2410:
329:
2807:
2895:
801:, In cases where victims of cobra bites are medically treated using normal treatment protocol for elapid type envenomation, differences in prognosis depend on the cobra species involved. The vast majority of envenomated patients treated make quick and complete recoveries, while other envenomated patients who receive similar treatment result in fatalities. The most important factors in the difference of mortality rates among victims envenomated by cobras is the severity of the bite and which cobra species caused the envenomation. The Caspian cobra (
2954:
456:), have a shortened, rounded opening in the front surface, which ejects the venom forward, out of the mouth. While typically referred to as "spitting", the action is more like squirting. The range and accuracy with which they can shoot their venom varies from species to species, but it is used primarily as a defense mechanism. The venom has little or no effect on unbroken skin, but if it enters the eyes, it can cause a severe burning sensation and temporary or even permanent blindness if not washed out immediately and thoroughly.
2740:
3423:
2923:
82:
3332:
765:. Roughly 30% of bites by some cobra species are dry bites, thus do not cause envenomation (a dry bite is a bite by a venomous snake that does not inject venom). Brown (1973) noted that cobras with a higher rates of 'sham strikes' tend to be more venomous, while those with a less toxic venom tend to envenomate more frequently when attempting to bite. This can vary even between specimens of the same species. This is unlike related elapids, such as those species belonging to
2382:
3394:
2776:
51:
3074:
3163:
2514:
3106:
2624:
3249:
3277:
3218:
3363:
2711:
2680:
314:
2858:
3023:
2986:
776:
Many factors influence the differences in cases of fatality among different species within the same genus. Among cobras, the cases of fatal outcome of bites in both treated and untreated victims can be quite large. For example, mortality rates among untreated cases of envenomation by the cobras as a
2978:
Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, the
Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) (except in the central region), Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria,
5135:
Nagy, Z.T., Vidal, N., Vences, M., Branch, W.R., Pauwels, O.S.G., Wink, M., Joger, U., 2005. Molecular systematics of
African Colubroidea (Squamata: Serpentes). In: Huber, B.A., Sinclair, B.J., Lampe, K.-H. (Eds.), African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Museum Koenig, Bonn, pp.
5047:
Wüster, W.; Crookes, S.; Ineich, I.; Mane, Y.; Pook, C.E.; Trape, J.-F.; Broadley, D.G. (2007). "The phylogeny of cobras inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: evolution of venom spitting and the phylogeography of the
African spitting cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja nigricollis complex)".
459:
A recent study showed that all three spitting cobra lineages have evolved higher pain-inducing activity through increased phospholipase A2 levels, which potentiate the algesic action of the cytotoxins present in most cobra venoms. The timing of the origin of spitting in
African and Asian
837:
components are in this species' venom. Local effects are marked and manifest in all cases of envenomation: severe pain, severe swelling, bruising, blistering, and tissue necrosis. Renal damage and cardiotoxicity are also clinical manifestations of envenomation caused by
5164:"Opinion 2468 (Case 3601) – Spracklandus Hoser, 2009 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae) and Australasian Journal of Herpetology issues 1–24: confirmation of availability declined; Appendix A (Code of Ethics): not adopted as a formal criterion for ruling on Cases"
392:
arguably being the longest species. All have a characteristic ability to raise the front quarters of their bodies off the ground and flatten their necks to appear larger to a potential predator. Fang structure is variable; all species except the Indian cobra
3415:
Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, the
Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
387:
species vary in length and most are relatively slender-bodied snakes. Most species are capable of attaining lengths of 1.84 m (6.0 ft). Maximum lengths for some of the larger species of cobras are around 3.1 m (10 ft), with the
824:
purely neurotoxic venom causes prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local tissue damage and pain and patients respond very well to antivenom therapy if treatment is administered rapidly after envenomation. Envenomation caused by
4166:
Watt, G; Theakston RD; Hayes CG; Yambao ML; Sangalang R; et al. (4 December 1986). "Positive response to edrophonium in patients with neurotoxic envenoming by cobras (Naja naja philippinensis). A placebo-controlled study".
5163:
4645:
3707:"Integration of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and morphology reveals unexpected diversity in the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca) species complex in Central and West Africa (Serpentes: Elapidae)"
4243:"Snake Venom Proteomics of Samar Cobra (Naja samarensis) from the Southern Philippines: Short Alpha-Neurotoxins as the Dominant Lethal Component Weakly Cross-Neutralized by the Philippine Cobra Antivenom"
2098:
of closely related and often similar-looking species, some of them only recently described or defined. Several recent taxonomic studies have revealed species not included in the current listing in ITIS:
4552:
3144:
854:) and due to the dangerous toxicity of this species' venom, massive amounts of antivenom are often required for patients. As a result, a monovalent antivenom serum is being developed by the
4792:
Watt, G.; Padre L; Tuazon L; Theakston RD; Laughlin L. (September 1988). "Bites by the
Philippine cobra (Naja naja philippinensis): prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local signs".
2403:
Cameroon, the
Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, and the province of Cabinda in Angola
4999:
Wüster, W.; Broadley, D.G. (2007). "Get an eyeful of this: a new species of giant spitting cobra from eastern and north-eastern Africa (Squamata: Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja)".
2651:
Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt
4968:"Phylogeography and systematic revision of the Egyptian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja haje) species complex, with the description of a new species from West Africa"
2828:
extreme southeastern Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, northeastern
Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania (including Pemba Island), Zambia, Zimbabwe
542:
produced the lowest known lethal dose (LCLo) of 0.005 mg/kg, the lowest among all cobra species ever recorded, derived from an individual case of envenomation by
820:
and progression of life-threatening symptoms following envenomation. Death has been reported in as little as 30 minutes in cases of envenomation by both species.
2800:
Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the
Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria
737:
species are a medically important group of snakes due to the number of bites and fatalities they cause across their geographical range. They range throughout
4855:"The phylogeny, phylogeography, and diversification history of the westernmost Asian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja oxiana) in the Trans-Caspian region"
3746:
2292:
3558:
4516:
5540:
474:
in Asia. The authors therefore hypothesise that the arrival of bipedal, tool-using primates may have triggered the evolution of spitting in cobras.
4714:
4466:"A Neurotoxic Snake Venom without A2: Proteomics and Cross-Neutralization of the Venom from Senegalese Cobra, Naja senegalensis (Subgenus: Uraeus)"
652:
venoms were 0.143 mg/kg (range of 0.131 mg/kg to 0.156 mg/kg) and 0.120 mg/kg, respectively. Christensen (1968) also listed an
5440:
850:. Antivenom is not as effective for envenomation by this species as it is for other Asian cobras within the same region, like the Indian cobra (
2660:
2443:
2704:
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, southern China, eastern India, Laos, northwestern
Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, southeastern Tibet, Vietnam
5466:
2268:
2256:). In the most comprehensive phylogenetic study to date, 5 putative new species were initially identified, of which 3 have since been named.
4337:"Lethal toxins and cross neutralization of venoms from the African Water Cobras, Boulengerina annulata annulata and Boulengerina christyi"
5269:"Naja romani (Hoffstetter, 1939)(Serpentes: Elapidae) from the late Miocene of the Northern Caucasus: the last East European large cobra"
4046:
Khare, AD; Khole V; Gade PR (December 1992). "Toxicities, LD50 prediction and in vivo neutralisation of some elapid and viperid venoms".
4729:
773:(kraits), with mambas tending to almost always envenomate and kraits tending to envenomate more often than they attempt 'sham strikes'.
5545:
855:
5414:
2212:
Broadley et al., 2018, is a new species encompassing what were previously considered to be the West African savanna populations of
4300:
Lysz, Thomas W.; Rosenberg, Philip (May 1974). "Convulsant activity of Naja naja oxiana venom and its phospholipase A component".
4202:
Hauert, Jacques; ichel Maire; Alexandre Sussmann; Dr. J. Pierre Bargetz (July 1974). "The major lethal neurotoxin of the venom of
3971:"Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization"
3747:"Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-, Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic: *snēk-a- m., *snak-an- m., *snak-ō f.; *snak-a- vb"
2200:
Broadley et al., 2018, is a new species encompassing what were previously considered to be the West African forest populations of
5453:
3632:
2232:
Two recent molecular phylogenetic studies have also supported the incorporation of the species previously assigned to the genera
534:
at 0.18 mg/kg (0.11-0.3 mg/kg). Latifi (1984) listed a subcutaneous value of 0.2 mg/kg (0.16-0.47 mg/kg) for
290:
revisions in recent years, so sources vary greatly. Wide support exists, though, for a 2009 revision that synonymised the genera
5211:"Phylogeny, phylogeography and diversification history of the westernmost Asian cobra (Naja oxiana) in the Trans-Caspian region"
2176:
Trape et al., 2009, is a new species encompassing what were previously considered to be the West African savanna populations of
4698:
4628:
4448:
4087:
4030:
3813:"Dentitional phenomena in cobras revisited: fang structure and spitting in the Asiatic species of Naja (Serpentes: Elapidae)"
3769:
5458:
3624:
4111:"Boulengerina annulata - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms"
4910:
Broadley, D.G.; Wüster, W. (2004). "A review of the southern African 'non-spitting' cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja)".
3447:
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka, Belitung), Malaysia, the Philippines (Palawan), southern Thailand, Singapore
3568:
2733:
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Mali, Gambia, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo
5082:
4827:
4663:
3786:"Naja melanoleuca - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms"
3785:
3526:
3489:
231:
are the most widespread and the most widely recognized as "true" cobras. Various species occur in regions throughout
4944:
2360:
2109:
4110:
2786:
5471:
3302:
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo
3001:
2873:
2638:
5025:
5311:
4150:
3910:
Kazemi-Lomedasht, F; Yamabhai, M; Sabatier, J; Behdani, M; Zareinejad, MR; Shahbazzadeh, D (5 December 2019).
3479:
2188:
Ceríaco et al. 2017, is a new species encompassing what was previously considered the São Tomé population of
2267:
for the African spitting cobras. Wallach et al. suggested that this name was not published according to the
2565:
the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), the Republic of Congo, and the province of Cabinda in Angola
361:
328:
3516:
2409:
4382:
4077:
2973:
372:
calls this etymology "not credible", and suggests a more plausible etymology connecting it with Sanskrit
3351:
3342:
3228:
2690:
170:
5209:
Kazemi, Elmira; Nazarizadeh, Masoud; Fatemizadeh, Faezeh; Khani, Ali; Kaboli, Mohammad (2020-08-18).
3658:"In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae)"
3442:
3297:
2823:
511:(Iranian specimens) was estimated to be 0.14 mg/kg (0.067-0.21 mg/kg) more potent than the
5253:
3912:"Development of a human scFv antibody targeting the lethal Iranian cobra (Naja oxiana) snake venom"
2501:
870:
envenomation is still relatively high (up to 30%) compared to all other species of cobra (<1%).
584:), another cobra species endemic to the southern islands of the Philippines, is reported to have a
3433:
3099:
Afghanistan, northwestern India, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
2295:
issued an opinion that it "finds no basis under the provisions of the Code for regarding the name
523:
found in far north and northwest India and adjacent Pakistani border areas (0.22 mg/kg), the
3116:
2933:
2763:
2551:
863:
81:
5497:
5328:
4853:
Kazemi, Elmira; Nazarizadeh, Masoud; Fatemizadeh, Faezeh; Khani, Ali; Kaboli, Mohammad (2021).
4620:
4614:
3173:
2750:
2524:
859:
298:
5445:
4766:
2806:
2302:
Asiatic cobras are believed to further be split into two groups of southeastern Asian cobras (
5535:
5507:
5492:
5240:
4740:
3843:
3039:
653:
20:
5484:
5102:
3706:
842:, though they are rare and secondary. The untreated mortality rate among those envenomed by
5388:
4515:
Harrison, GO; Oluoch, RA; Ainsworth, S; Alsolaiss, J; Bolton, F; Arias, AS; et, al (2017).
3858:
3382:
2942:
452:, instead of ejecting venom downward through an elongated discharge orifice (similar to a
8:
2369:
2113:
1126:
504:
353:
4201:
3862:
3657:
2148:
Broadley and Wüster, 2007, Ashe's spitting cobra, is a newly described species found in
5290:
5222:
5191:
4927:
4887:
4854:
4708:
4583:
4492:
4465:
4277:
4242:
4219:
3995:
3970:
3939:
3892:
3879:
3680:
3410:
3125:
2612:
2585:
2398:
1606:
1167:
810:
724:
705:
682:
671:
656:
634:
608:
585:
566:
551:
543:
497:
287:
76:
4529:
3288:
3211:
Miocene-aged strata of France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Hungary, Greece and Ukraine.
2754:
2603:
2492:
5479:
5375:
5294:
5226:
5195:
5183:
5065:
4892:
4874:
4809:
4694:
4659:
4624:
4575:
4497:
4444:
4437:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4356:
4352:
4317:
4313:
4282:
4264:
4223:
4184:
4146:
4083:
4055:
4026:
4000:
3943:
3931:
3896:
3884:
3844:"Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras"
3812:
3765:
3728:
3564:
3532:
3522:
3485:
3137:
2911:
2894:
2846:
2560:
2240:
2184:
2172:
1893:
1778:
677:
0.3 mg/kg intravenous (IV), while Lee and Tseng list a value of 0.67 mg/kg
626:, in Pakistan and far northwest India, also have a high potency of 0.22 mg/kg.
453:
369:
5285:
5210:
4931:
4587:
3684:
5280:
5218:
5214:
5175:
5118:
5057:
5008:
4979:
4919:
4882:
4866:
4801:
4651:
4567:
4524:
4487:
4477:
4394:
4348:
4309:
4272:
4254:
4215:
4176:
3990:
3982:
3923:
3874:
3866:
3718:
3672:
3320:
3182:
2156:
2128:
by Broadley (1995). It is regarded as a full species by Broadley and Wüster (2004).
1795:
1518:
1429:
996:
858:
in Iran. Response to treatment with antivenom is generally poor among patients, so
697:
558:
5380:
4923:
4571:
3927:
2953:
696:) according to Minton, 1974 was 0.35 mg/kg (IV) and 0.4 mg/kg (SC). The
3521:(1st ed.). Society for the Study of Amphibians & Reptiles. p. 522.
3422:
2964:
2196:
2124:
2095:
1991:
1761:
1493:
1101:
5061:
4206:: Purification, physical and chemical properties, partial amino acid sequence".
4180:
557:
was estimated to be 0.17 mg/kg via IV according to Christensen (1968). The
5366:
3373:
2922:
2739:
2699:
2646:
2420:
2208:
2104:
2016:
1711:
1397:
1224:
1199:
1062:
834:
762:
746:
712:
592:
445:
434:
425:
venom, which attacks the nervous system, causing paralysis, but many also have
406:
244:
236:
5122:
5012:
4984:
4967:
4805:
4259:
3723:
3676:
2979:
Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Somalia, Togo, Uganda, Zambia
829:
is much more complicated. In addition to prominent neurotoxicity, very potent
421:
are capable of delivering a fatal bite to a human. Most species have strongly
5530:
5524:
5351:
5187:
4878:
4655:
4406:
4268:
3563:(1 ed.). Frankfurt Am Main: Hollywood Import & Export. p. 148.
3536:
3331:
3237:
3094:
3085:
3062:
2997:
2869:
2634:
2533:
2475:
2429:
2260:
2220:
2136:
Scortecci, 1932, the Arabian cobra, has long been considered a subspecies of
1846:
1728:
1671:
1654:
946:
817:
648:
642:
547:
478:
449:
4241:
Palasuberniam, Praneetha; Chan, Yi Wei; Tan, Kae Yi; Tan, Choo Hock (2021).
3911:
3870:
5103:"The "Cobra-preta" of São Tomé Island, Gulf of Guinea, is a new species of
5069:
4896:
4579:
4501:
4482:
4336:
4286:
4004:
3935:
3732:
3595:
3460:
2882:
2795:
2617:
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, the Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo
2304:
N. siamensis, N. sumatrana, N. philippinensis, N. samarensis, N. sputatrix,
2249:
2234:
2132:
1950:
1331:
750:
615:
576:). Minton (1974) reported 0.14 mg/kg IV for the Philippine cobra. The
470:
389:
317:
292:
179:
67:
58:
5179:
4813:
4644:
Warrell, DA (22 August 1995). "Clinical Toxicology of Snakebite in Asia".
4414:
4360:
4321:
4227:
4188:
4059:
3986:
3888:
2381:
5427:
5360:
3393:
3265:
3196:
1356:
1021:
766:
629:
Other highly venomous species are the forest cobras and/or water cobras (
577:
401:
271:
5316:
5088:
5031:
4950:
2775:
2434:
Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe
2152:
and also a highly aggressive snake; it can spit a large amount of venom.
5419:
3909:
3010:
2727:
2144:
1861:
1461:
754:
689:
465:
422:
352:(with a hard "g") meaning "snake". Some hold that the Sanskrit word is
265:
255:, but neither is a true cobra, in that they do not belong to the genus
248:
240:
4870:
3162:
19:
This article is about a genus of venomous snakes. For other uses, see
5432:
5401:
3105:
2851:
Cameroon, Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Gabon
2118:
1925:
1637:
971:
907:
830:
758:
426:
395:
260:
247:. Several other elapid species are also called "cobras", such as the
187:
93:
50:
5322:
5268:
5406:
5345:
3655:
1309:
770:
678:
619:
604:
600:
524:
512:
430:
346:
252:
210:
153:
133:
113:
41:
3325:
Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal
3248:
3073:
5208:
4852:
4165:
3362:
3276:
3217:
2710:
2513:
283:
123:
37:
4517:"The murine venom lethal dose (LD50) of the East African snakes"
4514:
4443:. Washington D.C., US: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.
2623:
4791:
2679:
2271:
and suggested instead the recognition of four subgenera within
2149:
846:
approaches 80%, the highest among all species within the genus
809:) are the two cobra species with the most toxic venom based on
738:
720:
232:
213:
103:
5393:
4765:
Norris MD, Robert L.; Minton, Sherman A. (10 September 2013).
2857:
448:, have a specialized venom delivery mechanism, in which their
433:, and have a significant anticoagulant effect. Some also have
313:
4966:
Trape, J.-F.; Chirio, L.; Broadley, D.G.; Wüster, W. (2009).
4647:
Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons
3022:
2985:
494:
220:
216:
206:
143:
866:
is required. As a result, mortality among those treated for
4764:
4616:
Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes
4079:
Chapter 16 - The Venoms of Central and South African Snakes
3764:. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. p. II.33.
2329:
670:) is also highly venomous. Minton (1974) listed a value of
5266:
3270:
the Philippines (Mindanao, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Camiguin)
4965:
4383:"Species differences in susceptibility to elapid venoms"
2538:
southern China, northern Laos, Taiwan, northern Vietnam
5046:
4240:
3387:
Indonesia (Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, East Timor)
489:
species. According to a 2019 study by Kazemi-Lomedasht
464:
species corresponds to the separation of the human and
4688:
4025:. Society for the Study of Amphibians & Reptiles.
2888:
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
2224:
Laurent, 1955, previously regarded as a subspecies of
4794:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4334:
4299:
4208:
International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research
3975:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
3656:
Wallach, Van; Wüster, W; Broadley, Donald G. (2009).
3593:
2375:
Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, eastern Zimbabwe
2283:
for the African forest, water and burrowing cobras,
2164:, but was recently found to be a full species (with
5267:Syromyatnikova, E.; Tesakov, A.; Titov, V. (2021).
4739:. Lancet 2010 (volume 375, issue 1). Archived from
4045:
3596:"A multilocus phylogeny of the cobra clade elapids"
2293:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
2160:Bogert, 1940, was long regarded as a subspecies of
2140:, but was recently raised to the status of species.
468:evolutionary lineages in Africa and the arrival of
5145:Hoser, R., 2009. Naja, Boulengerina and Paranaja.
4691:Snakes of Medical Importance (Asia-Pacific Region)
4436:
2507:southern Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, eastern Uganda
4619:. Springfield, IL US: Charles C. Thomas. p.
711:of 0.39 mg/kg (Tan et al, 2021) via IV. The
5522:
4693:. Singapore: National University of Singapore.
4998:
4909:
4335:Weinstein, SA; Schmidt, JJ; Smith, LA (1991).
816:studies on mice. Both species cause prominent
4846:
4650:(1st ed.). CRC Press. pp. 493–594.
4463:
4457:
3969:Wong, KY; Tan, CH; Tan, NH (3 January 2019).
3810:
3762:Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen
3130:Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania
591:of 0.2 mg/kg, similar in potency to the
336:showing (A) the fangs and (B) the venom gland
4713:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4684:
4682:
4508:
4464:Wong, KY; Tan, KY; Tan, NH; Tan, CH (2021).
3964:
3962:
3960:
3477:
2228:, was recently recognized as a full species.
4075:
4016:
4014:
3510:
3508:
2322:serving as a basal lineage to all species.
730:of 0.43 mg/kg (0.35–0.52 mg/kg).
4961:
4959:
4608:
4606:
4604:
3968:
3841:
3835:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3560:Terralog: Venomous Snakes of Asia, Vol. 14
2287:for the Egyptian and Cape cobra group and
741:(including some parts of the Sahara where
345:The origin of this genus name is from the
49:
5284:
5094:
5076:
4983:
4886:
4721:
4679:
4553:""Dry bite" in venomous snakes: A review"
4528:
4491:
4481:
4276:
4258:
4136:
4134:
4132:
3994:
3957:
3878:
3759:
3722:
3651:
3649:
3514:
3016:Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa
2310:) and western and northern Asian cobras (
856:Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute
5541:Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti
5042:
5040:
4820:
4785:
4380:
4011:
3753:
3505:
3471:
2590:China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
2259:The controversial amateur herpetologist
327:
312:
306:. According to that revision, the genus
5168:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
5100:
5019:
4956:
4938:
4689:Gopalkrishnakone, Chou, P., LM (1990).
4643:
4601:
4293:
3691:
3633:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
3594:von Plettenberg Laing, Anthony (2018).
2312:N. oxiana, N. kaouthia, N. sagittifera,
485:) of Central Asia is the most venomous
5523:
4992:
4903:
4758:
4434:
4140:
4129:
4071:
4069:
4048:Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
4020:
3704:
3646:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
633:subgenus). The murine intraperitoneal
5327:
5326:
5260:
5050:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5037:
4612:
4381:Lee, CY; Tseng, LF (September 1969).
3556:
3484:(1st. ed.). Ralph Curtis Books.
3454:Not including the nominate subspecies
3145:Ceríaco, Marques, Schmitz & Bauer
2602:Broadley, Trape, Chirio, Ineich &
2248:, as both are closely related to the
5107:Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata: Elapidae)"
4550:
4195:
4082:. Academic Press. pp. 437–461.
4039:
3903:
3589:
3587:
777:whole group ranges from 6.5–10% for
405:) have some degree of adaptation to
5147:Australasian Journal of Herpetology
4727:
4637:
4428:
4103:
4066:
3778:
3606:
3550:
3153:São Tomé forest cobra, cobra preta
3044:Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Niger, Sudan
2578:Shi, Vogel, Chen, & Ding, 2022
13:
4374:
4220:10.1111/j.1399-3011.1974.tb02380.x
4159:
4145:. University of Michigan: Thomas.
3356:Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
14:
5557:
5304:
4530:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005969.t003
3584:
3314:Trape, Chirio & Wüster, 2009
3187:the Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro)
3156:São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé)
2291:for the African spitting cobras.
2116:, is regarded as a subspecies of
1607:Naja (Boulengerina) multifasciata
789:is between 15 and 20%, 5–10% for
429:features that cause swelling and
5546:Extant Miocene first appearances
5101:Ceríaco, L; et al. (2017).
4521:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3790:WCH Clinical Toxinology Resource
3421:
3392:
3361:
3330:
3275:
3247:
3216:
3161:
3104:
3072:
3021:
2984:
2952:
2921:
2893:
2856:
2805:
2774:
2738:
2709:
2678:
2622:
2512:
2408:
2380:
1779:Naja (Boulengerina) peroescobari
356:with English "snake", Germanic:
80:
5286:10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a19
5202:
5156:
5139:
5129:
4544:
4328:
4234:
4169:New England Journal of Medicine
3842:Kazandjian, TD (January 2021).
3811:Wüster, W; Thorpe, RS (1992b).
3804:
3705:Wüster, W; et al. (2018).
2457:Miocene-aged strata of Morocco
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
1796:Naja (Boulengerina) melanoleuca
286:, but it has undergone several
5219:10.22541/au.159774318.89992224
4912:African Journal of Herpetology
3739:
3481:The Dangerous Snakes of Africa
3287:Broadley, Trape, Chirio &
2947:Angola, Namibia, South Africa
1762:Naja (Boulengerina) guineensis
379:
1:
5317:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
5089:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
5032:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
4951:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
4924:10.1080/21564574.2004.9635504
4572:10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.015
3928:10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.006
3478:Spawls, S; Branch, B (1995).
3465:
2916:Democratic Republic of Congo
2673:Miocene-aged strata of Spain
1712:Naja (Boulengerina) savannula
259:, but instead each belong to
5091:. Accessed 29 December 2008.
4832:Clinical Toxinology Resource
4399:10.1016/0041-0101(69)90069-5
4353:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90118-b
4314:10.1016/0041-0101(74)90067-1
4115:Clinical Toxinology Resource
3438:
3406:
3378:
3347:
3316:
3293:
3261:
3242:India (the Andaman Islands)
3233:
3204:
3178:
3149:
3121:
3090:
3058:
3035:
3033:Wüster & Broadley, 2003
3006:
2969:
2938:
2907:
2878:
2842:
2819:
2796:Central African forest cobra
2791:
2759:
2723:
2695:
2668:
2642:
2608:
2581:
2556:
2529:
2497:
2471:
2451:
2425:
2394:
2392:(Buchholz and Peters, 1876)
2365:
1729:Naja (Boulengerina) subfulva
1672:Naja (Boulengerina) annulata
1655:Naja (Boulengerina) christyi
805:) and the Philippine cobra (
340:
275:(the king cobra/hamadryad).
7:
5062:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.021
4181:10.1056/NEJM198612043152303
3760:Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996).
2974:Black-necked spitting cobra
2094:The genus contains several
873:
437:components to their venom.
10:
5562:
3792:. University of Queensland
3557:Vogel, G (31 March 2006).
3515:Zhao, E; Adler, K (1993).
3352:Indochinese spitting cobra
2480:Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
2325:
278:Until recently, the genus
18:
5335:
5319:. Accessed 13 April 2007.
5123:10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.7
5034:. Accessed 13 April 2007.
5013:10.11646/zootaxa.1532.1.4
4985:10.11646/zootaxa.2236.1.1
4953:. Accessed 13 April 2007.
4806:10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.306
4260:10.3389/fphar.2021.727756
4247:Frontiers in Pharmacology
4204:Naja naja phillippinensis
3724:10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.3
3677:10.11646/zootaxa.2236.1.2
3443:Equatorial spitting cobra
3298:West African banded cobra
2905:Collet & Trape, 2020
2824:Mozambique spitting cobra
2766:(Burmese spitting cobra)
2122:by Mertens (1937) and of
2014:
1989:
1982:
1948:
1923:
1916:
1891:
1884:
1859:
1852:
1792:
1775:
1758:
1751:
1725:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1668:
1651:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1603:
1596:
1586:
1516:
1491:
1484:
1459:
1452:
1427:
1420:
1395:
1388:
1354:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1222:
1197:
1190:
1165:
1158:
1124:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1060:
1053:
1019:
994:
969:
944:
937:
930:
905:
898:
886:
417:All species in the genus
376:, "hairless" or "naked".
310:now includes 38 species.
227:"). Members of the genus
185:
178:
77:Scientific classification
75:
57:
48:
30:
4834:. University of Adelaide
4656:10.1201/9780203719442-27
4117:. University of Adelaide
4076:Christensen, PA (1968).
4021:Latifi, Mahmoud (1984).
3056:Saleh & Trape, 2023
2730:(Katian spitting cobra)
2279:for the Asiatic cobras,
1638:Naja (Boulengerina) nana
565:) has an average murine
444:species, referred to as
412:
4613:Brown, John H. (1973).
3871:10.1126/science.abb9303
2764:Mandalay spitting cobra
2504:(giant spitting cobra)
864:endotracheal intubation
662:of 0.17 mg/kg for
614:of 0.2 mg/kg. The
572:of 0.18 mg/kg IV (
544:intracerebroventricular
5248:Cite journal requires
4483:10.3390/toxins13010060
860:mechanical ventilation
679:subcutaneous injection
530:(0.2 mg/kg), and
517:Naja naja karachiensis
337:
325:
5493:Paleobiology Database
5180:10.21805/bzn.v78.a012
4859:Ecology and Evolution
3987:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0871
3040:Nubian spitting cobra
2502:Ashe's spitting cobra
785:. Mortality rate for
666:. The Chinese cobra (
538:. The crude venom of
505:intravenous injection
399:) and Caspian cobra (
331:
316:
21:Naja (disambiguation)
4767:"Cobra Envenomation"
3749:. Starling.rinet.ru.
3518:Herpetology of China
3383:Javan spitting cobra
2943:Zebra spitting cobra
607:, which also have a
4435:Minton, SA (1996).
4141:Minton, SA (1974).
3863:2021Sci...371..386K
3202:(Hofstetter, 1939)
2885:(spectacled cobra)
2495:and Broadley, 2007
2263:proposed the genus
781:. to about 80% for
723:locality had an IV
532:Naja philippinensis
269:(the rinkhals) and
5174:(1): 42–45. 2021.
4746:on 29 October 2013
4728:Warrell, David A.
3411:Brown forest cobra
3126:Red spitting cobra
2613:Black forest cobra
2586:Brown banded cobra
2399:Banded water cobra
548:Banded water cobra
338:
332:Dissected head of
326:
219:commonly known as
5518:
5517:
5480:Open Tree of Life
5329:Taxon identifiers
4871:10.1002/ece3.7144
4700:978-9971-62-217-6
4630:978-0-398-02808-4
4551:Naik, BS (2017).
4450:978-1-56098-648-5
4089:978-1-4832-2949-2
4032:978-0-916984-22-9
3857:(6527): 386–390.
3771:978-3-8253-4550-1
3451:
3450:
3169:N. philippinensis
2912:Dwarf water cobra
2847:Many-banded cobra
2561:Congo water cobra
2348:Geographic range
2299:as unavailable".
2185:Naja peroescobari
2173:Naja senegalensis
2168:as a subspecies).
2096:species complexes
2091:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
1971:
1970:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1740:
1739:
1683:
1682:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1377:
1376:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1147:
1146:
1042:
1041:
822:N. philippinensis
807:N. philippinensis
616:spectacled cobras
563:N. philippinensis
454:hypodermic needle
370:Manfred Mayrhofer
198:
197:
174:
5553:
5511:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5474:
5462:
5461:
5449:
5448:
5436:
5435:
5423:
5422:
5410:
5409:
5397:
5396:
5384:
5383:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5324:
5323:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5251:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5160:
5154:
5143:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5098:
5092:
5084:Naja nigricincta
5080:
5074:
5073:
5044:
5035:
5023:
5017:
5016:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4963:
4954:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4865:(5): 2024–2039.
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4734:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4712:
4704:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4610:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4557:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4485:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4442:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4262:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4138:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4018:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3981:(6): 1392–1399.
3966:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3882:
3848:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3621:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3475:
3425:
3396:
3365:
3334:
3321:Senegalese cobra
3279:
3251:
3220:
3183:Philippine cobra
3165:
3108:
3076:
3025:
2988:
2956:
2925:
2897:
2860:
2836:N. multifasciata
2809:
2778:
2769:Myanmar (Burma)
2746:N. mandalayensis
2742:
2713:
2682:
2626:
2516:
2469:Scortecci, 1932
2412:
2384:
2372:(Angolan Cobra)
2370:Anchieta's cobra
2330:
2308:N. mandalayensis
2254:Naja melanoleuca
2157:Naja nigricincta
2114:Anchieta's cobra
1985:
1984:
1919:
1918:
1887:
1886:
1855:
1854:
1754:
1753:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1487:
1486:
1455:
1454:
1423:
1422:
1391:
1390:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1193:
1192:
1161:
1160:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1056:
1055:
940:
939:
933:
932:
901:
900:
889:
888:
879:
878:
698:Senegalese cobra
599:) found only in
559:Philippine cobra
521:Naja naja indusi
334:Naja melanoleuca
169:
85:
84:
53:
36:Temporal range:
28:
27:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5504:
5496:
5491:
5483:
5478:
5470:
5465:
5457:
5452:
5444:
5439:
5431:
5426:
5418:
5413:
5405:
5400:
5392:
5387:
5379:
5374:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5331:
5307:
5302:
5279:(19): 683–689.
5265:
5261:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5207:
5203:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5099:
5095:
5081:
5077:
5045:
5038:
5024:
5020:
4997:
4993:
4964:
4957:
4943:
4939:
4908:
4904:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4773:. United States
4763:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4687:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4611:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4513:
4509:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4347:(11): 1315–27.
4333:
4329:
4298:
4294:
4239:
4235:
4200:
4196:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4139:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4074:
4067:
4054:(12): 1158–62.
4044:
4040:
4033:
4019:
4012:
3967:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3908:
3904:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3703:
3692:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3607:
3592:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3529:
3513:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3310:N. senegalensis
3139:N. peroescobari
3013:(yellow cobra)
2666:Szyndlar, 1985
2328:
2197:Naja guineensis
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
1972:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1741:
1684:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1378:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1148:
1043:
876:
814:
745:can be found),
728:
709:
704:) has a murine
702:N. senegalensis
686:
675:
660:
638:
612:
593:monocled cobras
589:
582:Naja samarensis
574:Tan et al, 2019
570:
555:
546:injection. The
507:(IV) value for
501:
446:spitting cobras
415:
382:
343:
194:
191:
168:
79:
44:
34:
24:
17:
16:Genus of snakes
12:
11:
5:
5559:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5502:
5489:
5476:
5463:
5450:
5437:
5424:
5411:
5398:
5385:
5372:
5357:
5341:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5321:
5320:
5306:
5305:External links
5303:
5301:
5300:
5259:
5250:|journal=
5201:
5155:
5138:
5128:
5117:(1): 121–141.
5093:
5075:
5056:(2): 437–453.
5036:
5018:
4991:
4955:
4946:Naja anchietae
4937:
4918:(2): 101–122.
4902:
4845:
4819:
4784:
4757:
4720:
4699:
4678:
4664:
4636:
4629:
4600:
4543:
4507:
4456:
4449:
4427:
4373:
4327:
4308:(3): 253–265.
4292:
4233:
4214:(4): 201–222.
4194:
4175:(23): 1444–8.
4158:
4151:
4143:Venom Diseases
4128:
4102:
4088:
4065:
4038:
4031:
4023:Snakes of Iran
4010:
3956:
3902:
3834:
3803:
3777:
3770:
3752:
3738:
3690:
3645:
3605:
3583:
3570:978-3936027938
3569:
3549:
3527:
3504:
3490:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3404:Laurent, 1955
3402:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3224:N. sagittifera
3221:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2960:N. nigricollis
2957:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2929:N. nigricincta
2926:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2782:N. melanoleuca
2779:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2748:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:Monocled cobra
2697:
2694:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2647:Egyptian cobra
2644:
2641:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2230:
2229:
2226:N. melanoleuca
2217:
2214:N. melanoleuca
2209:Naja savannula
2205:
2202:N. melanoleuca
2193:
2190:N. melanoleuca
2181:
2169:
2162:N. nigricollis
2153:
2141:
2129:
2105:Naja anchietae
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1593:(Boulengerina)
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:philippinensis
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
904:
899:
897:
887:
885:
877:
875:
872:
812:
791:N. nigricollis
763:Southeast Asia
747:Southwest Asia
726:
713:Egyptian cobra
707:
684:
673:
658:
636:
610:
587:
568:
553:
499:
414:
411:
381:
378:
342:
339:
245:Southeast Asia
237:Southwest Asia
196:
195:
193:Linnaeus, 1758
192:
183:
182:
176:
175:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
68:species typica
55:
54:
46:
45:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5558:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5509:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5273:Geodiversitas
5270:
5263:
5255:
5242:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5097:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4833:
4829:
4828:"Naja oxiana"
4823:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4800:(3): 306–11.
4799:
4795:
4788:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4683:
4667:
4665:9780203719442
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4431:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3822:
3818:
3817:Herpetologica
3814:
3807:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3650:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3528:9780916984281
3524:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3493:
3491:9780883590294
3487:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3259:Peters, 1861
3258:
3256:
3255:N. samarensis
3253:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:Andaman cobra
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:Caspian cobra
3093:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:Obscure cobra
3061:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2840:Werner, 1902
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2817:Peters, 1854
2816:
2814:
2813:N. mossambica
2811:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:N. guineensis
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:Chinese cobra
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:Arabian cobra
2474:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2430:Snouted cobra
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:N. annulifera
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2331:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:Raymond Hoser
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:Naja subfulva
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:N. annulifera
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:mandalayensis
1174:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
982:
978:
974:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
957:
953:
949:
942:
941:
935:
934:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
918:
914:
910:
903:
902:
895:
891:
890:
884:
881:
880:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
818:neurotoxicity
815:
808:
804:
800:
797:, 20–25% for
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
772:
769:(mambas) and
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
676:
669:
665:
661:
655:
651:
650:
649:Naja christyi
645:
644:
643:Naja annulata
639:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
602:
598:
597:Naja kaouthia
594:
590:
583:
579:
575:
571:
564:
560:
556:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Naja kaouthia
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Caspian cobra
475:
473:
472:
467:
463:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
410:
408:
404:
403:
398:
397:
391:
386:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
335:
330:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
285:
282:had 20 to 22
281:
276:
274:
273:
268:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
208:
204:
203:
190:
189:
184:
181:
177:
172:
167:
166:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
78:
74:
71:of the genus
70:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
33:
29:
26:
22:
5536:Snake genera
5336:
5310:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5241:cite journal
5230:. Retrieved
5204:
5171:
5167:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5131:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5096:
5083:
5078:
5053:
5049:
5026:
5021:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4975:
4971:
4945:
4940:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4836:. Retrieved
4831:
4822:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4775:. Retrieved
4770:
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4741:the original
4736:
4730:"Snake bite"
4723:
4690:
4669:. Retrieved
4646:
4639:
4615:
4591:. Retrieved
4563:
4559:
4546:
4536:20 September
4534:. Retrieved
4520:
4510:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4438:
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4393:(2): 89–93.
4390:
4386:
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4344:
4340:
4330:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4142:
4119:. Retrieved
4114:
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4078:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4022:
3978:
3974:
3947:. Retrieved
3919:
3915:
3905:
3854:
3850:
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3820:
3816:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3789:
3780:
3761:
3755:
3741:
3717:(1): 68–98.
3714:
3710:
3671:(1): 26–36.
3668:
3664:
3636:. Retrieved
3626:
3599:
3574:. Retrieved
3559:
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3517:
3495:. Retrieved
3480:
3473:
3461:Type species
3457:
3429:N. sumatrana
3428:
3399:
3369:N. sputatrix
3368:
3338:N. siamensis
3337:
3309:
3283:N. savannula
3282:
3254:
3223:
3195:
3168:
3138:
3111:
3079:
3051:
3028:
2991:
2959:
2928:
2900:
2883:Indian cobra
2863:
2835:
2812:
2781:
2745:
2721:Angel, 1922
2717:N. katiensis
2716:
2685:
2659:
2629:
2597:
2577:
2572:
2545:
2519:
2487:
2464:
2442:
2415:
2387:
2356:N. anchietae
2355:
2345:Common name
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:Spracklandus
2296:
2288:
2284:
2281:Boulengerina
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:Spracklandus
2264:
2258:
2253:
2250:forest cobra
2245:
2239:
2235:Boulengerina
2233:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2143:
2137:
2133:Naja arabica
2131:
2123:
2117:
2103:
2093:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1903:senegalensis
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1794:
1793:
1777:
1776:
1760:
1759:
1727:
1726:
1710:
1709:
1670:
1669:
1653:
1652:
1636:
1635:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1308:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1005:
1001:
997:
995:
980:
976:
972:
970:
955:
951:
947:
945:
916:
912:
908:
906:
893:
882:
867:
851:
847:
843:
839:
826:
821:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
751:Central Asia
742:
734:
732:
716:
701:
693:
667:
663:
647:
641:
631:Boulengerina
630:
628:
623:
603:and eastern
596:
581:
573:
562:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
516:
508:
490:
486:
482:
476:
471:Homo erectus
469:
461:
458:
441:
439:
418:
416:
400:
394:
390:forest cobra
384:
383:
373:
365:
357:
349:
344:
333:
321:
318:Indian cobra
307:
303:
297:
293:Boulengerina
291:
279:
277:
270:
264:
256:
228:
224:
201:
200:
199:
188:Coluber naja
186:
180:Type species
164:
163:
66:
62:
59:Indian cobra
31:
25:
5428:iNaturalist
5361:Wikispecies
4750:20 December
4121:7 September
3796:17 December
3400:N. subfulva
3266:Samar cobra
2686:N. kaouthia
2546:N. christyi
2449:Rage, 1976
2388:N. annulata
2166:N. n. woodi
1528:nigricincta
1439:nigricollis
1006:sagittifera
835:cardiotoxic
767:Dendroaspis
664:N. annulata
578:Samar cobra
509:Naja oxiana
450:front fangs
435:cardiotoxic
402:Naja oxiana
380:Description
272:Ophiophagus
225:true cobras
5525:Categories
5232:2021-04-17
5153:, pp.1-15.
5027:Naja ashei
4838:8 December
4777:8 December
4152:0398030510
3827:31 October
3600:MSC Thesis
3466:References
3112:N. pallida
3052:N. obscura
3011:Cape cobra
2728:Mali cobra
2661:N. iberica
2465:N. arabica
2444:N. antiqua
2339:Authority
2145:Naja ashei
2001:annulifera
1503:mossambica
1111:samarensis
793:, 50% for
779:N kaouthia
755:South Asia
690:Cape cobra
681:(SC). The
515:Pakistani
466:chimpanzee
423:neurotoxic
366:*(s)nēg-o-
266:Hemachatus
249:king cobra
241:South Asia
140:Suborder:
5295:238231298
5227:225411032
5196:233448875
5188:0007-5167
5007:: 51–68.
4879:2045-7758
4709:cite book
4566:: 63–67.
4476:(1): 60.
4407:0041-0101
4269:1663-9812
3949:19 August
3944:204772656
3922:: 78–85.
3897:231666401
3823:: 424–434
3537:716490697
3197:N. romani
3117:Boulenger
3080:N. oxiana
3029:N. nubiae
2965:Reinhardt
2787:Hallowell
2751:Slowinski
2552:Boulenger
2320:Naja naja
2112:, 1879),
2026:anchietae
1407:katiensis
1234:siamensis
1209:sumatrana
1072:sputatrix
868:N. oxiana
844:N. oxiana
840:N. oxiana
831:cytotoxic
827:N. oxiana
803:N. oxiana
787:Naja atra
783:N. oxiana
759:East Asia
743:Naja haje
624:N. oxiana
620:sympatric
618:that are
540:N. oxiana
536:N. oxiana
513:sympatric
483:N. oxiana
427:cytotoxic
396:Naja naja
341:Etymology
322:Naja naja
288:taxonomic
261:monotypic
144:Serpentes
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
63:Naja naja
5346:Wikidata
5136:221–228.
5070:17870616
4978:: 1–25.
4932:84853318
4897:33717439
4771:Medscape
4588:36838996
4580:28456535
4502:33466660
4439:Par'Book
4287:35002690
4253:: 3641.
4005:27022154
3936:31622638
3733:30314221
3685:14702999
3638:13 April
3458:Extinct
3343:Laurenti
3088:, 1831)
3086:Eichwald
2998:Linnaeus
2992:N. nivea
2870:Linnaeus
2635:Linnaeus
2554:, 1904)
2488:N. ashei
2342:Subsp.*
2336:Species
2289:Afronaja
2241:Paranaja
1524:Afronaja
1499:Afronaja
1467:Afronaja
1435:Afronaja
1403:Afronaja
1362:Afronaja
1337:Afronaja
1310:Afronaja
956:kaouthia
874:Taxonomy
795:N. nivea
771:Bungarus
694:N. nivea
605:Cambodia
601:Thailand
440:Several
431:necrosis
407:spitting
362:Proto-IE
358:*snēk-a-
347:Sanskrit
299:Paranaja
253:rinkhals
251:and the
211:venomous
171:Laurenti
154:Elapidae
150:Family:
134:Squamata
124:Reptilia
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
42:Holocene
5508:6363389
5446:1264417
5420:2450142
5352:Q220475
5315:at the
5111:Zootaxa
5087:at the
5030:at the
5001:Zootaxa
4972:Zootaxa
4949:at the
4888:7920780
4814:3177741
4737:Seminar
4560:Toxicon
4493:7828783
4415:5823351
4387:Toxicon
4361:1814007
4341:Toxicon
4322:4458108
4302:Toxicon
4278:8740184
4228:4426734
4189:3537783
4060:1294479
3996:4889763
3916:Toxicon
3889:1294479
3880:7610493
3859:Bibcode
3851:Science
3711:Zootaxa
3665:Zootaxa
3576:9 April
3542:9 April
3497:9 April
3436:, 1887
3376:, 1827
3374:F. Boie
3345:, 1768
3291:, 2018
3231:, 1913
3176:, 1922
3147:, 2017
3119:, 1896
2967:, 1843
2936:, 1940
2901:N. nana
2864:N. naja
2789:, 1857
2757:, 2000
2693:, 1831
2630:N. haje
2606:, 2018
2573:N. fuxi
2527:, 1842
2520:N. atra
2423:, 1854
2363:, 1879
2326:Species
2318:) with
2316:N. atra
2178:N. haje
2138:N. haje
2119:N. haje
1960:arabica
1341:pallida
852:N. naja
799:N. naja
721:Ugandan
717:N. haje
688:of the
668:N. atra
354:cognate
284:species
263:genera
160:Genus:
130:Order:
120:Class:
38:Miocene
5505:uBio:
5485:630719
5459:700233
5407:1NAJAG
5293:
5225:
5194:
5186:
5068:
4930:
4895:
4885:
4877:
4812:
4697:
4671:24 May
4662:
4627:
4593:24 May
4586:
4578:
4500:
4490:
4470:Toxins
4447:
4420:24 May
4413:
4405:
4366:24 May
4359:
4320:
4285:
4275:
4267:
4226:
4187:
4149:
4095:24 May
4086:
4058:
4029:
4003:
3993:
3942:
3934:
3895:
3887:
3877:
3768:
3731:
3683:
3567:
3535:
3525:
3488:
3434:Müller
3289:Wüster
3174:Taylor
3067:Egypt
2934:Bogert
2755:Wüster
2753:&
2691:Lesson
2604:Wüster
2525:Cantor
2493:Wüster
2421:Peters
2361:Bocage
2333:Image
2285:Uraeus
2150:Africa
2110:Bocage
2022:Uraeus
1997:Uraeus
1956:Uraeus
1931:Uraeus
1899:Uraeus
1867:Uraeus
1847:Uraeus
1366:nubiae
1031:oxiana
761:, and
739:Africa
495:murine
493:, the
368:, but
243:, and
233:Africa
221:cobras
217:snakes
214:elapid
173:, 1768
5498:38154
5441:IRMNG
5433:30475
5394:35579
5291:S2CID
5223:S2CID
5192:S2CID
4928:S2CID
4744:(PDF)
4733:(PDF)
4584:S2CID
4556:(PDF)
3940:S2CID
3893:S2CID
3847:(PDF)
3681:S2CID
3661:(PDF)
2244:into
1871:nivea
1471:ashei
719:) of
622:with
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