179:were paid daily and their pay reputedly went on
1157:. Hempsted, N.C. February 1998. pp. 61–63.
1154:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin
514:is inspired by the contribution of navvies to
1001:
999:
674:spaceship crew member (played by series star
439:'s 1995 short story "Junction" (published in
1007:"A story from The Last Main Line - DEV SITE"
846:"A story from The Last Main Line - DEV SITE"
614:, the protagonist joins a prison navvy gang.
100:contracts by David Brooke, coinciding with
996:
233:Edmondthorpe and Wymondham railway station
187:". As these tokens could be copied by the
693:privatisation of railway maintenance work
403:″ crushed rock and sand to be mixed with
1084:Canal 250: The Story of Britain's Canals
274:
226:
124:Migration from canal to railway projects
31:
1356:
1322:
1195:"The story of John "Navvy Jack" Thomas"
1138:
990:
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906:
894:
882:
1449:
1369:
1337:
1323:Barrett, Daniel William (1883-01-01).
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1234:
1161:
1110:
1108:
1080:
1053:
944:"Navvies Cottages Number 2, Wymondham"
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271:Working conditions for railway navvies
1433:An Irish Navvy: The Diary of an Exile
1207:
784:
782:
430:
963:English Heritage Building ID: 355268
574:", the Doctor introduces himself to
561:" describes the life of the navvies.
338:Contemporary use of the term "navvy"
222:
1392:
1105:
936:
912:
815:
355:Inland Waterways Protection Society
13:
1417:
1235:Morris, James (15 December 2017).
779:
14:
1478:
1031:"Navvies - History Learning Site"
946:. British Listed Buildings Online
1457:Stereotypes of the working class
1208:Finch, Emily (8 December 2017).
720:
706:
487:Down and Out in Paris and London
198:Museum of Science & Industry
177:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
166:
91:
1342:. London: David & Charles.
1326:Life and work among the navvies
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1283:
1259:
1228:
1201:
1187:
1144:
1074:
1047:
1023:
957:
332:Life and Work Among The Navvies
1399:Johns Hopkins University Press
1175:. Butler Brothers Supplies Ltd
1081:Burton, Anthony (2012-12-01).
506:'s song "Towers of London" on
496:used the term navvies in his "
315:
1:
761:
664:One episode of the TV series
1462:Canals in the United Kingdom
253:cholera, dysentery or typhus
172:navvy's travelling demands.
7:
1435:, London: Routledge, 1964.
699:
550:" describes the navvy life.
295:on Railway Labourers 1846.
175:The navvies working on the
10:
1483:
920:"Wymondham Heritage Trail"
868:: CS1 maint: url-status (
481:is referred to as a navvy.
319:
231:Wooden huts at the former
18:
1120:Sampford Peverell Society
1011:www.railwayarchive.org.uk
850:www.railwayarchive.org.uk
644:, in the episode titled "
498:Canadian Railroad Trilogy
1243:. London. Archived from
96:A study of 19th-century
19:Not to be confused with
1357:Coleman, Terry (1968).
1300:"Here Come the Navvies"
795:National Railway Museum
108:By 1818, high wages in
1370:Cowley, Ultan (2001).
1338:Brooke, David (1983).
1269:(September 19, 1994).
646:Blood, Sweat and Beers
595:Don't Go for 'The One'
559:Driving the Last Spike
447:Paris–Le Havre railway
422:A new public space in
280:
236:
217:Sir Samuel Morton Peto
46:
36:A "navvy" depicted in
16:Navigational engineers
1087:. The History Press.
1035:History Learning Site
714:United Kingdom portal
580:Destiny of the Daleks
372:belt of the state of
278:
230:
66:navigational engineer
35:
1056:Construction History
736:Bob the Railway Dog
650:Settle-Carlisle Line
638:The British TV show
548:McAlpine's Fusiliers
534:, is called "Navvy."
449:(see the collection
306:justifiable homicide
287:construction of the
1467:Railway occupations
1425:Dónall Mac Amhlaigh
1393:Way, Peter (1997).
1116:"The Navvies' Riot"
897:, pp. 176–186.
654:British (Acorn) TV
625:styled video game,
473:George Bernard Shaw
1214:Camden New Journal
681:The 2001 drama by
524:The first song on
431:In popular culture
281:
237:
153:mechanical diggers
47:
1241:Islington Gazette
978:, pp. 39–44.
667:Star Trek: Picard
633:Banshee Boardwalk
528:'s second album,
359:canal restoration
301:Sampford Peverell
223:Living conditions
213:Elizabeth Garnett
78:civil engineering
76:working on major
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1247:on 17 March 2018
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728:Transport portal
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676:Santiago Cabrera
628:The Chaos Engine
572:The Unquiet Dead
494:Gordon Lightfoot
469:Alfred Doolittle
402:
401:
397:
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381:British Columbia
293:Select Committee
38:Ford Madox Brown
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
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1471:
1447:
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1420:
1418:Further reading
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1376:Wolfhound Press
1350:
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1295:Wayback Machine
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1397:. Baltimore:
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1385:0-86327-829-9
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1363:Penguin Books
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1349:0-7153-8449-X
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1151:"The Navvy".
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316:Navvy slang
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1276:New Yorker
1173:Aggregates
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1016:2015-12-11
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