935:
954:
592:
974:
877:
33:
611:
916:
77:
900:
52:
649:. According to Theophrastus, the narcissus (νάρκισσος), also called leirion (λείριον), has a leafless stem, with the flower at the top. The plant blooms very late, after the setting of Arcturus about the equinox. The poet
1871:
Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on
Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin). 2009 (Vara kulturvaxt
934:
765:. Narcissus oil is used as a principal ingredient in 11% of modern quality perfumes—including 'Fatale' and 'Samsara'—as a floral concrete or absolute. The oil's fragrance resembles a combination of
816:, having spread from its introduction by early settlers. The plant has naturalised throughout the eastern half of the United States and Canada, along with some western states and provinces.
1956:
Webb, D. A. 1978. Taxonomic notes on
Narcissus L. In: V. E. Heywood (ed.), Flora europaea. Notulae systematicae ad floram Europaeam spectantes. No. 20 Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76:298-307.
876:
703:, who gave the flower its name, quite possibly did so because he believed it was the one that inspired the tale of Narcissus, handed down by poets since ancient times.
828:, producing many named hybrids. These older heritage hybrids tend to be more elegant and graceful than modern hybrid daffodils, and are becoming available in the
1307:), ed. A. Hort, vol. 2, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1916 (2:1961), p. 42-43. "ὄψιον δὲ σφόδρα· μετὰ γὰρ ᾿Αρκτοῦρον ἡ ἄνθησις καὶ περὶ ἰσημερίαν".
883:
1971:
1905:
Hanks, G. R., ed. Narcissus and daffodil: the genus
Narcissus. Medicinal and aromatic plants - industrial profiles volume 21. 2002 (Narcissus Hanks) 34.
692:
953:
2187:
1129:
796:—where it still grows in certain gardens and has become an emblem of the village. It was introduced to America by the late 18th century, when
2262:
1902:
Haines, A. & T. F. Vining Flora of Maine: a manual for identification of native and naturalized vascular plants of Maine. 1998 (F Maine)
973:
2434:
1899:
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2. 1991 (Glea Cron ed2)
1840:
447:
in pure white and a short corona of light yellow with a distinct reddish edge. It grows to 20 to 40 cm (7.9 to 15.7 in) tall.
2357:
1571:
1896:
Fernandes, A. 1968. Keys to the identification of native and naturalized taxa of the genus
Narcissus L. Daffodil Tulip Year Book 48.
2135:
2200:
2148:
1133:
2285:
1850:
1823:
1645:
1581:
1350:
1284:
1058:
2336:
2205:
862:
and irritant. The scent can be powerful enough to cause headache and vomiting if a large quantity is kept in a closed room.
2459:
2109:
899:
721:
as "Being laid on with
Loliacean meal, & honey it draws out splinters". James Sutherland also mentioned it in his
2454:
1751:
2267:
699:. This myth accounts for the custom, which has lasted into modern times, of decorating graves with these flowers.
2174:
1947:
Salmon, M. 1993. Narcissus section
Pseudonarcissus: its subspecies and their distribution (Daffodils) 1993-4:50.
915:
2290:
858:
While all narcissi are poisonous when eaten, poet's daffodil is more dangerous than others, acting as a strong
1976:
2375:
2249:
2127:
2025:
1074:
2062:
2057:
2044:
1923:
Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. 1985 (Lampe & McCann)
1881:
Craker, L. E. & J. E. Simon, eds. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, 2 vols. 1986-1987 (HerbSpices)
833:
1700:
1509:
2439:
2370:
2153:
805:
76:
2277:
1917:
Kington, S. The international daffodil register and classified list 1998. 1998 (Daffodil Reg List 98)
824:
784:
has long been cultivated in Europe. According to one legend, it was brought back to
England from the
1098:
2449:
1785:
1725:
1137:
2241:
1387:
Peavy, Charles D. (July–September 1966). "Faulkner's Use of
Folklore in The Sound and the Fury".
2362:
2326:
1884:
Czerepanov, S. K. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). 1995 (L USSR)
1535:
Robertson, Forbes W. (Winter 2001). "James
Sutherland's "Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis" (1683)".
2444:
2192:
2122:
1987:
1893:
Fernandes, A. 1951. Sur la phylogénie des espéces du genre:Narcissus L. Bol. Soc. Brot. 25:148.
887:
642:
1324:
1263:
1196:
591:
1932:
Munro, D. B. Canadian poisonous plants information system (on-line resource). (Can Poison Pl)
1911:
Huxley, A., ed. The new Royal
Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 1992 (Dict Gard)
1611:
1212:
Pugsley, Herbert William. 1915. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 53 (Suppl. 2): 36, as
837:
664:
564:
418:
190:
2303:
2218:
615:
2083:
1159:
572:
401:
to be cultivated, and is frequently identified as the narcissus of ancient times (although
1890:
Encke, F. et al. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. 1984 (Zander ed13)
8:
2321:
668:
409:
41:
1252:
2406:
2349:
1552:
1459:
1432:
1404:
1037:
544:
214:
71:
32:
2298:
2070:
1941:
Radford, A. E. et al. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. 1964 (F Carolin)
1935:
Pajaujis Anonis, D. Flower oils and floral compounds in perfumery. 1993 (Flower Oils)
1878:
Botanical Society of the British Isles BSBI taxon database (on-line resource). (BSBI)
1846:
1819:
1641:
1577:
1483:
1464:
1346:
1318:
1280:
1197:
Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)
1054:
1002:
464:
427:
403:
167:
2411:
2075:
1966:
1674:
1544:
1454:
1444:
1396:
770:
688:
610:
540:
2049:
1426:
941:
413:
have also been considered as possibilities). It is also often associated with the
1887:
Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988 (F Turk)
797:
754:
414:
157:
114:
2398:
2313:
2254:
2344:
2228:
2036:
730:
717:
524:
147:
101:
1194:
Peter Hanelt (Editor) for Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research
2428:
2213:
2114:
1011:
789:
758:
700:
512:
459:
432:
206:
127:
61:
56:
1929:
Maire, R. C. J. E. et al. Flore de l'Afrique du Nord. 1952- (F Afr Nord) 75.
832:
once again. One such cultivar is the popular 'Actaea', which has gained the
2010:
1468:
1449:
1201:
813:
809:
804:
offered it among his narcissus. It may be the "sweet white narcissus" that
801:
631:
560:
422:
2388:
788:
by Sir Geoffrey de Fynderne. It was still abundant in 1860 when historian
659:, also wrote about a narcissus whose description corresponds with that of
2236:
2161:
2019:
750:
738:
712:
536:
488:
137:
1240:
Dulac, Joseph. 1867. Flore du Département des Hautes-Pyrénées, 133, as
671:, who turned him into a Narcissus flower that historians associate with
2140:
1556:
1428:
1224:
Sell, Peter Derek. 1996. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 5: 363, as
734:
680:
528:
1944:
Rehm, S. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. 1994 (Dict Rehm)
1408:
1365:"In the classic myth, Nemesis, the deity of vengeance, complying with
926:
2166:
2096:
1953:
Walters, S. M. et al., eds. European garden flora. 1986- (Eur Gard F)
1875:
Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. Flora of Libya. 1976- (F Libya)
1662:
American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: 'For Use or for Delight'
580:
568:
1981:
1548:
1275:
Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Frederick Gustav Meyer (2002).
2383:
2004:
1400:
785:
655:
398:
2101:
1908:
Hinds, H. R. Flora of New Brunswick, ed. 2. 2000 (F New Brunswick)
1868:
Webster's third new international dictionary. 1961 (Websters Dict)
2179:
1370:
1112:
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel. 1838. Flora Telluriana 4: 20, as
964:
945:
891:
793:
766:
762:
552:
520:
516:
508:
500:
496:
492:
2088:
1274:
960:
859:
812:
in Philadelphia, only to be told that it was already common in
650:
556:
548:
532:
504:
484:
1914:
Jefferson-Brown, M. Narcissus. 1991 (Narcissus Jeff-Brown) 49.
1431:; Sabine Beckmann; Christian Eichberger (10 September 2006).
726:
684:
576:
480:
444:
88:
761:, narcissus oil, one of the most popular fragrances used in
1950:
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. Flora europaea. 1964-1980 (F Eur)
1926:
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium Hortus third. 1976 (Hortus 3)
1366:
1920:
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. Flora SSSR. 1934-1964 (F USSR)
1048:
850:, the old pheasant's eye daffodil, has also won the AGM.
626:
The earliest mention of poet's daffodil is likely in the
822:
has long been hybridised with the wild British daffodil
641:), who wrote about a spring-blooming narcissus that the
1433:"Ritual plants of Muslim graveyards in northern Israel"
829:
1180:
The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal - Vol.18 - Pag.51
1795:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107
1099:
Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 289,
1343:
Folklore and Symbolism of Flowers, Plants, and Trees
1340:
1277:
The Natural History of Pompeii: A Systematic Survey
1423:The Greek Plant World in Myth, Art, and Literature
1316:
697:The Greek Plant World in Myth, Art, and Literature
663:. In one version of the myth about the Greek hero
1838:
620:Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz
443:The flower is extremely fragrant, with a ring of
2426:
667:, he was punished by the Goddess of vengeance,
1253:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
479:is native to central and southern Europe from
1664:(University of Massachusetts Press) 1986:459.
1317:Bourne, Stephen Eugene; W. L. Foster (1903).
1049:Woodhead, Eileen; William W. Custead (1998).
1425:, London: The Herbert Press; 1993. Cited in
1053:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 171.
1000:
679:has also been recognised as the flower that
1845:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 573.
1816:Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus
1484:"Daffodils – the Flower that Means Spring!"
1395:(313). American Folklore Society: 437–447.
1279:. Cambridge University Press. p. 131.
1190:
1188:
1186:
1938:Pignatti, S. Flora d'Italia. 1982 (F Ital)
1640:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 68.
1516:. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
1162:ipni.org (International Plant Names Index)
50:
31:
1698:
1680:. United States Department of Agriculture
1534:
1458:
1448:
1437:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
1183:
630:(VI.6.9), the main botanical writing of
609:
590:
1415:
1373:, turns him into the narcissus flower (
1134:Germplasm Resources Information Network
683:and her companions were gathering when
2427:
1635:
1543:(2). The Garden History Society: 144.
1341:Lehner, Ernst; Johanna Lehner (1990).
1334:
1160:"Amaryllidaceae Narcissus poeticus L."
1986:
1985:
1813:
1569:
1563:
1386:
1369:'s order to punish Narcissus for his
983:flower in Burlington, Ontario, Canada
749:Poet's daffodil is cultivated in the
586:
2278:09f41040-fe41-4776-9fc5-cbe0912ae9d9
1507:
2435:IUCN Red List least concern species
1122:
1012:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
994:
886:" – natural lowland habitat in the
13:
1839:Grieve, Maud; C. F. Leyel (1971).
940:In flower in the Daffodil Meadow,
14:
2471:
1960:
1699:Kingsbury, Noel (20 March 2008).
1481:
744:
711:In medicine, it was described by
1862:
1389:The Journal of American Folklore
1329:the book of the daffodil bourne.
972:
952:
933:
914:
898:
875:
865:
343:Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
75:
2376:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:66165-1
1832:
1807:
1778:
1744:
1718:
1692:
1667:
1654:
1629:
1604:
1590:
1528:
1501:
1475:
1380:
1359:
1310:
1293:
1268:
1257:
1246:
1234:
1218:
1206:
471:
1264:Biota of North America Program
1174:
1152:
1130:"Taxon: Narcissus poeticus L."
1106:
1092:
1067:
1042:
1031:
776:
438:
1:
1766:. Royal Horticultural Society
1421:Taken from Baumann, Hellmut,
988:
635:
596:
431:and is widely naturalised in
1345:. Omnigraphics. p. 73.
723:Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis
7:
2460:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1636:Taylor, Raymond L. (1996).
1510:"The Sibbald Physic Garden"
1508:Eastwood, Dr M A Eastwood.
853:
834:Royal Horticultural Society
450:
10:
2476:
1242:Stephanophorum purpuraceum
356:Stephanophorum purpuraceum
1994:
1818:. CRC Press. p. 27.
1814:Hanks, Gordon R. (2002).
1786:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1600:. Morgan and Scott. 1871.
1576:. Springer. p. 225.
825:Narcissus pseudonarcissus
324:Narcissus purpureocinctus
220:
213:
196:
189:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
2455:Plants described in 1753
1573:The New Perfume Handbook
1320:The Book of the Daffodil
1051:Early Canadian Gardening
1675:"Narcissus poeticus L."
1638:Plants of Colonial Days
1114:Autogenes angustifolius
792:visited the village of
706:
614:Botanical drawing from
511:. It is naturalised in
458:was first described by
397:, was one of the first
264:Narcissus angustifolius
224:Autogenes angustifolius
1616:Findern Parish Council
1450:10.1186/1746-4269-2-38
1079:Flora of North America
888:Transcarpathian region
729:, it is used to treat
687:abducted her into the
643:Loeb Classical Library
623:
607:
256:Hermione purpurocincta
1701:"Narcissus: Old gold"
1570:Groom, Nigel (1997).
1001:Chadburn, H. (2014).
905:Field of naturalised
838:Award of Garden Merit
613:
594:
565:eastern United States
468:on page 289 in 1753.
248:Helena purpureorincta
1612:"Welcome to Findern"
1214:Narcissus hellenicus
1075:"Narcissus poeticus"
959:Near Admonter Haus,
645:editors identify as
348:Narcissus tripodalis
340:Narcissus tripedalis
316:Narcissus patellaris
272:Narcissus hellenicus
1977:Tela Botanica 43634
1967:USDA Plants Profile
1678:USDA Plants Profile
1514:History of Medicine
1323:. J. Lane. p.
1305:Enquiry into plants
1140:on 23 December 2015
1019:: e.T193504A2239955
884:Valley of Narcissus
595:Botanical drawing,
410:Narcissus jonquilla
240:Helena croceorincta
42:Conservation status
2327:Narcissus poeticus
2314:Narcissus_poeticus
2026:Narcissus poeticus
1996:Narcissus poeticus
1754:Narcissus poeticus
1377:)" Peavy, p. 438.
1375:narcissus poeticus
1301:Historia plantarum
1226:Narcissus poeticus
1118:Autogenes poeticus
1101:Narcissus poeticus
1005:Narcissus poeticus
981:Narcissus poeticus
820:Narcissus poeticus
782:Narcissus poeticus
677:Narcissus poeticus
673:Narcissus poeticus
661:Narcissus poeticus
647:Narcissus poeticus
628:Historia Plantarum
624:
616:Otto Wilhelm Thomé
608:
587:Legend and history
563:, and much of the
477:Narcissus poeticus
456:Narcissus poeticus
370:Narcissus poeticus
332:Narcissus recurvus
300:Narcissus obliquus
232:Autogenes poeticus
200:Narcissus poeticus
25:Narcissus poeticus
2440:Narcissus (plant)
2422:
2421:
2299:Open Tree of Life
1988:Taxon identifiers
1852:978-0-486-22799-3
1825:978-0-415-27344-2
1647:978-0-486-29404-9
1583:978-0-7514-0403-6
1352:978-1-55888-886-9
1286:978-0-521-80054-9
1136:). Archived from
1060:978-0-7735-1731-8
465:Species Plantarum
404:Narcissus tazetta
366:
365:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
308:Narcissus ornatus
304:
296:
288:Narcissus majalis
284:
280:Narcissus majalis
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65:
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2255:NBNSYS0000033407
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976:
956:
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918:
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640:
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601:
598:
545:Washington state
541:British Columbia
379:poet's narcissus
358:
351:Salisb. ex Herb.
350:
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326:
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182:N. poeticus
80:
79:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
16:Species of plant
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2450:Flora of Europe
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2226:MichiganFlora:
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2018:
2009:
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1990:
1963:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1842:A Modern Herbal
1837:
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1705:telegraph.co.uk
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1549:10.2307/1587367
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779:
755:southern France
747:
709:
693:Hellmut Baumann
691:, according to
675:. The fragrant
653:, in his fifth
638:
599:
589:
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453:
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375:poet's daffodil
209:
204:
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158:Amaryllidoideae
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1537:Garden History
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1427:Dafni, Amots;
1414:
1401:10.2307/537508
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745:Use in perfume
743:
731:conjunctivitus
718:Materia Medica
708:
705:
639: 287 BCE
588:
585:
525:Czech Republic
473:
470:
452:
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391:findern flower
387:pheasant's eye
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1972:Photo gallery
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759:essential oil
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513:Great Britain
510:
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469:
467:
466:
461:
460:Carl Linnaeus
457:
448:
446:
436:
434:
433:North America
430:
429:
425:of the genus
424:
420:
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412:
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396:
395:pinkster lily
392:
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191:Binomial name
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102:Tracheophytes
100:
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69:
63:
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57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1995:
1841:
1834:
1815:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1792:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1763:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1727:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1677:
1669:
1661:
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1637:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1572:
1565:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1482:Allen, Ray.
1477:
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1220:
1213:
1208:
1202:Google Books
1195:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:the original
1124:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1050:
1044:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1016:
1010:
1004:
996:
980:
922:
906:
869:
857:
847:
843:
842:
823:
819:
818:
814:Pennsylvania
810:John Bartram
802:Philadelphia
781:
780:
748:
722:
716:
710:
696:
676:
672:
660:
654:
646:
632:Theophrastus
627:
625:
619:
603:
561:Newfoundland
476:
475:
472:Distribution
463:
462:in his book
455:
454:
442:
426:
423:type species
421:. It is the
415:Greek legend
408:
402:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
368:
367:
355:
347:
339:
331:
327:(Haw.) Spach
323:
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291:
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
231:
223:
199:
197:
181:
180:
168:
121:
108:
95:
24:
18:
2237:NatureServe
2162:iNaturalist
2020:Wikispecies
1799:18 February
1793:www.rhs.org
1770:24 February
1764:www.rhs.org
1736:18 February
1710:26 December
1621:26 December
1520:26 December
1493:26 December
1166:15 December
1144:15 December
1084:25 December
923:N. poeticus
909:in Slovenia
907:N. poeticus
844:N. poeticus
777:Cultivation
751:Netherlands
739:amenorrhoea
713:Dioscorides
604:N. poeticus
600: 1659
537:New Zealand
489:Switzerland
439:Description
154:Subfamily:
138:Asparagales
115:Angiosperms
2429:Categories
2350:kew-282063
2345:Plant List
1443:(38): 38.
1429:Efraim Lev
989:References
735:urethritis
689:Underworld
681:Persephone
606:in center)
529:Azerbaijan
2128:220008994
1730:'Actaea'"
1728:Narcissus
1684:9 January
1488:Floridata
967:(~1750 m)
665:Narcissus
581:Wisconsin
575:north to
569:Louisiana
428:Narcissus
419:Narcissus
399:daffodils
235:(L.) Raf.
176:Species:
169:Narcissus
85:Kingdom:
2396:VASCAN:
2384:Tropicos
2311:PalDat:
2242:2.145937
2193:10455936
2005:Wikidata
1758:recurvus
1469:16961931
1023:13 March
854:Toxicity
848:recurvus
786:crusades
771:hyacinth
763:perfumes
757:for its
701:Linnaeus
487:through
451:Taxonomy
215:Synonyms
144:Family:
128:Monocots
62:IUCN 3.1
2389:1200053
2180:66165-1
2141:2858581
1557:1587367
1460:1584233
1371:egotism
1230:majalis
1228:subsp.
965:Austria
946:Romania
927:Ardèche
925:in the
892:Ukraine
794:Findern
767:jasmine
715:in his
669:Nemesis
656:Eclogue
634:(371 –
573:Georgia
567:, from
553:Ontario
521:Germany
517:Belgium
509:Ukraine
501:Albania
497:Croatia
493:Austria
319:Salisb.
275:Pugsley
164:Genus:
134:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
2358:PLANTS
2304:625033
2275:NZOR:
2219:193504
2206:503929
2115:185706
2089:245843
2063:501832
2050:162807
2011:Q27983
1849:
1822:
1644:
1580:
1555:
1467:
1457:
1409:537508
1407:
1349:
1283:
1057:
961:Styria
860:emetic
651:Virgil
622:(1885)
557:Quebec
549:Oregon
533:Turkey
523:, the
505:Greece
485:France
445:tepals
383:nargis
373:, the
303:Tausch
292:plenus
283:Curtis
2334:PFI:
2286:NZPCN
2268:54855
2188:IRMNG
2167:61334
2154:25042
2110:EUNIS
2102:NARPO
2076:6RSNC
2034:APA:
1872:namn)
1789:(PDF)
1756:var.
1732:. RHS
1553:JSTOR
1405:JSTOR
921:Wild
846:var.
808:sent
727:Korea
725:. In
685:Hades
577:Maine
481:Spain
359:Dulac
290:var.
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
2399:2513
2371:POWO
2363:NAPO
2337:7001
2322:PfaF
2291:3154
2263:NCBI
2214:IUCN
2201:ITIS
2175:IPNI
2149:GRIN
2136:GBIF
2097:EPPO
2058:BOLD
2045:APNI
2037:5267
1847:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1801:2019
1772:2020
1738:2020
1712:2008
1686:2013
1642:ISBN
1623:2008
1578:ISBN
1522:2008
1495:2008
1465:PMID
1367:Hera
1347:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1168:2015
1146:2015
1116:and
1086:2008
1055:ISBN
1025:2023
1017:2014
769:and
753:and
737:and
707:Uses
579:and
571:and
507:and
407:and
335:Haw.
311:Haw.
295:Haw.
251:Haw.
243:Haw.
227:Raf.
2407:WFO
2250:NBN
2123:FNA
2084:EoL
2071:CoL
1545:doi
1455:PMC
1445:doi
1397:doi
840:.
836:'s
800:of
695:in
618:'s
495:to
417:of
393:or
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1391:.
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830:UK
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602:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
