3636:
42:
241:
211:
115:
527:
2628:
3495:
2950:
140:
399:
2722:
3021:
429:
2456:
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3647:
367:
2871:, and the remaining Liberals and Snowden resigned their ministerial posts although they continued to support the government from the backbenches for another year. MacDonald considered resigning as well to allow a party government to take office but was persuaded to remain even though his health was now in decline. In domestic politics, he increasingly allowed Baldwin to give a lead, but in foreign affairs, the main direction was determined by MacDonald and Simon.
3058:. Initially a discussion of what had gone wrong in that field, it soon turned into a general debate on the conduct of the war with fierce criticism expressed by all sides of the House. The government won the debate, albeit with a reduced majority, but over the next two days it became increasingly clear that Labour and the Liberals would have to be brought into government and that Chamberlain was unable to achieve this. On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded the
2489:
2502:
2471:
2690:, and MacDonald, at first to discuss support for the measures to be taken but later to discuss the shape of the next government. MacDonald had originally wished to tender his resignation but was told to re-consider by the King on the grounds that the majority of opposition MPs and the country at large supported the cuts proposed by the
2703:") who stood with MacDonald, plus four Conservatives (led by Baldwin and Chamberlain) and two Liberals. Labour unions were strongly opposed and the Labour Party officially repudiated the new National government. It expelled MacDonald and made Henderson the leader of the main Labour party. Henderson led it into
2989:
personal lead in foreign affairs and sought to bring about peaceful revision of
European frontiers in areas where many commentators had long-acknowledged grievances. In this, he received much popular support at the time, but the policy has been much attacked since. The most prominent point in the policy of
2847:
The government entered protracted wrangling over whether or not to introduce tariffs. Both the
Liberals and Snowden found it particularly difficult to accept but were in a heavy minority. However, both MacDonald and Baldwin wished to maintain the multiparty nature of the Government. On the suggestion
2749:
that began in 1929. The May Report in particular recommended to MacDonald that his Labour government cut unemployment benefit by 20%. The Trade Unions that represented a large proportion of the Labour party's base refused to support any cuts to benefits or wages except to "the salaries of
Ministers".
2817:
was the greatest landslide in
British political history, the National Government winning a total of 556 seats and a Parliamentary majority of 500. It was a disaster for Labour, which was reduced to a small minority of 52. MacDonald was unified with the Conservatives and Liberal National leaders on
2698:
did not. MacDonald duly changed his mind during the night and met with the
Conservative and Liberal MPs the following morning. On 24 August, MacDonald agreed and formed a National Government composed of men from all parties with the specific aim of balancing the Budget and restoring confidence. The
2839:
Although the
Conservatives had a bare majority in Cabinet of 11, compared to nine non-Conservatives, the former held comparatively few of the most important jobs. The two groups of Liberals were similarly unbalanced in terms of posts, the official Liberals holding one more seat than the National
2769:
Debate then broke out about further steps to tackle the economic problems. At the same time the Labour Party officially expelled all of its members who supported the
National Government, including MacDonald. Increasingly, the majority of the Cabinet came to believe that a protective tariff was
2988:
and preventing any one power from becoming dominant on the continent of Europe. These proved increasingly difficult to reconcile, as many
Dominions were reluctant to support Britain in the event of her going to war, and so military action risked splitting the Empire. Chamberlain took a strong
2923:
which proposed to cede most of
Abyssinia to Italy. Many were outraged, including many government MPs, and the agreement was dropped and Hoare sacked, though he later returned to government. The government sponsored a series of conferences to enable more home rule in India and other colonies.
2809:. Within the parties there was particular conflict between the Conservatives and Liberals. The 1931 general election campaign run by the National Government figures stressed their policies would aim to avoid any risk of Britain seeing such events as those of Germany two years ago including
2981:, which gave a fortnight's paid holiday a year to workers, starting in 1939. The school leaving age was also to be increased from Autumn 1939, but was deferred as war loomed. Further reforms were curtailed by the increased international tension which came to occupy most of his time.
2600:
were sometimes referred to as
National Governments at the time, but are now more commonly called Coalition Governments. The term "National Government" was chosen to dissociate itself from negative connotations of the earlier coalitions. Similarly the
2740:
did little to explain themselves, with the result that the Labour Party soon swung fully against the government. This was in part because of the Trade Unions' decision to oppose all forms of cuts proposed by MacDonald and Snowden in response to the
2972:
many expected Chamberlain to provide a strong lead in domestic affairs and here the government had a number of successes, such as over the nationalisation of coal mining royalties, the curtailing of excess working hours by the Factory Act and much
2670:
agreed in principle to make changes in taxation and to cut expenditure to balance the budget and restore confidence. However, the Cabinet could not agree on the two options available: either introduce tariffs (taxes on imports) or make 20% cuts in
2675:. In the end, MacDonald and Snowden drafted a proposal that would cut benefits by 10%. Trade unions rejected this proposal. When a final vote was taken, the Cabinet was split 11–9 with a minority, including many political heavyweights such as
2997:
was negotiated. Following the agreement, the government sped up the re-armament process in the hope of being ready for war when it came. At the same time, it took a tougher line in foreign affairs, including making a guarantee to defend
3039:. For some time there had been calls to expand Chamberlain's war ministry by bringing in members of the official Labour and Liberal parties but both parties refused to join (with the one exception of Liberal MP
2646:
and Britain was hit, although not as badly as most countries. The government was trying to achieve several different, contradictory objectives: trying to maintain Britain's economic position by maintaining the
2963:
was seen by many as the only possible successor to Baldwin, and his appointment as Prime Minister was widely credited with bringing a new dynamism to the government. With a strong track record as a radical
2770:
necessary to support British industry and provide revenue and that a general election should be fought to secure a mandate but this was anathema to the Liberal Party. The Liberals' acting leader and
2797:
It was eventually agreed that the government as a whole would seek a "Doctor's Mandate" to take a free hand and that each party would issue its own manifesto. Supporters of MacDonald formed the
3635:
2801:
and the parties agreed to allow their local organisations to agree whether or not to oppose each other. The government was opposed by the Labour Party, Lloyd George and his Liberals and the
2659:, and providing assistance and relief to tackle unemployment. The gold standard meant that British prices were higher than its competitors', so the important export industries did poorly.
2859:
died. MacDonald came under pressure not to merely appoint another Liberal, particularly as it was felt that they would be over-represented, and so instead appointed the Conservative
483:
468:
2732:
The Government was initially applauded by most, but the Labour Party were left in a state of confusion with the loss of several of their most prominent figures, and MacDonald,
1233:
2380:
1404:
1390:
2042:
548:
3028:
2570:
3062:
and Chamberlain finally bowed to pressure and resigned, bringing the life of the National Government to a close. It was succeeded by an all-party coalition headed by
1356:
2544:
2420:
1243:
694:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
2104:
669:
2667:
2060:
1642:
684:
4095:
534:
2142:
1906:
321:
673:
562:
326:
2786:, was prepared to accept the tariff and expressed willingness to take the place of the main Liberals in the government. The party's official leader,
2117:
2113:
1264:
4100:
1383:
436:
2369:
1238:
679:
80:
2778:, fought in Cabinet against an election but found the Liberal Party dividing in several directions over the course of action. One group, under
2686:
The financial crisis grew worse and decisive government action was needed as the leaders of both the Conservative and Liberal Parties met with
1604:
689:
3044:
2345:
2047:
1427:
943:
863:
279:
3475:
3258:
Spencer Mawby, "The Transformation and Decline of the British Empire: Decolonisation After the First World War" (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
2537:
2400:
2095:
2022:
1991:
948:
858:
3652:
2365:
2152:
1774:
699:
300:
3166:
2771:
2317:
1580:
628:
90:
2903:
Increasingly foreign affairs were coming to dominate political discourse and in November Baldwin led the government to victory in the
2790:
was incapacitated at this time but called for the Liberals to abandon the government altogether and stand independently in defence of
2745:, which had concluded the UK government needed to curb government expenditure to reduce the budget deficit amid the fallout from the
2292:
2277:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
449:
3035:
When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Britain declared war in tandem with France, supported by all of the Dominions except
2662:
In 1931, the situation deteriorated and there was much fear that the budget was unbalanced, which was borne out by the independent
2262:
2257:
1726:
1304:
709:
95:
3530:
2530:
2088:
1755:
1668:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
171:
25:
3950:
3945:
3875:
3870:
3525:
2927:
Baldwin's last years in office were seen as a period of drift, but in late 1936 he achieved a notable triumph in resolving the
2622:
2297:
2282:
2195:
2160:
2137:
2065:
1636:
1618:
718:
621:
473:
420:
2517:
3083:
2916:
2886:
one of the most open opponents. The bill was fiercely opposed but eventually passed in 1947 in very different circumstances.
2480:
2410:
2322:
2312:
2302:
2247:
2165:
2055:
1563:
478:
411:
3697:
3692:
3036:
2974:
2904:
2814:
2733:
2704:
2330:
2217:
2207:
2170:
2130:
2100:
2075:
2037:
1799:
1719:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
541:
274:
3910:
3905:
3900:
2984:
In foreign affairs, the government sought to increase Britain's armaments, while maintaining the unity of the Empire and
2944:
2895:
2856:
2834:
2775:
2307:
2272:
2267:
2227:
2212:
2202:
2185:
2180:
2175:
1452:
518:
240:
210:
181:
41:
3822:
3817:
3757:
3510:
2864:
2287:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2190:
1779:
509:
344:
51:
2852:
to allow the Liberals to oppose the introduction of tariffs while remaining in government. This held for some months.
3832:
3827:
3812:
3807:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3447:
3432:
3410:
3349:
3332:
3047:). For the first few months of war Britain saw comparatively little action apart from at sea, but the failure of the
2849:
2840:
Liberals, despite the parliamentary position being reversed. That balance was to cause tensions, particularly as the
2783:
2147:
1705:
1314:
1309:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
662:
571:
498:
85:
3970:
3965:
3955:
3468:
2860:
1731:
1531:
1526:
1257:
352:
232:
166:
147:
2415:
658:
640:
607:
2762:
came under renewed pressure, and the government was forced to take the radical step of taking the pound off the
2683:, threatening to resign rather than agree. The unworkable split, on 24 August 1931, made the government resign.
4090:
3712:
3707:
3535:
2779:
2687:
2558:
1951:
1664:
1632:
1496:
1294:
1274:
375:
202:
121:
108:
33:
2728:
was a dominant figure from the outset of National Government. He became Prime Minister when MacDonald retired.
3717:
2965:
2928:
2493:
1740:
1501:
248:
3925:
3702:
3565:
2798:
2700:
2475:
2335:
1919:
1818:
1748:
1735:
1711:
1542:
1537:
4020:
3672:
3575:
3484:
3461:
2969:
2385:
1945:
1804:
1611:
645:
576:
253:
114:
3335:
2900:
With MacDonald's health failing, he retired as prime minister in June 1935, to be succeeded by Baldwin.
3895:
3837:
3610:
2978:
2716:
2506:
1824:
1473:
1417:
1269:
635:
586:
2874:
The most prominent policy of the National Government in the early 1930s was the proposal to introduce
4105:
3890:
3802:
3787:
3752:
3727:
3590:
3123:
Chris Wrigley, "The Fall of the Second MacDonald Government, 1931." in T. Heppell and K. Theakston,
2802:
2627:
2355:
2350:
1809:
1792:
1769:
1689:
1678:
1422:
1378:
555:
3980:
3935:
3915:
3880:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3777:
3677:
3560:
3500:
3011:
2028:
1760:
1299:
526:
154:
126:
3206:
Stuart Ball, "The Conservative Party and the Formation of the National Government: August 1931."
4045:
4025:
3985:
3975:
3885:
3620:
3570:
2395:
1652:
1623:
1557:
1432:
458:
3440:
National Crisis and National Government. British Politics, the Economy and the Empire, 1926–1932
2915:. The following month a massive storm developed when it emerged that the new Foreign Secretary,
4040:
3920:
3737:
3015:
2602:
1957:
1336:
614:
194:
2949:
2813:
and MacDonald famously waved worthless Deutschmarks to emphasise the point. The result of the
2750:
Efforts to bring public expenditure cuts produced further problems, including a mutiny in the
4005:
3995:
3842:
3550:
2656:
2460:
2340:
1928:
1844:
1289:
3369:
16:
UK term for a government formed by an alliance of some or all of the major political parties
4010:
4000:
3990:
3742:
3732:
3667:
3555:
2879:
2841:
2672:
1684:
1674:
1410:
1215:
1210:
161:
3396:
8:
4035:
3722:
3625:
3381:
3040:
2960:
2953:
2582:
2070:
1877:
1647:
1586:
1491:
1486:
1447:
1396:
176:
63:
3054:
On 7 and 8 May 1940, a two-day debate took place in Parliament, known to history as the
2794:, but his call was heeded only by four other MPs, all of whom were his close relatives.
4030:
3687:
3662:
3615:
3585:
3520:
3149:
3048:
2787:
2755:
2737:
2593:
2566:
1901:
1837:
1784:
1627:
1351:
581:
360:
73:
3747:
3682:
3545:
3443:
3428:
3406:
3345:
3328:
3063:
3024:
2908:
2883:
2639:
2606:
1814:
1466:
1462:
1457:
312:
291:
265:
139:
4071:
4060:
3600:
3595:
3540:
2994:
2920:
2912:
2875:
2746:
2676:
2643:
2631:
2610:
2574:
2125:
2013:
2005:
1984:
1968:
1570:
1521:
1371:
1361:
331:
261:
3930:
3515:
2725:
2721:
2680:
2597:
2578:
1896:
1694:
1341:
1323:
599:
222:
68:
3020:
4055:
4050:
4015:
3960:
3860:
3605:
2868:
2825:, the support for the re-elected National Government was heavily Conservative.
2810:
2759:
2648:
2442:
1962:
1657:
1550:
1546:
390:
2821:
As few Labour MPs refused to abandon the wishes of the Trade Unionists led by
4084:
3940:
3580:
3267:
James C. Ching, "Stanley Baldwin's speech on the abdication of Edward VIII."
3059:
3055:
2806:
2763:
2652:
2589:
441:
398:
308:
3177:
Andrew Thorpe, "Arthur Henderson and the British political crisis of 1931."
3362:
3088:
2822:
2695:
1998:
1701:
1479:
406:
287:
2990:
1887:
1346:
503:
454:
382:
216:
133:
58:
3165:
Andrew Thorpe, "The British General Election of 1931" (Oxford UP, 1991)
3182:
2791:
2751:
2742:
2691:
2663:
1979:
1764:
1329:
3453:
428:
2932:
2818:
one platform (he returning 13 of his 20 National Labour candidates).
1973:
1591:
1506:
366:
3295:
The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933-1940
2573:. In a historical sense, it refers primarily to the governments of
2985:
2488:
1934:
1859:
1854:
1440:
2634:
was Prime Minister for the first four years of National Government
2613:
was generally referred to as the National Government at the time.
2470:
1940:
1282:
2666:
which triggered a confidence crisis and a run on the pound. The
3027:
succeeded Chamberlain in 1940. He served as prime minister for
2999:
2375:
1575:
2938:
2501:
1514:
2381:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
2432:
1865:
3342:
MacDonald's Party: Labour Identities and Crisis, 1922–1931
2931:
without major repercussions. Baldwin took the occasion of
2707:
on 27 October against the three-party National coalition.
2437:
3112:
Labour in Crisis: The Second Labour Government 1929-1931
2867:, which set up a series of tariff agreements within the
2863:(later Lord Halifax). Further tensions emerged over the
2694:, even if the Labour Party and the Trade Unions led by
695:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
2848:
of Hailsham, it was agreed to suspend the principle of
685:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
2844:wing of the Conservative party felt unrepresented.
3308:Britain and 1940: history, myth and popular memory
3045:Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade
674:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
1265:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
4082:
2935:'s coronation as an opportune moment to retire.
2956:had succeeded Baldwin as Prime Minister in 1937
690:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
3469:
2699:new cabinet had four Labourites (now called "
2538:
2096:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2023:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1992:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4096:Coalition governments of the United Kingdom
2939:Peacetime government of Neville Chamberlain
700:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
3476:
3462:
3425:Britain in the 1930s. The Deceptive Decade
2545:
2531:
1643:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1581:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
2911:and sanctions against Italy for invading
1019:European Parliament elections (1979–2019)
3197:(Macmillan Education UK, 1999) pp. 9-36.
3127:(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013) pp. 38-60.
3019:
2948:
2720:
2626:
2585:which held office from 1931 until 1940.
4101:Political history of the United Kingdom
3483:
3395:(1960), essays by scholars; 252 pages;
3051:led to a massive outcry in Parliament.
4083:
3357:Baldwin: The Unexpected Prime Minister
2623:Great Depression in the United Kingdom
2066:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
3457:
3327:(2nd ed., Aldershot: Macmillan 1986)
3232:Keith Middlemas and A. J. L. Barnes,
2889:
2882:wing of the Conservative party, with
2411:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2056:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
2878:, a measure fiercely opposed by the
2131:British National (Overseas) passport
2076:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2038:British Overseas Territories citizen
1532:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1428:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
3386:Britain between the Wars: 1918–1945
3154:Britain between the Wars: 1918-1945
1125:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
182:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
13:
3378:(Jonathan Cape, 1977) pp. 604-701.
3140:(Jonathan Cape, 1977) pp. 604–641.
3005:
14:
4117:
3247:British foreign policy, 1919-1939
2993:came in September 1938, when the
2907:on a platform of support for the
2850:Cabinet collective responsibility
2616:
1310:Greater London Authority Act 1999
3853:
3645:
3634:
3493:
3403:The National Government. 1931–40
3282:Neville Chamberlain: a biography
3195:The National Government, 1931–40
2500:
2487:
2469:
2454:
525:
427:
397:
365:
239:
209:
138:
113:
40:
3773:Derby–Disraeli III (Disraeli I)
3317:
3300:
3287:
3274:
3261:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3213:
3043:, who joined the government as
2945:National Government (1937–1939)
2896:National Government (1935–1937)
2835:National Government (1931–1935)
2416:United Nations Security Council
96:Other constitutional principles
3200:
3187:
3171:
3159:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3076:
2559:politics of the United Kingdom
1952:British Indian Ocean Territory
1497:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1295:English votes for English laws
1275:Council of Nations and Regions
34:Politics of the United Kingdom
1:
3576:Pitt–Newcastle (Newcastle II)
3427:, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
3084:"MacDonald forms a coalition"
3069:
2929:Edward VIII abdication crisis
2710:
2071:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1502:Scottish statutory instrument
1077:Scottish Parliament elections
563:Justices of the Supreme Court
3743:Who? Who? (Derby–Disraeli I)
3029:most of the Second World War
2828:
2799:National Labour Organisation
2758:), with the result that the
2642:of 1929 heralded the global
2588:The all-party coalitions of
2336:politics of Northern Ireland
1538:Government of Wales Act 1998
670:UK Parliament constituencies
7:
3269:Quarterly Journal of Speech
3125:How Labour Governments Fall
2970:Chancellor of the Exchequer
1946:British Antarctic Territory
1270:Legislative consent motions
412:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
10:
4122:
3284:(Ashgate, 2006) pp 261-90.
3009:
2979:Holidays with Pay Act 1938
2977:. Another success was the
2942:
2893:
2832:
2717:National Government (1931)
2714:
2620:
2386:UK–EU withdrawal agreement
4069:
4021:Cameron–Clegg (Cameron I)
3851:
3643:
3632:
3491:
3442:(Cambridge U. P., 1992).
3418:English History 1914–1945
2461:United Kingdom portal
2351:Northern Ireland Protocol
1690:Non-metropolitan District
1379:Northern Ireland Act 1998
629:Monetary Policy Committee
81:Parliamentary sovereignty
3041:Gwilym Lloyd George
3012:Chamberlain war ministry
2029:Turks and Caicos Islands
1300:Greater London Authority
450:Leader of the Opposition
155:William, Prince of Wales
24:This article is part of
3906:National Government III
3370:excerpt and text search
2571:major political parties
1775:Community council areas
1653:Non-metropolitan county
1433:Law of Northern Ireland
3911:National Government IV
3901:National Government II
3621:Fox–North (Portland I)
3531:Stanhope–Sunderland II
3249:(Manchester UP, 1998).
3181:31#1 (1988): 117-139.
3114:(Manchester UP, 1999).
3032:
3016:Churchill war ministry
2957:
2729:
2635:
2569:of some or all of the
2114:Diplomatic missions of
1958:British Virgin Islands
4091:Coalition governments
3896:National Government I
3843:Lloyd George I and II
3551:Broad Bottom I and II
3526:Stanhope–Sunderland I
3511:Godolphin–Marlborough
3355:Hyde, H. Montgomery.
3344:(Oxford U. P. 2002).
3325:1931 Political Crisis
3297:(Cambridge UP, 1975).
3271:42.2 (1956): 163-169.
3210:29#1 (1986): 159-182.
3023:
2952:
2919:, had negotiated the
2905:1935 general election
2815:1931 general election
2724:
2630:
2356:British–Irish Council
2341:Good Friday Agreement
2153:Free trade agreements
2118:in the United Kingdom
1929:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1845:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1405:deputy First Minister
1290:Governance of England
301:Deputy Prime Minister
3818:Salisbury III and IV
3718:Wellington Caretaker
3438:Williamson, Philip.
3234:Baldwin: a biography
2705:the general election
2673:unemployment benefit
2603:all-party government
1920:Overseas Territories
1685:Metropolitan Borough
1411:Emma Little-Pengelly
1352:Combined authorities
710:UK general elections
177:Counsellors of State
91:Separation of powers
3926:Churchill Caretaker
3833:Asquith I–III
3485:British governments
3420:(1965). pp. 321–88.
3391:Raymond, John, ed.
3382:Mowat, Charles Loch
3323:Bassett, Reginald.
2961:Neville Chamberlain
2954:Neville Chamberlain
2754:over pay cuts (the
2583:Neville Chamberlain
2563:National Government
2143:UK–CD Customs Union
1907:UK-CD Customs Union
1878:Bailiwick of Jersey
1665:Unitary authorities
1648:Metropolitan county
1633:Ceremonial counties
1587:Act of Senedd Cymru
1492:Scottish Parliament
1448:Scottish devolution
3946:Macmillan I and II
3828:Campbell-Bannerman
3405:(Macmillan 1999).
3310:(Routledge, 2014).
3208:Historical Journal
3179:Historical Journal
3150:Charles Loch Mowat
3049:Norwegian campaign
3033:
2966:Minister of Health
2958:
2890:Baldwin takes over
2857:Sir Donald MacLean
2788:David Lloyd George
2776:Sir Herbert Samuel
2756:Invergordon Mutiny
2738:James Henry Thomas
2730:
2636:
2594:David Lloyd George
1902:Common Travel Area
1838:Crown Dependencies
1805:Preserved counties
1785:Shires of Scotland
361:King-in-Parliament
4078:
4077:
3966:Wilson III and IV
3838:Asquith Coalition
3758:Derby–Disraeli II
3536:Walpole–Townshend
3416:Taylor, A. J. P.
3388:(1955) pp. 413–79
3374:Marquand, David.
3293:Maurice Cowling,
3064:Winston Churchill
3025:Winston Churchill
3002:against Germany.
2909:League of Nations
2884:Winston Churchill
2807:Sir Oswald Mosley
2784:Liberal Nationals
2668:Labour government
2640:Wall Street Crash
2607:Winston Churchill
2555:
2554:
2346:UK–Ireland border
2138:Visa requirements
2089:Foreign relations
2043:Visa requirements
2017:
2008:
2001:
1825:Historic counties
1712:Historic counties
1458:Scotland Act 1998
680:Political parties
577:England and Wales
510:King-on-the-Bench
442:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
77:
4113:
4106:Ramsay MacDonald
4072:Current ministry
3859:
3857:
3856:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3423:Thorpe, Andrew.
3376:Ramsay Macdonald
3311:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3280:Robert C. Self,
3278:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3221:Ramsay MacDonald
3219:David Marquand,
3217:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3156:(1955) pp 413–79
3147:
3141:
3138:Ramsay Macdonald
3136:David Marquand,
3134:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3092:. 25 August 1931
3080:
2995:Munich Agreement
2921:Hoare-Laval Pact
2917:Sir Samuel Hoare
2876:Indian Home Rule
2865:Ottawa Agreement
2747:Great Depression
2677:Arthur Henderson
2655:, balancing the
2644:Great Depression
2632:Ramsay MacDonald
2611:Second World War
2575:Ramsay MacDonald
2547:
2540:
2533:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2481:Northern Ireland
2474:
2473:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2396:The Commonwealth
2025:
2014:Tristan da Cunha
2012:
2006:Ascension Island
2004:
1996:
1994:
1985:Pitcairn Islands
1969:Falkland Islands
1931:
1868:
1720:Northern Ireland
1522:Welsh devolution
1397:Michelle O'Neill
1372:Northern Ireland
1362:Cornwall Council
1178:Senedd elections
622:Deputy governors
587:Northern Ireland
549:Deputy President
529:
431:
421:House of Commons
401:
369:
262:Starmer ministry
243:
213:
142:
117:
71:
44:
21:
20:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4065:
3956:Wilson I and II
3931:Attlee I and II
3916:Chamberlain War
3863:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3703:Wellington–Peel
3673:All the Talents
3655:
3653:UK (GB and Ire)
3646:
3644:
3639:
3630:
3566:Pitt–Devonshire
3503:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3393:The Baldwin Age
3340:Howell, David.
3320:
3315:
3314:
3306:Malcolm Smith,
3305:
3301:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3245:Paul W. Doerr,
3244:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3188:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3018:
3010:Main articles:
3008:
3006:Outbreak of war
2947:
2941:
2898:
2892:
2837:
2831:
2782:emerged as the
2726:Stanley Baldwin
2719:
2713:
2701:National Labour
2681:George Lansbury
2625:
2619:
2598:First World War
2579:Stanley Baldwin
2551:
2522:
2518:Other countries
2513:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2468:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2429:
2407:
2392:
2362:
2327:
2157:
2122:
2110:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2052:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
2011:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1939:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1897:British Islands
1893:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1847:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1810:Principal areas
1796:
1789:
1752:
1745:
1723:
1716:
1615:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1540:
1529:
1527:1997 referendum
1518:
1511:
1460:
1453:1997 referendum
1444:
1437:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1342:London Assembly
1337:Mayoral cabinet
1324:Mayor of London
1312:
1305:1998 referendum
1286:
1279:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1013:
714:
713:
705:
665:
651:
650:
632:
602:
600:Bank of England
592:
591:
568:
514:
506:
501:
491:
490:
469:59th Parliament
465:
462:
453:
440:
416:
410:
386:
371:
364:
347:
337:
336:
318:
316:
304:
295:
283:
269:
257:
228:
223:King-in-Council
219:
197:
187:
186:
158:
111:
101:
100:
69:Treaty of Union
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3864:(1922–present)
3861:UK (GB and NI)
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:1757 Caretaker
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3436:
3421:
3414:
3401:Smart, Nick.
3399:
3389:
3379:
3372:
3360:
3353:
3338:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3299:
3286:
3273:
3260:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3170:
3158:
3142:
3129:
3116:
3110:Neil Riddell,
3103:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3007:
3004:
2975:slum clearance
2968:and competent
2943:Main article:
2940:
2937:
2894:Main article:
2891:
2888:
2869:British Empire
2833:Main article:
2830:
2827:
2811:hyperinflation
2780:Sir John Simon
2772:Home Secretary
2760:pound sterling
2734:Philip Snowden
2715:Main article:
2712:
2709:
2621:Main article:
2618:
2617:Crisis of 1931
2615:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2483:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2366:European Union
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2109:
2108:
2101:Foreign policy
2098:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2009:
2002:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:Cayman Islands
1960:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1780:Civil parishes
1777:
1772:
1767:
1758:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1702:Civil parishes
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:London Borough
1692:
1687:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1658:Greater London
1655:
1650:
1640:
1630:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1605:Administration
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1558:First Minister
1554:
1551:Wales Act 2017
1547:Wales Act 2014
1535:
1524:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1474:First Minister
1470:
1455:
1450:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1391:First Minister
1387:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1226:UK referendums
1224:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:1910 (Jan–Feb)
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
719:1801 co-option
715:
707:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
666:
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
643:
638:
626:
625:
612:
611:
603:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
572:United Kingdom
567:
566:
556:The Lord Hodge
553:
552:
539:
538:
523:
522:
502:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
487:
486:
476:
471:
464:
463:
445:
444:
425:
424:
415:
414:
395:
394:
391:House of Lords
380:
379:
357:
356:
348:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
324:
306:
305:
285:
284:
275:Prime Minister
259:
258:
237:
236:
207:
206:
198:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
152:
151:
131:
130:
112:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
66:
64:Bill of Rights
61:
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4118:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Churchill III
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Churchill War
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Gladstone III
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Palmerston II
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Rockingham II
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:Great Britain
3490:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3449:
3448:0-521-36137-0
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:0-631-17411-7
3430:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:0-333-69131-8
3408:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:0-19-820304-7
3347:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:0-566-05138-9
3330:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3309:
3303:
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2048:Visa policies
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2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
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1770:Council areas
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615:Andrew Bailey
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519:Supreme Court
516:
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353:UK Parliament
350:
349:
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317:
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310:
309:Angela Rayner
303:
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233:HM Government
230:
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205:
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203:Privy Council
200:
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183:
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149:
148:Heir apparent
145:
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136:
135:
128:
124:
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119:
118:
116:
110:
105:
104:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
75:
74:Acts of Union
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
53:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3986:Thatcher III
3951:Douglas-Home
3891:MacDonald II
3808:Gladstone IV
3803:Salisbury II
3788:Gladstone II
3753:Palmerston I
3728:Melbourne II
3591:Rockingham I
3439:
3424:
3417:
3402:
3392:
3385:
3375:
3366:
3363:Jenkins, Roy
3356:
3341:
3324:
3318:Bibliography
3307:
3302:
3294:
3289:
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3276:
3268:
3263:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3193:Nick Smart,
3189:
3178:
3173:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3089:The Guardian
3087:
3078:
3053:
3034:
2983:
2959:
2926:
2902:
2899:
2873:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2823:Ernest Bevin
2820:
2796:
2768:
2766:altogether.
2731:
2696:Ernest Bevin
2685:
2661:
2637:
2587:
2562:
2556:
2293:South Africa
2278:Saudi Arabia
1999:Saint Helena
1791:
1761:Subdivisions
1747:
1732:Subdivisions
1718:
1624:Subdivisions
1610:
1556:
1513:
1480:John Swinney
1472:
1439:
1403:
1389:
1370:
1357:Metro mayors
1322:
1281:
1225:
1221:
1177:
1173:
1124:
1120:
1076:
1072:
1018:
1014:
708:
704:
627:
620:
613:
606:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
524:
517:
507:
448:
435:
426:
419:
407:Lord Speaker
405:
396:
389:
381:
374:
358:
351:
307:
299:
288:Keir Starmer
286:
273:
260:
247:
238:
231:
220:
215:
208:
201:
162:Royal family
153:
146:
137:
132:
120:
52:Constitution
18:
3981:Thatcher II
3881:MacDonald I
3793:Salisbury I
3783:Disraeli II
3778:Gladstone I
3713:Melbourne I
3678:Portland II
3656:(1801–1922)
3561:Newcastle I
3556:Short-lived
3504:(1707–1801)
3096:20 December
2991:appeasement
2263:New Zealand
2258:Netherlands
2148:Visa policy
2126:UK passport
1888:Isle of Man
1815:Communities
1765:Sheriffdoms
1583:(1999–2011)
1347:London Plan
663:referendums
504:Charles III
484:List of MPs
455:Rishi Sunak
383:Charles III
345:Legislature
322:Departments
217:Charles III
172:Prerogative
134:Charles III
122:The Monarch
86:Rule of law
59:Magna Carta
4085:Categories
4046:Johnson II
4026:Cameron II
3976:Thatcher I
3886:Baldwin II
3768:Russell II
3070:References
2861:Lord Irwin
2792:free trade
2752:Royal Navy
2743:May Report
2711:Early days
2692:May Report
2664:May Report
1980:Montserrat
1571:Government
1487:Government
1330:Sadiq Khan
1258:Devolution
949:1974 (Oct)
944:1974 (Feb)
864:1910 (Dec)
636:Currencies
474:Opposition
167:Succession
4041:Johnson I
4011:Blair III
3971:Callaghan
3876:Baldwin I
3738:Russell I
3688:Liverpool
3663:Addington
3616:Shelburne
3586:Grenville
3521:Townshend
2986:Dominions
2933:George VI
2913:Abyssinia
2855:In 1932,
2829:1931–1935
2803:New Party
2567:coalition
2298:Palestine
2283:Singapore
2196:Hong Kong
2161:Australia
2061:UK-OT JMC
1974:Gibraltar
1741:Districts
1675:Districts
1592:Welsh law
1507:Scots law
1418:Executive
659:Elections
641:Banknotes
535:President
499:Judiciary
327:Ministers
195:Executive
109:The Crown
4006:Blair II
3996:Major II
3813:Rosebery
3748:Aberdeen
3698:Goderich
3683:Perceval
3546:Carteret
3365:(1987).
3183:in JSTOR
2494:Scotland
2323:Zimbabwe
2313:Portugal
2303:Pakistan
2248:Malaysia
2166:Barbados
1935:Anguilla
1860:Alderney
1855:Guernsey
1749:Scotland
1736:Counties
1543:2006 Act
1467:2016 Act
1463:2012 Act
1441:Scotland
1423:Assembly
1384:2006 Act
1315:2007 Act
608:Governor
582:Scotland
332:Agencies
26:a series
4061:Starmer
4001:Blair I
3991:Major I
3823:Balfour
3733:Peel II
3693:Canning
3668:Pitt II
3601:Grafton
3596:Chatham
3541:Walpole
3367:Baldwin
3236:(1969).
3223:(1977).
3037:Ireland
2880:Diehard
2842:Diehard
2651:on the
2609:in the
2596:in the
2557:In the
2476:England
2370:history
2331:Ireland
2218:Germany
2208:Denmark
2171:Belgium
2105:history
1941:Bermuda
1800:History
1756:History
1727:History
1628:Regions
1619:History
1612:England
1283:England
769:1832–33
437:Speaker
249:Cabinet
4036:May II
3858:
3723:Peel I
3650:
3626:Pitt I
3516:Harley
3498:
3446:
3431:
3409:
3397:online
3359:(1973)
3348:
3336:online
3331:
3167:online
3000:Poland
2657:budget
2376:Brexit
2308:Poland
2273:Russia
2268:Norway
2228:Israel
2213:France
2203:Cyprus
2186:Canada
2181:Brunei
2176:Belize
1576:Senedd
4056:Sunak
4051:Truss
4031:May I
4016:Brown
3961:Heath
3606:North
2649:pound
2565:is a
2507:Wales
2288:Spain
2253:Malta
2243:Kenya
2238:Japan
2233:Italy
2223:India
2191:China
1793:Wales
1515:Wales
646:Coins
3941:Eden
3708:Grey
3581:Bute
3444:ISBN
3429:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3346:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3098:2014
3014:and
2736:and
2679:and
2638:The
2592:and
2581:and
2561:, a
2433:NATO
1866:Sark
1819:list
1706:list
1679:list
1669:list
1637:list
1244:2016
1239:2011
1234:1975
1216:Next
1211:2021
1206:2016
1201:2011
1196:2007
1191:2003
1186:1999
1168:Next
1163:2022
1158:2017
1153:2016
1148:2011
1143:2007
1138:2003
1133:1998
1115:Next
1110:2021
1105:2016
1100:2011
1095:2007
1090:2003
1085:1999
1067:2019
1062:2014
1057:2009
1052:2004
1047:1999
1042:1994
1037:1989
1032:1984
1027:1979
1009:2024
1004:2019
999:2017
994:2015
989:2010
984:2005
979:2001
974:1997
969:1992
964:1987
959:1983
954:1979
939:1970
934:1966
929:1964
924:1959
919:1955
914:1951
909:1950
904:1945
899:1935
894:1931
889:1929
884:1924
879:1923
874:1922
869:1918
854:1906
849:1900
844:1895
839:1892
834:1886
829:1885
824:1880
819:1874
814:1868
809:1865
804:1859
799:1857
794:1852
789:1847
784:1841
779:1837
774:1835
764:1831
759:1830
754:1826
749:1820
744:1818
739:1812
734:1807
729:1806
724:1802
661:and
376:King
280:list
254:list
127:list
3871:Law
2805:of
2605:of
2438:G20
479:MPs
4087::
3384:.
3152:,
3086:.
3066:.
2774:,
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