Nanaya - Knowledge

733: 1053: 395:, "lady of love". The physical aspect of love was particularly strongly associated with her, and texts dedicated to her could be explicit. For example, a cultic song describes her in the following terms: "When you lean the side against the wall, your nakedness is sweet, when bow down, the hips are sweet," and indicates that the goddess was believed to charge fees for sexual services. She was also viewed as a guardian of lovers, according to a text from Sippar (Si 57) titled "The Faithful Lover" and to some spells especially the disillusioned or rejected ones. Joan Goodnick Westenholz describes her character as seen through the Sumerian texts as that of a "sweet erotic lover" and "perpetual lover and beloved". 585:, which shows her in a flounced robe and a crown decorated with feathers. This work of art is regarded as unusual, as the inscription and the deity depicted on the monument are integrated with each other. The other figures depicted on it are the king in mention, Meli-Shipak II, and his daughter Ḫunnubat-Nanaya, who he leads to the enthroned goddess. Above them the symbols of Ishtar, Shamash and Sin are placed, most likely in order to make these deities serve as a guarantee of the land grant described in the accompanying text. 565: 51: 529:, or lack thereof. Many early Assyriologists assumed that Nanaya was fully interchangeable with Inanna and likewise a Venus goddess, but in the 1990s Joan Goodnick Westenholz challenged this view, and her conclusions were accepted by most subsequent studies. Westenholz argues that the evidence for an association between Nanaya and the planet Venus is scarce, and an argument can be made that she was more often associated with the moon. Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz, following her research, concluded in her monograph 1179:. Joint offerings to Inanna and Nanaya of Larsa are known from a number of documents. She is also attested as one member of a trinity whose other two members were Innanna and Ninsianna, in which Inanna's functions were seemingly split between the three goddesses, with Nanaya being allotted the role of the love goddess. 1342:

in Elam, where she is particularly well attested in Seleucid times. It is uncertain at which point was she introduced to this city, though it has been proposed her arrival in the local pantheon was connected with the theft of her statue during a raid. Greek authors regarded her as the main goddess of

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are the oldest sources to identify her as a daughter of Anu, a view later also present in an inscription of Esarhaddon. Paul-Alain Beaulieu speculates that Nanaya developed in a milieu in which An and Inanna were viewed as a couple, and that she was initially envisioned as their daughter. However, as

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of Inanna, but only three known texts (a song, a votive formula and an oath) also describe them as mother and daughter, and they might only be epithets implying a close connection between the functions of the two rather than an account of a theological speculation. Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz assumes that

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There is a lot of evidence for private worship of Nanaya, including seals with the phrase "servant of Nanaya" seemingly owned by many women. In incantations related to love (for example asking for feelings to be returned) she is attested as early as in the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods. Numerous

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that Nanaya was not herself a Venus goddess, and at most could acquire some such characteristics due to association or conflation with Inanna/Ishtar. Michael P. Streck and Nathan Wassermann in an article from 2013 also follow the conclusions of Westenholz and do not suggest an association with Venus

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An artificial Sumerian etymology was created for the name in late Babylonian texts, deriving it from NA, "to call," with a feminine suffix, A. A possible translation of this ancient scholarly explanation is "the one who keeps calling" or "the calling one". Invented etymologies were a common topic of

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in the Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, Nanaya continued to be worshipped and she is attested as one of the deities whose statues were paraded in Uruk in a ritual procession accompanying Ishtar (rather than Antu) during a New Year celebration. The scale of her popular cult in Uruk grew considerably

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she is described as the "smiling one," which might also point at a connection to eroticism, as smiles are commonly highlighted in Akkadian erotic poetry. Paul-Alain Bealieu notes that association with Nanaya is the best attested characteristic of the otherwise enigmatic Kanisurra, and that her name

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Her primary role was that of a goddess of love, and she was associated with eroticism and sensuality, though she was also a patron of lovers, including rejected or betrayed ones. Especially in early scholarship, she was often assumed to be a goddess of the planet Venus like Inanna, but this view is

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also claimed that he brought her statue back to Uruk, though he instead states that she spent 1635 years in Elam. It is presently unknown what event his inscriptions refer to, and it might merely be a rhetorical figure. If it refers to a historical event, it is possible that it occurred during the

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for deities of Uruk - Inanna, Nanaya, Anu and Kanisurra, and later on in the temples Emeurur and Eurshaba, "house, oracle of the heart." A temple named Eurshaba existed in Borsippa too, though Nanaya was worshipped in a chapel in Ezida, the temple of Nabu as well. A late ritual text describes the

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The name Eshahulla, known from Uruk, was applied to a temple in Larsa built by Kudur-Mabuk and his son Rim-Sin I, which seemingly was also a temple of Inanna, unless two temples with the same name existed in the same city. In Larsa, Nanaya was one of the foremost deities, next to Utu (the city's

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regarded Nanaya as a daughter of Inanna. Joan Goodnick Westenholz describes the relationship between the two goddesses as "definite if unspecified". Only in very late sources from the first millennium BCE they could be fully conflated with each other. Laura Cousin and Yoko Watai argue that their

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connected to her role as a goddess of love, and that the original form of the name had the meaning "My Inanna!" but eventually developed into a separate, though similar, deity. Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz considers it a possibility that Nanaya was initially a hypostasis of "Inanna as quintessence of

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and most likely Uruk. Over two thirds of the known Old Babylonian names come from the first two of these settlements alone. Both men and women with such names are listed in records. In the neo-Babylonian period, Nanaya was the deity most commonly present in theophoric names of women, with 106

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is another deity who is well attested in connection with Nanaya. Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz notes that some publications regard Uṣur-amāssu to be a cognomen of Nanaya rather than an independent deity. However, they were two distinct deities in Neo-Babylonian Uruk, and Uṣur-amāssu's origin as an

506:), a crown, multiple breast ornaments (including breastplates decorated with depictions of snakes and fantastic animals), assorted jewelry and other small valuables like mirrors and cosmetic jars, and a large variety of garments, some of them decorated with golden rosette-shaped sequins). 977:

noted by Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz, direct references to Nanaya being regarded as the daughter of Inanna are not common, and it is possible that an epithet indicating closeness between the deities rather than a statement about actual parentage is meant. References to Nanaya as a daughter of

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procession undertaken by Nanaya, her court and various other deities from Borsippa to Kish. A festival celebrating the marriage of Nanaya and Nabu is still attested from Borsippa from Seleucid times. A unique writing of Nanaya's name, NIN.KA.LI, is known from documents related to it.

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individual women and 52 different names attested. Examples include: Qis-Nanaya ("Gift of Nanaya), Nanaja-šamhat ("Nanaya is the most beautiful"), Nanaya-ilu ("my deity Nanaya"). One historically notable individual bearing such a name was Ḫunnubat-Nanaya, daughter of Babylonian king

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In the first millennium BCE pairing Nabu with Nanaya in some cases, for example in Uruk, represented efforts to subordinate the pantheons of various areas of Mesopotamia to the dominant state ideology of the Babylonian empire, which elevated Marduk and Nabu above other deities.

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As early as in the Ur III period, Nanaya came to be associated with the goddess Bizilla. Her name might mean "she who is pleasing" in Sumerian. God lists could equate them with each other. It is assumed that Bizilla occurs among deities from the court of the prison goddess

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A temple of Nanaya built by Lipit-Ishtar existed in Isin. The oldest recorded hymn dedicated to her also comes from this city. However, there is overall less evidence for the worship of Nanaya in Isin than in Larsa, as the kings of Isin apparently favored the goddesses

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According to Joan Goodnick Westenholz it is possible that a further aspect of Nanaya which presently cannot be determined is alluded to in an incantation from Isin, according to which she was the denizen of a location usually regarded as profane rather than sacred, the

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period, one possible example being the figure of a naked goddess discovered as a tomb deposit, wearing a crescent-shaped diadem. Late depictions also often show her with a bow, but it is uncertain if it was a part of her iconography before the Hellenistic period.

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areas. The land later known as Namri might be located particularly close to the metaphorical birthplace of Nanaya. However, she notes the evidence is contradictory, as Nanaya herself is not common in later records from the same area, and her cult was centered in

1068:, where she is among the 12 deities who received offerings the most frequently. Records also show that queen Shulgi-simti, one of the wives of Shulgi, made offerings to many foreign or minor deities, among them Nanaya, as well as "Allatum" (the Hurrian goddess 1139:

of Uruk,) As early as in the Middle Babylonian period, Nanaya was called the "queen of Uruk and Eanna," as attested on a kudurru from Larsa. In Neo-Babylonian sources from Uruk, she is called the "queen of Uruk," while Ishtar was the "lady of Uruk."

1492:, though it has been pointed out that the goddess in mention was the result of a process of Hellenistic syncretism and it is difficult to tell which of her features had their origin in the Mesopotamian image of Nanaya. It has been proposed that 957:, the city god of Dilbat, could be identified as Nanaya's father. She was sometimes specifically called his firstborn daughter, and she had a connection to his main temple, Eibbi-Anum. This parentage is especially commonly mentioned in 847:) were asked to counter the influence of a malevolent spell. In some love incantations, Ishtar, Nanaya, Kanisurra and Gazbaba are invoked together. Another goddess sometimes associated with combinations of them in such texts was 716:

in some sources too, though Jeremiah Peterson considers it possible that there might have been two deities with similar names, one associated with Nungal and the other with Nanaya. It is possible that Bizilla was regarded as the

1419:), a number of goddesses whose names are not preserved, as well as various forms of Ishtar, including Ishtar of Babylon (described as bearded), Ishtar of Daduni and Ishtar of Uruk. Nanaya herself is assigned two cities, 267:

and beyond, and was among the most commonly-worshipped goddesses through much of Mesopotamian history, both her origin and the meaning of her name are unknown. It has been proposed that she originated either as a minor

1111:. In neo-Babylonian Uruk, Nanaya was second in rank only to Ishtar in the local pantheon. Paul-Alain Bealieu considers them to be the main pair among the city's quintet of major local goddesses, the other three being 422:

describes her as "adorned with voluptuousness and joy." However, it was not an attribute exclusively associated with her, and in other sources it is described as a quality of both male and female deities, for example

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in discussion of Nanaya as a luminous deity. Piotr Steinkeller nonetheless asserted as recently as 2013 that Nanaya was simply a Venus goddess fully analogous to Inanna, and interchangeable both with her and with

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In late texts Kanisurra and Gazbaba are collectively labeled as "Daughters of Ezida". Most groups of such "divine daughters" are known from northern Mesopotamia: Ezida in Borsippa, Esagil in Babylon, Emeslam in

1095:." She was also worshipped in a sanctuary within Eanna, the main temple of Inanna, which was called Ehilianna, "house of luxuriance of heaven." It is possible that it was originally built by the Kassite king 572:

While references to statues of Nanaya are known from earlier periods, with no less than six mentions already present in documents from the Ur III period, the oldest presently known depiction of her is the

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period. However, there is no evidence that the rulers from this dynasty were involved in her cult, similar evidence is also lacking for the Achaemenid emperors from the earlier period of Persian history.

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in Assyria. Based on the fact that daughters of Esagil and of Ezida are identified as members of courts of Sarpanit and of Nanaya respectively, specifically as their hairdressers, it has been proposed by

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theophoric names are attested as well. However, none of them come from the Ur III period, and in the Old Babylonian period they are limited to only a few cities, including Dilbat, Kish, Sippar, Larsa,

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A characteristic frequently attributed to Nanaya as a goddess of love, present in the majority of royal inscriptions pertaining to her and in many other documents, was described with the Sumerian word

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A bilingual Sumero-Akkadian hymn to Nanaya from the first millennium BCE, written in the first person as a self-laudation, describes many other goddesses as manifestations of her, in line with the

923:. Both Nanaya and Tashmetum could be called the "queen of Borsippa", though the former eventually overshadowed the latter in that city. Tashmetum however retains the role of spouse of Nabu in most 1282:

priest of this goddess active during the reign of king Irdanene of Uruk, apparently responsible for various misdeeds, including the removal of a star symbol from the doors of the Nanaya temple.

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It is accepted in modern literature that "Nanaya" is more likely to be the correct form of the goddess' name than "Nana," sometimes used in past scholarship. The meaning of the name is unknown.

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It is commonly assumed that both Kanisurra and Gazbaba were daughters of Nanaya. However, as remarked by Gioele Zisa there is however no direct evidence in favor of this interpretation. In the

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as Inanna's attendants, preserving Nanaya's place right after the sukkal. In later times Ishtar and Nanaya were considered the main deities of Uruk, with the situation being comparable to

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and Nanaya, whose cult center in this text is Kiššina. Joan Goodnick Westenholz considers it to be an unidentified location, but Volkert Haas assumes the name might be derived from Kish.

1209:, who ordered statues of her and of Inanna to be fashioned in his twenty sixth year on the throne. Later she was worshipped in the Eturkalamma, "house, cattle pen of the land," built by 1152:

reign of Ebi-Eshuh, during which Elamites raided Sippar and perhaps Kish, though due to lack of any sources other than the aforementioned late annals this cannot be conclusively proven.

1520:. The iconography associated with her is entirely Hellenic in origin, rather than Mesopotamian, though her position as a giver of kingship might be derived from Mesopotamian tradition. 732: 1496:

was in part responsible for her spread, though no known coins explicitly identify any figures depicted on them as her. The first attested reference to Nanaya in Bactria is a coin of

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in Mesopotamia is generally considered to be the product of faulty methodology and words to which such an origin had been attributed in past studies tend to have plausible Sumerian,

406:, which can be translated as charm, luxuriance, voluptuousness or sensuality. Joan Goodnick Westenholz favors "sensuality" in translations of epithets involving this term, while 375:

represented her as a warrior. However, Joan Goodnick Westenholz argued that the view that Nanaya was a manifestation of Inanna in origin should be considered a misconception.

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Offerings made to Nanaya in neo-Babylonian Uruk included dates, barley, emmer, flour, beer, sweets, cakes, fish and meat of oxen, sheep, lambs, ducks, geese and turtle doves.

1575:, though all of these deities, including her, appear to be treated as male in this case, indicating that the precise identity of the figures invoked was already forgotten. 1217:

In the late Old Babylonian period the cult of Nanaya was also introduced to Kish, where the clergy of Uruk found refuge after abandoning the temporarily destroyed city.

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comes from a single document mentioning her as the goddess of the town Malidaskuriya in the district of Durmitta, located in the proximity of the middle of the river

911:, though from the Kassite period onward she started to be associated with Nabu instead. She sometimes appeared as part of a trinity in which Nabu's original spouse 1052: 496:

archives from Uruk contain extensive lists of cultic paraphernalia dedicated to Nanaya, including a feathered tiara (presumably similar to that depicted on the

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Some late references to a goddess partially derived from Nanaya are known from Sogdia, where a Greek and Kushan-influenced version of her was worshipped in

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Nanaya appears alongside various hypostases of Inanna, including Inanna of Larsa, though the latter could also be associated with the rainbow goddess

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were regarded as attendants and hairdressers of Nanaya. The latter was associated with the sexual sphere, and her name might be derived from the term

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texts, where "firstborn of the god Urash" is the most commonly recurring phrase describing her. Another of Urash's children was the underworld deity

448:, was "an aspect of true kingship". Joan Goodnick Westenholz rules out any association between Nanaya and nursing in the context of royal ideology. 343:

deity, implausible in the light of Nanaya being attested before the Arameans and their language, and an attempt to explain her name as derived from

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tendencies typical for the literature of this time period. Each of them is listed alongside a specific location. Among the goddesses mentioned are

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Two theories which are now regarded as discredited but which gained some support in past scholarship include the view that Nanaya was in origin an

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Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen

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character was not necessarily perceived as identical even in late periods, and attribute the predominance of Nanaya over Ishtar in Neo-Babylonian

904:, a common noun of uncertain meaning whose proposed translations include "widower," "man without family obligations," or perhaps simply "lover." 4905: 1316:, Nanni, is more likely to be connected to Nanaya than Nanna, as the name is grammatically feminine. In the west Nanaya is also attested in 981:, likely a result of syncretism between her and Ishtar are also known, for example from a hymn from the reign of the neo-Assyrian king 538:, without discussing the current state of research. Ninsianna is well attested as a Venus deity and was associated with Ishtar and the 750:

goddesses, a class of minor deities believed to intercede between humans and major gods, and in some texts she is called the "lady of

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Nanaya eventually developed a distinctly warlike aspect, mostly present in relation to the so-called "Nanaya Eurshaba", worshipped in

57: 3834: 1224:(Eshahulla, "house of the happy heart"), and from Nerebtum, though the name of the latter is not known, and it is simply called 1261:

In Assur, there was a gate named in honor of Nanaya and Uṣur-amāssu. However, it is uncertain if her cult had much presence in

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that these pairs of goddesses were imagined as maidservants in the household of the major deity or deities of a given temple.

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temple, for example "ornament of Eanna", "pride of the Eanna", "the deity who occupies the high throne of the land of Uruk".

490:, understood as treasury, storehouse or granary. The text contrasts her dwelling place with the dais on which Ishtar sits. 283:

In addition to Inanna, she could be associated with other deities connected either to love or to the city of Uruk, such as

220:, NA.NA.A; also transcribed as "Nanāy", "Nanaja", "Nanāja", '"Nanāya", or "Nanai"; antiquated transcription: "Nanâ"; in 900:

In love incantations, Nanaya occurs with an anonymous lover in parallel with Ishtar/Inanna with Dumuzi and Išḫara with

4809: 4193: 1278:(ca. 1186-1172 BCE), depicted alongside her father and the goddess on a famous kudurru. Another was Iddin-Nanaya, a 843:

corpus Ishtar, Dumuzi, Nanaya identified as "lady of love") and Kanisurra (identified as "mistress of the witches",

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Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, possibly Nanaya, from Girsu. Kassite period. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul

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One of the most recurring questions in scholarship about Nanaya through history was her potential association with

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Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources

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in origin. She also considers the only possible forerunner of Nanaya to be a goddess whose name was written

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period. Another of her temples located in Uruk was Eshahulla, "house of the joyful heart," built by king

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George, Andrew; Krebernik, Manfred (2022). "Two Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals!".

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from the Old Babylonian period. Her main temple in that city was Emeurur, "the temple which gathers the

969:. In one neo-Babylonian ritual text, Nanaya and Urash, paired with Ninegal, appear in a single formula. 1087:

Her principal cult center was Uruk, where she is already mentioned in year names of kings Irdanene and

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who had similar character, but Nanaya was regarded as a figure distinct from Ninsianna in Uruk and in

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Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1997). "Nanaya: Lady of Mystery". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.).

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during his fifth campaign against Babylonia. Some evidence also exists for offerings made to her in

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While she is well attested in Mesopotamian textual sources from many periods, from the times of the

1524: 304: 1328: 1431:. The purpose of this composition was most likely elevation of Nanaya above the other goddesses. 1308:) added to her name, appears in among gods introduced from Uruk, alongside Ninshubur, Dumuzi and 632:

God lists consistently associated Nanaya with Inanna and her circle, starting with the so-called

348: 4897: 1604:

purportedly applied to the planet Venus. This is the last known pre-modern reference to Nanaya.

4949: 4389: 1112: 1600:, active around the year 1000, in his Syriac-Arabic dictionary defined Nanaya as a name which 4924: 1539:

saint to make offerings to various deities, including her. Dedications to Nanaya, written in

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It is possible that the goddess Ninḫilisu (Sumerian: "graceful lady"), who was worshipped in

493: 1116: 4303: 1262: 249: 8: 1332: 924: 407: 260: 4281:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill. 1190:

instead. In a single case, Nanaya is also accompanied by Kanisurra in an offering list.

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Nanaya had no temple of her own, though offerings to her are attested from a temple of

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Nanaya was also one of the deities believed to protect from the influence of the demon

367: 4108:. Tokyo: The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan (NIPPON ORIENTO GAKKAI): 3–27. 3958: 1128: 773: 471: 292: 4882: 4868: 4805: 4778: 4765: 4753: 4692: 4668: 4658: 4637: 4627: 4606: 4586: 4557: 4545: 4516: 4504: 4475: 4432: 4409: 4282: 4267: 4255: 4218: 4199: 4189: 4154: 4144: 4131: 4119: 4013: 3988: 3943: 3923: 3872: 3862: 3843: 3813: 1586:

have no clear forerunners in earlier tradition, and appear to be based on four-armed

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In a mythical explanation of the rites of Egashankalamma (the temple of the Assyrian

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Nanaya's primary function was that of a goddess of love, and she was referred to as

69:, seated on a throne, is being presented the daughter of the king, Ḫunnubat-Nanaya. 4860: 4797: 4745: 4578: 4541: 4537: 4496: 4463: 4397: 4247: 4109: 4040: 4005: 3978: 3970: 3915: 1493: 1453:

six deities are listed alongside the cities where they were worshipped, among them

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One late Babylonian litany assigns the epithets of Tashmetum, but also Ninlil and

4954: 4711: 4371: 4316: 4276: 4212: 4167: 4078: 4059: 3807: 1568: 1564: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1477: 1443: 1304: 1246:, though the evidence is limited to a list of deities of that city taken away by 1104: 1038: 978: 819:

might therefore simply be an Akkadian or otherwise non-standard pronunciation of

698: 615: 553: 347:, which is unlikely due to her absence from oldest Elamite sources. Occasionally 269: 264: 142: 50: 4424: 4792:

Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (2014). "Trading the Symbols of the Goddess Nanaya".

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was also included. In the role of Nabu's spouse Nanaya could be referred to as

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Wisdom, Gods and Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert

762:, who apparently regarded Nanaya as capable of mediating on their behalf with 4933: 4757: 4696: 4672: 4590: 4549: 4508: 4436: 4259: 4158: 4123: 3992: 3927: 1376: 1299: 1255: 1065: 1022: 919:, "daughter in law of Esagil", which reflected a connection to Nabu's father 688: 637: 467: 428: 4641: 4401: 4203: 3974: 3876: 1372: 1073: 848: 284: 1590: 1380: 1148: 1147:

sacked the city, though she was subsequently returned to it by Esarhaddon.

1124: 1100: 860: 693: 640:. In the standard arrangement she is placed third in her entourage, after 470:, described as warlike and as a "terrifying hero", and, like in Uruk, with 444: 328: 19:

This article is about the Mesopotamian goddess. For the Telugu author, see

4864: 4251: 4009: 1275: 759: 4749: 4500: 4452:"Two New Sumerian Texts Involving The Netherworld and Funerary Offerings" 3983: 3558: 3393: 3268: 3134: 1583: 1508:, who proclaimed that he received kingship from her. She also appears on 1416: 1335:

practices. Possible theophoric names are known from Hittite sources too.

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Ancient Near Eastern art in context: studies in honor of Irene J. Winter

4467: 4114: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3536: 3534: 1331:. It has been proposed that her worship in that location was a relic of 1132: 935:. The evidence of worship of Nanaya in the same areas is inconclusive. 4598: 4033:

KASKAL. Rivista di storia, ambienti e culture del Vicino Oriente Antico

3935: 2775: 2773: 2323: 2321: 1597: 1501: 1352: 1206: 1088: 872: 419: 418:, "the lady adorned with voluptuousness/sensuality." An inscription of 4566: 3903: 2123: 2121: 1476:

the formula "Nanaya of Eanna will bless you" occurs. In the following

834:, the line explaining whose daughter Kanisurra is, is not preserved. 4310:, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy 3570: 3531: 3492: 3321: 3309: 1579: 1532: 1428: 1400: 1210: 1041: 982: 912: 801: 659: 645: 535: 380: 372: 323:, known from a few personal names from the earliest records from the 288: 201: 172: 4651:"Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources" 4650: 4621: 4582: 4525: 4484: 4097: 4028: 3919: 2812: 2770: 2507: 2456: 2360: 2318: 2106: 2058: 1971: 1959: 907:

In some early sources Nanaya's spouse was the sparsely attested god

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dated to the fifth or sixth century in which she appears alongside

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Nanaya is depicted in robes with a pattern of stars and crescents.

578: 459: 452: 340: 94: 70: 20: 2962: 2960: 2892: 2890: 2875: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2485: 2483: 2350: 2348: 2333: 2070: 1756: 1312:. Additionally, a deity of uncertain identity known from Mari and 839: 814: 3963:

Ktèma: Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques

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After the reorganization of the pantheon of Uruk around Anu and

704:

A variety of epithets associate Nanaya both with Inanna and the

509:

In a single late text Nanaya is associated with an unidentified

2972: 2957: 2945: 2887: 2618: 2519: 2480: 2345: 2306: 2282: 2163: 1768: 1727: 1572: 1556: 1497: 1485: 1454: 1424: 1408: 1368: 1364: 1251: 1232: 1176: 1172: 1069: 1061: 1034: 1030: 994: 958: 920: 876: 868: 864: 744:

Much like Ninshubur, Nanaya was frequently associated with the

740:

from the Isin-Larsa period. Oriental Insistute Museum, Chicago.

726: 713: 663: 650: 641: 600: 475: 432: 351:

etymologies are proposed too, but the notion that there was an

320: 308: 253: 191: 135: 74: 4211:

George, Andrew R. (2000). "Four Temple Rituals from Babylon".

3734: 3470: 3468: 2267: 1995: 1691: 4839:"Siebengötter A. Mesopotamien · Seven gods A. In Mesopotamia" 4821:"Sexualität A. In Mesopotamien · Sexuality A. In Mesopotamia" 4738:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

4489:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie

4456:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

4098:"Onomastics of Women in Babylonia in the First Millennium BC" 3886:"Uṣur-awāssu (Akkadischer Gott) · Uṣur-awāssu (Akkadian god)" 3521: 3519: 2217: 1601: 1473: 1404: 1392: 1360: 928: 908: 884: 880: 856: 722: 705: 604: 547: 526: 510: 324: 273: 161: 104: 90: 3959:"The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Ḫattuša (CTH 644)" 3640: 3638: 3587: 3163: 3161: 3122: 3083: 3071: 2234: 2232: 2195: 2193: 2153: 2151: 438:

Nanaya was also associated with kingship, especially in the

3465: 3100: 3098: 3059: 3001: 2999: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2829: 2827: 2802: 2800: 2746: 2396: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2180: 2178: 2024: 2022: 2007: 1923: 1881: 1869: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1780: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1512:. Her name is always spelled as "Nanaia" in Greek, but as " 1339: 1317: 1064:'s reign. She is attested in the administrative texts from 997: 778: 667: 463: 333: 157: 86: 3770: 3758: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3516: 3504: 3417: 3369: 3110: 2555: 2082: 1983: 1913: 1911: 1898: 1896: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1480:, her cult spread to various distant locations, including 1205:

Nanaya is attested for the first time during the reign of

3635: 3611: 3546: 3441: 3234: 3232: 3202: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3158: 2543: 2372: 2229: 2205: 2190: 2148: 1638: 1636: 1634: 763: 128: 4689:

N.A.B.U. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires

4429:

Advances in Ancient, Biblical, and Near Eastern Research

3095: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2996: 2984: 2914: 2863: 2824: 2797: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2695: 2408: 2244: 2175: 2046: 2019: 1935: 1835: 1792: 1739: 1715: 1442:'s death, Nanaya is described as a goddess who provides 1323:

The only known reference to worship of Nanaya among the

366:

Frans Wiggermann proposes that Nanaya was originally an

2902: 2758: 2635: 2594: 2531: 2444: 1908: 1893: 1852: 1660: 1648: 1614: 1551:

The last Mesopotamian reference to Nanaya appears in a

1504:. Later she occurs in an inscription of Kushan emperor 1270: 1143:

Nanaya was among the deities taken away from Uruk when

1033:, a goddess otherwise only known from later texts from 4682:"More on the Nature and History of the Goddess Nanaya" 3280: 3229: 3173: 2851: 2584: 2582: 2468: 2138: 2136: 1631: 1060:

First texts mentioning Nanaya come from the period of

788:, in Mesopotamia best known for her connection to the 442:, when a relationship with her, possibly some type of 217: 4857:

The Loss of Male Sexual Desire in Ancient Mesopotamia

3859:

The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period

3832: 3599: 3581: 3564: 3540: 3399: 3327: 3315: 3274: 3140: 2818: 2779: 2707: 2659: 2567: 2513: 2495: 2462: 2426: 2366: 2327: 2127: 2112: 2094: 1977: 1965: 812:, frequently attested in association with Nanaya. In 588:

Another possible depiction of Nanaya is present on a

4913:

in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature

4076: 3623: 2606: 2438: 1582:

as late as in the eighth century. Her depictions in

627: 4186:

House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia

4057: 3833:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013). 2939: 2734: 2683: 2671: 2647: 2579: 2294: 2133: 1703: 701:to her nature being perceived as less capricious. 622: 556:was associated with Nanaya in astronomical texts. 4138: 4077:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998a), 4029:"Foreign Gods in Hatti: a New Edition of CTH 510" 3788: 3752: 3498: 3486: 3459: 3435: 3411: 3387: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3303: 3262: 3250: 3223: 3196: 3152: 3053: 2896: 2881: 2845: 2785: 2629: 2525: 2489: 2390: 2354: 2339: 2312: 2288: 2276: 2169: 2064: 2040: 1953: 1829: 1817: 1774: 1762: 1733: 1697: 792:, was possibly associated with Nanaya or Ishtar. 474:. Like Inanna, she could also be identified with 4931: 4058:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998), 4728: 4577:. American Schools of Oriental Research: 1–16. 4422: 4240:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 4237: 4002:The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia 3914:. American Schools of Oriental Research: 1–10. 3593: 2978: 2966: 2951: 2076: 2001: 692:the evidence only makes it plausible that king 568:A possible late Hellenized depiction of Nanaya. 4729:Streck, Michael P.; Wasserman, Nathan (2013). 3812:. Writings from the Ancient World. SBL Press. 1037:, in which she is treated as analogous to the 654:. Another text enumerates Ninshubur, Nanaya, 455:, in this role often acting alongside Ishtar. 4906:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature 1242:It is possible that Nanaya was worshipped in 1099:. According to an inscription of Esarhaddon, 988: 280:no longer supported by most Assyriologists. 1007:priest, was related to Nanaya, as elsewhere 927:sources, and was worshipped in this role in 875:, though examples are also known from Uruk, 386: 4836: 4679: 4536:(1). University of Chicago Press: 189–227. 4523: 4095: 4026: 3474: 3375: 2561: 2378: 2088: 1989: 1182:In offering lists from the archives of the 414:, "lady of voluptuousness/sensuality," and 276:Inanna, but the evidence is inconclusive. 4818: 4791: 4772: 4567:"On the Alleged "Pre-Sumerian Substratum"" 4524:Riva, Rocío Da; Galetti, Gianluca (2018). 3776: 3764: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3617: 3552: 3525: 3510: 3423: 3208: 3167: 2806: 2701: 2414: 2402: 2261: 2238: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2184: 2157: 2052: 2028: 1941: 1929: 1875: 1846: 1805: 1786: 1750: 1721: 1685: 1673: 1654: 1625: 466:. She was instead associated with the god 49: 4423:Nissinen, Marrti; Mattila, Raija (2021). 4387: 4351: 4332: 4314: 4113: 3982: 3447: 3065: 2869: 2833: 2728: 1220:Temples of Nanaya are also attested from 777:originally male deity from the circle of 754:" One example comes from inscriptions of 4917:A German translation of Appu (CTH 360.1) 4648: 4619: 4482: 4449: 3883: 3856: 3128: 3104: 3089: 3077: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2990: 2927: 2908: 2764: 2752: 2600: 2549: 2537: 2474: 2450: 2013: 1917: 1902: 1887: 1863: 1642: 1103:expanded it. It still functioned in the 1051: 795: 731: 614:depictions of Nanaya are known from the 563: 410:- "voluptuousness." Such titles include 4775:Sumerian Gods and their Representations 4369: 4308:Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses 3956: 3901: 3605: 2857: 2100: 674:. While Ishtar was the "Lady of Uruk" ( 145:(father, due to syncretism with Ishtar) 4932: 4911:A balbale to Inana as Nanaya (Inana H) 4626:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 4210: 4183: 4165: 3999: 3805: 3286: 3238: 3184: 3116: 2716: 2665: 2612: 2573: 2501: 1285: 972:Texts from the reign of Rim-Sin I and 520: 4902:to Nanaya for Išbi-Erra (Išbi-Erra C) 4564: 4301: 2791: 1709: 1290:In offering lists from Ur III period 871:, and from an unidentified temple of 58:Land grant to Ḫunnubat-Nanaya kudurru 4854: 4709: 4278:Geschichte der hethitischen Religion 4274: 3629: 2740: 2689: 2677: 2653: 2641: 2588: 2300: 2142: 245: 237: 16:Ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love 4096:Cousin, Laura; Watai, Yoko (2016). 1531:, according to which Sasanian king 680:), Nanaya was the "Queen of Uruk" ( 13: 1543:, appear on some jewelry from the 1464: 1029:, Nanaya's Amorite counterpart is 298: 14: 4966: 4891: 4837:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011a), 4526:"Two Temple Rituals from Babylon" 4394:In Context: the Reade Festschrift 3582:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3565:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3541:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3400:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3328:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3316:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3275:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3141:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2819:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2780:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2514:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2463:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2427:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2367:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2328:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2128:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2113:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 1978:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 1966:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 895: 687:Many sources present Nanaya as a 628:Deities from the circle of Inanna 336:, rather than in the periphery. 4921:Mythen der Hethiter. Das Projekt 4819:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011), 4317:"Mondgott A. I. In Mesopotamien" 4139:Drewnowska-Rymarz, Olga (2008). 2439:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998a 1438:) pertaining to the mourning of 592:from Borsippa from the reign of 559: 252:of love closely associated with 29:Tsukihime § Main characters 4425:"The Temple of Ištar of Arbela" 4396:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. 4039:(12). Padova: Sargon: 199–244. 3904:"Ištar of Nineveh Reconsidered" 3798: 2940:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998 1082:Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban 623:Associations with other deities 4542:10.5615/jcunestud.70.2018.0189 1338:Nanaya was also worshipped in 272:goddess or as a hypostasis of 1: 4495:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 4027:Cammarosano, Michele (2015). 3884:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2014), 3861:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. 3857:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). 1607: 1346: 1320:, though only in a god list. 1011:is attested as her epithet. 766:and Inanna, and of assigning 4843:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4825:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4716:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4571:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 4530:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 4376:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4370:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983), 4358:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4339:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4321:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4188:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 4172:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4083:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4064:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 3969:(1). PERSEE Program: 25–39. 3908:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 3890:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 1298:, seemingly Nanaya with the 1119:, a goddess identified with 949: 402:and its Akkadian equivalent 7: 4796:. Brill. pp. 167–198. 4680:Steinkeller, Piotr (2013). 4483:Peterson, Jeremiah (2016). 4450:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009). 4352:Krebernik, Manfred (2014), 4333:Krebernik, Manfred (2011), 4315:Krebernik, Manfred (1993), 4166:Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1980), 4141:Mesopotamian goddess Nanāja 3842:. Academic Press Fribourg. 3809:The Witchcraft Series Maqlu 3594:Nissinen & Mattila 2021 2979:George & Krebernik 2022 2967:George & Krebernik 2022 2952:George & Krebernik 2022 2077:Streck & Wasserman 2013 2002:Streck & Wasserman 2013 1523:Nanaya is mentioned in the 531:Mesopotamian Goddess Nanajā 371:womanhood," similar to how 10: 4971: 4744:(2). De Gruyter: 183–201. 4184:George, Andrew R. (1993). 1047: 1000:where she was served by a 989:Other attested connections 823:, a Sumerian term for the 18: 4802:10.1163/9789004255302_008 4657:. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 4620:Schwemer, Daniel (2001). 387:Functions and iconography 197: 187: 182: 167: 152: 115: 110: 100: 82: 48: 41: 36: 4649:Sharlach, Tonia (2007). 4388:MacGinnis, John (2020). 1525:Second Book of Maccabees 1427:. No mention is made of 1184:First Dynasty of Sealand 644:, Inanna's husband, and 307:notes that based on the 305:Joan Goodnick Westenholz 4945:Love and lust goddesses 4565:Rubio, Gonzalo (1999). 4402:10.2307/j.ctv1ddckv5.12 4000:Boivin, Odette (2018). 3975:10.3406/ktema.1999.2206 3376:Cousin & Watai 2016 2379:Cousin & Watai 2016 1990:Riva & Galetti 2018 1449:In the Hurrian tale of 1198:and Ninsianna instead. 1171:tutelary god), Inanna, 353:Indo-European substrate 4940:Mesopotamian goddesses 4731:"More Light on Nanāya" 4275:Haas, Volkert (2015). 3957:Beckman, Gary (1999). 3902:Beckman, Gary (1998). 3789:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3753:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3499:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3487:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3460:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3436:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3412:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3388:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3364:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3352:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3340:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3304:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3263:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3251:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3224:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3197:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3153:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 3054:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2897:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2882:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2846:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2630:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2526:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2490:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2391:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2355:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2340:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2313:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2289:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2277:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2170:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2065:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2041:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 1954:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 1830:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 1818:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 1775:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 1763:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 1734:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 1698:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 1535:ordered the eponymous 1527:. She also appears in 1057: 741: 736:Statuette of a winged 569: 4925:University of Marburg 4865:10.1515/9783110757262 4855:Zisa, Gioele (2021). 4777:. STYX Publications. 4710:Stol, Martin (1998), 4252:10.3917/assy.116.0113 4246:(1). CAIRN: 113–166. 4010:10.1515/9781501507823 3806:Abusch, Tzvi (2015). 1446:with an iron arrows. 1055: 1027:Old Babylonian period 965:, while his wife was 837:In one text from the 796:Kanisurra and Gazbaba 735: 567: 4750:10.1515/za-2012-0010 4501:10.1515/za-2016-0004 4390:"The gods of Arbail" 4302:Horry, Ruth (2013), 1263:northern Mesopotamia 784:The Elamite goddess 321:divine determinative 250:Mesopotamian goddess 4794:Religions and Trade 4468:10.1515/ZA.2009.006 4304:"Tašmetu (goddess)" 4143:. Warszawa: Agade. 4115:10.5356/orient.51.3 3743:, pp. 187–188. 3567:, pp. 116–117. 3501:, pp. 159–160. 3402:, pp. 279–280. 3277:, pp. 124–125. 3143:, pp. 125–126. 3131:, pp. 208–212. 3119:, pp. 104–105. 3092:, pp. 188–189. 2755:, pp. 185–186. 2644:, pp. 141–142. 2226:, pp. 178–180. 2079:, pp. 183–184. 2067:, pp. 154–155. 2016:, pp. 191–208. 1890:, pp. 184–185. 1286:Outside Mesopotamia 1115:(later replaced by 521:Astral associations 462:independently from 408:Paul-Alain Beaulieu 261:Third Dynasty of Ur 198:Assyrian equivalent 3080:, p. 185-186. 1956:, pp. 99–100. 1529:Acts of Mar Mu'ain 1469:In a papyrus from 1294:, a goddess named 1058: 800:The minor goddess 781:is well attested. 742: 729:in Ḫursaĝkalama. 570: 311:it is most likely 204:(as Nabu's spouse) 188:Amorite equivalent 61:, a stele of King 4874:978-3-11-075726-2 4784:978-90-56-93005-9 4664:978-90-474-2085-9 4633:978-3-447-04456-1 4288:978-90-04-29394-6 4224:978-1-57506-004-0 4150:978-83-87111-41-0 4019:978-1-5015-0782-3 3868:978-90-04-13024-1 3849:978-3-7278-1738-0 3819:978-1-62837-085-0 3390:, pp. 86–93. 3342:, pp. 11–12. 3253:, pp. 62–63. 3068:, pp. 71–72. 3056:, pp. 54–55. 2884:, pp. 76–77. 2552:, pp. 68–69. 2405:, pp. 58–59. 2342:, pp. 30–31. 1932:, pp. 68–69. 1878:, pp. 67–68. 1789:, pp. 64–65. 1765:, pp. 16–17. 1688:, pp. 72–73. 827:or its entrance. 770:deities to them. 594:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 440:Isin-Larsa period 416:nin ḫili šerkandi 368:epithet of Inanna 208: 207: 83:Major cult center 73:limestone stele, 65:(1186–1172 BCE). 4962: 4886: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4815: 4788: 4769: 4735: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4686: 4676: 4645: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4561: 4520: 4479: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4311: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4271: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4207: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4162: 4135: 4117: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4023: 3996: 3986: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3880: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3523: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3475:Cammarosano 2015 3472: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3171: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2562:Wiggermann 2011a 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2265: 2259: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2146: 2140: 2131: 2125: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2089:Steinkeller 2013 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1906: 1900: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1850: 1844: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1629: 1623: 1494:Parthian coinage 1436:Ishtar of Arbela 1239:located there. 1228:in known texts. 1123:, the spouse of 890:Andrew R. George 867:, Eibbi-Anum in 832:Weidner god list 699:theophoric names 634:Weidner god list 247: 242:Classical Syriac 239: 234:Imperial Aramaic 219: 53: 34: 33: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4930: 4929: 4894: 4889: 4875: 4847: 4845: 4829: 4827: 4812: 4785: 4733: 4721: 4719: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4665: 4634: 4611: 4609: 4583:10.2307/1359726 4441: 4439: 4414: 4412: 4380: 4378: 4362: 4360: 4344: 4342: 4325: 4323: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4217:. Eisenbrauns. 4196: 4176: 4174: 4151: 4088: 4086: 4069: 4067: 4049: 4047: 4020: 3948: 3946: 3920:10.2307/1360026 3894: 3892: 3869: 3850: 3839: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3777:Westenholz 2014 3775: 3771: 3765:Westenholz 2014 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3741:Westenholz 2014 3739: 3735: 3729:Westenholz 2014 3727: 3723: 3717:Westenholz 2014 3715: 3711: 3705:Westenholz 2014 3703: 3699: 3693:Westenholz 2014 3691: 3687: 3681:Westenholz 2014 3679: 3675: 3669:Westenholz 2014 3667: 3663: 3657:Westenholz 2014 3655: 3651: 3645:Westenholz 1997 3643: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3618:Westenholz 1997 3616: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3553:Westenholz 1997 3551: 3547: 3539: 3532: 3526:Westenholz 2014 3524: 3517: 3511:Westenholz 2014 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3424:Westenholz 2014 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3215: 3209:Westenholz 1997 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3174: 3168:Westenholz 1997 3166: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2807:Westenholz 1997 2805: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2708: 2702:Westenholz 1997 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2415:Westenholz 1997 2413: 2409: 2403:Westenholz 1997 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2268: 2262:Westenholz 1997 2260: 2245: 2239:Westenholz 2014 2237: 2230: 2224:Westenholz 2014 2222: 2218: 2212:Westenholz 2014 2210: 2206: 2200:Westenholz 2014 2198: 2191: 2185:Westenholz 1997 2183: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2158:Westenholz 2014 2156: 2149: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2053:Westenholz 1997 2051: 2047: 2043:, pp. 6–7. 2039: 2035: 2029:Westenholz 1997 2027: 2020: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1942:Westenholz 1997 1940: 1936: 1930:Westenholz 1997 1928: 1924: 1916: 1909: 1901: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1876:Westenholz 1997 1874: 1870: 1862: 1853: 1847:Westenholz 1997 1845: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1806:Westenholz 1997 1804: 1793: 1787:Westenholz 1997 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1751:Westenholz 1997 1749: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1722:Wiggermann 2011 1720: 1716: 1712:, pp. 6–8. 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1686:Westenholz 1997 1684: 1680: 1674:Westenholz 1997 1672: 1661: 1655:Westenholz 1997 1653: 1649: 1641: 1632: 1626:Westenholz 1997 1624: 1615: 1610: 1596:Syriac scholar 1541:Pahlavi scripts 1478:Hellenic period 1467: 1465:Later relevance 1349: 1288: 1050: 1039:Hurrian goddess 1014:In a bilingual 1005: 991: 952: 898: 845:bēlet kaššāpāti 798: 630: 625: 562: 554:Corona Borealis 523: 389: 301: 299:Name and origin 265:Fall of Babylon 148: 78: 44: 43:Goddess of love 32: 27:character, see 17: 12: 11: 5: 4968: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4928: 4927: 4914: 4908: 4893: 4892:External links 4890: 4888: 4887: 4873: 4859:. De Gruyter. 4852: 4834: 4816: 4810: 4789: 4783: 4770: 4726: 4707: 4677: 4663: 4646: 4632: 4617: 4562: 4521: 4480: 4447: 4420: 4385: 4367: 4349: 4330: 4312: 4299: 4287: 4272: 4235: 4223: 4208: 4194: 4181: 4163: 4149: 4136: 4093: 4074: 4055: 4045:10.1400/239734 4024: 4018: 4004:. De Gruyter. 3997: 3954: 3899: 3881: 3867: 3854: 3848: 3830: 3818: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791:, p. 167. 3781: 3779:, p. 193. 3769: 3767:, p. 192. 3757: 3755:, p. 100. 3745: 3733: 3731:, p. 191. 3721: 3719:, p. 190. 3709: 3707:, p. 189. 3697: 3695:, p. 170. 3685: 3683:, p. 188. 3673: 3671:, p. 185. 3661: 3659:, p. 187. 3649: 3634: 3632:, p. 542. 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3584:, p. 117. 3569: 3557: 3545: 3543:, p. 116. 3530: 3528:, p. 186. 3515: 3513:, p. 181. 3503: 3491: 3479: 3477:, p. 208. 3464: 3452: 3450:, p. 361. 3448:Krebernik 1993 3440: 3428: 3426:, p. 173. 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3330:, p. 242. 3320: 3318:, p. 273. 3308: 3291: 3289:, p. 143. 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3241:, p. 291. 3228: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3187:, p. 210. 3172: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3107:, p. 189. 3094: 3082: 3070: 3066:Krebernik 2011 3058: 3046: 3044:, p. 214. 3034: 3032:, p. 133. 3022: 3020:, p. 213. 3010: 3008:, p. 183. 2995: 2993:, p. 365. 2983: 2981:, p. 139. 2971: 2969:, p. 119. 2956: 2954:, p. 114. 2944: 2942:, p. 378. 2932: 2930:, p. 187. 2913: 2911:, p. 317. 2901: 2886: 2874: 2872:, p. 405. 2870:Krebernik 2014 2862: 2860:, p. 419. 2850: 2848:, p. 139. 2838: 2836:, p. 404. 2834:Krebernik 2014 2823: 2821:, p. 127. 2811: 2796: 2784: 2782:, p. 105. 2769: 2767:, p. 186. 2757: 2745: 2743:, p. 434. 2733: 2731:, p. 109. 2729:MacGinnis 2020 2721: 2719:, p. 295. 2706: 2694: 2692:, p. 139. 2682: 2680:, p. 138. 2670: 2668:, p. 105. 2658: 2656:, p. 142. 2646: 2634: 2617: 2605: 2603:, p. 316. 2593: 2591:, p. 141. 2578: 2576:, p. 389. 2566: 2564:, p. 462. 2554: 2542: 2540:, p. 512. 2530: 2518: 2516:, p. 103. 2506: 2504:, p. 296. 2494: 2479: 2467: 2465:, p. 112. 2455: 2453:, p. 239. 2443: 2441:, p. 617. 2431: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2393:, p. 106. 2383: 2371: 2369:, p. 131. 2359: 2344: 2332: 2330:, p. 104. 2317: 2305: 2303:, p. 146. 2293: 2281: 2266: 2243: 2241:, p. 182. 2228: 2216: 2214:, p. 169. 2204: 2202:, p. 168. 2189: 2174: 2162: 2160:, p. 184. 2147: 2145:, p. 147. 2132: 2117: 2115:, p. 126. 2105: 2093: 2091:, p. 109. 2081: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2018: 2006: 2004:, p. 184. 1994: 1992:, p. 192. 1982: 1980:, p. 281. 1970: 1968:, p. 282. 1958: 1946: 1934: 1922: 1920:, p. 188. 1907: 1905:, p. 185. 1892: 1880: 1868: 1866:, p. 184. 1851: 1834: 1832:, p. 120. 1822: 1820:, p. 125. 1810: 1791: 1779: 1767: 1755: 1738: 1736:, p. 156. 1726: 1724:, p. 417. 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1659: 1647: 1645:, p. 182. 1630: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1466: 1463: 1363:and Kullaba), 1348: 1345: 1287: 1284: 1248:Shamshi-Adad V 1137:theos eponymos 1097:Nazi-Maruttash 1049: 1046: 1003: 990: 987: 951: 948: 897: 896:Marital status 894: 797: 794: 629: 626: 624: 621: 599:On an Aramean 583:Meli-Shipak II 561: 558: 522: 519: 504:Meli-Shipak II 494:Neo-Babylonian 478:, the deified 388: 385: 383:commentaries. 300: 297: 206: 205: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 180: 179: 169: 165: 164: 154: 150: 149: 147: 146: 139: 132: 126: 119: 117: 113: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 84: 80: 79: 71:Kassite period 63:Meli-Shipak II 54: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4967: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4950:War goddesses 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4811:9789004255302 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4618: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4195:0-931464-80-3 4191: 4187: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3984:2027.42/77419 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3838: 3837: 3831: 3821: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 78. 3646: 3641: 3639: 3631: 3626: 3620:, p. 72. 3619: 3614: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3566: 3561: 3555:, p. 73. 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3489:, p. 93. 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3462:, p. 26. 3461: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3438:, p. 25. 3437: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3414:, p. 69. 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3378:, p. 17. 3377: 3372: 3366:, p. 86. 3365: 3360: 3354:, p. 88. 3353: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3306:, p. 64. 3305: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3265:, p. 63. 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3226:, p. 57. 3225: 3220: 3218: 3211:, p. 70. 3210: 3205: 3199:, p. 10. 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3170:, p. 69. 3169: 3164: 3162: 3155:, p. 83. 3154: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3129:Beaulieu 2003 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3105:Beaulieu 2003 3101: 3099: 3091: 3090:Beaulieu 2003 3086: 3079: 3078:Beaulieu 2003 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3042:Beaulieu 2003 3038: 3031: 3030:Beaulieu 2003 3026: 3019: 3018:Beaulieu 2003 3014: 3007: 3006:Beaulieu 2003 3002: 3000: 2992: 2991:Sharlach 2007 2987: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2928:Beaulieu 2003 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2910: 2909:Beaulieu 2003 2905: 2899:, p. 30. 2898: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2815: 2809:, p. 76. 2808: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2766: 2765:Beaulieu 2003 2761: 2754: 2753:Beaulieu 2003 2749: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2704:, p. 77. 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2632:, p. 31. 2631: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2615:, p. 34. 2614: 2609: 2602: 2601:Beaulieu 2003 2597: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2550:Schwemer 2001 2546: 2539: 2538:Beaulieu 2014 2534: 2528:, p. 59. 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2492:, p. 56. 2491: 2486: 2484: 2477:, p. 38. 2476: 2475:Peterson 2016 2471: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2451:Peterson 2009 2447: 2440: 2435: 2429:, p. 79. 2428: 2423: 2417:, p. 59. 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2381:, p. 21. 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2357:, p. 65. 2356: 2351: 2349: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2315:, p. 42. 2314: 2309: 2302: 2297: 2291:, p. 23. 2290: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2264:, p. 79. 2263: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2187:, p. 71. 2186: 2181: 2179: 2172:, p. 45. 2171: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2130:, p. 92. 2129: 2124: 2122: 2114: 2109: 2103:, p. 27. 2102: 2097: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2055:, p. 64. 2054: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2031:, p. 74. 2030: 2025: 2023: 2015: 2014:Beaulieu 2003 2010: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1944:, p. 67. 1943: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1918:Beaulieu 2003 1914: 1912: 1904: 1903:Beaulieu 2003 1899: 1897: 1889: 1888:Beaulieu 2003 1884: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1864:Beaulieu 2003 1860: 1858: 1856: 1849:, p. 68. 1848: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1808:, p. 65. 1807: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1783: 1777:, p. 97. 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1753:, p. 80. 1752: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1706: 1700:, p. 21. 1699: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1676:, p. 60. 1675: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1657:, p. 57. 1656: 1651: 1644: 1643:Beaulieu 2003 1639: 1637: 1635: 1628:, p. 58. 1627: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1300:determinative 1297: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1256:Dur-Kurigalzu 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:Puzrish-Dagan 1063: 1054: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025:dated to the 1024: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 999: 996: 986: 984: 980: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 947: 946:, to Nanaya. 945: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 893: 891: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 863:, Ebabbar in 862: 858: 852: 850: 846: 842: 841: 835: 833: 828: 826: 822: 817: 816: 811: 807: 803: 793: 791: 787: 782: 780: 775: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 748: 739: 734: 730: 728: 724: 720: 715: 709: 707: 702: 700: 695: 690: 685: 683: 679: 678: 677:Bēltu-ša-Uruk 673: 670:'s status in 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652: 647: 643: 639: 638:Ur III period 635: 620: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 566: 560:Nanaya in art 557: 555: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 528: 518: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 500: 495: 491: 489: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 454: 449: 447: 446: 441: 436: 434: 431:, Ishtar and 430: 426: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 384: 382: 376: 374: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349:Indo-European 346: 342: 337: 335: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 296: 294: 290: 286: 281: 277: 275: 271: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 243: 235: 231: 227: 223: 216: 212: 203: 200: 196: 193: 190: 186: 181: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 144: 141:sporadically 140: 137: 134:sporadically 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 118: 114: 109: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 59: 52: 47: 40: 35: 30: 26: 22: 4920: 4899: 4856: 4846:, retrieved 4842: 4828:, retrieved 4824: 4793: 4774: 4741: 4737: 4720:, retrieved 4715: 4700:. Retrieved 4688: 4654: 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4574: 4570: 4533: 4529: 4492: 4488: 4459: 4455: 4440:. Retrieved 4428: 4413:. Retrieved 4393: 4379:, retrieved 4375: 4361:, retrieved 4357: 4343:, retrieved 4338: 4324:, retrieved 4320: 4307: 4292:. Retrieved 4277: 4243: 4239: 4228:. Retrieved 4213: 4185: 4175:, retrieved 4171: 4140: 4105: 4101: 4087:, retrieved 4082: 4068:, retrieved 4063: 4060:"Nin-ḫilisu" 4048:. Retrieved 4036: 4032: 4001: 3966: 3962: 3947:. Retrieved 3911: 3907: 3893:, retrieved 3889: 3858: 3835: 3823:. Retrieved 3808: 3799:Bibliography 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3625: 3613: 3608:, p. 5. 3606:Beckman 1998 3601: 3589: 3560: 3548: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3204: 3192: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 2986: 2974: 2947: 2935: 2904: 2877: 2865: 2858:Lambert 1983 2853: 2841: 2814: 2787: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2608: 2596: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2335: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2279:, p. 9. 2219: 2207: 2165: 2108: 2101:Beckman 1998 2096: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2009: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1883: 1871: 1825: 1813: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1729: 1717: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1650: 1595: 1577: 1550: 1528: 1522: 1510:Kushan coins 1468: 1448: 1433: 1411:(in Kutha), 1350: 1337: 1333:Old Assyrian 1322: 1310:(Nin-)Bizila 1303: 1295: 1289: 1279: 1267: 1260: 1241: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1200: 1192: 1181: 1169: 1157: 1154: 1149:Ashurbanipal 1142: 1136: 1113:Bēltu-ša-Rēš 1101:Eriba-Marduk 1092: 1086: 1059: 1023:lexical list 1013: 1009:nin-ḫi-li-sù 1008: 1001: 992: 971: 953: 941: 937: 925:Neo-Assyrian 917:kalat Esagil 916: 906: 901: 899: 859:, Edubba in 853: 844: 838: 836: 829: 820: 813: 809: 799: 783: 772: 767: 751: 745: 743: 737: 718: 710: 703: 694:Lipit-Ishtar 686: 681: 675: 649: 631: 610:A number of 609: 598: 589: 587: 574: 571: 552: 530: 524: 514: 508: 497: 492: 487: 484: 457: 450: 445:hieros gamos 443: 437: 415: 411: 403: 399: 397: 393:bēlet ru'āmi 392: 390: 377: 365: 338: 319:, without a 316: 302: 282: 278: 258: 229: 225: 210: 209: 66: 56: 24: 4718:(in German) 4341:(in German) 4335:"Šarrāḫītu" 4168:"Kanisurra" 4085:(in German) 4066:(in German) 3287:George 1993 3239:George 2000 3185:Boivin 2018 3117:Boivin 2018 2717:George 2000 2666:Abusch 2015 2613:George 1993 2574:Edzard 1980 2502:George 2000 1584:Sogdian art 1555:spell from 1296:Nin-Na-na-a 1226:e Na-na-a-a 1145:Sennacherib 1129:Uṣur-amāssu 1078:Belet Nagar 974:Samsu-Iluna 774:Uṣur-amāssu 756:Kudur-Mabuk 682:Šarrat Uruk 472:Uṣur-amāssu 412:belet kubzi 293:Uṣur-amāssu 183:Equivalents 4934:Categories 4848:2022-03-13 4830:2022-03-13 4722:2022-03-12 4702:2022-03-13 4612:2022-03-13 4442:2022-11-03 4415:2022-03-05 4381:2022-03-09 4363:2022-03-09 4345:2022-03-10 4326:2022-03-12 4294:2022-03-13 4230:2022-03-07 4177:2022-03-12 4089:2022-03-12 4070:2023-04-22 4050:2022-03-13 3949:2022-03-12 3895:2023-04-22 3825:2022-03-13 2792:Horry 2013 1710:Rubio 1999 1608:References 1598:Bar Bahlul 1502:Sapadbizes 1471:Achaemenid 1347:Literature 1329:Kızılırmak 1117:Sharrahitu 1109:Sin-kashid 1089:Sin-Eribam 873:Ningublaga 825:underworld 612:Hellenized 420:Esarhaddon 156:sometimes 23:. For the 4883:243923454 4766:163386405 4758:1613-1150 4697:0989-5671 4673:648616171 4607:163985956 4591:0022-0256 4558:165598135 4550:0022-0256 4517:164470953 4509:0084-5299 4476:162329196 4437:2748-6419 4410:234551379 4372:"Lāgamāl" 4268:255918382 4260:0373-6032 4159:263460607 4132:166601142 4124:0473-3851 3993:0221-5896 3944:163362140 3928:0022-0256 3630:Haas 2015 2741:Zisa 2021 2690:Zisa 2021 2678:Zisa 2021 2654:Zisa 2021 2642:Zisa 2021 2589:Zisa 2021 2301:Stol 1998 2143:Stol 1998 1593:figures. 1580:Panjakent 1533:Shapur II 1429:Tashmetum 1401:Annunitum 1379:(both in 1353:syncretic 1276:Melišipak 1211:Hammurabi 1044:instead. 983:Sargon II 950:Parentage 913:Tashmetum 883:and even 802:Kanisurra 760:Rim-Sîn I 660:Kanisurra 646:Ninshubur 636:from the 536:Ninsianna 381:cuneiform 373:Annunitum 289:Kanisurra 248:) was a 202:Tashmetum 173:Kanisurra 171:possibly 111:Genealogy 25:Tsukihime 4712:"Nanaja" 4642:48145544 4354:"Uraš A" 4204:27813103 4079:"Nungal" 3877:51944564 1591:Buddhist 1588:Mahayana 1545:Sasanian 1518:Bactrian 1506:Kanishka 1459:Shaushka 1440:Ishtaran 1421:Borsippa 1409:Mammitum 1385:Sarpanit 1325:Hittites 1302:"lady" ( 1207:Sumulael 1196:Ninisina 1165:Seleucid 1163:through 1133:Urkayītu 1121:Ashratum 1105:Seleucid 1016:Akkadian 944:Sarpanit 725:'s wife 689:protégée 616:Parthian 542:form of 468:Mār-bīti 460:Borsippa 453:lamashtu 363:origin. 313:Akkadian 274:Sumerian 270:Akkadian 218:𒀭𒈾𒈾𒀀 215:Sumerian 168:Children 138:(mother) 131:(father) 125:(father) 95:Borsippa 21:Nannayya 4923:of the 4904:in the 4599:1359726 3936:1360026 1561:Shamash 1553:Mandean 1490:Bactria 1482:Armenia 1389:Babylon 1357:Damkina 1254:and in 1237:Ninurta 1222:Kazallu 1203:Babylon 1167:times. 1048:Worship 1020:Amorite 967:Ninegal 963:Lagamal 933:Nineveh 806:Gazbaba 790:Sebitti 786:Narundi 672:Babylon 666:'s and 656:Bizilla 590:kudurru 579:Kassite 575:kudurru 544:Pinikir 540:Hurrian 499:kudurru 488:šutummu 480:victory 425:Shamash 361:Hurrian 357:Semitic 345:Elamite 341:Aramean 263:to the 177:Gazbaba 153:Consort 116:Parents 4955:Inanna 4881: 4871: 4808: 4781: 4764: 4756: 4695: 4671: 4661: 4640: 4630: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4556: 4548: 4515: 4507: 4474: 4435: 4408: 4285: 4266: 4258: 4221: 4202: 4192: 4157: 4147: 4130: 4122: 4102:Orient 4016: 3991: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3875: 3865: 3846: 3816: 1573:Nergal 1557:Nippur 1537:Syriac 1500:ruler 1498:Yuezhi 1486:Sogdia 1455:Marduk 1425:Sippar 1413:Manzat 1397:Karkar 1373:Išḫara 1369:Nippur 1365:Ninlil 1343:Susa. 1252:Sippar 1233:Nippur 1188:Manzat 1177:Nergal 1173:Ishkur 1125:Amurru 1074:Išḫara 1070:Allani 1062:Shulgi 1035:Ugarit 1031:Pidray 995:Ur III 959:emesal 921:Marduk 902:almanu 885:Arbela 877:Nippur 869:Dilbat 865:Sippar 849:Išḫara 821:ganzer 752:lamma. 727:Ninlil 719:sukkal 714:Nungal 664:Marduk 651:sukkal 648:, her 642:Dumuzi 601:pithos 476:Irnina 433:Nisaba 329:Diyala 309:suffix 285:Išḫara 254:Inanna 226:Ναναια 211:Nanaya 192:Pidray 136:Inanna 75:Louvre 67:Nanaya 37:Nanaya 4879:S2CID 4762:S2CID 4734:(PDF) 4691:(4). 4685:(PDF) 4603:S2CID 4595:JSTOR 4554:S2CID 4513:S2CID 4472:S2CID 4462:(2). 4406:S2CID 4264:S2CID 4128:S2CID 3940:S2CID 3932:JSTOR 3840:(PDF) 1602:Arabs 1516:" in 1474:Egypt 1405:Agade 1393:Shala 1361:Eridu 1314:Khana 1280:sanga 1042:Ḫepat 955:Urash 929:Kalhu 909:Muati 881:Eridu 857:Kutha 840:Maqlû 815:Šurpu 810:kubzu 768:lamma 747:lamma 738:lamma 723:Enlil 706:Eanna 605:Assur 603:from 581:king 548:Larsa 527:Venus 515:ziqqu 511:spice 404:kubzu 379:late 325:Gasur 317:Na-na 222:Greek 162:Muati 123:Urash 105:Eanna 101:Abode 91:Larsa 4900:tigi 4869:ISBN 4806:ISBN 4779:ISBN 4754:ISSN 4693:ISSN 4669:OCLC 4659:ISBN 4638:OCLC 4628:ISBN 4587:ISSN 4546:ISSN 4505:ISSN 4433:ISSN 4283:ISBN 4256:ISSN 4219:ISBN 4200:OCLC 4190:ISBN 4155:OCLC 4145:ISBN 4120:ISSN 4014:ISBN 3989:ISSN 3924:ISSN 3873:OCLC 3863:ISBN 3844:ISBN 3814:ISBN 1571:and 1514:Nana 1488:and 1451:Appu 1423:and 1415:(in 1403:(in 1395:(in 1387:(in 1381:Kish 1340:Susa 1318:Emar 1292:Mari 1175:and 1160:Antu 1131:and 1002:gudu 998:Umma 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