1076:, but it has also proven to be very ineffective in other situations. Although tribal victories over the governmental and cultural oppression in the 1950s yielded a dynamic transformation, economic success fell short in comparison. Unemployment was down and personal income had increased, but only a handful of tribes had made economic changes. Their strides were spotty and fluctuated greatly from each Native reservation. This was happening because, for most tribes, their lands were not economically productive, infrastructure was poor, and they were far away from prospering markets of large populations. In order to address the issue of poverty, Native tribes were required to fuel some type of economic development. Natives sold some of their tribal land to prospecting non-Natives in order to stimulate economic growth, but tribal gaming has proved to be the single largest source of income in the Native community. However, the United States government intervened in tribal affairs throughout the rise of Native gaming.
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Native
Americans onto small reservations. Casino and bingo halls have provided funding for housing, medical, social services, education, and many other resources for the Native American tribes. Funds derived from gambling have advanced Native Americans. However, Native Americans have compromised their wants because of a set of provisions forced on the Native Americans by the federal government. The first provision enforced was that the state has to approve the form of gaming that is conducted. The second provision was the state and reservations had to agree on where to build each casino. The third provision required the tribe to develop gaming ordinances to be approved by the chairman of the National Indian Gaming Commission.
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near large metropolitan areas. Currently, 12% of Native gaming establishments generate 65% of Native gaming revenues. Native gaming operations located in the populous areas of the West Coast (primarily
California) represent the fastest growing sector of the Native gaming industry. As suggested by the above figures, the vast majority of tribal casinos are much less financially successful, particularly those in the Midwest and Great Plains. Many tribes see this limited financial success as being tempered by decreases in reservation unemployment and poverty rates, although socioeconomic deficits remain.
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310:(BIA) has faced increasing pressure to tighten regulatory policy and oversight of casino approvals. In particular, the BIA has been instructed by Congress to implement new procedures after two decades of IGRA's existence. These procedures would allow local communities to have more influence in the siting of casinos in their community and would make the process of casino approval more transparent. To many tribes, however, the proposed regulations will further encroach on tribal sovereignty.
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632:. Today, the property spans 1.5 miles from end to end, with 6 casinos, four hotels, more than 30 restaurants, two theaters, two spas, and more than one hundred retailers. The agreement between the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation and the State of Connecticut promises the state $ 80 million or 25% of their annual slot revenue. Since Foxwoods opened in 1992, the state of Connecticut has received more than $ 4 billion in slot revenue from Foxwoods alone.
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139:. The tribe planned for the bingo hall to be open six days a week, contrary to Florida state law which only allows two days a week for bingo halls to be open, as well as going over the maximum limit of $ 100 jackpots. The law was enacted from the charity bingo limits set by Catholic Churches. The sheriff of Broward County, where the Native reservation lies, made arrests the minute the bingo hall opened, and the tribe sued the county (
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1023:, after several unsuccessful attempts to negotiate a compact with the state, initiated a lawsuit in federal court. Their claim was rooted in the assertion that Wyoming's refusal to negotiate constituted bad faith, especially considering that the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) of 1988 permitted casino-style gaming on tribal lands, as such gaming was already allowed within Wyoming for fundraising purposes.
218:) and won, as did the Seminole Tribe in Florida. The Supreme Court reviewed the case in 1986 to reach a decision over whether Native reservations are controlled by state law. The Court again ruled that Native gaming was to be regulated exclusively by Congress and the federal government, not state government. With tribal sovereignty upheld, the benefits of gaming became available to many tribes.
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1058:. The Eastern Shoshone Tribe operates under a state compact, while the Northern Arapaho Tribe's gaming activities are authorized by the National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). When interacting with these tribes for business purposes, it is crucial to adhere to each tribe’s specific policies and procedures, as well as any additional tribal laws or regulations.
857:; live dealer blackjack, poker and other table games; and bingo. Additional amenities to the property include a hotel, the Island Event Center, a marina, RV-park, a cruise yacht, a 24-lane bowling center, several restaurants; and a water park and spa. Employing nearly 1,500 people, Treasure Island Resort & Casino is the largest employer in Goodhue County.
481:, it left a number of key functions in federal hands, including approval authority over compacts, management contracts, and Tribal gaming ordinances. Congress also vested the commission with broad authority to issue regulations in furtherance of the purposes of the Act. Accordingly, the Commission plays a key role in the regulation of class II and III gaming.
108:. The Bryans had never received a property tax bill from the county before. Unwilling to pay it, they took the tax notice to local legal aid attorneys at Leech Lake Legal Services, who brought suit to challenge the tax in the state courts. The Bryans lost their case in the state district court, and they lost again on appeal in a unanimous decision by the
830:. With 4,100 employees, the SMSC – including Mystic Lake Casino Hotel and Little Six Casino – is the largest employer in Scott County. The casino's gambling options include slots, bingo, video roulette, pulltabs, and live dealer blackjack. Mystic Lake also offers bars, restaurants, shows, special events, and accommodations.
711:. The property currently has one hotel tower, a 140,000 sq ft (13,000 m) casino, large poker room, a 4 acres (1.6 ha) lagoon-style pool facility with a center bar and many private cabanas, restaurants, shops, spa, bars and nightclubs, and the Hard Rock Event Center. A large expansion was completed in October 2019.
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entered into the state’s first Class III gaming compact. This agreement, negotiated in April 2006, was made possible after the 10th
Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed that all types of Class III gaming were accessible to tribes within the state. Both the Northern Arapaho Tribe and the Eastern Shoshone
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In 2005, a pivotal court decision favored the
Northern Arapaho Tribe, granting them the right to offer comprehensive casino-style Class III gambling on their lands. This ruling was a consequence of Wyoming's actions, which ultimately led to the state forfeiting any claim to revenue sharing from Class
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of 1988 mandates that net revenues of such gaming be directed to tribes for government, economic development and general welfare use; to charitable organizations and to help fund local governments. Approved by voters in 2004, Oklahoma's State-Tribal Gaming Act created a tribal gaming compact allowing
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of 1970. A report by the
Department of Justice presented to the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs on March 18, 1992, concluded that through several years of FBI investigation, organized crime had failed to infiltrate Native gaming and that there was no link between criminal activity in Native
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Tribes retain their authority to conduct, license, and regulate class II gaming so long as the state in which the Tribe is located permits such gaming for any purpose, and the Tribal government adopts a gaming ordinance approved by the
National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). Tribal governments are
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Indian gaming became the focus for many tribes in efforts to retrieve their sovereignty and economic independence. Native
American tribes went through vast political, economic, and social change after the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988. Non-Native Americans instituted their politics and forced
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The NIGC withholds certain powers over Class II and Class III gaming. These include budget approval, civil fines, fees, subpoenas, and permanent orders. The NIGC monitors Class II gaming on Native lands on a continuing basis through inspection, investigation, access to records, and contracts. As for
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buildings and a few trailers, but that was about it. There was nothing really there. The people simply didn't have a lot." The
Cabazon Band turned to casino operations, opening bingo and poker halls in 1980. Shortly thereafter, the Indio police and the Riverside County Sheriff shut down the gambling
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Native gaming revenues in
Oklahoma rose to $ 3.23 billion in 2010, representing 44 percent of all U.S. casinos. Oklahoma surpassed Connecticut as second in the United States for gaming revenue, according to Alan Meister, an economist with Nathan Associates Inc. Oklahoma has 113 tribal casinos, more
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Tribal casinos in the eastern US generated roughly $ 3.8 billion in FY02. Those in the
Central US recorded gross revenues of approximately $ 5.9 billion, while those in the Western US generated nearly $ 4.8 billion. Most of the revenues generated in the Native gaming are from casinos located in or
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The Commission consists of three members: a chairman who is appointed by the US president with the consent of the Senate, and two associate members appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. Each member serves a three-year term and must pass a detailed background check by the US Attorney General.
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Many tribal governments have seen substantial improvements in their ability to provide public services to their members, such as building schools, improving infrastructure, and shoring up the loss of native traditions. Tribal gaming operations have not been without controversy, however. A small
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Tribe. The Mohegan Tribe approached the Mashantucket Pequots in the early 1990s for permission to pursue gaming. Although doing so would relinquish their gaming monopoly in Connecticut, the Mashantuckets granted the Mohegans their request, who then opened Mohegan Sun in 1996. This enterprise is
171:, which granted states to have criminal jurisdiction over Native reservations. States were afraid that Natives would have a significant competitive advantage over other gambling establishments in the state which was regulated, which would thus generate a vast amount of income for tribes.
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Class I gaming is defined as (1) traditional Indian gaming, which may be part of tribal ceremonies and celebrations, and (2) social gaming for minimal prizes. Regulatory authority over class I gaming is vested exclusively in tribal governments and is not subject to IGRA's requirements.
1084:. This term describes tribes that, with the backing of casino investors, attempt to locate a casino off their reservation, usually near a large urban center. However, although authorized by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, only three "off-reservation" casinos have been built to date.
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The revenue generated in these establishments was close to $ 27.1 billion in 2011 up from $ 12.8 billion in 2001. The regions with largest revenues in 2011 were Sacramento ($ 6.9 billion) and Washington State ($ 6.7 billion). The Native American gaming industry has been described as
751:, two luxury hotels, 100,000 square feet of casino space, and various restaurants. The Coeur d’Alene Casino currently employs an average of 1000 local residents, making it one of the largest employers in the region. A part of the casino's profits are invested back to the
402:(NIGC), indicate that there are 460 Native gaming establishments in the US. These casinos are operated by 240 federally recognized tribes and offer Class I, Class II and Class III gaming. Gaming is divided into 3 classes with a different regulatory scheme for each:
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and the federal government has the power to regulate the gaming. These compacts have been used by state officials to confiscate Native casino revenue which serves as a "special" tax on Native reservations. Essentially, the tribes still have "exclusive right" to all
460:, clearly fall in the class III category, as well as wagering games and electronic facsimiles of any game of chance. Generally, class III is often referred to as casino-style gaming. As a compromise, the Act restricts Tribal authority to conduct class III gaming.
428:, that is, games that are played exclusively against other players rather than against the house or a player acting as a bank. The Act specifically excludes slot machines or electronic facsimiles of any game of chance from the definition of class II games.
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In the late 1970s and continuing into the next decade, the delicate question concerning the legality of tribal gaming and immunity from state law hovered over the Supreme Court. The Court addressed the potential gambling had for organized crime through the
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federally recognized American Indian tribes to operate, electronic bonanza-style bingo games, electronic amusement games, electronic instant bingo games and non house-banked card games. The current compact automatically renews on Jan. 1, 2020. The
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Tribal gaming in South Dakota is regulated through tribal-state compacts negotiated with individual tribes, with the oversight of the South Dakota Commission on Gambling. Casino games in Class II and Class III are permitted.
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Class II gaming is defined as the game of chance commonly known as bingo (whether or not electronic, computer, or other technological aids are used in connection therewith) and, if played in the same location as the
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on reservation lands and began setting gaming prizes which were above the maximum legal limit of the state. The Natives argued for sovereignty over their reservations to make them immune from state laws such as
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This rise of gaming not only brought great revenue but also corruption. In January 2006, a court case involving lobbyists convicted of felonies such as conspiracy, fraud, and tax evasion. This was known as the
145:), stating that Native tribes have sovereignty rights that are protected by the federal government from interference by state government. A District Court ruled in favor of the Natives, citing Chief Justice
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number of tribes have been able to distribute large per-capita payments, generating considerable public attention. Additionally, the national expansion of Native gaming has led to a practice critics call
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said "Foxwoods is fighting for its life", with debts of $ 2.3 billion. In August 2012, the tribe owning the Foxwoods Casino restructured over a billion dollars in debt in an attempt to remain profitable.
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Gambling has both positive and negative effects on Native Americans. Indian gaming weakens Indian sovereignty and breaks down tribal cultures and traditional values and has increased domestic abuse.
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Indian gaming provides job opportunity for thousands of Native and non-Native Americans. The casino and bingo hall generates billions of dollars in revenue that helps Native American sovereignty.
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Native activities on their reservations. Within a few years, enterprising Natives and tribes began to operate Indian bingo operations in numerous different locations around the United States.
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580,000 square feet (54,000 m) and consists of 6,500 slot machines and 180 table games. It is the second largest casino in the United States, located 7 miles away from Foxwoods in
203:, were extremely poor and did not have much land because of neglected treaties in the 1850s by state senators. Historian Stuart Banner stated that the Cabazon Band and the neighboring
485:"recession-resistant", although tribes in many states (including Arizona, California, Connecticut and New Mexico) saw revenues fall at a similar rate to commercial casinos during the
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The regulatory scheme for class III gaming is more complex than a casual reading of the statute might suggest. Although Congress clearly intended regulatory issues to be addressed in
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Class III gaming, all contracts must be approved by the chairman of the NIGC. 200 of the 562 federally recognized tribes created Class III gaming of large casinos and high jackpots.
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628:. With 7,200 slot machines and 380 table games, the 314,000-square-foot (29,200 m) Foxwoods Resort Casino is the largest casino in the US and second largest in the world after
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187:, which expanded tribal jurisdiction for the Muscogee (Creek) Nation in Oklahoma also opened the possibility for Native Americans to have more power to regulate casino gambling.
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Class III Native gaming became a large issue for the states and federal government, because of these court cases, as Congress debated over a bill for Native gaming called the
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in Thackerville, Oklahoma, is the third largest casino in North America with more than 500,000 square feet of gaming floor. Much of this success is due to geography: the
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The Tribe and the state must have negotiated a compact that has been approved by the Secretary of the Interior, or the Secretary must have approved regulatory procedures.
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298:, bribed members of Congress when lobbying for Native casinos, then overcharged their Native clients; this generated around $ 90 million in fees from the Natives.
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In Wyoming, while there are no commercial casinos, tribal gaming is conducted by the Eastern Shoshone and the Northern Arapaho Tribes with casinos located on the
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created a joint venture with Alpha Hospitality to develop and operate a gaming facility on tribal lands. In January 1996 they entered into a memorandum with
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Douglas, Miguel; Miller, Danica (2016). "The Casino Economy: Indian Gaming, Tribal Sovereignty, Economic Independence for the Puyallup Tribe of Indians".
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1116:, focuses on a Native American tribe's scheme to buy and demolish the entire town of South Park in order to construct a highway directly to their casino.
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After President Reagan signed the IGRA, Native gaming revenue skyrocketed from $ 100 million in 1988 to $ 16.7 billion in 2006. Following the IGRA, the
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halls and arrested numerous Natives while seizing any cash and merchandise held in the tribe's possession. The Cabazon Band sued in federal court (
124:, the Supreme Court held not only that states do not have authority to tax Natives on their reservations, but that they also lack the authority to
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In 2006, Congress introduced legislation to protect their own casino interests from those tribes that are outside reservations. Further, the
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1239:"The Legacy of Bryan v. Itasca County: How an Erroneous $ 147 County Tax Notice Helped Bring Tribes $ 200 Billion in Indian Gaming Revenue"
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As of 2008 there are 562 federally recognized tribes in the United States, many of which have chosen not to enter the gambling industry.
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1838:"Forcing the Tribe to Bet on the House: The Limited Options and Risks to the Tribe When Indian Gaming Operations Seek Bankruptcy Relief"
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allowed any recognized tribe in Oklahoma to be federally incorporated, have the right to self-determination and make their own bylaws.
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The definition of class III gaming is broad. It includes all forms of gaming that are neither class I nor II. Games commonly played at
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Barker, Thomas, and Marjie Britz. Jokers wild: legalized gambling in the twenty-first century. New York: Greenwood Group, 2000. Print.
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is legal in tribal casinos but mobile sports betting is not currently allowed. Among the 12 tribal casinos operated by 7 South Dakota
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and 30 table games, as well as a luxury hotel, spas, restaurants, and a number of entertainment venues. The casino is managed by the
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The Particular form of class III gaming that the Tribe wants to conduct must be permitted in the state in which the tribe is located.
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responsible for regulating class II gaming with Commission oversight. Only Hawaii and Utah continue to prohibit all types of gaming.
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424:, pull tabs, punch board, tip jars, instant bingo, and other games similar to bingo. Class II gaming also includes non-banked
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648:. Since opening in 1996, the state of Connecticut has received more than $ 3 billion in slot revenue from Mohegan Sun alone.
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Meister, Alan P.; Rand, Kathryn R. L. (2009). "Indian Gaming and Beyond: Tribal Economic Development and Diversification".
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845:. It is the only casino resort in southern Minnesota located on the Mississippi River. The casino's gaming options include
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384:'s casino advanced tribal agency majorly. The Emerald Queen Casino earnings enabled the tribe to preserve their culture.
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The success of both casinos is due in no small part to their location roughly halfway between New York City and Boston.
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of 1988. As of 2011, there were 460 gambling operations run by 240 tribes, with a total annual revenue of $ 27 billion.
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576:. In fiscal year 2022, tribal casinos in California generated over $ 11 billion in revenue, exceeding that of the
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than any other state in the U.S. A 2015 report on U.S. Gaming says that Oklahoma has the most gaming machines.
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The Tribe must have adopted a Tribal gaming ordinance that has been approved by the chairman of the commission.
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Currently, all attempts to challenge the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act on constitutional grounds have failed.
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2244:"U.S. sports betting: Here is where all 50 states currently stand on legalizing online sports betting sites"
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Fox, Jim, Jim Kilby, & Anthony F. Lucas."Casino Operations Management." 2005. John Wiley and Sons. 28.
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Fox, Jim, Jim Kilby, & Anthony F. Lucas."Casino Operations Management." 2005. John Wiley and Sons. 26.
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is roughly an hour's drive from the Oklahoma state line, and Texas does not permit casino gambling. The
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The state of Indiana's first tribal casino was opened on 16 January 2017. The 175,000-square-foot
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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2176:"Oklahoma Casinos and Gaming | TravelOK.com - Oklahoma's Official Travel & Tourism Site"
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1635:"Can't drive a block without seeing a Yaamava' billboard? Inside the casino's big bet on music"
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The Economic Impact the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation Operations on Connecticut - PDF file
1769:"Casinos: Native American Tribal Casinos - The Story Of Native American Casinos In Two States"
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The Treasure Island Resort & Casino is a tribal gaming facility owned and operated by the
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924:. The facility comprises 140,000 square feet of casino floor space that includes over 1,800
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The Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino, also known as "The Guitar Hotel", is a hotel and
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Before a Tribe may lawfully conduct class III gaming, the following conditions must be met:
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by John Grisham centers on the moral and legal problems involved in Native American gaming.
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The economic recession that began in 2007 took a heavy toll of receipts, and by 2012 both
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Indian Gaming, Tribal Sovereignty, and American Indian Tribes as Complex Adaptive Systems
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Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C.; Kinkade, Dale; O'Niell, Sean (2010).
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2025:"Catskill Development v. Park Place Entertainment, 144 F. Supp. 2d 215 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)"
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In 1988, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) (signed by President
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Resort & Casino is also located in Connecticut, and is owned and operated by the
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Public Native America: Tribal Self Representations in Casinos, Museums, and Powwows
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Tribe have since operated casinos near their shared Wind River Indian Reservation.
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United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
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2043:"Park Place Entertainment Announces Filing of Sullivan County Casino Application"
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1605:"A Research Note on Indian Gaming in Arizona: Evidence of Recession and Recovery"
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1922:"Indiana's newest casino — and first tribal casino — is now open in South Bend"
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was created as a federal agency in 1988 to regulate high-stakes Native gaming.
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Hitting the Jackpot: The Inside Story of the Richest Indian Tribe in History
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except when states do not accept that class or it clashes with federal law.
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70:, states have limited ability to forbid gambling there, as codified by the
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2073:"Mohawk Catskills casino plans advance, backers survive a legal gauntlet"
1338:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation"
1180:(Report). National Indian Gaming Commission. July 6, 2011. Archived from
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and earning $ 1.5 billion, it was more profitable than any one casino in
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Associated Press, "Indian casinos struggle to get out from under debt",
1684:"9 graphics show the state of sports betting and gambling in California"
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2117:"Oklahoma second in nation for tribal gaming - Tulsa World: Government"
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Landscape Traveled by Coyote and Crane: The World of the Schitsu'umsh
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or other tribal lands in the United States. Because these areas have
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Aliese M. McArthur; Thaddieus W. Conner; William A. Taggart (2010).
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Native American gaming has, in some instances, changed the face of
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to create casino-like halls, but the states and Natives must be in
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List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
1209:(Report). National Indian Gaming Commission. 2011. Archived from
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2005:"Reluctantly, a Tribe Starts to See Casinos As Being Imperative"
1731:"Nevada Set A Gaming Revenue Record In 2022 With $ 14.8 Billion"
1314:(1), 89-114. Retrieved November 14, 2008, from JSTOR. (1409164).
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The Shoshone-Bannock Tribe also operates a slots-only casino in
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Following this judicial outcome, in May 2006, Wyoming Governor
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Gambling operations on Indian reservations in the United States
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Controversy arose when Natives began putting private casinos,
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Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty: The Casino Compromise
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
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1984:"Against All Odds, a Complicated Casino Proposal Advances"
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Wilmer, Frank. "Indian Gaming: Players and Stakes." 1997.
19:"Indian casino" redirects here. For casinos in India, see
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814:. Mystic Lake Casino Hotel is owned and operated by the
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Indian Gaming: Tribal Sovereignty and American Politics
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1281:. Spokane, Washington. (Los Angeles Times). p. 16.
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In the early 1970s, Russell and Helen Bryan, a married
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Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
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Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
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1484:(3rd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
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A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
703:, United States, located on 100 acres (40 ha) of the
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City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
2741:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
1963:"Catskill Casino Politics: Game of Delicate Balance"
1302:
1300:
3062:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
2717:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
1783:
2493:Rand, Kathryn R. L.; Light, Steven Andrew (2006).
2474:Light, Steven Andrew; Rand, Kathryn R. L. (2005).
1904:"Sijohn is new casino CEO for Coeur d'Alene Tribe"
1748:
1275:"Minnesota Indians' casino tests state gaming law"
747:. Founded in 1993, the establishment consists the
135:built a large high-stakes bingo building on their
2459:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
2409:Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations
1882:. University of Washington Press; Paper edition.
1596:
1297:
3247:
2813:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1007:, a dozen gambling tables, and two restaurants.
778:is located in South Bend and is operated by the
3139:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1529:. American Indian Culture and Research Journal.
1499:. New York: River Head Brooks. pp. 370–73.
681:Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood
221:
2693:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
999:tribes, the Sioux-owned Royal River Casino in
755:in education and various investment projects.
2570:
2478:. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas.
2270:"Tribal gambling and tourism in South Dakota"
1509:
908:signed an agreement to build the casino with
313:
2797:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
2154:"Calif. tops U.S. in tribal casino revenue"
1539:
185:Supreme Court ruling issued on July 9, 2020
131:Under the leadership of Howard Tommie, the
116:. The Supreme Court granted review, and in
2733:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
2577:
2563:
1758:. 3rd ed. New York: Infobase, 2009. Print.
1233:
1231:
1027:III gaming income generated by the tribe.
2540:Indian Gaming Magazine / indiangaming.com
2492:
2473:
2405:
2371:
1392:
1380:
1365:
1353:
1323:
1291:
1272:
897:. The project received approval from the
822:, Minnesota, United States, southwest of
364:Learn how and when to remove this message
137:reservation near Fort Lauderdale, Florida
2345:
2343:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:. Rapid City Journal. September 29, 2023
2002:
1273:Hillinger, Charles (February 13, 1976).
1250:
1019:experienced significant challenges. The
939:
916:(AMC) was inaugurated that same year in
864:
789:
718:
674:
658:in Connecticut and its nearby rival the
587:
508:
27:
3086:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
2497:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
2435:
2320:
2318:
2316:
1469:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1228:
1153:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
739:The Coeur d’Alene Casino is located in
84:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
3248:
2530:Pechanga.net--daily Indian gaming news
2454:
2228:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1960:
1524:
1494:
1335:
1266:
3020:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
2837:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
2590:Native Americans in the United States
2558:
2535:Indianz.com--daily Indian gaming news
2340:
2284:
1981:
1815:"Foxwoods is fighting for its life".
1709:"FY 2022 Gross Gaming Revenue REPORT"
1464:
1244:
1087:
393:
280:Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal
190:
2701:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
2440:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
2313:
1982:Bagli, Charles V. (April 17, 2000).
1924:. www.indystar.com. January 16, 2018
1875:
1728:
1143:List of casinos in the United States
1103:" features a Native American casino.
1015:The development of Indian gaming in
952:is one of seven casinos operated by
816:Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
804:Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
317:
3008:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
2669:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1241:92 Minnesota Law Review 919 (2008).
1062:Impact on Native American economics
810:The biggest casino in Minnesota is
554:Harrah's Resort Southern California
524:The largest casino in the state of
301:
13:
2428:
2299:"Wyoming Tribal Gaming Properties"
1756:Atlas of The North American Indian
1439:Congress--and Other U.S. Cesspools
780:Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians
114:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3282:
3178:National Indian Gaming Commission
2773:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
2637:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
2520:National Indian Gaming Commission
2513:
1961:Semple, Kirk (January 31, 2005).
1716:National Indian Gaming Commission
1681:
1336:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020).
899:National Indian Gaming Commission
871:Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel
400:National Indian Gaming Commission
264:National Indian Gaming Commission
118:a sweeping and unanimous decision
112:. They then sought review at the
2725:Menominee Tribe v. United States
2550:Indian Casinos Radio Documentary
2525:The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
1068:Impact of Native American gaming
546:Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa
515:Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa
322:
2932:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
2377:
2262:
2236:
2190:
2168:
2146:
2135:
2109:
2095:
2065:
2035:
2017:
1996:
1975:
1954:
1936:
1914:
1896:
1869:
1851:
1830:
1807:
1761:
1722:
1701:
1675:
1653:
1627:
1574:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1503:
1488:
1473:
1458:
1432:
1415:
1398:
985:
835:Prairie Island Indian Community
197:Cabazon Band of Mission Indians
3162:In the Courts of the Conqueror
2765:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
2412:. W. W. Norton & Company.
2406:Wilkinson, Charles F. (2005).
2003:Peterson, Iver (May 9, 2003).
1663:. Pechanga Resort & Casino
1661:"Pechanga Resort & Casino"
1512:University of Washington Press
1329:
1256:"Nixon invited to visit China"
1196:
1170:
1003:is the largest, featuring 400
583:
1:
3271:Gambling in the United States
3044:Native American Languages Act
2436:Fromson, Brett Duval (2003).
1842:California Western Law Review
1497:The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee
1158:
1044:Wind River Indian Reservation
504:
142:Seminole Tribe v. Butterworth
3183:Native American civil rights
3038:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
2877:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
2495:Indian Gaming Law and Policy
1525:Peroff, Nicholas C. (2001).
1163:
1148:Native American civil rights
975:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
785:
566:Thunder Valley Casino Resort
530:Yaamava' Resort & Casino
435:
254:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
228:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
222:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
180:gaming and organized crime.
104:bill from the local county,
96:on Indian lands in northern
72:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
7:
3198:Recognition of sacred sites
3193:Native American Rights Fund
3098:Federally recognized tribes
2978:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
2142:List of casinos in Oklahoma
1817:The New York Times Magazine
1582:"Native American Gold Rush"
1204:NIGC Tribal Gaming Revenues
1129:
980:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
971:Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex
935:
860:
664:The New York Times Magazine
499:
414:
398:Statistics provided by the
177:Organized Crime Control Act
10:
3287:
3056:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
2613:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2398:
2326:"Tribal Gaming in Wyoming"
1065:
1010:
769:
670:
570:Graton Resort & Casino
562:Pala Casino Resort and Spa
538:Pechanga Resort and Casino
405:
314:Pacific Northwest gambling
225:
215:California v. Cabazon Band
81:
77:
18:
3111:
3071:
2972:Indian Reorganization Act
2916:
2899:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
2757:United States v. Antelope
2596:
2103:"Akwesasne Mohawk Casino"
1609:Indigenous Policy Journal
879:Seneca Nation of New York
709:Seminole Tribe of Florida
689:Seminole Tribe of Florida
618:Mashantucket Pequot Tribe
574:Cache Creek Casino Resort
133:Seminole Tribe of Florida
3266:Law of the United States
3124:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3026:Indian Child Welfare Act
2829:South Dakota v. Bourland
2156:. Rgj.com. April 6, 2015
910:Park Place Entertainment
812:Mystic Lake Casino Hotel
749:Circling Raven Golf Club
723:The Fort Hall Casino in
714:
308:Bureau of Indian Affairs
195:In the early 1960s, the
3256:Native American casinos
3173:Long Walk of the Navajo
3103:State recognized tribes
3002:Indian Civil Rights Act
2388:San Francisco Chronicle
1803:January 21, 2012 online
1542:South Dakota Law Review
1465:Mason, Dale W. (2000).
914:Akwesasne Mohawk Casino
875:Niagara Falls, New York
762:, located just outside
646:Uncasville, Connecticut
598:Uncasville, Connecticut
110:Minnesota Supreme Court
3261:Native American topics
3188:Native American gaming
3091:Legal status of Hawaii
2966:Indian Citizenship Act
2845:Idaho v. United States
2749:Bryan v. Itasca County
2685:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
2645:Standing Bear v. Crook
1948:Reference For Business
1495:Treuer, David (2019).
1036:Eastern Shoshone Tribe
1021:Northern Arapaho Tribe
961:
904:In 1999, however, the
882:
807:
736:
692:
610:Foxwoods Resort Casino
605:
521:
344:by rewriting it in an
207:Reservation had "some
44:Native American gaming
40:
34:Foxwoods Resort Casino
2996:Indian Relocation Act
2853:United States v. Lara
2629:Fellows v. Blacksmith
2455:Lawlor, Mary (2006).
1910:. September 12, 2016.
1908:Idaho Business Review
1876:Frey, Rodney (2001).
1110:", a 2003 episode of
1093:The plot of the 1999
943:
868:
800:Prior Lake, Minnesota
793:
722:
705:Hollywood Reservation
678:
662:were deeply in debt.
591:
550:Chumash Casino Resort
512:
479:Tribal-State compacts
242:Tribal-State compacts
82:Further information:
31:
2621:Worcester v. Georgia
2083:on November 29, 2016
2077:Indian Country Today
2053:on November 29, 2016
1844:49 (2013): 269–309.
1562:on February 20, 2013
1184:on February 20, 2013
1082:reservation shopping
967:WinStar World Casino
950:Ponca City, Oklahoma
753:Coeur d'Alene people
614:Ledyard, Connecticut
152:Worcester v. Georgia
38:Ledyard, Connecticut
3168:Indian reservations
3129:Cherokee Commission
2605:Johnson v. McIntosh
2328:. Gaming Regulation
2250:. November 17, 2023
1836:Stephan A. Hoover,
1584:. November 13, 2012
1395:, pp. 335–336.
1262:. Maine. p. 4.
1254:(August 13, 1975).
1237:Kevin K. Washburn,
1216:on October 10, 2012
1178:Gaming Tribe Report
1137:Carcieri v. Salazar
802:is operated by the
727:is operated by the
687:is operated by the
600:is operated by the
519:Cabazon, California
282:. These lobbyists,
92:couple living in a
64:Indian reservations
3228:Self-determination
3223:Tribal sovereignty
3149:Eagle-bone whistle
2942:Indian Removal Act
2930:Nonintercourse Act
2924:Blood quantum laws
2891:McGirt v. Oklahoma
2384:"A big casino bet"
2210:on October 3, 2020
2010:The New York Times
1989:The New York Times
1968:The New York Times
1859:"Jackpot for jobs"
1824:2014-03-25 at the
1813:Michael Sokolove,
1641:. November 9, 2023
1260:Lewiston Daily Sun
1101:The Son Also Draws
1088:In popular culture
962:
895:Monticello Raceway
885:In March 1994 the
883:
849:; video roulette,
808:
737:
701:Hollywood, Florida
693:
685:Hollywood, Florida
616:. Operated by the
612:opened in 1992 in
606:
522:
394:Regulatory schemes
346:encyclopedic style
333:is written like a
238:tribal sovereignty
191:Cabazon Band, 1980
68:tribal sovereignty
41:
3243:
3242:
3144:Eagle feather law
3078:State recognition
2869:Cobell v. Salazar
2781:Solem v. Bartlett
2653:Ex parte Crow Dog
2419:978-0-393-05149-0
2351:"Wyoming Casinos"
1639:Los Angeles Times
1454:978-0-932438-29-4
796:Little Six Casino
776:Four Winds Casino
374:
373:
366:
247:classes of gaming
201:Indio, California
21:Gambling in India
3278:
3119:Aboriginal title
2936:Civilization Act
2872:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
2579:
2572:
2565:
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2555:
2508:
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2381:
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2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2203:. Archived from
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2150:
2144:
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2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2079:. Archived from
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2049:. Archived from
2039:
2033:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1944:"Empire Resorts"
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
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1849:
1834:
1828:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1771:. Net Industries
1765:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1729:Yakowicz, Will.
1726:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1657:
1651:
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1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1558:. Archived from
1552:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1436:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1308:WĂÄŤazo Ĺ a Review
1304:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:Spokesman-Review
1270:
1264:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1174:
1074:tribal economies
1032:Dave Freudenthal
891:Robert A. Berman
764:Pocatello, Idaho
760:Fort Hall, Idaho
725:Fort Hall, Idaho
369:
362:
358:
355:
349:
326:
325:
318:
302:2006 legislation
58:halls and other
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3156:Hunting license
3107:
3076:
3067:
2984:Nationality Act
2912:
2885:Sharp v. Murphy
2805:Hodel v. Irving
2709:Williams v. Lee
2677:Talton v. Mayes
2592:
2583:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2486:
2467:
2448:
2431:
2429:Further reading
2426:
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2207:
2200:
2198:"Archived copy"
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2195:
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2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
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2152:
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2126:
2124:
2123:. March 6, 2012
2115:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2100:
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2084:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2047:Gamber’s Corner
2041:
2040:
2036:
2023:
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2018:
2001:
1997:
1980:
1976:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
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1920:
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1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1835:
1831:
1826:Wayback Machine
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1774:
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1767:
1766:
1762:
1754:Waldman, Carl.
1753:
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1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1132:
1119:The 2016 novel
1108:Red Man's Greed
1090:
1070:
1064:
1013:
997:Native American
988:
938:
877:is operated by
863:
788:
772:
717:
673:
586:
578:Las Vegas Strip
507:
502:
487:Great Recession
438:
417:
408:
396:
370:
359:
353:
350:
342:help improve it
339:
327:
323:
316:
304:
296:Michael Scanlon
292:Grover Norquist
230:
224:
193:
122:Justice Brennan
86:
80:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3284:
3274:
3273:
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3263:
3258:
3241:
3240:
3238:
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3230:
3220:
3215:
3213:Trail of Tears
3210:
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2999:
2993:
2990:Public Law 280
2987:
2981:
2975:
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2963:
2957:
2951:
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2939:
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2926:(1705 onwards)
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2681:
2673:
2665:
2661:Elk v. Wilkins
2657:
2649:
2648:(D. Neb. 1879)
2641:
2633:
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2609:
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2598:
2594:
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2515:
2514:External links
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2430:
2427:
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2424:
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2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2376:
2374:, p. 329.
2372:Wilkinson 2005
2364:
2339:
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2189:
2178:. TravelOK.com
2167:
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2016:
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1935:
1913:
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1889:978-0295981628
1888:
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1747:
1721:
1700:
1688:The Desert Sun
1682:Gedye, Grace.
1674:
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1397:
1393:Wilkinson 2005
1385:
1383:, p. 336.
1381:Wilkinson 2005
1370:
1368:, p. 335.
1366:Wilkinson 2005
1358:
1356:, p. 332.
1354:Wilkinson 2005
1343:
1328:
1326:, p. 331.
1324:Wilkinson 2005
1316:
1296:
1294:, p. 333.
1292:Wilkinson 2005
1284:
1265:
1252:Anderson, Jack
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1066:Main article:
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1048:Fremont County
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993:Sports betting
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843:Goodhue County
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630:Venetian Macao
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506:
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489:of 2007–2009.
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62:operations on
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2466:0-8135-3865-3
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2447:0-87113-904-9
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2391:(17 May 2006)
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2353:. 500 Nations
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2301:. Casino City
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1005:slot machines
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930:Mohawk Nation
927:
926:slot machines
923:
919:
915:
912:instead. The
911:
907:
902:
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896:
892:
888:
887:Mohawk people
880:
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847:slot machines
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626:Atlantic City
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602:Mohegan Tribe
599:
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581:
579:
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558:Barona Casino
555:
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331:This section
329:
320:
319:
311:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Jack Abramoff
281:
275:
271:
267:
265:
260:
257:
255:
250:
248:
243:
239:
236:) which kept
235:
234:Ronald Reagan
229:
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206:
202:
198:
188:
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147:John Marshall
144:
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107:
106:Itasca County
103:
100:, received a
99:
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61:
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3032:Diminishment
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2367:
2357:December 11,
2355:. Retrieved
2332:December 11,
2330:. Retrieved
2305:December 11,
2303:. Retrieved
2276:December 11,
2274:. Retrieved
2264:
2254:December 11,
2252:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2214:December 19,
2212:. Retrieved
2205:the original
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2148:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2097:
2087:November 28,
2085:. Retrieved
2081:the original
2076:
2067:
2057:November 28,
2055:. Retrieved
2051:the original
2046:
2037:
2029:Law Justicia
2028:
2019:
2008:
1998:
1987:
1977:
1966:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1916:
1907:
1898:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1841:
1832:
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1797:
1773:. Retrieved
1763:
1755:
1750:
1740:December 30,
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
1724:
1715:
1703:
1693:December 30,
1691:. Retrieved
1687:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:December 30,
1643:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1612:
1608:
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1588:November 13,
1586:. Retrieved
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:the original
1550:
1541:
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1268:
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1220:February 18,
1218:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1198:
1188:February 18,
1186:. Retrieved
1182:the original
1172:
1135:
1122:The Whistler
1120:
1111:
1094:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1014:
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986:South Dakota
963:
954:Osage Nation
946:Osage Casino
906:Mohawk tribe
903:
884:
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738:
699:resort near
694:
663:
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182:
173:
157:
150:
140:
130:
125:
120:authored by
102:property tax
87:
43:
42:
25:
3134:Dawes Rolls
2917:Legislation
2182:November 7,
2160:November 7,
2127:November 7,
2121:Tulsa World
1928:January 18,
824:Minneapolis
660:Mohegan Sun
637:Mohegan Sun
594:Mohegan Sun
584:Connecticut
162:rooms, and
94:mobile home
3250:Categories
3208:Survivance
2954:Curtis Act
2248:CBS Sports
1544:: 375–493.
1514:(Seattle).
1340:. Reuters.
1159:References
1113:South Park
1096:Family Guy
918:Hogansburg
837:(PIIC) in
828:Saint Paul
820:Prior Lake
818:(SMSC) in
596:resort in
526:California
505:California
444:, such as
426:card games
354:March 2024
288:Ralph Reed
46:comprises
2960:Burke Act
2948:Dawes Act
1863:Spokesman
1164:Citations
1099:episode "
1001:Flandreau
851:blackjack
839:Welch, MN
786:Minnesota
622:Las Vegas
450:blackjack
436:Class III
164:lotteries
98:Minnesota
2597:Case law
2224:cite web
1822:Archived
1619:July 14,
1566:June 10,
1130:See also
1056:Riverton
1034:and the
958:Oklahoma
936:Oklahoma
922:New York
861:New York
729:Shoshone
656:Foxwoods
542:Temecula
534:Highland
500:By state
458:roulette
415:Class II
126:regulate
90:Chippewa
60:gambling
3112:Related
3073:Federal
2399:Sources
1017:Wyoming
1011:Wyoming
770:Indiana
733:Bannock
707:of the
671:Florida
641:Mohegan
528:is the
442:casinos
406:Class I
340:Please
205:Morongo
199:, near
78:History
54:halls,
48:casinos
3064:(2008)
3058:(1990)
3052:(1990)
3046:(1990)
3040:(1988)
3034:(1984)
3028:(1978)
3022:(1978)
3016:(1975)
3010:(1971)
3004:(1968)
2998:(1956)
2992:(1953)
2986:(1940)
2980:(1936)
2974:(1934)
2968:(1924)
2962:(1906)
2956:(1898)
2950:(1887)
2944:(1830)
2938:(1819)
2902:(2022)
2894:(2020)
2880:(2013)
2864:(2005)
2856:(2004)
2848:(2001)
2840:(1997)
2832:(1993)
2824:(1990)
2816:(1989)
2808:(1987)
2800:(1986)
2792:(1985)
2784:(1984)
2776:(1982)
2768:(1978)
2760:(1977)
2752:(1976)
2744:(1974)
2736:(1973)
2728:(1968)
2720:(1960)
2712:(1959)
2704:(1955)
2696:(1941)
2688:(1903)
2680:(1896)
2672:(1896)
2664:(1884)
2656:(1883)
2640:(1858)
2632:(1857)
2624:(1832)
2616:(1831)
2608:(1823)
2586:Rights
2501:
2482:
2463:
2444:
2416:
1886:
1848:(PDF).
1846:Online
1819:(2012)
1775:May 4,
1735:Forbes
1667:May 4,
1556:"NGIC"
1452:
1444:
1425:
1408:
1052:Lander
735:Tribes
697:casino
456:, and
294:, and
2208:(PDF)
2201:(PDF)
1712:(PDF)
1214:(PDF)
1207:(PDF)
1050:near
741:Idaho
715:Idaho
454:craps
422:bingo
160:bingo
56:slots
52:bingo
2499:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2359:2023
2334:2023
2307:2023
2278:2023
2256:2023
2230:link
2216:2019
2184:2015
2162:2015
2129:2015
2089:2016
2059:2016
1930:2018
1884:ISBN
1777:2012
1742:2023
1695:2023
1669:2012
1647:2023
1621:2015
1590:2012
1568:2012
1450:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1222:2013
1190:2013
1054:and
944:The
869:The
855:keno
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794:The
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
