25:
642:, for the border between the two types is not always clear. According to Bauer (1983), the easiest way to draw the distinction is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compounds, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion
311:
233:(tain) in army slang. Clipped forms can pass into common usage when they are widely useful, becoming part of standard language, which most speakers would agree has happened with
420:
In a final clipping, the most common type in
English, the beginning of the prototype is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples include
540:
Words with the middle part of the word left out are few. They may be further subdivided into two groups: (a) words with a final-clipped stem retaining the functional morpheme:
849:
346:
Final and initial clipping may be combined and result in curtailed words with the middle part of the prototype retained, which usually includes the syllable with
297:, occupy a middle ground in which their appropriate register is a subjective judgment, but succeeding decades tend to see them become more widely used.
306:
182:
157:, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. Clipping is also different from
89:
61:
42:
68:
638:
ificate). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a
869:
861:
108:
75:
720:
548:(spectacles); (b) contractions due to a gradual process of elision under the influence of rhythm and context. Thus,
266:
57:
909:
46:
265:), and various others. When their usefulness is limited to narrower contexts, they remain outside the
732:
489:
327:
82:
35:
684:
575:
904:
845:
689:
142:
679:
8:
535:
359:
334:
853:
790:
865:
857:
782:
759:
774:
569:
340:
150:
872:
699:
557:
347:
158:
138:
778:
898:
786:
578:. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are:
178:
664:
375:
154:
201:, such as schools, army, police, and the medical profession. For example,
736:
494:
Initial (or fore) clipping retains the final part of the word. Examples:
395:
122:
794:
694:
674:
639:
166:
146:
165:
rather than segment, and where the new word may differ in sense and
24:
827:
367:
198:
162:
669:
415:
321:
186:
472:(clitoris). An example of apocope in Israeli Hebrew is the word
728:
190:
813:
The
Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-formation
214:
194:
850:
Language
Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
626:). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in
181:, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the
316:, clipping mainly consists of the following types:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
760:"Marchand's Analysis of Back-Formation Revisited"
896:
644:bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro
815:. München: C.H.Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
225:(et = credit) in stock-exchange slang; and
185:of a language. They typically originate as
841:
839:
806:
804:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
887:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
810:
836:
801:
16:Reduction of a word to one of its parts
897:
825:
757:
560:may be regarded as accelerated forms.
386:(which omits the stressed syllable of
882:
819:
713:
654:are all compounds made of clippings.
876:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
14:
921:
145:of an existing word to create a
23:
574:Clipped forms are also used in
213:(oratory) originated in school
34:needs additional citations for
751:
480:, meaning "see you, goodbye".
1:
706:
476:, which derives from להתראות
161:, which proceeds by (pseudo-)
7:
657:
339:Complex clipping, creating
172:
10:
926:
767:Acta Linguistica Hungarica
725:Oxford Dictionaries Online
567:
563:
533:
487:
483:
413:
398:-s of pajamas/pyjamas) or
58:"Clipping" morphology
779:10.1556/ALing.54.2007.1.2
529:
452:(gymnastics, gymnasium),
409:
300:
153:. Clipping differs from
832:. Moscow: Высшая школа.
811:Marchand, Hans (1969).
733:Oxford University Press
490:Apheresis (linguistics)
885:English Word-Formation
883:Bauer, Laurie (1983).
826:Arnold, Irina (1986).
758:NAGANO, AKIKO (2007).
685:Compound (linguistics)
910:Linguistic morphology
690:Contraction (grammar)
468:(popular music), and
680:Clipping (phonetics)
648:am, photo op, sci-fi
43:improve this article
846:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
536:Syncope (phonology)
402:(adding diminutive
333:Medial clipping or
854:Palgrave Macmillan
382:(detective); also
326:Initial clipping,
320:Final clipping or
428:(advertisement),
354:(refrigerator),
341:clipped compounds
267:standard register
169:from its source.
141:by removing some
119:
118:
111:
93:
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889:
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880:
874:
843:
834:
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829:The English word
823:
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808:
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764:
755:
749:
748:
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744:
735:. Archived from
717:
570:Clipped compound
464:(public house),
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269:. Many, such as
151:clipped compound
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100:
94:
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51:
27:
19:
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742:
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739:on May 10, 2010
719:
718:
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709:
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572:
566:
544:(mathematics),
538:
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492:
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440:(examination),
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394:(retaining the
309:
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209:(ematics), and
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40:
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17:
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5:
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661:
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568:Main article:
565:
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534:Main article:
531:
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522:(university),
488:Main article:
485:
482:
460:(muttonhead),
456:(memorandum),
414:Main article:
411:
408:
348:primary stress
344:
343:
337:
331:
324:
302:
299:
221:(ulation) and
174:
171:
159:back-formation
139:word formation
129:, also called
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31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
922:
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871:
870:9781403938695
867:
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862:9781403917232
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721:"Shortenings"
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556:(madam), and
555:
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547:
543:
537:
527:
525:
521:
517:
514:(telephone),
513:
510:(alligator),
509:
506:(cockroach),
505:
502:(parachute),
501:
497:
491:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
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444:(facsimile),
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432:(cablegram),
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376:head-shrinker
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305:According to
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179:Hans Marchand
177:According to
170:
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99:November 2011
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81:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
905:Word coinage
884:
878:
828:
821:
812:
773:(1): 33–72.
770:
766:
753:
741:. Retrieved
737:the original
724:
715:
665:Abbreviation
651:
647:
643:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
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611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
573:
553:
549:
545:
541:
539:
526:(Internet).
523:
519:
518:(turnpike),
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
493:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:(gasoline),
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
419:
403:
399:
391:
387:
383:
379:
371:
363:
355:
351:
350:. Examples:
345:
330:, or procope
307:Irina Arnold
304:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
263:refrigerator
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
206:
202:
183:core lexicon
176:
155:abbreviation
134:
130:
126:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
743:23 November
552:(fantasy),
396:binary noun
368:coronavirus
360:Apollinaris
310: [
229:(eran) and
205:(ination),
189:within the
123:linguistics
899:Categories
707:References
695:Diminutive
675:Blend word
610:anization
436:(doctor),
295:microphone
167:word class
149:word or a
147:diminutive
135:shortening
131:truncation
69:newspapers
787:1216-8076
580:cablegram
576:compounds
498:(robot),
478:lehitraot
388:influenza
328:apheresis
255:telephone
848:(2003),
795:26190112
658:See also
628:navicert
558:fo'c'sle
283:pedicure
279:manicure
199:in-group
187:synonyms
173:Creation
163:morpheme
143:segments
127:clipping
670:Acronym
634:gation
616:linocut
604:org-man
564:Complex
520:varsity
484:Initial
416:Apocope
400:jammies
335:syncope
322:apocope
83:scholar
868:
860:
793:
785:
729:Oxford
652:sitcom
650:, and
598:tical
592:op art
530:Medial
426:advert
372:shrink
352:fridge
261:(from
259:fridge
253:(from
197:of an
191:jargon
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
791:JSTOR
763:(PDF)
640:blend
622:leum
584:cable
554:ma'am
550:fancy
546:specs
542:maths
512:phone
508:gator
504:roach
500:chute
474:lehit
430:cable
410:Final
356:Polly
314:]
301:Types
251:phone
239:maths
215:slang
195:slang
137:, is
90:JSTOR
76:books
866:ISBN
858:ISBN
783:ISSN
745:2010
636:cert
632:navi
620:lino
588:gram
586:tele
516:pike
470:clit
458:mutt
454:memo
438:exam
424:and
392:jams
364:rona
293:for
291:mike
281:and
277:for
275:pedi
273:and
271:mani
247:exam
235:math
223:tick
219:spec
207:math
203:exam
62:news
775:doi
624:cut
614:),
612:man
608:org
602:),
600:art
590:),
524:net
496:bot
466:pop
462:pub
450:gym
446:gas
442:fax
434:doc
406:).
404:-ie
390:),
384:flu
380:tec
378:),
370:),
362:),
287:mic
285:or
257:),
243:lab
231:cap
227:vet
211:lab
193:or
133:or
121:In
45:by
901::
864:/
856:.
852:.
838:^
803:^
789:.
781:.
771:54
769:.
765:.
731::
727:.
723:.
596:op
422:ad
312:ru
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241:,
217:;
125:,
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
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39:.
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