Ojibwe - Knowledge

4120: 3201: 3954: 4069: 1179: 4142: 1742:. This was a journey that took four days. If burial preparations could not be completed the day of the death, guests and medicine men were required to stay with the deceased and the family in order to help mourn, while also singing songs and dancing throughout the night. Once preparations were complete, the body would be placed in an inflexed position with their knees towards their chest. Over the course of the four days it takes the spirit to journey to its place of joy, it is customary to have food kept alongside the grave at all times. A fire is set when the sun sets and is kept going throughout the night. The food is to help feed the spirit over the course of the journey, while the smoke from the fire is a directional guide. Once the four–day journey is over, a feast is held, which is led by the chief 1113:

offering land cessions as offering territorial advantages. The Ojibwe did not understand the land cession terms in the same way because of the cultural differences in understanding the uses of land. The governments of the U.S. and Canada considered land a commodity of value that could be freely bought, owned and sold. The Ojibwe believed it was a fully shared resource, along with air, water and sunlight—despite having an understanding of "territory". At the time of the treaty councils, they could not conceive of separate land sales or exclusive ownership of land. Consequently, today, in both Canada and the U.S., legal arguments in treaty-rights and treaty interpretations often bring to light the differences in cultural understanding of treaty terms to come to legal understanding of the treaty obligations.

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fire for four days. Over the four days, food is also offered to the spirit. Added to food offerings, tobacco is also offered as it is considered one of four sacred medicines traditionally used by Ojibwe communities. On the last night of food offerings, a feast is also held by the relatives which ends with a final smoke of the offering tobacco or the tobacco being thrown in the fire. Although conventional caskets are mainly used in today's communities, birch bark fire matches are buried along with the body as a tool to help light fires to guide their journey to

1685: 269: 4105: 1654: 3878: 3966: 3927: 4032: 3843: 1772: 4049: 1746:. At the feast, it is the chief medicine man's duty to give away certain belongings of the deceased. Those who were chosen to receive items from the deceased are required to trade in a new piece of clothing, all of which would be turned into a bundle. The bundle of new cloths and a dish is then given to the closest relative. The recipient of the bundle must then find individuals that he or she believes to be worthy, and pass on one of the new pieces of clothing. 3827: 57: 3942: 1540:. For this reason, children with French or English fathers were considered outside the clan and Ojibwe society unless adopted by an Ojibwe male. They were sometimes referred to as "white" because of their fathers, regardless if their mothers were Ojibwe, as they had no official place in the Ojibwe society. The people would shelter the woman and her children, but they did not have the same place in the culture as children born to Ojibwe fathers. 4221: 1646: 4245: 3978: 1117: 1046: 2957: 1943: 1511:, that is the official state grain of Minnesota and Michigan, and was part of the pre-colonial diet of the Ojibwe. Other staple foods of the Ojibwe were fish, maple sugar, venison and corn. They grew beans, squash, corn and potatoes and foraged for blueberries, blackberries, choke cherries, raspberries, gooseberries and huckleberries. During the summer game animals like deer, beaver, moose, goose, duck, rabbits and bear were hunted. 976: 4197: 1294: 1919:

cough medicine. The gum is used for sores and a compound containing leaves is used as wash. The liquid balsam from bark blisters is used for sore eyes. They boil the resin twice and add it to suet or fat to make a canoe pitch. The bark gum is taken for chest soreness from colds, applied to cuts and sores, and decoction of the bark is used to induce sweating. The bark gum is also taken for

3863: 716:. They traded widely across the continent for thousands of years as they migrated, and knew of the canoe routes to move north, west to east, and then south in the Americas. The identification of the Ojibwe as a culture or people may have occurred in response to contact with Europeans. The Europeans preferred to deal with groups, and tried to identify those they encountered. 605:, and is still widely spoken, although the number of fluent speakers has declined sharply. Today, most of the language's fluent speakers are elders. Since the early 21st century, there is a growing movement to revitalize the language and restore its strength as a central part of Ojibwe culture. The language belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group and is descended from 4209: 3807: 4017: 3998: 1605:("Little" Moose-tail). The Crane totem was the most vocal among the Ojibwe, and the Bear was the largest – so large, that it was sub-divided into body parts such as the head, the ribs and the feet. Each clan had certain responsibilities among the people. People had to marry a spouse from a different clan. 1421:

The jingle dress that is typically worn by female pow wow dancers originated from the Ojibwe. Both Plains and Woodlands Ojibwe claim the earliest form of dark cloth dresses decorated with rows of tin cones - often made from the lids of tobacco cans- that make a jingling sound when worn by the dancer.

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Ojibwe communities have a strong history of political and social activism. Long before contact, they were closely aligned with Odawa and Potawatomi people in the Council of the Three Fires. From the 1870s to 1938, the Grand General Indian Council of Ontario attempted to reconcile multiple traditional

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and the Odawa who had been displaced by the Iroquois invasion. Together they launched a massive counterattack against the Iroquois and drove them out of Michigan and southern Ontario until they were forced to flee back to their original homeland in upstate New York. At the same time the Iroquois were

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had not signed treaties until the late 20th century, and most areas have no treaties yet. The government and First Nations are continuing to negotiate treaty land entitlements and settlements. The treaties are constantly being reinterpreted by the courts because many of them are vague and difficult

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appeared in a vision to relate a prophecy. It said that if the Anishinaabeg did not move farther west, they would not be able to keep their traditional ways alive because of the many new pale-skinned settlers who would arrive soon in the east. Their migration path would be symbolized by a series of

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of the root as an herbal steam for rheumatic joints. They also combine the gum with bear grease and use it as an ointment for hair. They use the needle-like leaves in as part of ceremony involving the sweatbath, and use the gum for colds and inhale the leaf smoke for colds. They use the plant as a

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is still used during important ceremonies about the four directions, when oral history is recounted. Teaching lodges are common today to teach the next generations about the language and ancient ways of the past. The traditional ways, ideas, and teachings are preserved and practiced in such living

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and a recounting of the origins of ceremonies and rituals. Spiritual beliefs and rituals were very important to the Ojibwe because spirits guided them through life. Birch bark scrolls and petroforms were used to pass along knowledge and information, as well as for ceremonies. Pictographs were also

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According to Lee Staples, an Ojibwe spiritual leader from the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation, present day practices follow the same spiritual beliefs and remain fairly similar. When an individual dies, a fire is lit in the home of the family, who are also expected to continuously maintain the

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In Ojibwe tradition, the main task after a death is to bury the body as soon as possible, the very next day or even on the day of death. This was important because it allowed the spirit of the dead to journey to its place of joy and happiness. The land of happiness where the dead reside is called

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Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader Describing the Manners and Customs of the North American Indians, with an Account of the Posts Situated on the River Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, & C., to Which Is Added a Vocabulary of the Chippeway Language ... a List of Words in the

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Often, treaties known as "peace and friendship treaties" were made to establish community bonds between the Ojibwe and the European settlers. These established the groundwork for cooperative resource-sharing between the Ojibwe and the settlers. The United States and Canada viewed later treaties

1502:, and have started a mobile kitchen to teach their communities about nutritious food preparation. The traditional Native American diet was seasonally dependent on hunting, fishing and the foraging and farming of produce and grains. The modern diet has substituted some other types of food like 465:

European powers, Canada, and the U.S. have colonized Ojibwe lands. The Ojibwe signed treaties with settler leaders to surrender land for settlement in exchange for compensation, land reserves and guarantees of traditional rights. Many European settlers moved into the Ojibwe ancestral lands.

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because they are all part of the same clan. The modified system allows for younger siblings to share the same kinship term with younger cross-cousins. Complexity wanes further from the person's immediate generation, but some complexity is retained with female relatives. For example,

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models into one cohesive voice to exercise political influence over colonial legislation. In the West, 16 Plains Cree and Ojibwe bands formed the Allied Bands of Qu'Appelle in 1910 in order to redress concerns about the failure of the government to uphold Treaty 4's promises.

370:. The Ojibwe population is approximately 320,000, with 170,742 living in the U.S. as of 2010 and approximately 160,000 in Canada. In the U.S. there are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe, 76,760 Saulteaux, and 8,770 Mississauga, organized in 125 bands. In Canada they live from western 2011:

recorded 10 major divisions of the Ojibwe in the United States. He mistakenly omitted the Ojibwe located in Michigan, western Minnesota and westward, and all of Canada. When identified major historical bands located in Michigan and Ontario are added, the count becomes 15:

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to apply in modern times. The numbered treaties were some of the most detailed treaties signed for their time. The Ojibwe Nation set the agenda and negotiated the first numbered treaties before they would allow safe passage of many more British settlers to the prairies.

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is "my mother's sister" or "my father's sister-in-law" – i.e., my parallel-aunt, but also "my parent's female cross-cousin". Great-grandparents and older generations, as well as great-grandchildren and younger generations, are collectively called

1720:; who takes care of the children and the people on the land and as the Ojibwe Nation spread to the corners of North America it became difficult for Asibikaashi to reach all the children, so the mothers and grandmothers wove webs for the children, which had an 882:

As the people continued to migrate westward, the "northern branch" divided into a "westerly group" and a "southerly group". The "southern branch" and the "southerly group" of the "northern branch" came together at their "sixth stopping place" on Spirit Island

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In Canada, many of the land cession treaties the British made with the Ojibwe provided for their rights for continued hunting, fishing and gathering of natural resources after land sales. The government signed numbered treaties in northwestern Ontario,

1466:. In Michigan, the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority manages the hunting, fishing and gathering rights about Sault Ste. Marie, and the resources of the waters of lakes Michigan and Huron. In Canada, the Grand Council of Treaty No. 3 manages the 1506:

and "Indian tacos" in place of these traditionally prepared meals. The Native Americans loss of connection to their culture is part of the "quest to reconnect to their food traditions" sparking an interest in traditional ingredients like

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and recorded on birch bark scrolls and possibly on rock. The many complex pictures on the sacred scrolls communicate much historical, geometrical, and mathematical knowledge, as well as images from their spiritual pantheon. The use of

1439:(clan sign). Because of the distinct features of these burials, Ojibwe graves have been often looted by grave robbers. In the United States, many Ojibwe communities safe-guard their burial mounds through the enforcement of the 1990 1711:

groups, originated in the Ojibwe "spider web charm", a hoop with woven string or sinew meant to replicate a spider's web, used as a protective charm for infants. According to Ojibwe legend, the protective charms originate with the

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subjected to attacks by the French. This was the beginning of the end of the Iroquois Confederacy as they were put on the defensive. The Ojibwe expanded eastward, taking over the lands along the eastern shores of Lake Huron and

571:. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. This is disputed since some scholars believe that only the name migrated west. Ojibwe who were originally located along the 4068: 1891:

for indigestion, and also as a food, eaten boiled fresh, dried or candied with maple sugar. Muskrat and beavers store them in large caches, which they have learned to recognize and appropriate. They take an infusion of the

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Activity 1. Introduction to Anishinabe/Ojibwe/Chippewa, Anishinabe/Ojibwe/Chippewa: Culture of an Indian Nation lesson plan, National Endowment for the Humanities, 2023, 400 7th Street SW., Washington, DC

1312:. Most Ojibwe, except for the Great Plains bands, have historically lived a settled (as opposed to nomadic) lifestyle, relying on fishing and hunting to supplement the cultivation of numerous varieties of 4489: 504:

predominates in Canada, but both terms are used in each country. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U.S. since the late 20th century, more members have been using the generalized name

258: 4161: 4141: 1414:) at various reservations in the Anishinaabe-Aki (Anishinaabe Country). Many people still follow the traditional ways of harvesting wild rice, picking berries, hunting, making medicines, and making 879:(Sault Ste. Marie). Continuing their westward expansion, the Ojibwe divided into the "northern branch", following the north shore of Lake Superior, and the "southern branch", along its south shore. 2656: 3737: 3200: 1167:

and the rise of popular opinion in the U.S. against Ojibwe removal, the bands east of the Mississippi were allowed to return to reservations on ceded territory. A few families were removed to

4080: 3209: 4232: 1564:. This system of kinship reflects the Anishinaabe philosophy of interconnectedness and balance among all living generations, as well as of all generations of the past and of the future. 3786: 3877: 1186:(The Six). In addition to the northern and eastern woodlands, Ojibwe people also lived on the prairies of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, North Dakota, western Minnesota and Montana. 4871: 5219:

Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379, p. 348 (Note: This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database <

3907: 3642: 1391:), which is found naturally in distant coastal areas. Their use of such shells demonstrates there is a vast, longstanding trade network across the continent. The use and trade of 3977: 1085:, and the Sioux to the west. The Ojibwa stopped the Iroquois advance into their territory near Lake Superior in 1662. Then they formed an alliance with other tribes such as the 3552: 1206:, the newly formed United States did not fully uphold the treaty. As it was still preoccupied by war with France, Great Britain ceded to the United States much of the lands in 3711: 3747: 3742: 3732: 3717: 3664: 3582: 3221: 4578: 2511: 2202: 6686: 4007: 3965: 3862: 5379: 3627: 3676: 1440: 6529: 5868: 3941: 3588: 2190: 462:

Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, oral history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics.

3768: 1249: 4710: 4177: 3636: 3456: 1624:") The response allows the parties to establish social conduct by identifying as family, friends or enemies. Today, the greeting has been shortened to " 1155:, several hundred Ojibwe died because of the federal government's failure to deliver fall annuity payments. The government attempted to do this in the 5985: 5805: 4812: 2423: 1350:

saplings. In the contemporary era, most of the people live in modern housing, but traditional structures are still used for special sites and events.

1132:). After losing the war in 1763, France was forced to cede its colonial claims to lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River to Britain. After 3467: 3462: 2553: 641:

is frequently referred to as a "Central Algonquian" language; Central Algonquian is an area grouping, however, rather than a linguistic genetic one.

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By the end of the 18th century, the Ojibwe controlled nearly all of present-day Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, including most of the

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seams to make them waterproof. Some 19th century sources say this name described a method of ritual torture that the Ojibwe applied to enemies.

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Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230–248, p. 244

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Iroquois, Mehegan, Shawanee, and Esquimeaux Tongues, and a Table, Shewing the Analogy between the Algonkin and the Chippeway Languages

5055:, Seven Ponds, 8 Dec. 2016, blog.sevenponds.com/cultural-perspectives/the-spirit-of-the-dead-according-to-ojibwe-beliefs. 4208: 4092: 6488: 5919: 2344: 1543:

Ojibwe understanding of kinship is complex and includes the immediate family as well as extended family. It is considered a modified

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or a "spirit-house" over each mound. An historical burial mound would typically have a wooden marker, inscribed with the deceased's

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until reduced and pour into a trough, where the rapidly cooling syrup was quickly processed into maple sugar using wooden paddles.

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following the Seven Years' War governed the cession of land by treaty or purchase. Subsequently, France ceded most of the land in

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across the continent has also been proof of a large trading network that took place for thousands of years, as far back as the

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In part because of its long trading alliance, the Ojibwe allied with the French against Great Britain and its colonists in the

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for certain stories and beliefs. The script is still in use, among traditional people as well as among youth on social media.

6388: 6017: 5111: 4571: 4104: 2137: 934:) upon the waters." Their second major settlement, referred to as their "seventh stopping place", was at Shaugawaumikong (or 744:

when they were in its presence. The six others remained to teach, while the one returned into the ocean. The six established

351: 3826: 1140:. They had hoped that a British victory could protect them against United States settlers' encroachment on their territory. 989:

of 1640, a report by the missionary priests to their superiors in France. Through their friendship with the French traders (

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documentary featuring the history and culture of the Anishinaabe-Ojibwe people of the Great Lakes (United States-focused).

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Treuer, Anton. Living Our Language: Ojibwe Tales & Oral Histories. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001.

4766: 5800: 3169: 2448: 2366: 2331: 1490: 952: 886: 320: 547:(/o/ + /jiib/ + /we/), meaning "those who speak stiffly" or "those who stammer", an exonym or name given to them by the 6661: 363: 5256:

Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525, p. 378

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Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525, p. 374

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Numerous Ojibwe First Nations, tribes, and bands exist today in Canada and the United States. See also the listing of

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and adjusting to British colonial rule, the Ojibwe allied with British forces and against the United States in the

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Hilger, M. Inez (1944), Chippewa Burial and Mourning Customs. American Anthropologist, 46: 564–568.

3682: 3650: 6716: 5810: 4948: 3328: 2857: 2800: 2790: 2710: 2463: 2118: 1640: 875:). Their first new political-center was referred to as their "fifth stopping place", in their present country at 829:) of their safety to move inland, the Anishinaabeg gradually migrated west along the Saint Lawrence River to the 4524: 281: 4718: 4368: 2982: 2602: 2349: 1968: 1422:

This style of dress is now popular with all tribes and is a distinctly Ojibwe contribution to Pan-Indianism.

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There is renewed interest in nutritious eating among the Ojibwe, who have been expanding community gardens in

1399:. Certain types of rock used for spear and arrow heads have also been traded over large distances precontact. 6636: 5497: 5286:

Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, p. 198

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Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, p. 201

3727: 3722: 2914: 2393: 2326: 1172: 999:), the Ojibwe gained guns, began to use European goods, and began to dominate their traditional enemies, the 523:(/o/ + /jiibw/ + /abwe/), meaning "those who cook/roast until it puckers", referring to their fire-curing of 3959:

Chippewa baby teething on "Indians at Work" magazine while strapped to a cradleboard at a rice lake in 1940.

6473: 6442: 6398: 5631: 5412: 3988: 3316: 3163: 2894: 2737: 2674: 2498: 2483: 1908:, using a decoction of root as an enema and take an infusion of the root for "stoppage of urine". They use 1820: 1692: 1608:

Traditionally, each band had a self-regulating council consisting of leaders of the communities' clans, or

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and Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota and North Dakota to settle the boundary of their holdings in Canada.

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Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379, p. 350

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Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379, p. 338

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in 1835. In 1845 he traveled to Paris with eleven Ojibwe, who had their portraits painted and danced for

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Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379 (p. 356)

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Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379 (p. 346)

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Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379 (p. 376)

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In 1807, the Ojibwe joined three other tribes, the Odawa, Potawatomi and Wyandot people, in signing the

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James A. Clifton, "Wisconsin Death March: Explaining the Extremes in Old Northwest Indian Removal", in

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Sovereign Futures: Indigenous and Settler Prophecies in Two Nineteenth-Century American "Northwests"

1550:. As with any bifurcate-merging kinship system, siblings generally share the same kinship term with 1260:(Bois Brûlé) in what is today northern Wisconsin and resulted in a decisive victory for the Ojibwe. 1151:, west of the Mississippi River. The Ojibwe resisted, and there were violent confrontations. In the 1101:

in the Lake Superior area, pushing them to the south and west. In the 1680s the Ojibwa defeated the

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James A. Clifton, "Wisconsin Death March: Explaining the Extremes in Old Northwest Indian Removal"

3068:(c. 1797–1880), Ojibwe-African American woman in the early Methodist Episcopal Church in Minnesota 1376:

have been used to teach important spiritual concepts, record astronomical events, and to use as a

6545: 6508: 6498: 6447: 6437: 6393: 6208: 6029: 5944: 5673: 4467: 3540: 3486: 3355: 3258: 2978: 2971: 2899: 2760: 2569: 2488: 2458: 2398: 2339: 2301: 1964: 1957: 1527: 799: 745: 492:). This word has two variations, one French (Ojibwa) and the other English (Chippewa). Although 355: 31: 5607: 5564: 4315: 6721: 6586: 6185: 5103: 3793: 3600: 3564: 3534: 3181: 3157: 2929: 2884: 2822: 2186: 2071: 2008: 1074: 1023: 956: 918:

estuary at the western end of Lake Superior. (This has since been developed as the present-day

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They have a culturally-specific form of pictorial writing, used in the religious rites of the

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Chippewa Chief Ne-bah-quah-om (Big Dog) offered to fight the Sioux for the government in 1862

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Ojibwe people from the 20th and 21st centuries should be listed under their specific tribes.

2795: 2731: 2473: 2321: 1804: 1783: 1585:). The word in the Ojibwe language means "my fellow clansman." The five original totems were 1459: 1234: 1129: 798:

then returned to the ocean as well. If the seventh had stayed, it would have established the

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According to the U.S. census, Ojibwe people are one of the largest tribal populations among

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A Grammar of the Cree Language; With which is combined an analysis of the Chippeway dialect

4334: 3621: 3516: 3498: 2867: 2625: 2438: 2382: 2296: 2253: 1864: 1078: 945: 705: 675: 386: 5533:(Studies in North American Indian History) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 8: 6360: 6310: 6266: 6144: 6083: 6009: 5858: 5576: 5223:> which lists the plant as Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum). Accessed 19 January 2018 2403: 2212: 1893: 1704: 1547: 1514:

One traditional method of making granulated sugar known among the Anishinabe was to boil

1245: 1125: 923: 630: 533:(/o/ + /zhibii'/ + /iwe/), meaning "those who keep records ", referring to their form of 524: 4244: 3204:

Map of Schoolcraft's route in 1831 showing Ojibwe settlements and roads (NAID 102278798)

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The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815

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Vintage photo entitled, "Paul Buffalo and wife parching wild rice at their camp" – 1934

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and from recordings in birch bark scrolls, the Ojibwe originated from the mouth of the

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Making Marriage: Husbands, Wives, and the American State in Dakota and Ojibwe Country.

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Aaniin Ekidong: Ojibwe Vocabulary Project. St. Paul: Minnesota Humanities Center, 2009

4668: 1914:; melting the gum on warm stones and inhaling the fumes for headache. They also use a 6305: 5107: 4974: 4926: 4597: 4552: 3615: 3546: 3510: 3365: 3026: 1878: 1471: 1222: 1011:

region to the area of the present-day Dakotas, and forced the Fox down from northern

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The first significant new Ojibwe culture-center was their "fourth stopping place" on

822: 750:(clans) for people in the east, symbolized by animals. The five original Anishinaabe 614: 443: 4711:"Conversations on Reconciliation: "Tiotiá:ke and Mooniyaang: Land Acknowledgement."" 1105:

who dispersed their Huron allies and trading partners. This victory allowed them a "

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Treuer, Anton. Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2010.

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My Grandfather's Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation.

5069: 1653: 659:

with the French established the language as one of the key trade languages of the

6631: 6415: 6295: 6043: 6005: 5848: 5020: 4952: 4582: 4152: 3917: 3412: 3184:(1825–1853), first historical writer of the Ojibwe people, territorial legislator 3147: 3135: 3085: 2924: 2283: 2246: 1904: 1853: 1551: 1377: 1373: 985: 940: 648: 592: 382: 237: 156: 144: 140: 1684: 6136: 5853: 5760: 5755: 5725: 4905: 3871:, The female Ojibwe warrior the newspapers called the Chippewa Warrior Princess 3612:

Treaty of Washington (1836) – Swan Creek & Black River Bands

3131: 2811: 2194: 1910: 1691:(shown alongside a "Mask used in game" and "Ghost leg), to frighten children", 1665: 1144: 1086: 834: 759: 709: 701: 652: 4419: 2066:

St. Croix-Namekagon River valleys in eastern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin

1372:

has been common throughout the Ojibwe traditional territories. Petroforms and

6625: 6556: 6483: 6331: 6260: 6230: 5553: 5536:

White, Richard (July 31, 2000). Chippewas of the Sault. The Sault Tribe News.

4273: 4111: 3933: 3868: 3115: 3059: 3049: 3031: 2389: 1810: 1669: 1451: 1302: 1253: 1098: 1054: 1050: 1000: 901: 888: 857: 618: 560: 556: 1183: 6337: 6315: 6254: 6248: 6074: 6068: 6037: 6013: 5963: 5843: 5740: 5735: 5710: 5429:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. (Published originally 1929) 4876: 4168: 3119: 3109: 3103: 3037: 2160: 1869: 1743: 1700: 1499: 1450:, which manages the treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Lake Superior- 1426: 1269: 1238: 1226: 1195: 1164: 1091: 1035: 1016: 830: 767: 664: 580: 397: 332: 308: 119: 97: 5541:

We have the right to exist: A translation of aboriginal indigenous thought

335:, several distinct nations also consider themselves Ojibwe, including the 6540: 6278: 6224: 6113: 6103: 6053: 5886: 5765: 5720: 5654: 5397:

Bento-Banai, Edward (2004). Creation- From the Ojibwa. The Mishomis Book.

5339: 4003: 3349: 3187: 3125: 2934: 1862:

for pains near the bladder. The Ojibwa are documented to use the root of

1533: 1515: 1415: 1388: 1369: 1365: 1257: 1241:. The tribes were able to retain small pockets of land in the territory. 1137: 864:, the Anishinaabeg divided into six groups, of which the Ojibwe was one. 660: 455: 425: 304: 296: 213: 185: 176: 160: 6384:

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

5493:

Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010.

1902:

after childbirth to purge afterbirth and to heal. They use the roots of

1771: 1308:

The Ojibwe have traditionally organized themselves into groups known as

6431: 6411: 6403: 6125: 6063: 5715: 5705: 5492: 4500: 3141: 2114: 1721: 1677: 1658: 1361: 1326:(wild rice) for food. Historically their typical dwelling has been the 1199: 1106: 1070: 1027: 821:

shells). After receiving assurance from their "Allied Brothers" (i.e.,

551:, who described the Ojibwe language for its differences from their own. 538: 401: 367: 340: 5623: 4967:

The World of the American Indian, A volume in the Story of Man Library

4945: 4922:

Holding Our World Together: Ojibwe Women and the Survival of Community

4830:"Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians" 4525:"Microsoft Word – dictionary best for printing 2004 ever finalpdf.doc" 2439:

Grassy Narrows First Nation (Asabiinyashkosiwagong Nitam-Anishinaabeg)

567:

for its rapids, the early Canadian settlers referred to the Ojibwe as

516:

is not known; the most common explanations for the name's origin are:

56: 6236: 6089: 5901: 5881: 5795: 5785: 5770: 5730: 5051:

Allis, Ellary. "The Spirit of The Dead According To Ojibwe Beliefs."

3883: 3446: 3093: 2862: 2805: 2621:

Removable Lake Superior Bands of Chippewa of the Chippewa Reservation

2171: 2097: 2031: 1920: 1915: 1831: 1508: 1454:

areas. The commission follows the directives of U.S. agencies to run

1355: 1148: 1012: 996: 931: 730: 671: 656: 459: 451: 436: 417: 336: 312: 164: 115: 111: 4074:

Chief medicine man Axel Pasey and family at Grand Portage Minnesota.

3128:, (1811–1888), performer, interpreter, mission worker, and herbalist 2956: 1942: 1116: 1045: 852:) developed. The "second stopping place" was in the vicinity of the 6272: 6242: 6057: 5683: 5434:

The shaman: Patterns of religious healing among the Ojibway Indians

5231: 5229: 5082:

Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

4829: 4817:

Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

3888: 3833: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3408: 3402: 3396: 2049: 1873: 1839: 1815: 1645: 1503: 1467: 1322: 1298: 1265: 1215: 1102: 1004: 849: 622: 413: 344: 107: 93: 5504:

The everlasting sky: New voices from the people named the Chippewa

5477:

Everything You Wanted to Know About Indians But Were Afraid to Ask

1143:

Following the war, the United States government tried to forcibly

1097:

In 1745, they adopted guns from the British in order to repel the

1081:, based mainly to the southeast of the Great Lakes in present-day 1065:

The Ojibwe were part of a long-term alliance with the Anishinaabe

429: 193: 6131: 5820: 5775: 5750: 5695: 5657: 5252: 5250: 4892:"Eating indigenously changes diets and lives of Native Americans" 4872:"In tribes across Minnesota, indigenous food movement takes root" 4789:"Which Native American Tribes Allied Themselves with the French?" 4414: 4188: 4125: 2045: 1708: 1343: 1273: 1211: 1202:

signed between Great Britain and the United States following the

1038:. In the latter area, the French Canadians called them Ojibwe or 975: 951:

The "westerly group" of the "northern branch" migrated along the

861: 860:). At their "third stopping place", near the present-day city of 826: 724: 684: 647:

is the fourth-most spoken Native language in North America after

123: 101: 89: 5226: 4995: 4613:

Three Fires Unity: The Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands

3248: – RS, RH1, RH2, misc. pre-confederation treaties 3172:(1879–1971), athletic manager and coach from Leroy, North Dakota 1664:

The Ojibwe have spiritual beliefs that have been passed down by

1030:

and Superior on the Canadian side and extending westward to the

983:

The first historical mention of the Ojibwe occurs in the French

6119: 6047: 5952: 5891: 5780: 5700: 5665: 4965:

Billard, Jules B. (1989). "N. Scott Momaday "I am Alive ..."".

4644:"Anishinaabemowin: Ojibwe Language | The Canadian Encyclopedia" 4238:

An Ojibwa woman and child, Red River Settlement, Manitoba, 1895

3040:(1802–1880), Ojibwe/African-American fur trader and interpreter 2909: 1835: 1581: 1536:

system, in which children were considered born to the father's

1462:, which manages their treaty hunting and fishing rights in the 1435: 1411: 1392: 1347: 1331: 1293: 1168: 1026:

area. They also controlled the entire northern shores of lakes

713: 683:

in 1855, publicized the Ojibwe culture. The epic contains many

555:

Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of

447: 371: 85: 5247: 5098:

Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary

4171:

photo entitled "Chippewa lodges, Beaver Bay, by Childs, B. F."

6109: 6079: 5592: 5559: 5357:

Smith, Huron H. (1932). "Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians".

1576: 1313: 1066: 1007:

to their west and south. They drove the Sioux from the Upper

818: 791: 439: 5582: 2174:, extending north of Lake Huron about the Mississaugi River 5687: 5587: 5511:

Summer in the spring: Ojibwe lyric poems and tribal stories

4214:

Camp fire Chippewa village Itasca State Park Minnesota 1926

1537: 1446:

Several Ojibwe bands in the United States cooperate in the

1207: 963:. Along their migration to the west, they came across many 944:) on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the present 783: 548: 359: 354:

peoples in the U.S. In Canada, they are the second-largest

189: 5602: 5385:

Baker, Jocelyn (1936). "Ojibwa of the Lake of the Woods".

5032: 5030: 2522:

Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians

2512:

Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians

959:, and across the northern Great Plains until reaching the 740:

was too spiritually powerful and killed the people in the

315:

and throughout the northeastern woodlands. Ojibweg, being

3287:

Treaty of Peace with Sioux, Chippewa and Winnebago (1787)

2155:

North-central Minnesota and Mississippi River headwaters

1458:. Some Minnesota Ojibwe tribal councils cooperate in the 1049:

An Ojibwe named Boy Chief, by the noted American painter

729:(Land of the Dawn, i.e., Eastern Land) to teach them the 5220: 4435:"Maple sugaring's roots with the Ojibwe people run deep" 2701:, previously Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation 2263:

northwest side of Lake Superior at the Canada–US border

1929:

root is used to stimulate milk flow in female patients.

5310:, Wisconsin Historical Images, accessed 23 January 2014 5027: 4996:"Aanii pronunciation: How to pronounce Aanii in Ojibwa" 1724:

purpose and were not explicitly connected with dreams.

1109:" in which they ruled uncontested in southern Ontario. 3190:(fl. 1780–1805), band leader among the northern Ojibwe 2276:

northeast of Lake Superior and west of Lake Nipissing

1814:, the resin of which was used to treat infections and 1470:

hunting and fishing rights related to the area around

1441:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

5488:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2011. 5479:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2012. 4466:. Minnesota State University. Mankato. Archived from 3144:(Yellow Head), early 19th c. nonbinary warrior, guide 2728:

Osnaburg House Band of Ojibway and Cree (Historical)

930:

being to go to the "place where there is food (i.e.,

926:

cities.) The people were directed in a vision by the

5441:

The comic vision of Anishinaabe culture and religion

5289: 5268: 5201: 5189: 5150: 5129: 4955:, Milwaukee Public Museum, accessed 10 December 2011 3708: – Swan Creek & Black River Bands 3034:, Ojibwe/African-American fur trader and interpreter 1830:

is eaten as part of Ojibwe cuisine. They also use a

3230: – 1837CT, 1836CT, 1842CT and 1854CT 2946: 695: 5518:The people named the Chippewa: Narrative histories 5095: 4551:. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 36. 3266:Treaties with Great Britain and the United Kingdom 2424:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians 5422:St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 5404:St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 5093: 4767:"The Atlas of Canada: Historical Indian Treaties" 3932:Kei-a-gis-gis, a Plains Ojibwe woman, painted by 3228:Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission 3112:(Gichi-Weshkiinh, Buffalo) (ca. 1759–1855), chief 2633:Removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa 2554:Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana 2525:Removable St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin 1612:. The band was often identified by the principal 1448:Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission 813:smaller Turtle Islands, which was confirmed with 404:) and of the larger Anishinaabeg, which includes 61:Precontact distribution of Ojibwe-speaking people 6687:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 6623: 6022:History of Native Americans in the United States 4284:History of Native Americans in the United States 3947:Leech Lake Ojibwe delegation to Washington, 1899 3531: – Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi 3307:Chenail Ecarte (Sombra Township) Purchase (1796) 3166:(ca. 1824–1922, chief, from Cass Lake, Minnesota 2661:St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota 2336:Chippewas of Lake Simcoe and Huron (Historical) 1876:. They take a compound decoction of the root of 1567:The Ojibwe people were divided into a number of 317:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 2667:Snake and Knife Rivers Band of Chippewa Indians 2516:Bois Brule River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 2494:Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 1856:. The South Ojibwa use a decoction of the root 1668:under the Midewiwin teachings. These include a 37:"Chippewa" redirects here. For other uses, see 3178:(White Cloud) (ca. 1830–1898), Gull Lake chief 2531:Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 1233:, gave the United States a portion of today's 719:According to Ojibwe oral history, seven great 5979: 5639: 5520:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 5472:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 4060:History of the Indian Tribes of North America 4040:History of the Indian Tribes of North America 3899:History of the Indian Tribes of North America 3854:History of the Indian Tribes of North America 3778:History of the Indian Tribes of North America 2589:Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 2565:Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians 2519:Chippewa River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 2317:Burt Lake Band of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians 2312:Biinjitiwabik Zaaging Anishnabek First Nation 5993: 5930:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School 4615:. Phil Bellfy. 2011. University of Nebraska. 3559:Treaty of L'Arbre Croche and Michilimackinac 1402:During the summer months, the people attend 967:, or cowry shells, as told in the prophecy. 840:The first of the smaller Turtle Islands was 27:Group of indigenous peoples in North America 6356:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands 3800:or "Flat Mouth"), a Leech Lake Ojibwe chief 2985:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2121:, about the northern boundary of Minnesota 1971:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1689:"Spider web" charm, hung on infant's cradle 1649:Pictorial notation of an Ojibwe music board 5986: 5972: 5646: 5632: 5450:. London: J.G.F. & J. Rivington, 1844. 5359:Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4729:– via Indigenous Contemporary Scene. 4128:, chief of La Flambeau band, photographed 3046:(1873–1949), writer, teacher and clubwoman 2630:Pokegama Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa 2598:Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 2592:Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux 2559:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians 2179:Dokis Band (Dokis's and Restoule's bands) 1521: 1252:Band of Ojibwe Indians and a war party of 55: 6489:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 5443:. American Indian Quarterly, 26, 436–459. 4385:"The rock carvings of Kinoomaagewaabkong" 4356: 4354: 3624:(1837) – White Pine Treaty 3421:(1874) – Qu'Appelle Treaty 3399:(1871) – Stone Fort Treaty 3005:Learn how and when to remove this message 2345:Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation 1991:Learn how and when to remove this message 1923:. A decoction (tea) of powdered, dried 1882:for back pain and for "female weakness". 1593:/"Ajiijaak" ("Echo-maker", i.e., Crane), 1256:Indians. The battle took place along the 970: 500:is more common in the United States, and 5588:Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 5470:A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe 5468:Nichols, J.D., & Nyholm, E. (1995). 5323: 5301: 5036: 3296:Indenture to the Toronto Purchase (1805) 3199: 2853:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians 2685:Rabbit Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa 2536:Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 2378:Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation 2362:Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation 1683: 1652: 1644: 1575:) named primarily for animals and birds 1489: 1481: 1292: 1225:. The agreement, between the tribes and 1177: 1115: 1044: 974: 723:(Cowrie shells) appeared to them in the 323:, are known by several names, including 267: 6504:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum 5653: 5436:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 4964: 4855: 4806: 4739: 4717:. Montréal. 6 June 2017. Archived from 4382: 4360: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4306: 4304: 4086:Historic 1849 petition of Ojibwe chiefs 3702: – Sault Ste. Marie Band 3696: – Ottawa & Chippewa 3609: – Ottawa & Chippewa 3334:Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga Purchase (1818) 3236: – Treaty 5 and Treaty 9 2699:Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation 2652:Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa 1248:was an October 1842 battle between the 979:Five Ojibwe chiefs in the 19th century. 14: 6707:Native American tribes in North Dakota 6624: 4546: 4351: 3836:, war chief, modeled 1855, carved 1856 3775:/" Foot Prints "), Ojibwe chief, from 3653:(1842) – Copper Treaty 2830:Buffalo Point First Nation (Saulteaux) 2723:Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation 2717:Ojibway Nation of Saugeen First Nation 2691:Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa 2679:Gull Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa 2657:Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa 2372:Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory 2203:Ottawa Lake (Lac Courte Oreilles) Band 6018:Native Americans in the United States 5967: 5627: 5384: 5356: 5328:. Minnesota Historical Society Press. 5295: 5274: 5207: 5195: 5156: 5135: 5047: 5045: 4918: 4858:Ojibwa People of Forests and Prairies 4819:, 1987, 5:1–40, accessed 2 March 2010 4660: 4432: 4098:Wells American Indian picture writing 3738:Treaty of Isabella Reservation (1864) 2775:Lac des Bois Band of Chippewa Indians 2664:Kettle River Band of Chippewa Indians 1824:are smoked in pipes to attract game. 1693:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 1342:(pointed-lodge), made of birch bark, 5485:The Assassination of Hole in the Day 4786: 4464:eMuseum @ Minnesota State University 4335:"Ojibwe | The Canadian Encyclopedia" 4322: 4301: 2983:adding citations to reliable sources 2950: 2615:Lake Winnibigoshish Band of Chippewa 2354:Chippewas of Mnjikaning First Nation 1969:adding citations to reliable sources 1936: 1766: 1727: 1634: 362:. They are one of the most numerous 79:Regions with significant populations 6712:Native American tribes in Wisconsin 6697:Native American tribes in Minnesota 6530:Native American place names in Ohio 5801:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers 5087: 4822: 4630:the Canadian Museum of Civilization 4626:"First Nations Culture Areas Index" 4574:Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country 3474:Treaty No. 9, Adhesions (1929–1930) 3452:Treaty No. 5, Adhesions (1908–1910) 3278:Indian Officers' Land Treaty (1783) 3242: – 1886CT and 1889CT 2842:Pauingassi First Nation (Saulteaux) 2449:Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation 2367:Chippewa of the Thames First Nation 2332:Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point 229: ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒃ / ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐠ 24: 6692:Native American tribes in Michigan 5506:. New York: Crowell-Collier Press. 5457:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 5373: 5042: 4433:Redix, Erik M. (October 8, 2018). 4383:Spencer, Kelly (August 31, 2020). 3212: – 1836CT fisheries 3210:Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority 3195: 3062:(1818–1869), missionary and writer 2506:Ontonagon Band of Chippewa Indians 2197:) in Ontario, near Lake Nipissing 1802:Plants used by the Ojibwe include 687:that originate from Ojibwe words. 637:among the northern Plains tribes. 541:used in Midewiwin sacred rites; or 416:people. Historically, through the 358:population, surpassed only by the 25: 6738: 6702:Native American tribes in Montana 5910:Anishinabek Educational Institute 5547: 4746:Histoire Sociale / Social History 4694:The Horse, the Wheel and Language 4314:. 2 December 2012. Archived from 4279:Timeline of First Nations history 3595:Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien 3304:Between the Lakes Purchase (1792) 3284:Between the Lakes Purchase (1784) 2771:Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians 2479:Lake Nipigon Ojibway First Nation 1808:, used for urinary problems, and 272:Manoomin picking, 1905, Minnesota 6377:Prehistoric communities or sites 5543:. New York: Black Thistle Press. 5334:The Chippewa and Their Neighbors 4993: 4742:"The Ojibwa of southern Ontario" 4255: 4243: 4231: 4226:Medicine man from Cass Lake 1911 4219: 4207: 4195: 4176: 4160: 4140: 4118: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4047: 4030: 4015: 3996: 3976: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3925: 3906: 3876: 3861: 3841: 3825: 3805: 3785: 3761: 3571:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien 3371:Ojibewa Indians of Lake Superior 3325:Head-of-the-Lake Purchase (1806) 3122:Ojibwe/African-American sculptor 2955: 2947:Notable historical Ojibwe people 2940:Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation 2839:Little Grand Rapids First Nation 2786:Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation 2755:Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians 2181: 1941: 1770: 1532:Traditionally, the Ojibwe had a 1198:to Great Britain. Even with the 696:Precontact and spiritual beliefs 597:The Ojibwe language is known as 227: Anishinaabek 5513:. Minneapolis: The Nodin Press. 5317: 5280: 5259: 5238: 5213: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5141: 5120: 5074: 5058: 5012: 4987: 4958: 4939: 4912: 4898: 4884: 4864: 4849: 4780: 4759: 4733: 4703: 4686: 4666: 4636: 4618: 4606: 4587: 4565: 4540: 4517: 4367:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). 3480:Treaties with the United States 3384:Manitoulin Island Treaty (1862) 3329:Lake Simcoe-Lake Huron Purchase 3310:London Township Purchase (1796) 2858:Wabaseemoong Independent Nation 2801:Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians 2791:Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council 2711:North Caribou Lake First Nation 2503:L'Anse Band of Chippewa Indians 2464:Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation 1749: 1641:Anishinaabe traditional beliefs 1237:and a section of Ohio near the 837:, and then to the Great Lakes. 609:. Its sister languages include 435:The Ojibwe are known for their 72:170,742 in United States (2010) 5609:Ojibwe Stories: Gaganoonididaa 5525:History of the Ojibway People. 4648:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 4493: 4481: 4452: 4426: 4402: 4389:Norfolk & Tillsonburg News 4376: 4369:University of British Columbia 4339:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 4149:Ojibwe Wigwam at Grand Portage 4135:, possibly in Washington, D.C. 3983:"One Called From A Distance" ( 3820:), by Benjamin Armstrong, 1891 2603:Grand Portage Band of Chippewa 2350:Chippewas of Rama First Nation 2191:Little French River (Ziibiins) 1762: 1732: 1425:The Ojibwe bury their dead in 1190:In British North America, the 808:At a later time, one of these 484:for this Anishinaabe group is 420:branch, they were part of the 13: 1: 6677:First Nations in Saskatchewan 5761:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake") 5556:, recorded by Frances Desmore 5418:Denial, Catherine J. (2013). 5409:The Chippewa of Lake Superior 5070:10.1525/aa.1944.46.4.02a00240 5018:Jim Great Elk Waters (2002), 4549:History of the Ojibway People 4289: 4183:Pictographs on Mazinaw Rock, 4129: 4037:Ojibwe woman and child, from 3728:Treaty of Old Crossing (1864) 3723:Treaty of Old Crossing (1863) 3445:(1905–1906) – 3377:Ojibewa Indians of Lake Huron 3281:The Crawford Purchases (1783) 3275:Treaty of Fort Niagara (1781) 3272:Treaty of Fort Niagara (1764) 3156:(1800–1842), author, wife of 2499:Keweenaw Bay Indian Community 2394:Rocky Boys Indian Reservation 2327:Chapleau Ojibway First Nation 2187:French River (Wemitigoj-Sibi) 2081:south shore of Lake Superior 2005:History of the Ojibway People 1757:Gaagige Minawaanigozigiwining 1740:Gaagige Minawaanigozigiwining 1015:. The latter allied with the 247: ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ 6474:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) 6389:Archaeological sites in Ohio 5920:Canadian residential schools 5413:University of Oklahoma Press 5024:, Seven Locks Press, p. 111. 5021:View from the Medicine Lodge 4856:Johnson, Michael G. (2016). 4673:Countries and Their Cultures 4547:Warren, William W. (1984) . 4361:Jelsing, Kaden Mark (2023). 4202:Ojibwe hunter in winter 1908 3712:Treaty of Sac and Fox Agency 3317:Penetanguishene Bay Purchase 3313:Land for Joseph Brant (1797) 3170:Alfred Michael "Chief" Venne 3025:(1824–1863), historian from 2935:Whitewater Lake First Nation 2925:Whitefish River First Nation 2895:Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation 2878:Chapleau Ojibwe First Nation 2875:Brunswick House First Nation 2738:Mishkeegogamang First Nation 2688:Removable Mille Lacs Indians 2682:Otter Tail Band of Pillagers 2675:White Earth Band of Chippewa 2618:Leech Lake Band of Pillagers 2484:Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe 2208:Odaawaa-zaaga'iganiwininiwag 1885:The Ojibwe eat the corms of 1821:Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 469: 7: 6727:Upper Peninsula of Michigan 6494:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum 6196:Two Mile Square Reservation 6191:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation 5579:from Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa 5523:Warren, William W. (1851). 5407:Danziger, E.J. Jr. (1978). 5387:Canadian Geographic Journal 5324:Densmore, Frances (1970) . 5308:"Portrait of Stephen Bonga" 4971:National Geographic Society 4740:Schmalz, Peter (May 1992). 4581:September 26, 2007, at the 4267: 4006:, Ojibwe chief, painted by 3748:Treaty of Washington (1867) 3743:Treaty of Washington (1866) 3733:Treaty of Washington (1864) 3718:Treaty of Washington (1863) 3689:Treaty of Washington (1855) 3607:Treaty of Washington (1836) 3361:Manitoulin Agreement (1836) 2920:Whitefish Lake First Nation 2910:Washagamis Bay First Nation 2905:Walpole Island First Nation 2586:Bois Forte Band of Chippewa 2582:Bois Forte Band of Chippewa 2541:Sokaogon Chippewa Community 2444:Islands in the Trent Waters 2140:in Wisconsin and Minnesota 2096:upper Mississippi River in 2023:(in double-vowel spelling) 1601:("Tender", i.e., Bear) and 1486:Wild rice harvesting – 1934 1297:Plains Ojibwe performing a 1161:Upper Peninsula of Michigan 856:(Concave Waterfalls, i.e., 586: 392:The Ojibwe are part of the 262: ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐘᑭ 10: 6743: 6469:Flint Ridge State Memorial 6201:Upper Sandusky Reservation 5560:Ojibwe People's Dictionary 5094:Daniel E. Moerman (2009). 4698:Princeton University Press 3754: 3665:Treaty of Potawatomi Creek 3553:Treaty of Saúlt Ste. Marie 3529:Treaty of St. Louis (1816) 3346:Long Woods Purchase (1822) 3343:The Rideau Purchase (1819) 3259:La Grande Paix de Montréal 3224: – Treaty 8 3218: – Treaty 3 3160:, born in Sault Ste. Marie 3088:(1825–1868), Chief of the 3054:Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe 2915:Whitefish Bay First Nation 2781:Rolling River First Nation 2742:New Osnaburgh First Nation 2612:Cass Lake Band of Chippewa 2546:St. Croix Chippewa Indians 2307:Bay Mills Indian Community 1638: 1525: 1477: 1288: 1204:American Revolutionary War 1192:Royal Proclamation of 1763 1077:. They fought against the 690: 681:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 590: 473: 450:, and their harvesting of 387:Algonquian language family 303:ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the 36: 29: 6662:First Nations in Manitoba 6522: 6461: 6424: 6376: 6324: 6288: 6217: 6171: 6153: 6028: 5999: 5943: 5925:Hannahville Indian School 5900: 5867: 5829: 5682: 5664: 5400:Child, Brenda J. (2014). 5102:. Timber Press. pp. 4919:Child, Brenda J. (2012). 3914:Kay be sen day way We Win 3583:Treaty of Butte des Morts 3340:Rice Lake Purchase (1818) 3301:The McKee Purchase (1790) 3240:Red Lake Band of Chippewa 3222:Grand Council of Treaty 8 3216:Grand Council of Treaty 3 3154:Jane Johnston Schoolcraft 3150:(fl. late 19th c.), chief 2846:Poplar River First Nation 2833:Hollow Water First Nation 2819:Berens River First Nation 2816:Southeast Tribal Council 2641:Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe 2608:Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe 2469:Lac La Croix First Nation 2434:Henvey Inlet First Nation 2429:Garden River First Nation 2419:Fort William First Nation 1163:. Through the efforts of 496:exist in the literature, 251: 233: 221: 217: ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ 203: 175: 170: 155: 150: 135: 130: 83: 78: 71: 66: 54: 39:Chippewa (disambiguation) 6667:First Nations in Ontario 6657:First Nations in Alberta 6593:Treaty of Camp Charlotte 6535:Battle of Fallen Timbers 6479:Fort Hill State Memorial 6181:Blanchard's Fork Reserve 5994:Native Americans in Ohio 5935:U.S. residential schools 5915:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School 5598:Southeast Tribal Council 5593:Mississaugi First Nation 4593:Johnston, Basil. (2007) 4294: 4185:Bon Echo Provincial Park 4057:, an Ojibwe woman, from 3706:Treaty of Detroit (1855) 3700:Treaty of Detroit (1855) 3694:Treaty of Detroit (1855) 3411:(1873) – 3337:Ajetance Purchase (1818) 3322:St. Joseph Island (1798) 3246:Union of Ontario Indians 3066:Margaret Bonga Fahlstrom 2872:Beaverhouse First Nation 2836:Black River First Nation 2766:Poplar Hill First Nation 2748:Slate Falls First Nation 2705:Mississaugi First Nation 2624:White Oak Point Band of 2576:Minnesota Chippewa Tribe 2459:Koocheching First Nation 2414:Eabametoong First Nation 2292:Aamjiwnaang First Nation 1932: 1456:several wilderness areas 1410:for a social gathering ( 1383:Some ceremonies use the 1320:, and the harvesting of 1053:, who made portraits at 512:The meaning of the name 476:List of Ojibwa ethnonyms 74:160,000 in Canada (2014) 6672:First Nations in Quebec 6546:Indian removals in Ohio 6509:SunWatch Indian Village 6499:New Indian Ridge Museum 6448:Thunderbird (mythology) 6209:Indian removals in Ohio 5583:Batchewana First Nation 5539:Wub-e-ke-niew. (1995). 5529:White, Richard (1991). 5465:. London: Robson, 1791. 4793:www.teachinghistory.org 4110:Wildfire, English name 4008:Thomas Loraine McKenney 3487:Treaty of Fort McIntosh 3468:The Mississauga Indians 3356:Saugeen Tract Agreement 3044:Jeanne L'Strange Cappel 2900:Wahnapitae First Nation 2881:Matachewan First Nation 2863:Wabauskang First Nation 2827:Brokenhead First Nation 2761:Pikangikum First Nation 2570:Magnetawan First Nation 2489:Bad River Chippewa Band 2399:Curve Lake First Nation 2340:Beausoleil First Nation 2302:Batchewana First Nation 2272:Noopiming Azhe-ininiwag 2259:Wazhashk-Onigamininiwag 2230:north of Lake Superior 2226:Zagaakwaandagowininiwag 1631:(pronounced "Ah-nee"). 1528:Anishinaabe clan system 1522:Kinship and clan system 1120:A Chippeway Widow, 1838 381:The Ojibwe language is 299:people whose homeland ( 32:Ojibwe (disambiguation) 6717:Native American tribes 6587:Siege of Fort Recovery 6186:Moravian Indian Grants 5731:Grand Medicine Society 5566:Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa 4595:Anishinaubae Thesaurus 4501:"Batchewana – History" 3794:Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay 3535:Treaty of Miami Rapids 3205: 3182:William Whipple Warren 3158:Henry Rowe Schoolcraft 2930:Whitesand First Nation 2889:Wahgoshig First Nation 2885:Mattagami First Nation 2823:Bloodvein First Nation 2812:Shawanaga First Nation 2087:Mississippi River Band 2062:Biitan-akiing-enabijig 1696: 1661: 1650: 1495: 1487: 1406:for the spiritual and 1338:(domed-lodge) or as a 1305: 1187: 1121: 1075:Council of Three Fires 1062: 980: 971:Contact with Europeans 957:Red River of the North 825:) and "Father" (i.e., 670:The popularity of the 575:and made their way to 446:, mining and trade in 394:Council of Three Fires 273: 6610:Yellow Creek massacre 5614:Public Radio Exchange 5453:Johnston, B. (1976). 5425:Densmore, F. (1979). 5221:http://naeb.brit.org/ 4835:World Digital Library 4262:Minnesota Ojibwa 1910 3671:Treaty of Fond du Lac 3657:Isle Royale Agreement 3628:Treaty of Flint River 3577:Treaty of Fond du Lac 3523:Treaty of Springwells 3493:Treaty of Fort Harmar 3234:Nishnawbe Aski Nation 3203: 3106:missionary and writer 3077:Roman Catholic priest 2796:Sagkeeng First Nation 2732:Cat Lake First Nation 2474:Lac Seul First Nation 2322:Caldwell First Nation 2284:Saulteaux communities 1872:, which may refer to 1805:Agrimonia gryposepala 1687: 1673:used for ceremonies. 1656: 1648: 1493: 1485: 1460:1854 Treaty Authority 1334:), built either as a 1296: 1235:Southeastern Michigan 1214:, Michigan, parts of 1181: 1130:French and Indian War 1119: 1048: 978: 902:46.68750°N 92.18917°W 474:Further information: 311:, extending into the 271: 171:Related ethnic groups 6637:Algonquian ethnonyms 6604:Treaty of Grouseland 6598:Treaty of Greenville 6575:Raid on Pickawillany 6563:Northwest Indian War 6514:Zane Shawnee Caverns 6443:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 6399:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 6344:Glacial Kame culture 6325:Prehistoric cultures 6289:Historic communities 6163:Algonquian languages 5791:Seven fires prophecy 5603:Wabun Tribal Council 5577:Ojibwe migratory map 5554:Ojibwe Song Pictures 5516:Vizenor, G. (1984). 5509:Vizenor, G. (1981). 5502:Vizenor, G. (1972). 5439:Gross, L.W. (2002). 4969:. Washington, D.C.: 4410:"BEACH HOUSE – MYTH" 3677:Treaty of Leech Lake 3622:Treaty of St. Peters 3541:Treaty of St. Mary's 3517:Treaty of Brownstown 3499:Treaty of Greenville 3463:The Chippewa Indians 3390:Treaties with Canada 3253:Treaties with France 2979:improve this section 2868:Wabun Tribal Council 2626:Mississippi Chippewa 2453:Riding Mountain Band 2383:Saugeen First Nation 2297:Aroland First Nation 2254:Muskrat Portage Band 2241:Waaswaaganiwininiwag 2236:Lac du Flambeau Band 2136:along headwaters of 2092:Gichi-ziibiwininiwag 1965:improve this section 1865:Uvularia grandiflora 1182:Plains Ojibwe Chief 1079:Iroquois Confederacy 1073:peoples, called the 946:La Pointe, Wisconsin 736:of life. One of the 706:Saint Lawrence River 700:According to Ojibwe 676:The Song of Hiawatha 257: 242: 212: 30:For other uses, see 6361:Monongahela culture 6311:Muskingum (village) 6173:Former reservations 6145:Western Confederacy 6010:Northwest Territory 5811:Traditional beliefs 5432:Grim, J.A. (1983). 5367:The Canadian Indian 4318:on 2 December 2012. 3683:Treaty of La Pointe 3651:Treaty of La Pointe 3643:Supplemental Treaty 3589:Treaty of Green Bay 2740:(formerly known as 2404:Cutler First Nation 2352:(formerly known as 2213:Lac Courte Oreilles 2166:Misi-zaagiwininiwag 2132:Manoominikeshiinyag 2077:Gichi-gamiwininiwag 1895:Antennaria howellii 1705:Pan-Indian Movement 1246:Battle of the Brule 1229:, representing the 1059:King Louis Philippe 907:46.68750; -92.18917 898: / 854:Wayaanag-gakaabikaa 766:(Echo-maker, i.e., 225:Ojibweg ᐅᒋᐺᒃ / ᐅᒋᐺᐠ 51: 6682:Great Lakes tribes 6647:Anishinaabe groups 6642:Algonquian peoples 6581:St. Clair's defeat 6551:Lord Dunmore's War 6453:Underwater panther 6369:(Late Prehistoric) 6367:Whittlesey culture 6340:(Late Prehistoric) 6301:Lenape settlements 6002:Prehistory of Ohio 5844:Birch bark scrolls 5816:Underwater panther 5353:(1938, repr. 1971) 5346:(1937, repr. 1969) 4951:2015-06-23 at the 3851:, an Ojibwe, from 3769:A-na-cam-e-gish-ca 3206: 3079:and activist from 3023:Francis Assikinack 2647:Mille Lacs Indians 2409:Dokis First Nation 2189:region (including 2072:Lake Superior Band 2037:Baawitigowininiwag 1926:Onoclea sensibilis 1888:Sagittaria cuneata 1834:as a quick-acting 1782:. You can help by 1697: 1662: 1651: 1571:(clans; singular: 1496: 1488: 1397:Hopewell tradition 1306: 1231:Michigan Territory 1188: 1173:Potawatomi removal 1157:Keweenaw Peninsula 1153:Sandy Lake Tragedy 1147:all the Ojibwe to 1122: 1063: 981: 655:. Many decades of 385:, a branch of the 364:Indigenous peoples 274: 181:Algonquian peoples 47: 6652:Anishinaabe lands 6619: 6618: 6352:(Middle Woodland) 6306:Lower Shawneetown 5961: 5960: 5113:978-0-88192-987-4 3773:Aanakamigishkaang 3637:Treaty of Saganaw 3633:Saganaw Treaties 3616:Treaty of Detroit 3601:Treaty of Chicago 3565:Treaty of Chicago 3547:Treaty of Saginaw 3511:Treaty of Detroit 3457:Williams Treaties 3366:Robinson Treaties 3118:(ca. 1844–1907), 3081:Gordon, Wisconsin 3027:Manitoulin Island 3015: 3014: 3007: 2280: 2279: 2151:Makandwewininiwag 2009:William W. Warren 2001: 2000: 1993: 1879:Ribes glandulosum 1800: 1799: 1728:Funeral practices 1703:, adopted by the 1635:Spiritual beliefs 1545:bifurcate merging 1472:Lake of the Woods 1223:Treaty of Detroit 1128:(also called the 992:coureurs des bois 961:Pacific Northwest 916:Saint Louis River 914:) located in the 873:Manitoulin Island 862:Detroit, Michigan 663:and the northern 579:are known as the 563:colonists called 535:pictorial writing 444:birchbark scrolls 424:, with the Cree, 266: 265: 199: 198: 184:Especially other 48:Ojibwe (Chippewa) 16:(Redirected from 6734: 6334:(Early Woodland) 6218:Historic figures 5988: 5981: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5877:Birchbark biting 5688:myth and stories 5648: 5641: 5634: 5625: 5624: 5619:Ojibwe Astronomy 5455:Ojibway heritage 5427:Chippewa customs 5394: 5362: 5344:Ojibwa Sociology 5329: 5326:Chippewa Customs 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5245: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5224: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5101: 5091: 5085: 5078: 5072: 5062: 5056: 5049: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4962: 4956: 4946:"Ojibwe Culture" 4943: 4937: 4936: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4860:. Firefly Books. 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4826: 4820: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4787:Gevinson, Alan. 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4707: 4701: 4692:Anthony, David. 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4591: 4585: 4572:Louise Erdrich, 4569: 4563: 4562: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4418:. Archived from 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4331: 4320: 4319: 4308: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4180: 4164: 4144: 4134: 4131: 4122: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4051: 4034: 4019: 4000: 3989:White Earth Band 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3929: 3910: 3894:St. Croix Ojibwe 3880: 3865: 3845: 3829: 3814:Beautifying Bird 3809: 3798:Eshkibagikoonzhe 3789: 3765: 3291:Toronto Purchase 3090:Mississippi Band 3073:Philip B. Gordon 3010: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2959: 2951: 2110:Goojijiwininiwag 2042:Sault Ste. Marie 2015: 2014: 1996: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1945: 1937: 1868:for pain in the 1859:Viola canadensis 1849:Silene latifolia 1827:Allium tricoccum 1795: 1792: 1774: 1767: 1657:Frame of Ojibwe 1630: 1622:Awanen gidoodem? 1618:Aaniin gidoodem? 1597:(Pintail Duck), 1552:parallel cousins 1464:Arrowhead Region 1278:British Columbia 1126:Seven Years' War 1032:Turtle Mountains 1019:for protection. 913: 912: 910: 909: 908: 903: 899: 896: 895: 894: 891: 869:Manidoo Minising 639:Anishinaabemowin 607:Proto-Algonquian 599:Anishinaabemowin 577:southern Ontario 573:Mississagi River 565:Sault Ste. Marie 422:Iron Confederacy 396:(along with the 383:Anishinaabemowin 376:British Columbia 244:Anishinaabemowin 201: 200: 67:Total population 59: 52: 46: 21: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6518: 6457: 6420: 6416:Wilderness Road 6372: 6363:(Late Woodland) 6320: 6296:Hell Town, Ohio 6284: 6213: 6167: 6149: 6030:Historic tribes 6024: 6006:History of Ohio 5995: 5992: 5962: 5957: 5939: 5896: 5863: 5825: 5678: 5660: 5652: 5550: 5482:Treuer, Anton. 5475:Treuer, Anton. 5446:Howse, Joseph. 5376: 5374:Further reading 5320: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5092: 5088: 5079: 5075: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5028: 5017: 5013: 5004: 5002: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4963: 4959: 4953:Wayback Machine 4944: 4940: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4880:. 23 July 2018. 4870: 4869: 4865: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4839: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4665: 4661: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4592: 4588: 4583:Wayback Machine 4570: 4566: 4559: 4545: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4507: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4471: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4431: 4427: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4381: 4377: 4359: 4352: 4343: 4341: 4333: 4332: 4323: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4270: 4263: 4260: 4251: 4248: 4239: 4236: 4227: 4224: 4215: 4212: 4203: 4200: 4191: 4181: 4172: 4165: 4156: 4153:Eastman Johnson 4145: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4108: 4099: 4096: 4087: 4084: 4075: 4072: 4063: 4052: 4043: 4035: 4026: 4020: 4011: 4001: 3992: 3981: 3972: 3969: 3960: 3957: 3948: 3945: 3936: 3930: 3921: 3918:Eastman Johnson 3911: 3902: 3881: 3872: 3866: 3857: 3846: 3837: 3830: 3821: 3810: 3801: 3790: 3781: 3766: 3757: 3752: 3477: 3413:Northwest Angle 3387: 3352:Purchase (1827) 3198: 3196:Ojibwe treaties 3193: 3148:Chief Rocky Boy 3136:Red Lake Ojibwe 3134:, 19th-century 3086:Hole in the Day 3011: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2976: 2960: 2949: 2944: 2451:(also known as 2247:Wisconsin River 2221:Bois Forte Band 2138:St. Croix River 2105:Rainy Lake Band 2022: 1997: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1962: 1946: 1935: 1905:Solidago rigida 1818:. The roots of 1796: 1790: 1787: 1780:needs expansion 1765: 1752: 1735: 1730: 1643: 1637: 1628: 1530: 1524: 1480: 1429:. Many erect a 1378:mnemonic device 1374:medicine wheels 1291: 1171:as part of the 986:Jesuit Relation 973: 936:Zhaagawaamikong 906: 904: 900: 897: 892: 889: 887: 885: 884: 782:(Tender, i.e., 712:of what is now 698: 693: 595: 593:Ojibwe language 589: 507:Anishinaabe(-g) 494:many variations 478: 472: 352:Native American 309:northern plains 307:region and the 261: 259:Anishinaabewaki 256: 246: 241: 228: 226: 216: 211: 183: 157:Ojibwe religion 106:United States ( 105: 73: 62: 49: 45: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6740: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6438:Mounds in Ohio 6435: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6394:Mounds in Ohio 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6107: 6097: 6087: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6041: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5854:Ottawa dialect 5851: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5756:Medicine wheel 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5726:Gitche Manitou 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5562: 5557: 5549: 5548:External links 5546: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5534: 5527: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5405: 5398: 5395: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5365:F. Symington, 5363: 5354: 5347: 5337: 5332:H. Hickerson, 5330: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5300: 5298:, p. 382. 5288: 5279: 5277:, p. 420. 5267: 5258: 5246: 5237: 5225: 5212: 5210:, p. 363. 5200: 5198:, p. 396. 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5159:, p. 361. 5149: 5140: 5138:, p. 104. 5128: 5119: 5112: 5086: 5084:, 1987, 5:1–40 5073: 5057: 5041: 5039:, p. 113. 5026: 5011: 4986: 4979: 4973:. p. 13. 4957: 4938: 4931: 4911: 4897: 4883: 4863: 4848: 4821: 4805: 4779: 4758: 4732: 4721:on 4 June 2021 4702: 4700:, 2007, p. 102 4685: 4667:Roy, Loriene. 4659: 4635: 4617: 4605: 4586: 4564: 4557: 4539: 4516: 4492: 4480: 4451: 4425: 4422:on 2018-06-30. 4401: 4375: 4350: 4321: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4254: 4252: 4250:Ojibwa village 4249: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4194: 4192: 4182: 4175: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4157: 4146: 4139: 4137: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4029: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3858: 3847: 3840: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3767: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3453: 3450: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3132:Medweganoonind 3129: 3123: 3113: 3107: 3097: 3083: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2963: 2961: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2814: 2809: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2735: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2573: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2347: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2268:Nopeming Band 2265: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2195:Restoule River 2183: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2059: 2057:Border-Sitters 2053: 2052: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2019: 1999: 1998: 1981:September 2017 1949: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1911:Abies balsamea 1846:subspecies of 1798: 1797: 1777: 1775: 1764: 1761: 1751: 1748: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1670:creation story 1666:oral tradition 1639:Main article: 1636: 1633: 1562:aanikoobijigan 1548:kinship system 1526:Main article: 1523: 1520: 1479: 1476: 1290: 1287: 972: 969: 835:Lake Nipissing 817:shells (i.e., 710:Atlantic coast 697: 694: 692: 689: 591:Main article: 588: 585: 553: 552: 542: 528: 471: 468: 264: 263: 253: 249: 248: 235: 231: 230: 223: 219: 218: 205: 197: 196: 173: 172: 168: 167: 153: 152: 148: 147: 133: 132: 128: 127: 81: 80: 76: 75: 69: 68: 64: 63: 60: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6739: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722:Plains tribes 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6569:Pontiac's War 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6557:Nanfan Treaty 6555: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6484:Fort Recovery 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6261:Little Turtle 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6231:Buckongahelas 6229: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806:Turtle Island 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5746:Little people 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5368: 5364: 5361:(4): 327–525. 5360: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5241: 5232: 5230: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5123: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5038: 5037:Densmore 1970 5033: 5031: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5001: 4997: 4994:Team, Forvo. 4990: 4982: 4980:0-87044-799-8 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4934: 4932:9781101560259 4928: 4924: 4923: 4915: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4887: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4852: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4768: 4762: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4603: 4602:0-87013-753-0 4599: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4558:0-87351-162-X 4554: 4550: 4543: 4526: 4520: 4506: 4505:batchewana.ca 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4470:on 2010-04-09 4469: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4371:. p. 57. 4370: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Amikwa people 4272: 4271: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4127: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4112:Edmonia Lewis 4106: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4022:Ojibwe chief 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3934:George Catlin 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3869:Hanging Cloud 3864: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505:Fort Industry 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3116:Edmonia Lewis 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102:(1802–1856), 3101: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3075:(1885–1948), 3074: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3060:George Copway 3058: 3056:woman warrior 3055: 3051: 3050:Hanging Cloud 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3032:Stephen Bonga 3030: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3006: 2998: 2995:December 2021 2988: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2964:This section 2962: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2390:Chippewa Cree 2388: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2374:, historical 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018:English Name 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2006: 1995: 1992: 1984: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1950:This section 1948: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1811:Pinus strobus 1807: 1806: 1794: 1785: 1781: 1778:This section 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1760: 1758: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1647: 1642: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452:Lake Michigan 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1427:burial mounds 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1303:George Catlin 1300: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:Chief Buffalo 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1134:Pontiac's War 1131: 1127: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099:Dakota people 1095: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1060: 1056: 1055:Fort Snelling 1052: 1051:George Catlin 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993: 988: 987: 977: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 942: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 911: 880: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 858:Niagara Falls 855: 851: 848:(present-day 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 806: 804: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 748: 743: 739: 735: 733: 728: 727: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 688: 686: 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As a large 330: 326: 322: 321:the subarctic 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 292: 287: 283: 279: 270: 260: 254: 250: 245: 239: 236: 232: 224: 220: 215: 209: 206: 202: 195: 191: 187: 182: 178: 174: 169: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 77: 70: 65: 58: 53: 50:ᐅᒋᑉᐧᐁ (ᒋᑉᐯᐧᐊ) 40: 33: 19: 6559:(1701, 1726) 6523:Other topics 6408: 6338:Fort Ancient 6316:Pickawillany 6255:Kakowatcheky 6249:Joseph Brant 6205: 6141: 6099: 6038:Chalahgawtha 6014:Ohio Country 5741:Jingle dress 5736:Jiibayaabooz 5711:Dreamcatcher 5608: 5565: 5540: 5530: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5483: 5469: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5408: 5401: 5390: 5386: 5366: 5358: 5351:Ojibwa Woman 5350: 5343: 5333: 5325: 5318:Bibliography 5303: 5291: 5282: 5270: 5261: 5240: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5152: 5143: 5131: 5122: 5097: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5060: 5052: 5019: 5014: 5003:. 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