20:
245:
833:
441:
1178:
used of manners, architecture, style, custom, government, writing and other aspects of culture, with little consistency. In a recent history of the
Germanic people, Ozment used it to mean the Carolingian and all preceding governments and states calling themselves Franks through the death of the last admittedly Frankish king,
1239:, "Unity gives strength, and Discord weakness," means contemporary Dutch and not Old Dutch. On the frontispiece, Childe refers to the language in which the book was written as "the original Low Dutch". Linguistic "Old Dutch" had already become "Low Dutch", the contemporary language, and "High Dutch", or
1232:
into
English as "Old Dutch". The linguistic noun "Old Dutch", however, competed with the adjective "Old Dutch", meaning an earlier writing in the same Dutch, such as an old Dutch rhyme, or an old Dutch proverb. For example, Brandt's "old Dutch proverb", in the English of his translator, John Childe,
1071:
had applied the concept of "German" grammar to ten languages, which "all appear to have once been one and the same." One of these was the "Netherland
Language, which appears to have been produced by the combined action of the older Franconian and Saxon, and stands therefore in close relation to the
1177:
The term "Old
Frankish" in English is vague and analogous, referring either to language or to other aspects of culture. In the most general sense, "old" means "not the present", and "Frankish" means anything claimed to be related to the Franks from any time period. The term "Old Frankish" has been
1100:
According to Strong and Meyer, "Franconian ceases to be applied to this language; it is then called
Netherlandish (Dutch)…." Only the English ever applied Franconian anywhere; moreover, Netherlandish had been in use since the 17th century, after which Dutch was an entirely English word. The error
1138:
Between "Old Dutch" (meaning the earliest Dutch language) and "Old
Teutonic", Van Vliet inserted "Frankish", the language of the Old Franks. He was unintentionally ambiguous about who these "Old Franks" were linguistically. At one point in his writing they were referred to as "Old High German"
1768:
The history of the
Reformation and other ecclesiastical transactions in and about the Low-countries: from the beginning of the eighth century, down to the famous Synod of Dort, inclusive. In which all the revolutions that happen'd in church and state, on account of the divisions between the
1072:
Low German and the
Friesian. Its descendants now are the Flemish in Belgium and Dutch in Holland." MĂĽller, after describing Grimm's innovation of the old, middle and new phases of High German, contradicts himself by reiterating that Franconian was a dialect of the upper Rhine.
426:
written about AD 700 described a continuation of national identities within a mixed population when it stated that "all the peoples who dwell , Franks, Romans, Burgundians, and those of other nations, live ... according to their law and their custom."
1174:, which at one end of its spectrum became Old Dutch, and at the other, Old High German, threw a shadow into neighboring England, even though the word "Franconian", covering the same material, was already firmly in use there. The shadow remains.
759:), whose literal meaning is "language of ĂŽle-de-France". It is not until the 19th and 20th centuries that the language of ĂŽle-de-France indeed became the language of the whole country France. In modern French, the French language is called
1182:, in 919, and his replacement by a Saxon. This "Old Frankish" period, then, beginning in the Proto-Germanic period and lasting until the 10th century, is meant to include Old High German, Old Dutch and the language that split to form
1611:
A new geographical and historical grammar: wherein the geographical part is truly modern; and the present state of the several kingdoms of the world is so interspersed, as to render the study of geography both entertaining and
1143:. The language of the literary fragments available to him was not clearly identified. Van Vliet was searching for a group he thought of as the "Old Franks", which to him included everyone from Mainz to the mouth of the Rhine.
611:
only, from which the word France is derived. The French state has been in continuous existence since 843 (except for a brief interruption in 885–887), with an unbroken line of heads of states since the first king of
1018:, linguistic terminology in English varies between the names "Frankish" and "Franconian", the Germanic language of Merowingian Francia being variously known as "Old Frankish", "Old Franconian" or simply "Frankish".
271:, presumably because the Franks were exempt from taxation within the territories they had conquered in northern Gaul, or more generally because they possessed there full freedom in contrast to native
1097:
Strong and Meyer (1886) defined Low
Franconian as the language "spoken on the lower Rhine." Their presentation included an Upper, Middle and Lower Franconian, essentially the modern scheme.
1146:
By the end of the 17th century the concept of Old
Frankish, the ancestor language of Dutch, German, and the Frankish words in Old French had been firmly established. After the death of
1716:
Breuker, Ph. H. (2007), "On the Course of Franciscus Junius' Germanic Studies, with Special Reference to Frisian", in Bremmer, Rolf H. Jr.; Van der Meer, Geart; Vries, Oebele (eds.),
1616:"The language of the Germans is High Dutch, of which there are many dialects, so different, that the people of one province scarce understand those of another."
1030:
as it was introduced in the mid 19th century did not refer to the early medieval period, but was used as a nostalgic term for "old-timey" Franconia (compare
1139:
speakers, at another, "Old Dutch" speakers, and at another "Old French" speakers. Moreover, he hypothesized at one point that Frankish was a reflection of
1038:). This was rendered into English as "Old Franconian", with 19th-century sources talking about Old Franconian towns, songs, people, etc. But the same term
763:, while the old language of ĂŽle-de-France is called by the name applied to it according to a 19th-century theory on the origin of the French language -
1094:
dialects by the 1880s gave rise to the term "Low Franconian" for the "Franconian" dialects that did not take part in the High German consonant shift.
1538:
in origin simply the dative plural of the name of the Franks, following a German model of naming territories also applied to the other stem duchies:
1060:
dialect spoken on the middle and upper Rhine; i.e., it went beyond the limits of Franconia to comprise also the dialect continuum of the Rhineland.
69:
rose to the main successor of Roman imperial power in Western Europe, and as a result, the Franks ultimately gave their name to both the
1243:. On the other hand, "Old Dutch" was a popular English adjective used in the 18th century with reference to people, places and things.
596:
in 1214 definitively marked the end of the efforts by the Holy Roman Empire to reunify the old Frankish Empire by conquering France.
418:
everyone seems to have been considered a Frank by the mid-seventh century at the latest; Romani were essentially the inhabitants of
897:
869:
1884:
1852:
1826:
1751:
1524:
1503:
1392:
1049:(1863) used the adjective "Franconian" in reference to the Merowingian period, and "Old Franconian" for the language of the
144:
According to the traditional interpretation, the Franks were named from their national weapon, a kind of spear called the *
876:
850:
462:
1628:
Diutiska: an historical and critical survey of the literature of Germany, from the earliest period to the death of Göthe
372:('king of the Franks'), the original motto engraved on coins by the French monarchy, survives today in the name of the
916:
488:
883:
470:
1863:
1903:
1147:
937:
for German and French territories of the former Frankish Empire leads to terminological difficulties in English.
1105:
two years later, in 1888. Wright identifies Old Low Franconian with Old Dutch, both terms used only in English.
865:
854:
466:
19:
59:
1217:, sometimes Old Dutch, and sometimes Middle Dutch, perhaps because the terms were not yet firm in his mind.
1081:
815:
as it stood during the 9th and 10th centuries, divided Franconia during the later medieval period, and the
414:
pointed out that "the word 'Frankish' quickly ceased to have an exclusive ethnic connotation. North of the
210:
may simply be interpreted as 'the Frankish ', or else as an independent derivation from the Germanic root *
1221:
had been in general use until about 1580 to refer to the Dutch language, but subsequently was replaced by
1806:
996:
988:
1606:
1000:
399:, c. 61 BCE, whose dominion extended all along those lands immediately joining the west bank of the
1913:
1720:, Amsterdam Beiträge zur ãlteren Germanistik Bd. 31/32; Estrikken 69, Amsterdam: Rodopi, p. 44
451:
183:). Alternatively, some scholars have proposed to connect the name to the Proto-Germanic adjective *
572:, who soon claimed the imperial title and wanted to reunify the Frankish Empire, dropped the name
1702:
843:
455:
272:
215:
890:
1004:
234:
1788:
1588:
1127:
speaking populations, originally derived from the earlier name of a tribe specifically called
1151:
972:
tends to refer to the period of the unified Frankish realm, during the 5th to 9th centuries.
388:
1235:
976:
729:
423:
1495:
1488:
8:
1179:
1171:
1050:
987:. This group of dialects has a complicated history due to the geographical spread of the
689:
517:, originally applied to the entire Frankish Empire. Under the reign of the Franks' Kings
411:
252:
1696:
298:
came to designate any contemporary individual from Western Europe, or, by ellipsis, the
1908:
1841:
1776:
1769:
Protestants and Papists, the Arminians and Calvinists, are fairly and fully represented
812:
654:
593:
581:
351:
286:('free of servitude'; later also 'noble'), which is itself derived from Medieval Latin
244:
74:
1880:
1848:
1822:
1499:
1388:
1252:
1035:
1015:
975:
But there are exceptions, most notably in the context of linguistics, where the term
816:
783:
577:
534:
355:
347:
200:
138:
82:
70:
1131:. The word Teutonicus had thus been used since the Middle Ages as an alternative to
1167:
1111:
and his 17th century contemporaries inherited the name and the concept "Teutonic".
617:
542:
419:
1614:(new ed.). Edinburgh: Sands, Murray, and Cochran, for J. Meuros. p. 147.
1383:
Rouche, Michel (1987). "The Early Middle Ages in the West". In Veyne, Paul (ed.).
693:
191:'courageous'), which could itself be understood as a nasalized secondary form of *
1810:
1140:
1057:
752:
625:
621:
526:
343:
305:
106:
66:
1601:
1571:
992:
808:
638:(realm) of the Franks". In order to distinguish it from the Frankish Empire of
554:
522:
502:
268:
163:
1897:
1836:
1124:
1108:
415:
339:
300:
1064:
279:('free of servitude'; later 'candid, outspoken, unreserved') stems from the
1814:
1670:
lecture series, German language, later translated and published in English.
792:
737:
709:
558:
546:
368:
also served as the currency of France. The term, which may be derived from
248:
230:
1656:
Vaughan, Robert; Allon, Henry (July 1, 1862). "The Science of Language".
1240:
1187:
1087:
1086:
The overlapping concepts of "Franconian" and the division of German into
1068:
1031:
1008:
948:
translating what in Dutch and German is expressed by a single adjective (
717:
639:
530:
400:
373:
114:
1461:
1183:
1162:, "for the elucidation of the mother tongue." The concept of the Dutch
1132:
1120:
1091:
857: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
704:. This meaning is found in some geographic names, such as French Brie (
404:
332:
280:
78:
657:, France is known as the historical "Land of the Franks", for example
1872:
1547:
779:
724:
that was annexed to the royal demesne, as opposed to Champagne Brie (
381:
377:
225:
126:
46:
1666:
In this review Vaughan and Allon are paraphrasing from Max MĂĽller's
1604:", which until the 18th century was used of German in general; see
1042:
came to be used of the Frankish language of the Merovingian period.
832:
592:
as an independent kingdom, distinct from the Holy Roman Empire. The
440:
766:
745:
518:
396:
688:
In a more restricted meaning, "France" refers specifically to the
1539:
1494:. Penguin History of Europe, 2. New York: Penguin Books. p.
1128:
968:
within the Holy Roman Empire from the 10th century onward, while
701:
538:
513:
319:
40:
1209:
were coming into use for contemporary Dutch. Van Vliet used the
1563:
1555:
508:
313:
291:
219:
158:
30:
700:
at its centre), which historically was the heart of the royal
545:
in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided in three parts :
156:'javelin, dart'), in a process analogous to the naming of the
1684:. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Le Bas & Lowrey. p. 68.
1201:
meant "the entire Continental Germanic continuum". The terms
1014:
Since these dialects are all derived from the early medieval
733:
697:
662:
634:
364:
1490:
The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400-1000
1468:, part 2, Warsaw 1859, p. 9b (Hebrew); Polish name of book:
721:
678:
670:
359:
171:
1135:(the Germanic word from which Dutch and Deutsch evolved).
1861:
1446:
1410:
1301:
23:
A 19th-century depiction of different Franks (AD 400–600)
588:
successfully opposed this claim and managed to preserve
1385:
A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium
1228:
English linguists lost no time in bringing Van Vliet's
169:, a small sword similar to a knife or a dagger (cf. OE
1733:
A mighty fortress: a new history of the German people
93:
The name of the Franks is first attested in Latin as
1056:
In 1890 Ernest Adams defined "Old Franconian" as an
1154:said of him in 1694 that he collected fragments of
620:) to the current president of the French Republic (
603:had disappeared, there arose the habit to refer to
187:, meaning 'fierce, daring, eager to fight' (cf. ON
1840:
1805:
1766:Brandt, Gerard; Childe, John (Translator) (1721).
1487:
1311:
1280:
995:remained unaffected by the consonant shift while
263:By the end of the 6th century AD, the tribal name
1895:
101:) during the 3rd century AD. The Germanic forms
1821:. Vol. 9 (2 ed.). Walter de Gruyter.
1166:, a language spoken by the Franks mentioned in
1877:Dictionnaire historique de la langue française
1680:Strong, Herbert Augustus; Meyer, Kuno (1886).
751:This meaning is also found in the name of the
206:'voracious, greedy'). In this view, the term *
1771:. Vol. II. London: T. Wood. p. 346.
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
681:of the Franks) in Swedish and Norwegian, and
387:In a tradition going back to the 7th-century
1765:
1750:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDekker1998 (
1655:
1476:, University of Manchester, n.d. pp. 536–538
991:as it developed during the medieval period.
1819:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
1682:Outline of a history of the German language
1679:
1645:. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 17.
1523:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJames1988 (
1101:had been corrected by the time of Wright's
1075:
469:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
267:turned into an adjective meaning 'free' in
1265:
822:
716:). French Brie, the area where the famous
917:Learn how and when to remove this message
732:. Likewise, French Vexin was the part of
489:Learn how and when to remove this message
1236:Eendracht maekt macht, en twist verquist
323:(the land of the Franks). Its adjective
243:
58:), are derived from the name given to a
18:
1715:
1649:
1625:
1485:
1479:
391:, the name of the Franks is taken from
241:, which means 'Frankish axe' in Latin.
1896:
1745:
1735:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 49.
1730:
1694:
1605:
1406:
1404:
1382:
1193:A second term in use by Van Vliet was
646:, while the Frankish Empire is called
1640:
1518:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1297:
1295:
1293:
88:
62:which emerged in the 3rd century AD.
1835:
1643:The elements of the English language
1317:
855:adding citations to reliable sources
826:
736:inside ĂŽle-de-France, as opposed to
467:adding citations to reliable sources
434:
422:after that". On the other hand, the
195:, meaning 'greedy, violent' (cf. ON
1871:
1701:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.
1426:
1401:
1350:
1329:
430:
395:, one of the Germanic kings of the
13:
1474:Fredegar and the History of France
1339:
1290:
1281:Beck, Geuenich & Steuer (1995)
308:used in the Mediterranean Bassin.
38:), alongside the derived names of
14:
1925:
1630:. London: Tübner. pp. 14–16.
1021:
1867:. Oxford University Press. 2021.
1864:Oxford English Dictionary Online
1843:A Handbook of Germanic Etymology
1718:Aspects of Old Frisian Philology
1447:Oxford English Dictionary (2021)
1411:Oxford English Dictionary (2021)
1302:Oxford English Dictionary (2021)
1007:form a dialect continuum within
831:
439:
290:. By the 17th century AD in the
1799:
1759:
1739:
1724:
1709:
1688:
1673:
1634:
1619:
1594:
1577:
1532:
1512:
1455:
1160:ad illustrandam linguam patriam
1150:, a contemporary of Van Vliet,
940:English has the two adjectives
842:needs additional citations for
803:was introduced as a synonym of
795:, derived from the German name
358:of 1795 to the adoption of the
338:) is now used to designate the
129:) point to an original n-stem *
1587:, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006,
1440:
1420:
1387:. Belknap Press. p. 425.
1376:
1323:
1213:ambiguously to mean sometimes
811:), and came to be used of the
1:
1583:K.H. Ludwig in Kasten (ed.),
1258:
60:Germanic tribal confederation
1472:; cf. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill,
1082:Names for the Dutch language
819:of the early modern period.
773:
720:is produced, is the part of
223:'javelin, spear'). The term
7:
1246:
989:High German consonant shift
576:and called their realm the
533:, the country was known as
410:Writing in 2009, Professor
354:(1589–1610), then from the
275:speakers. The English word
10:
1930:
1079:
1051:Pledge of Charles the Bald
929:The division made between
777:
665:of the Franks) in German,
500:
380:(Western Africa), and the
233:used by the Franks, is an
1879:(4 ed.). Le Robert.
1698:An Old High-German primer
791:became the Latin name of
673:of the Franks) in Dutch,
632:, which literally means "
628:, France is still called
511:directly continues Latin
1658:British Quarterly Review
1626:Solling, Gustav (1863).
1486:Wickham, Chris (2010) .
1076:Low Franconian vs. Dutch
346:. Between the reigns of
1731:Ozment, Steven (2005).
1695:Wright, Joseph (1888).
823:Franconian vs. Frankish
799:"realm of the Franks",
728:) which was annexed by
1904:Place name etymologies
1641:Adams, Ernest (1890).
1103:Old High German Primer
1016:language of the Franks
964:when referring to the
260:
259:('King of the Franks')
24:
1585:Festschrift Hägermann
1197:, "Old Dutch", where
1152:Johann Georg Graevius
1080:Further information:
807:by the 12th century (
778:Further information:
389:Chronicle of Fredegar
317:stems from the Latin
247:
162:, which derives from
152:'javelin, lance', ON
22:
16:Ethnic name etymology
1306:Frank, n.1 and adj.1
977:Franconian languages
866:"Name of the Franks"
851:improve this article
614:Francia Occidentalis
605:Francia Occidentalis
590:Francia Occidentalis
586:Francia Occidentalis
551:Francia Occidentalis
463:improve this section
424:formulary of Marculf
50:(and the adjectives
1668:Science of Language
1451:French, adj. and n.
1233:mentioned in 1721:
1180:Conrad I of Germany
1172:Carolingian dynasty
981:fränkische Sprachen
744:) which was inside
642:, France is called
412:Christopher Wickham
255:, with inscription
1787:has generic name (
1748:, pp. 255–256
1600:compare the name "
1462:David Solomon Ganz
1158:, "Old Frankish,"
1045:Gustave Solling's
985:Langues franciques
979:translates German
960:translates German
813:Duchy of Franconia
805:Francia orientalis
655:Germanic languages
624:). Noticeably, in
601:Francia Orientalis
594:Battle of Bouvines
582:History of Germany
574:Francia Orientalis
570:Francia Orientalis
563:Francia Orientalis
384:(French Pacific).
304:, a Romance-based
261:
214:- ('forward'; cf.
89:Name and etymology
25:
1886:978-2-321-00726-5
1854:978-90-04-12875-0
1837:Orel, Vladimir E.
1828:978-3-11-014642-4
1505:978-0-670-02098-0
1394:978-0-674-39974-7
1253:Name of the Goths
1123:referring to the
1067:pointed out that
956:, respectively).
927:
926:
919:
901:
817:Franconian Circle
784:Rhenish Franconia
578:Holy Roman Empire
535:Kingdom of Franks
499:
498:
491:
356:French Convention
348:John II of France
311:The country name
239:securis Francisca
201:Middle Low German
139:Frankish language
83:Holy Roman Empire
71:Kingdom of France
1921:
1890:
1868:
1858:
1846:
1832:
1811:Geuenich, Dieter
1793:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1493:
1483:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1380:
1374:
1348:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1288:
1278:
1168:Gregory of Tours
1026:The German term
922:
915:
911:
908:
902:
900:
859:
835:
827:
757:langue française
726:Brie champenoise
618:Charles the Bald
584:). The kings of
543:Treaty of Verdun
494:
487:
483:
480:
474:
443:
435:
431:Francia (France)
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1914:Frankish people
1894:
1893:
1887:
1855:
1829:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1729:
1725:
1714:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1654:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1624:
1620:
1599:
1595:
1582:
1578:
1537:
1533:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1484:
1480:
1460:
1456:
1445:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1381:
1377:
1349:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1300:
1291:
1279:
1266:
1261:
1249:
1164:vetere Francica
1156:vetere Francica
1119:are names from
1084:
1078:
1058:Old High German
1024:
1005:High Franconian
923:
912:
906:
903:
860:
858:
848:
836:
825:
786:
776:
753:French language
653:In most of the
622:Emmanuel Macron
599:Since the name
527:Pepin the Short
505:
495:
484:
478:
475:
460:
444:
433:
327:(Modern French
306:pidgin language
107:Old High German
91:
67:Frankish Empire
17:
12:
11:
5:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1807:Beck, Heinrich
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1758:
1738:
1723:
1708:
1687:
1672:
1664:(71): 218–220.
1648:
1633:
1618:
1607:Salmon, Thomas
1593:
1576:
1572:name of Sweden
1531:
1511:
1504:
1478:
1454:
1439:
1419:
1400:
1393:
1375:
1338:
1322:
1320:, p. 111.
1310:
1289:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1077:
1074:
1023:
1022:Old Franconian
1020:
925:
924:
839:
837:
830:
824:
821:
809:Annalista Saxo
775:
772:
714:Vexin français
706:Brie française
568:The rulers of
555:Middle Francia
523:Charles Martel
503:Name of France
501:Main article:
497:
496:
447:
445:
438:
432:
429:
407:and Belgium.
269:Medieval Latin
216:Latin-Germanic
164:Proto-Germanic
90:
87:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1926:
1915:
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1815:Steuer, Heiko
1812:
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1790:
1785:|first2=
1778:
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1526:
1521:, p. 187
1520:
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1466:Tzemach David
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1125:West Germanic
1122:
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868: –
867:
863:
862:Find sources:
856:
852:
846:
845:
840:This section
838:
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818:
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749:
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743:
742:Vexin normand
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
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715:
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703:
699:
695:
694:ĂŽle-de-France
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448:This section
446:
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421:
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370:Francorum Rex
367:
366:
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341:
340:French people
337:
334:
330:
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322:
321:
316:
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309:
307:
303:
302:
301:lingua franca
297:
293:
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273:Gallo-Romance
270:
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258:
257:Francorum Rex
254:
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96:
86:
84:
80:
77:, one of the
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
21:
1876:
1862:
1842:
1818:
1800:Bibliography
1767:
1761:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1697:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1610:
1596:
1584:
1579:
1570:); see also
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1534:
1514:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1470:Cemach Dawid
1469:
1465:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1415:frank, adj.2
1414:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1333:
1325:
1313:
1305:
1284:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:Nederduytsch
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:Nederlandsch
1202:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1176:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1137:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1085:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:altfränkisch
1039:
1036:Olde England
1028:altfränkisch
1027:
1025:
1013:
984:
980:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:
934:
930:
928:
913:
904:
894:
887:
880:
873:
861:
849:Please help
844:verification
841:
804:
800:
796:
793:East Francia
788:
787:
764:
760:
756:
750:
741:
738:Norman Vexin
725:
713:
710:French Vexin
705:
687:
682:
674:
666:
658:
652:
648:Frankenreich
647:
643:
633:
629:
613:
608:
604:
600:
598:
589:
585:
573:
569:
567:
562:
559:East Francia
550:
547:West Francia
512:
507:The name of
506:
485:
476:
461:Please help
449:
409:
403:, as far as
392:
386:
369:
363:
362:(1999), the
335:
328:
324:
318:
312:
310:
299:
295:
287:
283:
276:
264:
262:
256:
249:French franc
238:
231:throwing axe
224:
218:
211:
207:
203:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
170:
166:
157:
153:
149:
145:
143:
134:
130:
122:
118:
110:
102:
98:
94:
92:
79:stem duchies
64:
55:
51:
45:
39:
35:
29:name of the
28:
26:
1746:Dekker 1998
1612:instructive
1318:Orel (2003)
1241:High German
1207:Nederduijts
1188:High German
1170:and of the
1088:High German
1069:Jacob Grimm
1032:Old English
1009:High German
761:le français
718:Brie cheese
685:in Danish.
640:Charlemagne
531:Charlemagne
401:Rhine River
374:Swiss franc
350:(1360) and
294:, the term
115:Old English
1898:Categories
1873:Rey, Alain
1519:James 1988
1427:Rey (2016)
1351:Rey (2016)
1334:francisque
1330:Rey (2016)
1259:References
1230:oud Duijts
1211:oud Duijts
1195:oud Duijts
1184:Low German
1133:Theodiscus
1121:Late Latin
1092:Low German
1065:Max MĂĽller
958:Franconian
942:Franconian
907:April 2021
877:newspapers
659:Frankreich
644:Frankreich
630:Frankreich
479:April 2021
405:Strasbourg
333:Old French
281:Old French
97:(singular
56:Franconian
1909:Ethnonyms
1847:. Brill.
1777:cite book
1552:ThĂĽringen
1548:Thuringia
1109:Van Vliet
983:, French
966:Franconia
962:fränkisch
954:fränkisch
950:frankisch
931:Franconia
801:Franconia
789:Franconia
780:Franconia
774:Franconia
730:Champagne
675:Frankrike
667:Frankrijk
541:. At the
450:does not
420:Aquitaine
382:CFP franc
378:CFA franc
253:Charles V
226:francisca
193:frak(k)az
135:Frank-on-
131:Frank-an-
127:Old Norse
75:Franconia
73:, and to
47:Franconia
1875:(2016).
1839:(2003).
1817:(1995).
1609:(1767).
1568:Schwaben
1431:Français
1369:(2) and
1247:See also
1113:Teutones
1063:In 1862
1047:Diutiska
970:Frankish
946:Frankish
767:francien
746:Normandy
690:province
683:Frankrig
519:Clovis I
397:Sicambri
352:Henri IV
344:language
336:franceis
329:Français
251:coin of
235:ellipsis
148:(cf. OE
103:Franchon
52:Frankish
1560:Sachsen
1540:Bavaria
1449:, s.v.
1429:, s.v.
1413:, s.v.
1367:Franque
1359:franche
1353:, s.v.
1332:, s.v.
1304:, s.v.
1285:Franken
1283:, s.v.
1215:Francks
1129:Teutons
1117:Teutoni
1001:Rhenish
997:Central
935:Francia
891:scholar
797:Franken
702:demesne
609:Francia
539:Francia
514:Francia
471:removed
456:sources
393:Francio
331:; from
320:Francia
288:francus
265:francus
208:frankĹŤn
185:frankaz
167:*sahsĹŤn
146:frankĹŤn
137:in the
123:Frakkar
119:Frankar
111:Francan
99:Francus
81:of the
41:Francia
34:(Latin
1883:
1851:
1825:
1589:p. 246
1564:Swabia
1556:Saxony
1544:Bayern
1502:
1391:
1219:Duijts
1199:Duijts
1148:Junius
1141:Gothic
893:
886:
879:
872:
864:
708:) and
696:(with
626:German
529:, and
509:France
376:, the
325:French
314:France
292:Levant
220:framea
189:frakkr
179:, OHG
159:Saxons
154:frakka
150:franca
117:) and
95:Franci
36:Franci
31:Franks
1602:Dutch
1371:Franc
1363:Franc
1361:(1),
1355:Franc
993:Dutch
898:JSTOR
884:books
734:Vexin
698:Paris
663:Reich
635:Reich
580:(see
416:Loire
365:franc
296:Frank
284:franc
277:frank
175:, ON
1881:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1789:help
1752:help
1525:help
1500:ISBN
1435:aise
1389:ISBN
1373:(3).
1205:and
1186:and
1115:and
1090:and
1034:vs.
1003:and
999:and
952:and
944:and
933:and
870:news
782:and
722:Brie
679:Rike
671:Rijk
557:and
454:any
452:cite
360:euro
342:and
229:, a
212:fram
204:vrak
197:frÇŁc
181:sahs
172:seax
133:or *
65:The
54:and
44:and
27:The
1562:),
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1433:, -
853:by
765:le
692:of
607:as
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