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472:). In multiple parts of the project, Napoleon III emphasized his role as continuator of the great French monarchs of the past, and as the one who completed their unfinished work. On both sides of the Pavillon Sully, black marble plaques bear gilded inscriptions that read, respectively: "1541. François Ier commence le Louvre. 1564. Catherine de Médicis commence les Tuileries," and "1852-1857. Napoléon III réunit les Tuileries au Louvre." Separately, Napoleon III created a
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2677:, defended the option of repairing the ruins, but shortly after both died the French parliament decided to tear them down in 1882, largely for political motives associated with the termination of the monarchy. After the remains of the Tuileries were razed in 1883, the layout that had been created by Napoleon III and Lefuel was fundamentally altered.
268:
537:, itself influenced by Lemercier's. The same inspiration shaped the pavilions named after Richelieu and Denon on the Cour Napoléon's northern and southern sides. Lefuel transformed Visconti's understated original design and added a profusion of elaborate sculptural detail. Despite being criticized by a number of observers, e.g. by
214:, were swept clear. The project was swiftly executed, under the close attention of Napoleon III who visited the works on multiple occasions. The new buildings were substantially completed at the time of their inauguration by the emperor on 14 August 1857. The next day, which was the National Day as the date of "
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was in serious disrepair. Following the successful completion of the Louvre expansion, Napoleon III endorsed Lefuel's plan to entirely demolish and rebuild both the
Pavillon and the wing that connects it to the Nouveau Louvre's South Wing. The project involved the creation of a new ceremonial
366:
The
Nouveau Louvre mostly consists of two sets of buildings or wings, on the northern and southern sides of the central space that is now called the Cour Napoléon. The new buildings were structured around a sequence of pavilions that were given names of French statesmen from the
236:, worked on the Louvre as a junior architect between April 1854 and September 1855, as also did Italian architect Marco Treves from May 1854 to September 1857. Following Hunt's graduation, Lefuel made him inspector of the Louvre work and allowed him to design the façade of the
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also featuring a monumental staircase. (From 1989, the names of the three central pavilions have also been given to the entire respective wings of the Louvre museum complex. Thus, the Louvre's North Wing is now known as
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was another opportunity for Lefuel to foster a rich structural program, which was executed in 1861 after the
Nouveau Louvre's inauguration. Outside in the Cour Lefuel, four bronze groups of wild animals by
936:. This was ostensibly intended to emphasize his claim to legitimacy as the inheritor of France's two (royal and imperial) strands of monarchical development. This program, however, was not realized.
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On the eastern side of the Cour Napoléon, the project entailed no new building but rather the exterior refacing of the pre-existing palace whose interior rooms were left unchanged. For the central
202:, was appointed to replace him. Lefuel modified Visconti's project, keeping its broad architectural outlines but opting for a considerably more exuberant decoration program that came to define the
2696:. While most of the interior spaces were gutted and rebuilt, the more artistically and historically significant ones were preserved and renovated. These included three monumental staircases, the
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943:) from French history and culture, selected by Napoleon III himself, each one labelled with their name. These include, following the order of the wings from northwest to southwest:
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Nevertheless, sculptural profusion was one of the defining features of Lefuel's approach. Arguably the most salient component is the series of 86 statues of celebrated figures (
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Inside the North Wing were prestige apartments for some of the regime's principal figures, including those of the
Minister of State (long mistakenly attributed to the
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in the eyes of many observers. Old houses and other buildings that still encroached on the central space of the Louvre-Tuileries complex, between the
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architecture, subsequently adopted in numerous buildings in France as well as elsewhere in Europe and in the world. Prominent examples include the
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Below these prestige spaces was an extensive complex of stables for up to 149 horses and 34 carriages. At the center of it is the brick-and-stone
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2654:. The project was completed in 1869 as an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by Barye was placed above the arches of the Grands Guichets.
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2302:. At the top of the ramps above the entrance to the manège, a monumental group, also by Rouillard, features three surging horses that echo
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under the
Restoration), personal property of the emperor but open to the public, on the upper floor between the Pavillon Richelieu and the
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Plan of the unfinished Louvre by
Charles Vasserot, showing the jumble of buildings on the location of the present-day Cour Napoléon (1830)
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The project was initially intended for mixed ceremonial, museum, housing, military and administrative use, including the offices of the
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661:. These included, on the upper ground floor, a new entrance lobby flanked by two long stone-clad galleries, respectively named after
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further east. Between the
Pavillon de Flore and the Pavillon des Sessions, Lefuel created a monumental passageway (then called the
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in the middle, whose lavish interior decoration was completed in 1866. On the same floor, between the
Pavillon Denon and the
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on 2 December 1851, even before he would formally rebrand himself as
Emperor Napoleon III. On Napoleon III's order, Minister
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was renamed after Lefuel following the architect's death in 1880.) The stables were nominally supervised by Great
Equerry (
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to similarly emphasize the continuity of his rule with the long legacy of French monarchy and thus bolster his legitimacy.
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commissioned Visconti to design the new Louvre's plans on 30 January 1852, and the first stone was laid on 25 July 1852.
3169:"Les prémices du Ministère: Tentatives éphémères d'une administration des Beaux Arts autonome à partir du Second Empire"
2905:
Galignani's New Paris Guide, for 1870: Revised and Verified by Personal Inspection, and Arranged on an Entirely New Plan
58:
2627:. At the eastern end of the new project, Lefuel created three monumental archways for the thoroughfare connecting the
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was correspondingly cut short by about a third. The Southern façade was completely changed, as Lefuel disliked
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371:(North Wing) and the Napoleonic era (South Wing), still used to this day: from the northwest to the southwest,
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Pavillon Denon: "Napoleon III surrounded by Agriculture, Industry, Commerce and the Fine Arts", by Simart.
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Celebratory tapestry cartoon showing the expanded Louvre between a cherub holding a ribbon inscribed with
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was compelled to leave the Louvre's North Wing, in which it had been headquartered since 1871, to
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2323:. Inside, the idiosyncratic hunting-themed capitals feature heads of horses and other animals, by
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3240:"Visite interdite du Louvre #4 : la magnifique rampe en fer à cheval de la cour des Écuries"
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Lefuel created two octagonal gardens at the center of the Cour Napoléon (now replaced by the
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Histoire du Louvre: Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée, des origines à nos jours, 1200–1928
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69:. It represented the completion of a centuries-long project, sometimes referred to as the
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529:'s new western façade, Visconti took inspiration from both its eastern side designed by
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came to its abrupt end. On 6 September 1870, days after the Emperor's capture at the
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1991:
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549:, Lefuel's treatment of the square-dome-roofed pavilions became a seminal model for
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3193:
Le Palais du Louvre: Comment l'ont terminé Louis XIV, Napoléon Ier et Napoléon III
3149:
Guy Vidal (January–February 1990). "Le Ministère des Finances de Rivoli à Bercy".
2745:. Meanwhile, the Cour Napoléon was radically transformed with the erection of the
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Engraving dedicated "to His Majesty the Emperor" showcasing Visconti's design, by
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2965:"Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea"
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1973:
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produced a draft design for completing the entire palace and presented it to the
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1982:
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Pavillon Richelieu: "France distributing crowns to its worthiest children", by
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at the center of the Cour Napoléon's two octagonal gardens, and another one of
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Visconti presents the plans for the Nouveau Louvre to Emperor Napoleon III and
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62:
26:
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One of many earlier unrealized proposals for the completion of the Louvre, by
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of the Nouveau Louvre, the pediments of the three main pavilions stand out:
342:(lower left) and two angels holding the Emperor's profile (upper right), by
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to the north, with two additional lionesses by Cain in front of the nearby
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was burned down, as was the Bibliothèque du Louvre. Lefuel, together with
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in 1861 just before demolition (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right)
1392:
1238:
1185:
1104:
155:, the provisional government adopted a decree on the continuation of the
3362:"Les esquisses de la décoration du Louvre au Département des sculptures"
2665:, Barye's equestrian statue was topped and destroyed. At the end of the
2988:
2964:
2613:) between 1864 and 1869, adorned with two pairs of monumental lions by
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created in early 1870; the Directorate of Telegraphs; barracks for the
2581:, with covered space for 16 carriages and 32 horse teams known as the
972:
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921:
651:
The South Wing was largely devoted to a series of new spaces for the
2599:
and replacing it with a replica of the earlier design attributed to
179:
in 1849. These plans were not implemented, however, until President
3129:"Le ministère du faste : la Maison de l'Empereur Napoléon III"
3081:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association
2980:
1200:
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in the North Wing's eastern half were abandoned in the late 1850s.
515:
The Louvre expansion shortly after its completion, photographed by
164:
65:
and, after Visconti's death in late 1853, modified and executed by
2730:
Museum in the same wing and opened in 1994, has been designed by
3258:"Nouveau Louvre Aile Mollien : Appartement du Grand Ecuyer"
2200:(in which the figure of France has been viewed as a likeness of
163:'s north wing, building on the steps taken to that effect under
3237:
2727:
652:
354:
127:
16:
Iconic Paris transformation project of the Second French Empire
920:
Initially, Visconti's plan was to erect equestrian statues of
142:
Imperial eagle and Napoleonic ornamentation on the ceiling of
85:
to the west. Following the Tuileries' arson at the end of the
2587:. As this structure took the full width of the building, the
2490:
photography c.1857 (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right)
1154:
2540:
in the southwestern wing was used from 1900 to display the
194:
After Visconti died of a heart attack on 29 December 1853,
45:
in the 1850s, known at the time and until the 1980s as the
3385:"Les terres cuites d'Olivier Gagnère valorisent Vallauris"
2774:
Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada
3046:"Histoire mouvementée d'un fonds d'archives exceptionnel"
2207:
Pavillon Sully: "Napoleon I above History and Arts", by
19:"Cour Napoléon" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3344:
3205:
566:), served by a monumental staircase later known as the
286:
Design of the Louvre expansion by Louis Visconti (1853)
3157:(253). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France: 71–77.
2917:
2782:
was highly influential and became the exemplar of the
3225:
Louvre & Tuileries : Architectures de Papier
3222:
3065:
225:", the public was invited to roam the new buildings.
2847:
2398:
Rouillard's three horses above the Manège's entrance
3111:
3024:
183:was in a position to prioritize them following his
126:. Since 1993, all its spaces have been used by the
3279:. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux. p. 48.
533:in the 1620s and from the central pavilion of the
3238:Frédéric Lewino; Anne-Sophie Jahn (16 May 2015).
2657:That setting, however, did not last long, as the
2278:stand at the start of the two horse ramps :
751:and lodgings for the palace's service personnel.
34:, refaced in the 1850s at the eastern end of the
3837:
3382:
3359:
3349:, New York: The Vendome Press, pp. 144, 154
3114:Les appartements Napoléon III du musée du Louvre
2959:
2556:Napoleon III's Louvre expansion surrounding the
3289:
640:), with sculpted decoration by Lefuel's friend
3292:"Quand Napoléon III bâtissait le Grand Louvre"
3277:Au Louvre : La Cour Napoléon transfigurée
3126:
2714:; the former ministerial office, rebranded as
2694:specially-built headquarters in the Bercy area
1300:François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois
3443:
3414:
3311:
3195:. Paris: Editions Albert Morancé. p. 30.
2222:The latter group includes the depiction of a
871:Cour Lefuel with ramps to the salle du Manège
449:, its eastern square of buildings around the
407:(the project's new name for the pre-existing
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2975:(2). University of Chicago Press: 125–134.
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628:. The latter was acceded by the monumental
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3316:. Vol. II. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
2907:. Paris: A. and W. Galignani and Co. 1870.
2872:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2410:One of the capitals of the Salle du Manège
159:toward the east and the completion of the
43:expansion of the Louvre under Napoleon III
3314:Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris
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122:which after 1871 were attributed to the
25:
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3034:. Paris: Editions des Musées Nationaux.
707:, Lefuel created a large Estates Hall (
89:in 1871 and demolition a decade later,
61:. Its design was initially produced by
3838:
3116:. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.
2950:
1078:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
634:(known since the late 19th century as
581:ministère de l'Algérie et des Colonies
304:in 1853 at the Tuileries, painting by
232:, who had studied under Lefuel at the
133:
3402:
3383:Dominique Poiret (28 November 2012).
3212:. Paris: L'Illustration. p. 102.
3179:
3139:
3133:Parlement, Revue d'histoire politique
1584:Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume
73:("grand design"), to connect the old
3347:The Louvre: An Architectural History
3102:
2519:Barye's lions and Cain's lionesses,
1308:Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon
1254:Maximilien de BĂ©thune, Duke of Sully
1088:, by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire;
587:ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur
189:François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca
119:ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur
3216:
2690:Ministry of the Economy and Finance
895:Pavillon de la Bibliothèque on the
713:) for state events and ceremonies.
57:and a centerpiece of its ambitious
13:
1734:, by Honoré-Jean-Aristide Husson;
97:became the eastern end of Paris's
14:
3862:
3805:Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume
3028:Le Nouveau Louvre de Napoléon III
2374:Rouillard's "dog fighting a wolf"
726:(west) and Visconti (east). (The
572:; administrative offices for the
3661:Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine
3345:Geneviève Bresc-Bautier (1995),
3206:Louis Hautecoeur, Louis (1928).
2798:, and in the United States, the
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293:
279:
267:
251:
3545:Napoleon III's Louvre expansion
3376:
3353:
3338:
3320:
3268:
3250:
3231:
3199:
3161:
3120:
3075:The Harvard Graduates' Magazine
2922:. Paris: Hachette. p. 305.
2918:Denise Bernard-Folliot (1984).
2684:project initiated by President
1666:César-François Cassini de Thury
912:Plan of the Louvre with the 86
883:Interior of the salle du Manège
677:Nicolas François, Count Mollien
198:, by then the architect of the
53:, was an iconic project of the
3681:Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume
3671:Louis-Tullius-Joachim Visconti
3646:Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert
3606:Jacques Androuet II Du Cerceau
3223:Jean-Claude Daufresne (1987).
3095:Le Louvre et le Nouveau Louvre
3085:
3059:
3038:
2911:
2841:
2617:to the south and lionesses by
2593:Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau
1738:, by Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay;
1269:SĂ©bastien Le Prestre de Vauban
1115:, by Charles-François Lebœuf;
823:Appartements Napoléon III
811:Appartements Napoléon III
644:. Initial plans to locate the
621:bibliothèque du Cabinet du Roi
361:
1:
3296:Revue du Souvenir Napoléonien
2969:The Journal of Modern History
2848:Théodore de Banville (1857).
2804:State, War, and Navy Building
2741:in a reinterpretation of the
1385:Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau
1016:Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire
228:The young American architect
3500:Petite Galerie of the Louvre
3112:Anne Dion-Tenenbaum (1993).
3025:Christiane Aulanier (1953).
2788:Crédit Lyonnais headquarters
2752:
2386:Rouillard's "wolf and puppy"
2299:Chien combattant un sanglier
2238:Pediment, Pavillon Richelieu
997:François de La Rochefoucauld
655:Museum that were dubbed the
596:in 1860), and (briefly) the
459:, and the South Wing is the
7:
3328:"Le Louvre et Napoléon III"
3227:. Brussels: Pierre Mardaga.
2940:"Le Louvre de Napoléon III"
2817:
2810:(built 1871-1888), and the
2642:to the north, known as the
1713:Honoré-Jean-Aristide Husson
1699:, by François Rude (copy);
1502:South Wing, northern side:
1021:North Wing, southern side:
903:
631:escalier de la Bibliothèque
339:"LE LOUVRE DE NAPOLEON III"
239:Pavillon de la Bibliothèque
10:
3867:
3851:Second Empire architecture
2850:Paris et le Nouveau Louvre
2767:
1764:South Wing, western side:
1681:Henri François d'Aguesseau
1117:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
947:North Wing, western side:
551:Second Empire architecture
306:Jean-Baptiste-Ange Tissier
18:
3813:
3792:
3783:
3753:
3727:
3718:
3666:FĂ©lix Louis Jacques Duban
3578:
3477:
3468:
3434:
3360:Michèle Beaulieu (1946).
2726:, located outside of the
2720:appartements Napoléon III
2651:grands guichets du Louvre
1144:Joseph-Stanislas Lescorné
981:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
965:François Eudes de Mézeray
563:appartements Napoléon III
553:in France and elsewhere.
153:French Revolution of 1848
3636:Jacques-Germain Soufflot
3429:The Louvre and Tuileries
3290:Georges Poisson (1994),
2834:
2792:Saigon Governor's Palace
2293:Chien combattant un loup
2262:Pediment, Pavillon Denon
2250:Pediment, Pavillon Sully
1459:Antoine-Augustin Préault
1428:Théodore-Charles Gruyère
1294:. * Eastern side of the
646:Minister of the Interior
599:ministère des Beaux-Arts
21:Napoleon Square (Warsaw)
3691:Victor-Auguste Blavette
3570:Louvre Inverted Pyramid
3173:Ministère de la Culture
3151:La Revue administrative
3127:Xavier Mauduit (2008).
2802:(built 1862-1865), the
2800:Old City Hall in Boston
2333:Henri Alfred Jacquemart
2198:Francisque Joseph Duret
2190:architectural sculpture
1705:Jacques-LĂ©onard Maillet
1685:Louis-Denis Caillouette
1504:Jean Cousin the Younger
1405:Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay
1377:Jean Baptiste Massillon
1281:Jacques-LĂ©onard Maillet
1216:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
1170:Jacques Auguste de Thou
1109:Charles-François Lebœuf
200:Palace of Fontainebleau
59:transformation of Paris
2812:Philadelphia City Hall
2765:
2762:Old City Hall (Boston)
2710:
2704:
2698:
2680:In the context of the
2650:
2644:
2631:to the south with the
2623:
2605:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2561:
2549:
2542:Marie de' Medici cycle
2536:
2521:
2482:
2329:Pierre Louis Rouillard
2314:HĂ´tel de Rohan (Paris)
2308:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2276:Pierre Louis Rouillard
2269:
1740:Philippe de Champaigne
1689:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
1592:Antoine Laurent Dantan
1174:Auguste-Louis Deligand
1094:Jean-Baptiste Farochon
993:Jean-Marie Bonnassieux
917:
859:Pavillon Denon ceiling
732:
718:
709:
699:
693:
687:
681:
671:
658:Nouveau Musée Impérial
657:
636:
630:
620:
615:bibliothèque impériale
614:
609:Bibliothèque du Louvre
608:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
461:
455:
445:
435:
426:
413:
400:
391:
382:
373:
338:
238:
185:successful coup d'Ă©tat
148:
144:
118:
112:
51:Louvre de Napoléon III
38:
3745:Théâtre des Tuileries
3520:Pavillon de l'Horloge
3098:, Paris: Calmann-LĂ©vy
3071:"Richard Morris Hunt"
3067:William Roscoe Thayer
2760:
2675:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
2645:guichets du Carrousel
2606:Guichet de l'Empereur
2578:Pavillon des Sessions
2555:
2548:, here shown in 1929.
2533:
2483:Guichets du Carrousel
2281:Chienne et ses petits
2213:Pierre-Charles Simart
1631:Jean-François Soitoux
1463:Jean-Balthazar Keller
1440:Enguerrand de Marigny
1424:Jean-François Regnard
1343:Eugène-Louis Lequesne
1243:Jean-François Soitoux
1090:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1062:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
1058:Pierre-Jules Cavelier
911:
560:and now known as the
547:Horace de Viel-Castel
527:pavillon de l'Horloge
409:pavillon de l'Horloge
141:
32:pavillon de l'Horloge
29:
3800:Musée de l'Orangerie
3785:Jardin des Tuileries
3720:Palais des Tuileries
3676:Hector-Martin Lefuel
3631:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
3456:The Louvre Abu Dhabi
3191:Henri Verne (1923).
2705:escalier du ministre
2669:on 23 May 1871, the
1654:Jacques Ange Cordier
1550:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
1339:Philippe de Commines
1224:Marquis de Condorcet
1132:Bernard of Clairvaux
1050:Jean-Jules Allasseur
1046:François de Malherbe
985:Charles Émile Seurre
775:Escalier du Ministre
749:Cent-gardes Squadron
590:(separated from the
569:escalier du ministre
474:Musée des Souverains
260:Percier and Fontaine
234:École des Beaux-Arts
196:Hector-Martin Lefuel
177:Legislative Assembly
67:Hector-Martin Lefuel
55:Second French Empire
3761:Philibert de l'Orme
3651:Jean-Arnaud Raymond
3596:Pierre II Chambiges
3565:Carrousel du Louvre
3366:Bulletin Monumental
3312:Jacques Hillairet.
3053:Archives nationales
2814:(built 1871-1901).
2784:Second Empire style
2743:Second Empire style
2686:François Mitterrand
2615:Antoine-Louis Barye
2287:Loup et petit chien
2209:Antoine-Louis Barye
2188:Among the abundant
1820:Philibert de l'Orme
1693:Jean-Joseph Perraud
1642:Jean-Antoine Houdon
1627:Michel de Montaigne
1580:Michel de l'HĂ´pital
1289:Jean-Joseph Perraud
1082:Eugène André Oudiné
969:Louis-Joseph Daumas
949:Jean de La Fontaine
618:under Napoleon and
422:eponymous staircase
353:(1857); now at the
230:Richard Morris Hunt
134:Project development
3793:Sections in detail
3740:Pavillon de Marsan
3728:Sections in detail
3641:Maximilien Brebion
3535:Pavillon de Marsan
3478:Sections in detail
3334:. 14 January 2014.
3275:Guy Nicot (1993).
2944:Fondation Napoléon
2938:Karine Huguenaud.
2770:Napoleon III style
2766:
2688:in the 1980s, the
2562:
2550:
2537:Salle des Sessions
2362:in the Cour Lefuel
2346:, and Houguenade.
1824:Jean-Pierre Dantan
1801:Jules-Antoine Droz
1744:Louis-Adolphe Eude
1670:Hippolyte Maindron
1623:Jean-Auguste Barre
1619:Cardinal Richelieu
1523:Jean-Auguste Barre
1489:Jules-Antoine Droz
1140:Jean de La Bruyère
918:
738:Émile Félix Fleury
642:Marie-Noémi Cadiot
578:, the short-lived
212:place du Carrousel
149:
39:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3779:
3778:
3735:Pavillon de Flore
3714:
3713:
3611:Jacques Lemercier
3586:Raymond du Temple
3525:Galerie d'Apollon
3510:Pavillon de Flore
3464:
3463:
3092:L. Vitet (1882),
2629:Pont du Carrousel
2566:Pavillon de Flore
2445:pavillon de Flore
2309:chevaux du soleil
2304:Robert Le Lorrain
2267:The South Wing's
1793:Jean-Claude Petit
1770:Henri de Triqueti
1732:Eustache Le Sueur
1588:Jacques Lemercier
1569:Bosio the Younger
1381:François Jouffroy
1316:Jean de Joinville
1277:Antoine Lavoisier
1205:Antoine Desboeufs
1136:François Jouffroy
1038:François Rabelais
1001:Noël-Jules Girard
728:cour Caulaincourt
584:(1858-1860), the
531:Jacques Lemercier
171:and his disciple
3858:
3790:
3789:
3725:
3724:
3621:François d'Orbay
3540:Louvre Colonnade
3475:
3474:
3470:Palais du Louvre
3441:
3440:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3022:
3001:
3000:
2961:David H. Pinkney
2957:
2948:
2947:
2935:
2924:
2923:
2920:Guide Bleu Paris
2915:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2845:
2796:French Indochina
2740:
2713:
2711:escalier Colbert
2707:
2701:
2671:Tuileries Palace
2653:
2647:
2641:
2626:
2608:
2586:
2584:cour de l'en-cas
2580:
2574:
2539:
2524:
2513:
2504:
2485:
2474:
2465:
2447:photographed by
2437:
2428:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2355:
2345:
2325:Emmanuel Frémiet
2322:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2272:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2224:steam locomotive
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1848:
1836:Hyacinthe Rigaud
1816:Armand Toussaint
1809:
1797:Pierre Chambiges
1786:
1752:
1729:
1721:Augustin Courtet
1678:
1639:
1616:
1577:
1562:
1554:Augustin Courtet
1539:
1516:
1508:Napoléon Jacques
1497:
1485:Antoine Coysevox
1482:
1471:
1452:
1421:
1374:
1359:
1328:
1266:
1251:
1236:
1213:
1198:
1178:Louis Bourdaloue
1167:
1152:
1129:
1102:
1070:Cardinal Mazarin
1035:
1023:Gregory of Tours
1012:Pierre Corneille
1009:
989:François Fénelon
953:Jean-Louis Jaley
941:hommes illustres
914:hommes illustres
892:
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
799:Escalier Colbert
796:
784:
772:
760:
746:
735:
721:
712:
702:
696:
690:
684:
674:
660:
639:
633:
623:
617:
611:
601:
595:
593:ministère d'Etat
589:
583:
577:
575:ministère d'Etat
571:
565:
535:Tuileries Palace
509:
500:
491:
476:in the Louvre's
464:
458:
448:
441:
432:
419:
406:
397:
388:
379:
352:
341:
333:
317:
297:
283:
271:
255:
241:
224:
147:
145:Escalier Mollien
124:Finance Ministry
121:
115:
113:ministère d’Etat
103:centered on the
83:Tuileries Palace
3866:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3825:
3809:
3775:
3749:
3710:
3696:Camille Lefèvre
3656:Charles Percier
3626:Claude Perrault
3574:
3495:Pavillon du Roi
3460:
3451:The Louvre-Lens
3436:Musée du Louvre
3430:
3427:
3397:
3396:
3381:
3377:
3358:
3354:
3343:
3339:
3332:Paris Autrement
3326:
3325:
3321:
3310:
3303:
3288:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3262:France Archives
3256:
3255:
3251:
3236:
3232:
3221:
3217:
3204:
3200:
3189:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3147:
3140:
3125:
3121:
3110:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3064:
3060:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3004:
2958:
2951:
2936:
2927:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2881:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2820:
2776:
2755:
2734:
2732:Olivier Gagnère
2699:escalier Lefuel
2663:Battle of Sedan
2635:
2611:Porte des Lions
2572:salle des Etats
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:porte des Lions
2516:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2399:
2396:
2387:
2384:
2375:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2339:
2316:
2270:salle du Manège
2263:
2260:
2251:
2248:
2239:
2236:
2202:Empress Eugénie
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1842:
1840:Victor Thérasse
1832:Victor Huguenin
1828:Bernard Palissy
1803:
1789:Charles Le Brun
1780:
1746:
1736:Claude Perrault
1723:
1717:Nicolas Coustou
1709:Jacques Sarazin
1697:Nicolas Poussin
1672:
1650:Étienne Dupérac
1633:
1610:
1600:Gabriel Garraud
1571:
1556:
1533:
1510:
1491:
1476:
1465:
1446:
1415:
1389:Georges Diebolt
1368:
1353:
1331:Esprit Fléchier
1322:
1260:
1245:
1230:
1207:
1192:
1161:
1146:
1123:
1096:
1066:Raymond Gayrard
1029:
1003:
906:
899:
893:
884:
881:
872:
869:
860:
857:
848:
845:
836:
833:
824:
821:
812:
809:
800:
797:
788:
787:Escalier Lefuel
785:
776:
773:
764:
761:
740:
719:salle du Manège
710:Salle des États
682:Galerie Mollien
637:escalier Lefuel
543:Prosper Mérimée
523:
522:
521:
520:
512:
511:
510:
502:
501:
493:
492:
364:
357:
346:
334:
325:
318:
309:
302:Empress Eugénie
298:
287:
284:
275:
272:
263:
256:
218:
136:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3864:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3821:André Le Nôtre
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Louis MĂ©tezeau
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:Louvre Pyramid
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:Grande Galerie
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3444:Branch museums
3438:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3375:
3352:
3337:
3319:
3301:
3282:
3267:
3249:
3230:
3215:
3198:
3178:
3160:
3138:
3119:
3101:
3084:
3069:, ed. (1893),
3058:
3037:
3002:
2981:10.1086/237781
2949:
2925:
2910:
2879:
2858:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2824:Palais Garnier
2819:
2816:
2790:in Paris, the
2780:nouveau Louvre
2754:
2751:
2747:Louvre Pyramid
2716:Café Richelieu
2601:Louis MĂ©tezeau
2597:colossal order
2589:Grande Galerie
2558:Louvre Pyramid
2518:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2479:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2205:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1812:Libéral Bruand
1778:Pierre Robinet
1762:
1658:Jean de Brosse
1596:René Descartes
1565:Jean Le Pautre
1519:André Le Nôtre
1474:Pierre Robinet
1401:Claude Lorrain
1397:Bernard Seurre
1362:Pierre Mignard
1351:Pierre Travaux
1335:François Lanno
1320:Jean Marcellin
1292:
1291:
1285:JĂ©rĂ´me Lalande
1273:Gustave Crauck
1121:Pierre Travaux
1086:Jean Froissart
1044:(now a copy);
1027:Jean Marcellin
1019:
977:Bernard Seurre
961:François Lanno
905:
902:
901:
900:
894:
887:
885:
882:
875:
873:
870:
863:
861:
858:
851:
849:
846:
839:
837:
834:
827:
825:
822:
815:
813:
810:
803:
801:
798:
791:
789:
786:
779:
777:
774:
767:
765:
762:
755:
705:Grande Galerie
700:Pavillon Denon
604:Imperial Guard
517:Édouard Baldus
514:
513:
504:
503:
495:
494:
486:
485:
484:
483:
482:
478:Colonnade Wing
470:Louvre Pyramid
446:aile Richelieu
363:
360:
359:
358:
335:
328:
326:
319:
312:
310:
299:
292:
289:
288:
285:
278:
276:
273:
266:
264:
262:(1807 or 1808)
257:
250:
216:Saint-Napoléon
204:nouveau Louvre
181:Louis-Napoleon
169:Louis Visconti
151:Following the
135:
132:
105:Champs-Élysées
100:axe historique
95:nouveau Louvre
63:Louis Visconti
47:Nouveau Louvre
36:Nouveau Louvre
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3863:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Louvre Palace
3844:
3843:
3841:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Albert Ferran
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Pierre Lescot
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Escalier Daru
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Louvre Castle
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3315:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3047:
3041:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2963:(June 1955).
2962:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:Washington DC
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:Paris Commune
2664:
2660:
2659:Second Empire
2655:
2652:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2624:porte Jaujard
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2564:In 1861, the
2559:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2523:
2512:
2503:
2489:
2484:
2473:
2464:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2427:
2416:Later history
2406:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2337:Germain Demay
2334:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:Pierre Lescot
1763:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:GĂ©rard Audran
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:Auguste Ottin
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:François Rude
1643:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1608:Michel-Pascal
1605:
1604:Ambroise Paré
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:Louis Desprez
1543:
1542:Germain Pilon
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:André Chénier
1450:
1445:
1444:Nicolas Raggi
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1413:Victor Vilain
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1347:Jacques Amyot
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:Pierre HĂ©bert
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Cour Napoléon
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1228:Pierre Loison
1225:
1221:
1220:Louis Desprez
1217:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1190:Michel-Pascal
1187:
1183:
1182:Louis Desprez
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1159:Nicolas Raggi
1156:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Pierre HĂ©bert
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Peter Abelard
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Blaise Pascal
954:
950:
946:
945:
944:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:marked in red
915:
910:
898:
897:rue de Rivoli
891:
886:
879:
874:
867:
862:
855:
850:
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
783:
778:
771:
766:
759:
754:
753:
752:
750:
744:
739:
734:
729:
725:
720:
714:
711:
706:
701:
695:
694:salle Mollien
689:
683:
678:
673:
668:
665:'s ministers
664:
659:
654:
649:
647:
643:
638:
632:
627:
626:rue de Rivoli
622:
616:
610:
605:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
559:
558:Duke of Morny
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Ludovic Vitet
536:
532:
528:
518:
508:
499:
490:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
457:
452:
447:
440:
439:
431:
430:
423:
418:
417:
410:
405:
404:
396:
395:
387:
386:
378:
377:
370:
369:Ancien RĂ©gime
356:
350:
345:
344:Victor Chavet
340:
332:
327:
323:
316:
311:
307:
303:
296:
291:
290:
282:
277:
270:
265:
261:
254:
249:
248:
247:
245:
244:rue de Rivoli
240:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:Louvre Palace
158:
157:rue de Rivoli
154:
146:
140:
131:
129:
125:
120:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
88:
87:Paris Commune
84:
80:
76:
75:Louvre Palace
72:
71:grand dessein
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
30:The Louvre's
28:
22:
3771:Louis Le Vau
3766:Jean Bullant
3686:Gaston Redon
3616:Louis Le Vau
3555:Grand Louvre
3544:
3388:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3295:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3208:
3201:
3192:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3132:
3122:
3113:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3061:
3052:
3040:
3027:
2972:
2968:
2943:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2849:
2843:
2829:Grand Louvre
2779:
2777:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2682:Grand Louvre
2679:
2656:
2633:rue de Rohan
2619:Auguste Cain
2563:
2360:wild animals
2359:
2358:Rouillard's
2266:
2221:
2187:
1774:Jean Bullant
1759:Antoine Étex
1755:Pierre Puget
1531:Vital-Dubray
1436:Élias Robert
1432:Jacques CĹ“ur
1409:André Grétry
1295:
1293:
1258:Vital-Dubray
1113:Mathieu Molé
1042:Élias Robert
940:
938:
919:
913:
835:Galerie Daru
733:grand Ă©cuyer
727:
724:Caulaincourt
715:
672:Galerie Daru
650:
555:
524:
519:(late 1850s)
467:
420:topping the
365:
322:Rudolf Pfnor
227:
203:
193:
173:Émile Trélat
167:. Architect
150:
109:
98:
94:
91:Napoleon III
70:
50:
46:
42:
40:
35:
3530:Salon Carré
3515:Cour Carrée
3490:Lescot Wing
2735: [
2636: [
2340: [
2317: [
1843: [
1804: [
1781: [
1747: [
1724: [
1673: [
1634: [
1611: [
1572: [
1557: [
1534: [
1511: [
1492: [
1477: [
1466: [
1447: [
1416: [
1393:Jean Goujon
1369: [
1354: [
1323: [
1304:Aimé Millet
1261: [
1246: [
1239:Denis Papin
1231: [
1208: [
1193: [
1186:Jean Racine
1162: [
1147: [
1124: [
1105:Montesquieu
1097: [
1030: [
1004: [
934:Cour Carrée
741: [
697:, with the
667:Pierre Daru
451:Cour Carrée
362:Description
347: [
242:facing the
219: [
208:Cour Carrée
79:Cour Carrée
77:around the
3840:Categories
3814:Architects
3754:Architects
3579:Architects
3389:Libération
2859:1167342747
2768:See also:
2724:Café Marly
1366:Debay fils
926:Napoleon I
847:Salle Daru
763:North Wing
688:Salle Daru
612:(formerly
606:; and the
462:aile Denon
456:aile Sully
3706:I. M. Pei
2997:144533244
2868:cite book
2852:. Paris.
2753:Influence
2534:Lefuel's
930:Francis I
922:Louis XIV
436:pavillon
427:pavillon
414:pavillon
401:pavillon
392:pavillon
385:Richelieu
383:pavillon
374:pavillon
81:with the
3244:Le Point
2818:See also
1648:(copy);
1267:(copy);
1201:Voltaire
1068:(copy);
904:Statuary
663:Napoleon
210:and the
165:Napoleon
130:Museum.
3298:: 22–27
2989:1874987
2312:at the
1527:Clodion
973:Molière
932:in the
453:is the
438:Mollien
394:Colbert
2995:
2987:
2856:
2764:, 1865
2728:Louvre
2722:. The
2609:, now
2560:, 2014
2546:Rubens
2488:Baldus
2449:Baldus
2296:, and
1834:; and
1753:; and
1483:; and
1283:; and
1010:; and
675:) and
653:Louvre
433:, and
376:Turgot
355:Louvre
324:(1853)
308:(1865)
128:Louvre
3049:(PDF)
3032:(PDF)
2993:S2CID
2985:JSTOR
2835:Notes
2739:]
2640:]
2344:]
2321:]
1847:]
1838:, by
1830:, by
1822:, by
1814:, by
1808:]
1799:, by
1791:, by
1785:]
1776:, by
1768:, by
1757:, by
1751:]
1742:, by
1728:]
1719:, by
1711:, by
1703:, by
1691:, by
1683:, by
1677:]
1668:, by
1660:, by
1652:, by
1644:, by
1638:]
1629:, by
1621:, by
1615:]
1606:, by
1598:, by
1590:, by
1582:, by
1576:]
1567:, by
1561:]
1552:, by
1544:, by
1538:]
1529:, by
1521:, by
1515:]
1506:, by
1496:]
1487:, by
1481:]
1472:, by
1470:]
1457:, by
1451:]
1442:, by
1434:, by
1426:, by
1420:]
1411:, by
1403:, by
1395:, by
1387:, by
1379:, by
1373:]
1364:, by
1358:]
1349:, by
1341:, by
1333:, by
1327:]
1318:, by
1310:, by
1302:, by
1287:, by
1279:, by
1271:, by
1265:]
1256:, by
1250:]
1241:, by
1235:]
1226:, by
1218:, by
1212:]
1203:, by
1197:]
1188:, by
1180:, by
1172:, by
1166:]
1157:, by
1155:Suger
1151:]
1142:, by
1134:, by
1128:]
1119:, by
1107:, by
1101:]
1092:, by
1080:, by
1072:, by
1064:, by
1056:, by
1048:, by
1040:, by
1034:]
1025:, by
1014:, by
1008:]
999:, by
991:, by
983:, by
975:, by
967:, by
959:, by
951:, by
745:]
429:Denon
403:Sully
351:]
223:]
2874:link
2854:ISBN
2778:The
2772:and
2708:and
2480:The
2443:The
2211:and
924:and
691:and
545:and
416:Daru
116:and
41:The
3370:104
2977:doi
2806:in
2794:in
2749:.
2648:or
2595:'s
2544:by
2306:'s
1498:.
465:.)
411:),
93:'s
49:or
3842::
3387:.
3368:.
3364:.
3330:.
3304:^
3294:,
3260:.
3242:.
3181:^
3171:.
3155:43
3153:.
3141:^
3131:.
3104:^
3077:,
3073:,
3051:.
3005:^
2991:.
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