223:
samples are expensive, complex and time-consuming. The sensor uses a magnetic nanofluid that consists of nano-droplets with magnetic grains suspended in water. In a fixed magnetic field, a light source illuminates the nanofluid, changing its colour depending on the cation concentration. This color change occurs within a second after exposure to cations, much faster than other existing cation sensing methods.
89:(CFD), nanofluids can be assumed to be single phase fluids; however, almost all academic papers use a two-phase assumption. Classical theory of single phase fluids can be applied, where physical properties of nanofluid is taken as a function of properties of both constituents and their concentrations. An alternative approach simulates nanofluids using a two-component model.
326:
Discharged nanofluids could be recharged while in a vehicle or after removal at a service station. Costs are claimed to be comparable to lithium ion. An EV-battery sized fuel reservoir (80 gallons) was expected to provide range comparable to a conventional gasoline vehicle. Fluids that escape, e.g.,
222:
A nanofluid-based ultrasensitive optical sensor changes its colour on exposure to low concentrations of toxic cations. The sensor is useful in detecting minute traces of cations in industrial and environmental samples. Existing techniques for monitoring cations levels in industrial and environmental
213:
A 2013 study considered the effect of an external magnetic field on the convective heat transfer coefficient of water-based magnetite nanofluid experimentally under laminar flow regime. It obtained up to 300% enhancement at Re=745 and magnetic field gradient of 32.5 mT/mm. The effect of the magnetic
174:
A biologically-based, environmentally friendly approach for the covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using clove buds was developed. No toxic/hazardous acids are typically used in common carbon nanomaterial functionalization procedures, as employed in this synthesis.
209:
One project demonstrated a class of magnetically polarizable nanofluids with thermal conductivity enhanced up to 300%. Fatty-acid-capped magnetite nanoparticles of different sizes (3-10 nm) were synthesized. It showed that the thermal and rheological properties of such magnetic nanofluids are
226:
Such responsive nanofluids can detect and image defects in ferromagnetic components. The so-called photonic eye is based on a magnetically polarizable nano-emulsion that changes colour when it comes into contact with a defective region in a sample. The device could monitor structures such as rail
348:
induces nanoparticle migration from warmer to colder regions, again due to such collisions. A 2017 study considered the mismatch between experimental and theoretical results. It reported that
Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects have no significant effects: their role is often amplified in
343:
Despite these apparently conclusive experimental investigations theoretical papers continue to claim anomalous enhancement, particularly via
Brownian and thermophoretic mechanisms. Brownian diffusion is due to the random drifting of suspended nanoparticles in the base fluid which originates from
339:
funded research programme, Nanouptake (COST Action CA15119) was conducted with the intention "develop and foster the use of nanofluids as advanced heat transfer/thermal storage materials to increase the efficiency of heat exchange and storage systems". One 5-lab study reported that "there are no
191:
in heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers, electronic cooling system(such as flat plate) and radiators. Heat transfer over flat plate has been analyzed by many researchers. However, they are also useful for their controlled optical properties. Graphene based nanofluid has been found to
200:
is another application where nanofluids are employed for their tunable optical properties. Nanofluids have also been explored to enhance thermal desalination technologies, by altering thermal conductivity and absorbing sunlight, but surface fouling of the nanofluids poses a major risk to those
258:
Other nanolubricant approaches, such as magnesium silicate hydroxides (MSH) rely on nanoparticle coatings by synthesizing nanomaterials with adhesive and lubricating functionalities. Research into nanolubricant coatings has been conducted in both the academic and industrial spaces. Nanoborate
105:
Thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, specific heat, and surface tension are significant thermophysical properties of nanofluids. Parameters such as nanoparticle type, size, shape, volume concentration, fluid temperature, and nanofluid preparation method affect thermophysical properties.
254:
and graphene work as third body lubricants, essentially acting as ball bearings that reduce the friction between surfaces. This mechanism requires sufficient particles to be present at the contact interface. The beneficial effects diminish because sustained contac pushes away the third body
81:
behaviour of nanofluids is critical in deciding their suitability for convective heat transfer applications. Nanofluids also have special acoustical properties and in ultrasonic fields display shear-wave reconversion of an incident compressional wave; the effect becomes more pronounced as
2466:
Buongiorno, Jacopo; Venerus, David C.; Prabhat, Naveen; McKrell, Thomas; Townsend, Jessica; Christianson, Rebecca; Tolmachev, Yuriy V.; Keblinski, Pawel; Hu, Lin-wen; Alvarado, Jorge L.; Bang, In Cheol (2009-11-01). "A benchmark study on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids".
275:
Magnetic nanoparticle clusters or magnetic nanobeads of size 80–150 nanometers form ordered structures along the direction of an external magnetic field with a regular interparticle spacing on the order of hundreds of nanometers resulting in strong diffraction of visible light.
259:
additives as well as mechanical model descriptions of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating formations have been developed. Companies such as TriboTEX provide commercial formulations of synthesized MSH nanomaterial coatings for vehicle engine and industrial applications.
235:
Nanolubricants modify oils used for engine and machine lubrication. Materials including metals, oxides and allotropes of carbon have supplied nanoparticles for such applications. The nanofluid enhances thermal conductivity and anti-wear properties. Although
210:
tunable by varying magnetic field strength and orientation with respect to the direction of heat flow. Such response stimuli fluids are reversible and have applications in miniature devices such as micro- and nano-electromechanical systems.
2606:
Malvandi, A.; Ghasemi, Amirmahdi; Ganji, D. D. (2016-11-01). "Thermal performance analysis of hydromagnetic Al2O3-water nanofluid flows inside a concentric microannulus considering nanoparticle migration and asymmetric heating".
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Heysiattalab, S.; Malvandi, A.; Ganji, D. D. (2016-07-01). "Anisotropic behavior of magnetic nanofluids (MNFs) at filmwise condensation over a vertical plate in presence of a uniform variable-directional magnetic field".
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Bahiraei, Mehdi (2015-05-01). "Studying nanoparticle distribution in nanofluids considering the effective factors on particle migration and determination of phenomenological constants by
Eulerian–Lagrangian simulation".
149:
Base liquids include water, ethylene glycol, and oils have been used. Although stabilization can be a challenge, on-going research indicates that it is possible. Nano-materials used so far in nanofluid synthesis include
1253:
Hosseini, M (February 22, 2017). "Experimental Study on Heat
Transfer and Thermo-Physical Properties of Covalently Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Nanofluids in an Annular Heat Exchanger: A Green and Novel Synthesis".
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349:
theoretical studies due to the use of incorrect parameter values. Experimental validation of these assertions came in 2018 Brownian diffusion as a cause for enhanced heat transfer is dismissed in the discussion of
96:
in the vicinity of the contact line. However, such enhancement is not observed for small droplets with diameter of nanometer scale, because the wetting time scale is much smaller than the diffusion time scale.
2145:
Rasheed, A.K.; Khalid, M.; Javeed, A.; Rashmi, W.; Gupta, T.C.S.M.; Chan, A. (November 2016). "Heat transfer and tribological performance of graphene nanolubricant in an internal combustion engine".
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Malvandi, A.; Ganji, D. D. (2014-10-01). "Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects on slip flow of alumina/water nanofluid inside a circular microchannel in the presence of a magnetic field".
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Varying Extinction Coefficient for Direct Absorption Solar Thermal Collector Optimization".
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Malvandi, Amir (2016-06-01). "Anisotropic behavior of magnetic nanofluids (MNFs) at film boiling over a vertical cylinder in the presence of a uniform variable-directional magnetic field".
327:
following a crash, turn into a pastelike substance, which can be removed and reused safely. Flow batteries also produce less heat, reducing their thermal signature for military vehicles.
1411:
Lv, Wei; Phelan, Patrick E.; Swaminathan, Rajasekaran; Otanicar, Todd P.; Taylor, Robert A. (2012-11-21). "Multifunctional Core-Shell
Nanoparticle Suspensions for Efficient Absorption".
69:, engine cooling/vehicle thermal management, domestic refrigerator, chiller, heat exchanger, in grinding, machining and in boiler flue gas temperature reduction. They exhibit enhanced
92:
The spreading of a nanofluid droplet is enhanced by the solid-like ordering structure of nanoparticles assembled near the contact line by diffusion, which gives rise to a structural
2759:
Bahiraei, Mehdi; Abdi, Farshad (2016-10-15). "Development of a model for entropy generation of water-TiO2 nanofluid flow considering nanoparticle migration within a minichannel".
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Azizian, R.; Doroodchi, E.; McKrell, T.; Buongiorno, J.; Hu, L.W.; Moghtaderi, B. (2014). "Effect of magnetic field on laminar convective heat transfer of magnetite nanofluids".
179:
grafting reaction. The clove-functionalized MWCNTs are then dispersed in distilled water (DI water), producing a highly stable MWCNT aqueous suspension (MWCNTs
Nanofluid).
2697:
Malvandi, A.; Moshizi, S. A.; Ganji, D. D. (2016-01-01). "Two-component heterogeneous mixed convection of alumina/water nanofluid in microchannels with heat source/sink".
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Zhang, Yong; Liu, Lie; Li, Kuiling; Hou, Deyin; Wang, Jun (2018). "Enhancement of energy utilization using nanofluid in solar powered membrane distillation".
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335:
A 30-lab study reported that "no anomalous enhancement of thermal conductivity was observed in the limited set of nanofluids tested in this exercise". The
2247:
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of 550-850 wh/kg, higher than conventional lithium-ion batteries. A demonstration battery operated successfully between −40 °C and 80 °C.
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319:(cathode). The nanofluids use a nonflammable aqueous suspension. As of 2024 DARPA-funded Influit claimed to be developing a battery with an
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974:"Wetting kinetics of water nano-droplet containing non-surfactant nanoparticles: A molecular dynamics study"
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86:
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Self-Organization During Friction: Advanced Surface-Engineered Materials and Systems Design
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46:. The nanoparticles used in nanofluids are typically made of metals, oxides, carbides, or
8:
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1966:
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702:"Experimental verification of nanofluid shear-wave reconversion in ultrasonic fields"
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Many researches claim that nanoparticles can be used to enhance crude oil recovery.
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934:
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Wasan, Darsh T.; Nikolov, Alex D. (May 2003). "Spreading of nanofluids on solids".
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862:
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1904:
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686:
159:
51:
47:
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1769:"Nanofluids for Thermal Performance Improvement in Cooling of Electronic Device"
110:
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Sreekumar, S.; Shah, N.; Mondol, J.; Hewitt, N.; Chakrabarti, S. (June 2022).
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377:
58:
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NanoHex is a European project developing industrial-class nanofluid coolants
2384:
1582:
1029:, Micro and Nano Technologies, William Andrew Publishing, pp. 113–196,
632:
292:(DARPA) is exploring military’s deployment of NFB in place of conventional
2408:
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1601:
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735:
659:
367:
312:
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of motor oil. The particles can be made from inexpensive minerals, such as
176:
35:
20:
843:"Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows"
2424:
Properties and use of magnetic nanoparticle clusters (magnetic nanobeads)
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1616:
938:
537:
2948:
2931:
2884:
2421:
1832:
1815:
726:
701:
392:
187:
Nanofluids are primarily used for their enhanced thermal properties as
2488:
2400:
2303:"TriboTEX REVERSE WEAR: run longer, stronger, and cleaner w/ nanotech"
2106:
2071:
2001:
1974:
1459:
1424:
1345:
1102:
1027:
Preparation, Characterization, Properties and Application of Nanofluid
998:
973:
478:
443:
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308:
304:
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31:
2800:
1766:
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163:
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2929:
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Fluid containing nanometer-sized particles, called nanoparticles
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300:
289:
155:
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2919:
Magnetically responsive photonic crystals nanofluid (video)
2445:
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2519:
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1654:
1652:
1057:"Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids"
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2661:
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2856:International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
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2249:"Carbon-based tribofilms from lubricating oils"
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129:Nanofluids are produced by several techniques:
2723:
2170:
2168:
1707:
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77:compared to the base fluid. Knowledge of the
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460:
214:field on pressure was not as significant.
61:applications, including microelectronics,
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2726:International Journal of Thermal Sciences
2664:International Journal of Thermal Sciences
2609:International Journal of Thermal Sciences
2555:
2545:
2526:International Journal of Thermal Sciences
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1831:
1813:
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1581:
1151:
1125:
997:
884:International Journal of Thermal Sciences
866:
774:
725:
699:
649:
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526:Nanoparticle Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
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351:the use of nanofluids in solar collectors
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1103:"Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids"
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2427:
1126:Kumar Das, Sarit (December 2006).
968:Lu, Gui; Hu, Han; Duan, Yuanyuan;
904:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2009.07.015
541:Nanofluids: Science and Technology
417:Taylor, R.A.; et al. (2013).
14:
3011:
2912:
2121:"Nanofluid sensor images defects"
1730:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.114
1621:Light: Science & Applications
1615:Taylor, Robert A (October 2012).
451:
230:
57:Nanofluids have many potentially
299:The nanofluid particles undergo
204:
65:, pharmaceutical processes, and
2840:
2752:
2717:
2690:
2655:
2627:
2599:
2572:
2513:
2459:
2415:
2376:
2319:
2295:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2195:
2138:
2113:
2078:
2043:
2008:
1981:
1946:
1911:
1884:
1856:
1807:
1760:
1608:
1549:
1499:
1474:
1439:
1404:
1360:
1325:
1307:
1282:
1268:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02928
1246:
1203:
1168:
1119:
1095:
1048:
961:
910:
875:
791:
742:
279:
182:
142:Chemical precipitation (1 step)
2773:10.1016/j.chemolab.2016.06.012
2159:10.1016/j.triboint.2016.08.007
693:
666:
599:
531:
518:
492:
410:
198:Nanofluids in solar collectors
38:. These fluids are engineered
1:
2389:Accounts of Chemical Research
548:. p. 397. Archived from
461:Buongiorno, J. (March 2006).
403:
100:
2593:10.1016/j.molliq.2015.06.030
2581:Journal of Molecular Liquids
2353:10.1016/j.petrol.2011.06.014
1905:10.1016/j.powtec.2016.02.037
1878:10.1016/j.molliq.2016.04.004
1866:Journal of Molecular Liquids
1686:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106235
687:10.1016/j.partic.2009.01.005
388:Surface-area-to-volume ratio
169:
124:
87:computational fluid dynamics
7:
1773:Advanced Materials Research
1315:"Dr. AMINREZA NOGHREHABADI"
363:Argonne National Laboratory
356:
133:Direct Evaporation (1 step)
42:of nanoparticles in a base
10:
3016:
2699:Advanced Powder Technology
2637:Advanced Powder Technology
2469:Journal of Applied Physics
1940:10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.01.008
1562:Nanoscale Research Letters
1232:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.03.051
776:10.1016/j.cles.2022.100010
612:Nanoscale Research Letters
423:Journal of Applied Physics
217:
18:
2711:10.1016/j.apt.2015.12.009
2649:10.1016/j.apt.2015.02.005
1556:Taylor, Robert A (2011).
1153:10.1080/01457630600904593
1132:Heat Transfer Engineering
812:10.1007/s13369-013-0658-2
194:Polymerase chain reaction
82:concentration increases.
75:heat transfer coefficient
34:-sized particles, called
1716:. Elsevier BV: 554–562.
1535:10.1088/2399-1984/ac57f7
467:Journal of Heat Transfer
2475:(9): 094312–094312–14.
2147:Tribology International
1955:Applied Physics Letters
1671:. Elsevier BV: 106235.
1583:10.1186/1556-276X-6-225
633:10.1186/1556-276X-6-231
524:Minkowycz, W., et al.,
429:(1): 011301–011301–19.
755:Cleaner Energy Systems
331:Nanoparticle migration
284:Nanoelectrofuel-based
227:tracks and pipelines.
67:hybrid-powered engines
30:is a fluid containing
294:lithium-ion batteries
40:colloidal suspensions
1390:10.1364/ao.52.006041
579:(13–14): 3187–3196.
119:Thermal conductivity
71:thermal conductivity
2965:European projects:
2868:2018IJHMT.126..639A
2810:2017IJHMT.111..279M
2738:2014IJTS...84..196M
2676:2013IJTS...68...79P
2538:2018IJTS..129..504B
2481:2009JAP...106i4312B
2344:2011JPSE...78..431S
2273:10.1038/nature18948
2265:2016Natur.536...67E
2099:2012ApPhL.100g3104M
2064:2013ApPhL.102p3109M
2029:2014IJHMT..68...94A
1996:(41): 20097–20104.
1967:2008ApPhL..92d3108P
1932:2016JMMM..406...95M
1722:2018Chmsp.212..554Z
1677:2021NEne...8806235P
1642:10.1038/lsa.2012.34
1633:2012LSA.....1E..34T
1574:2011NRL.....6..225T
1527:2022NanoF...6b2002S
1382:2013ApOpt..52.6041H
1224:2017JCIS..504..115S
1189:2014ICHMT..54..115S
1144:2006HTrEn..27....3D
1073:2012IJHMT..55..874M
990:2013ApPhL.103y3104L
939:10.1038/nature01591
931:2003Natur.423..156W
896:2010IJTS...49..243K
859:2005IJHFF..26..530M
767:2022CESys...200010S
718:2016Nanos...8.5497F
624:2011NRL.....6..231W
585:2009IJHMT..52.3187K
435:2013JAP...113a1301T
94:disjoining pressure
2949:10.3390/en12071268
2923:Nanos scientificae
1833:10.1007/BF03353674
1820:Nano-Micro Letters
1256:Energy & Fuels
727:10.1039/C5NR07396K
552:on 3 December 2010
546:Wiley-Interscience
383:Nanophase material
315:(anode) and gamma
263:Petroleum refining
145:Bio-based (2 step)
2489:10.1063/1.3245330
2401:10.1021/ar200276t
2215:978-1-4200-1786-1
2188:978-3-319-44863-3
2107:10.1063/1.3684969
2072:10.1063/1.4802899
2017:Int. J. Heat Mass
2002:10.1021/jp204827q
1975:10.1063/1.2838304
1893:Powder Technology
1460:10.1115/1.4003679
1425:10.1115/1.4007845
1346:10.1115/1.4023930
1036:978-0-12-813245-6
999:10.1063/1.4837717
925:(6936): 156–159.
712:(10): 5497–5506.
479:10.1115/1.2150834
444:10.1063/1.4754271
317:manganese dioxide
303:reactions at the
271:Photonic crystals
3007:
2961:
2951:
2906:
2905:
2887:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2803:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2436:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2395:(9): 1431–1440.
2380:
2374:
2373:
2355:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2087:Appl. Phys. Lett
2082:
2076:
2075:
2052:Appl. Phys. Lett
2047:
2041:
2040:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1990:J. Phys. Chem. C
1985:
1979:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1317:. Archived from
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1262:(5): 5635–5644.
1250:
1244:
1243:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1107:encyclopedia.pub
1099:
1093:
1092:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1001:
978:Appl. Phys. Lett
965:
959:
958:
914:
908:
907:
879:
873:
872:
870:
838:
832:
831:
806:(2): 1195–1207.
795:
789:
788:
778:
746:
740:
739:
729:
697:
691:
690:
670:
664:
663:
653:
635:
603:
597:
596:
568:
562:
561:
559:
557:
535:
529:
522:
516:
515:
513:
511:
506:on 23 March 2012
502:. Archived from
496:
490:
489:
487:
485:
458:
449:
448:
446:
414:
160:carbon nanotubes
48:carbon nanotubes
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2990:Fluid mechanics
2975:
2974:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2784:
2780:
2757:
2753:
2722:
2718:
2695:
2691:
2660:
2656:
2632:
2628:
2604:
2600:
2577:
2573:
2518:
2514:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2437:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2381:
2377:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2259:(7614): 67–71.
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2173:
2166:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2125:nanotechweb.org
2119:
2118:
2114:
2083:
2079:
2048:
2044:
2013:
2009:
1986:
1982:
1951:
1947:
1916:
1912:
1889:
1885:
1861:
1857:
1812:
1808:
1765:
1761:
1706:
1702:
1657:
1650:
1613:
1609:
1554:
1550:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1444:
1440:
1409:
1405:
1376:(24): 6041–50.
1365:
1361:
1330:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1251:
1247:
1208:
1204:
1173:
1169:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1019:
1015:
966:
962:
915:
911:
880:
876:
839:
835:
796:
792:
747:
743:
698:
694:
671:
667:
604:
600:
569:
565:
555:
553:
536:
532:
523:
519:
509:
507:
498:
497:
493:
483:
481:
459:
452:
415:
411:
406:
359:
333:
282:
273:
265:
253:
241:
233:
220:
207:
185:
172:
127:
103:
73:and convective
52:ethylene glycol
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2973:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2926:
2925:
2914:
2913:External links
2911:
2908:
2907:
2839:
2778:
2751:
2716:
2705:(1): 245–254.
2689:
2654:
2643:(3): 802–810.
2626:
2598:
2571:
2512:
2458:
2426:
2414:
2375:
2338:(2): 431–437.
2318:
2294:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2194:
2187:
2164:
2137:
2112:
2077:
2058:(16): 163109.
2042:
2007:
1980:
1945:
1910:
1883:
1855:
1826:(4): 209–214.
1806:
1759:
1700:
1648:
1607:
1548:
1521:(2): 504–515.
1498:
1473:
1438:
1403:
1370:Applied Optics
1359:
1324:
1321:on 2013-11-11.
1306:
1281:
1245:
1202:
1167:
1118:
1094:
1067:(4): 874–885.
1047:
1035:
1013:
984:(25): 253104.
960:
909:
890:(2): 243–247.
874:
853:(4): 530–546.
833:
790:
741:
692:
681:(2): 151–157.
665:
598:
563:
530:
517:
491:
473:(3): 240–250.
450:
408:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
373:Fluid dynamics
370:
365:
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346:Thermophoresis
332:
329:
321:energy density
286:flow batteries
281:
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231:Nanolubricants
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99:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3012:
3001:
3000:Nanomaterials
2998:
2996:
2995:Heat transfer
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Nanoparticles
2983:
2982:
2980:
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2827:
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2819:
2815:
2811:
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2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
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2755:
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2708:
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2527:
2523:
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2448:
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2435:
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2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2208:. CRC Press.
2207:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:(7): 073104.
2092:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:(4): 043108.
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:(2): 024501.
1453:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:(2): 021004.
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:(2): 021003.
1339:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
786:
782:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
737:
733:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
688:
684:
680:
676:
669:
661:
657:
652:
647:
643:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
551:
547:
543:
542:
534:
527:
521:
505:
501:
495:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
457:
455:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
413:
409:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Heat transfer
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
354:
352:
347:
341:
338:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
277:
268:
260:
256:
255:lubricants.
248:
246:
242:
228:
224:
215:
211:
205:Smart cooling
202:
199:
195:
190:
180:
178:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
130:
120:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
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