243:
733:
213:
Arguments for relatedness include irregular morphotonology: tone patterns of numeral-plus-classifier phrases that constitute shared structural properties. Since these similarities are phonetically nontransparent, they cannot be due to borrowing.
222:
Note that in
Mainland China, the term "Naxi" is commonly used for the entire language group, e.g. by the influential linguistic introduction by He and Jiang (2015). The terms "Naish" and "Naic" are derived from the endonym
502:
Li Zihe 李子鹤. 2015. 纳西语言研究回顾——兼论语言在文化研究中的基础地位 (A review of Naxi language studies, with a discussion of the fundamental role of cultural studies for linguistic research). 茶马古道研究期刊 4. 125–131.
1145:
1136:
412:
283:
530:
1387:
523:
1380:
732:
1257:
435:"The tones of numerals and numeral-plus-classifier phrases: on structural similarities between Naxi, Na and Laze"
516:
1373:
1315:
1262:
918:
1308:
963:
885:
601:
1733:
1577:
1208:
655:
576:
487:
Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages: Naxi, Na and Laze
1289:
892:
705:
242:
1525:
1520:
1283:
1069:
953:
53:
1329:
1322:
1102:
1036:
539:
143:
48:
1272:
1222:
778:
1535:
1084:
930:
876:
434:
403:
ancestral to the Naish languages, has been reconstructed by
Jacques & Michaud (2011).
8:
1590:
1267:
857:
684:
615:
227:
used by speakers of several of the languages. These concepts were initially proposed by
1544:
1108:
717:
583:
486:
469:
256:
129:
1629:
1562:
1503:
1216:
1176:
1154:
1119:
1113:
1078:
1016:
1010:
990:
784:
772:
755:
663:
609:
589:
228:
62:
58:
459:纳西语简志 (A Brief Description of the Naxi Language). Beijing 北京: Minzu Chubanshe 民族出版社.
1611:
1475:
1433:
1237:
1197:
1167:
1141:
1091:
1049:
958:
935:
828:
808:
765:
690:
553:
203:
815:
1624:
1596:
1557:
1417:
1229:
1183:
1042:
924:
863:
697:
644:
635:
621:
199:
43:
1713:
1693:
1645:
1585:
1512:
1402:
1299:
1277:
1191:
1160:
1096:
1056:
1030:
1004:
981:
904:
850:
822:
791:
669:
595:
400:
239:
subgroup. For a review of the literature about Naish languages, see Li (2015).
236:
232:
207:
68:
1727:
1677:
1661:
1619:
1552:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1461:
1451:
1023:
945:
711:
676:
628:
472:." In Rint Sybesma, Wolfgang Behr, Zev Handel & C.T. James Huang (eds.),
278:
268:
189:
174:
155:
147:
113:
94:
1358:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
1567:
997:
913:
869:
798:
246:
Tentative Sino-Tibetan family tree proposed by
Jacques & Michaud (2011)
1456:
1343:
558:
273:
181:
100:
508:
1365:
340:
1336:
977:
742:
549:
123:
235:(2011). Phylogenetic issues are summarized in the entry about the
838:
36:
751:
566:
255:
Jacques & Michaud (2011) list the following words as Naish
32:
747:
562:
151:
468:
Michaud, Alexis, He Limin & Zhong
Yaoping. 2015. "
1725:
474:Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics
485:Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "
1207:
654:
1381:
524:
462:
1068:
445:: 1–26 – via Hyper Articles en Ligne.
1388:
1374:
531:
517:
455:He Jiren 和即仁 & Jiang Zhuyi 姜竹仪. 1985.
538:
1395:
241:
16:Subgroup of three Sino-Tibetan languages
432:
1726:
479:
250:
142:languages are a low-level subgroup of
1369:
512:
439:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
413:List of Proto-Naish reconstructions
13:
14:
1745:
394:
161:
731:
496:
449:
426:
210:subgroup within Sino-Tibetan.
1:
419:
198:In turn, Naish together with
7:
406:
10:
1750:
1706:
1686:
1670:
1654:
1638:
1610:
1576:
1543:
1534:
1511:
1502:
1474:
1442:
1426:
1410:
1401:
1353:
1298:
1250:
1135:
976:
944:
902:
837:
740:
729:
547:
166:The Naish languages are:
122:
87:
44:Linguistic classification
42:
26:
21:
433:Michaud, Alexis (2011).
217:
247:
144:Sino-Tibetan languages
1258:Central Tibeto-Burman
245:
1396:Na-Qiangic languages
1316:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
257:lexical innovations
251:Lexical innovations
1309:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
1251:Proposed groupings
248:
1734:Qiangic languages
1721:
1720:
1714:extinct languages
1702:
1701:
1606:
1605:
1470:
1469:
1363:
1362:
1246:
1245:
1131:
1130:
972:
971:
727:
726:
399:Proto-Naish, the
392:
391:
229:Guillaume Jacques
136:
135:
1741:
1541:
1540:
1509:
1508:
1408:
1407:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1205:
1204:
1066:
1065:
900:
899:
735:
652:
651:
533:
526:
519:
510:
509:
503:
500:
494:
483:
477:
476:. Leiden: Brill.
466:
460:
453:
447:
446:
430:
262:
261:
206:constitutes the
132:
19:
18:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1698:
1682:
1666:
1650:
1634:
1602:
1578:West Gyalrongic
1572:
1545:East Gyalrongic
1530:
1498:
1466:
1438:
1422:
1397:
1394:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1300:Proto-languages
1294:
1242:
1209:Greater Siangic
1203:
1140:
1127:
1064:
968:
940:
898:
842:
833:
745:
736:
723:
656:Greater Magaric
650:
577:West Himalayish
557:
543:
537:
507:
506:
501:
497:
484:
480:
467:
463:
454:
450:
431:
427:
422:
409:
397:
376:(2nd syllable)
375:
253:
220:
164:
128:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1747:
1737:
1736:
1719:
1718:
1708:Cross (†) and
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1526:Southern Qiang
1523:
1521:Northern Qiang
1517:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1290:Tibeto-Kanauri
1287:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Kuki-Chin–Naga
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1151:
1149:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1001:
994:
986:
984:
982:Southeast Asia
974:
973:
970:
969:
967:
966:
961:
956:
950:
948:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
921:
919:Angami–Pochuri
916:
910:
908:
897:
896:
889:
882:
881:
880:
873:
861:
854:
846:
844:
843:Burmese border
835:
834:
832:
831:
826:
819:
812:
805:
804:
803:
795:
788:
781:
776:
761:
759:
738:
737:
730:
728:
725:
724:
722:
721:
708:
703:
702:
701:
694:
682:
681:
680:
673:
660:
658:
649:
648:
641:
640:
639:
632:
625:
613:
606:
605:
604:
599:
587:
580:
572:
570:
545:
544:
536:
535:
528:
521:
513:
505:
504:
495:
478:
461:
457:Naxiyu Jianzhi
448:
424:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
408:
405:
401:proto-language
396:
395:Reconstruction
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
371:
370:
367:
364:
361:
359:
355:
354:
351:
349:
346:
343:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
303:
302:
299:
297:
294:
291:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
252:
249:
233:Alexis Michaud
219:
216:
196:
195:
194:
193:
186:
185:(Narua, Mosuo)
178:
163:
162:Classification
160:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
118:
117:
110:
98:
89:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
46:
40:
39:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1746:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:Proto-Karenic
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:Proto-Loloish
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1284:Tibeto-Burman
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1070:Burmo-Qiangic
1067:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
992:
988:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
965:
964:Jingpho–Luish
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
949:
947:
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
926:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
909:
906:
901:
895:
894:
890:
888:
887:
883:
879:
878:
874:
872:
871:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
859:
855:
853:
852:
848:
847:
845:
840:
836:
830:
827:
825:
824:
820:
818:
817:
813:
811:
810:
806:
801:
800:
796:
794:
793:
789:
787:
786:
782:
780:
777:
775:
774:
770:
769:
768:
767:
763:
762:
760:
757:
753:
749:
744:
739:
734:
720:
719:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
700:
699:
695:
693:
692:
688:
687:
686:
683:
679:
678:
674:
672:
671:
667:
666:
665:
662:
661:
659:
657:
653:
647:
646:
642:
638:
637:
633:
631:
630:
626:
624:
623:
619:
618:
617:
614:
612:
611:
607:
603:
602:Baram–Thangmi
600:
598:
597:
593:
592:
591:
588:
586:
585:
581:
579:
578:
574:
573:
571:
568:
564:
560:
555:
551:
546:
541:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
514:
511:
499:
492:
488:
482:
475:
471:
465:
458:
452:
444:
440:
436:
429:
425:
414:
411:
410:
404:
402:
387:
384:
381:
378:
373:
372:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
350:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
300:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
258:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
192:
191:
187:
184:
183:
179:
177:
176:
172:
171:
169:
168:
167:
159:
157:
153:
149:
146:that include
145:
141:
131:
127:
125:
121:
116:
115:
111:
109:
107:
103:
99:
97:
96:
92:
91:
90:
86:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
64:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:Tibeto-Burman
52:
51:
50:
47:
45:
41:
38:
34:
31:
25:
20:
1709:
1595:
1443:
1355:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1282:
1228:
1221:
1196:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1159:
1118:
1103:Lolo-Burmese
1101:
1077:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1003:
996:
989:
923:
891:
884:
875:
868:
856:
849:
821:
814:
807:
797:
790:
783:
771:
764:
716:
710:
696:
689:
675:
668:
643:
634:
627:
620:
608:
594:
582:
575:
540:Sino-Tibetan
498:
490:
481:
473:
470:Naxi / Naish
464:
456:
451:
442:
438:
428:
415:(Wiktionary)
398:
254:
224:
221:
212:
197:
188:
180:
173:
165:
139:
137:
112:
105:
101:
93:
88:Subdivisions
73:
49:Sino-Tibetan
29:distribution
1344:Proto-Hakka
1273:Mahakiranti
779:East Bodish
559:Uttarakhand
493:28:468-498.
491:Diachronica
388:*rtsi Swri
290:to stumble
284:Proto-Naish
1591:Khroskyabs
1536:Gyalrongic
1238:Idu–Taraon
1192:Miju–Meyor
1085:Gyalrongic
931:Tangkhulic
706:Raji–Raute
420:References
341:Bai people
152:Na (Mosuo)
27:Geographic
1712:indicate
1337:Proto-Min
1268:Macro-Bai
1146:Arunachal
1139:(possible
954:Boro–Garo
858:Kuki-Chin
841:and Indo-
756:Arunachal
743:Himalayas
718:Tandrange
685:Chepangic
616:Dhimalish
550:Himalayas
374:medicine
124:Glottolog
1728:Category
1630:Drag-yab
1563:Tshobdun
1142:isolates
1109:Mondzish
1037:Cai–Long
785:Tshangla
741:Eastern
584:Tamangic
554:Himachal
548:Western
542:branches
407:See also
323:village
130:nais1236
1710:italics
1504:Qiangic
1434:Shixing
1427:Shixing
1356:Italics
1217:Siangic
1198:Songlin
1177:Kho-Bwa
1155:Hrusish
1137:Dubious
1120:Loloish
1114:Burmish
1079:Qiangic
1050:Longjia
1017:Karenic
1011:Nungish
991:Sinitic
877:Hkongso
839:Myanmar
809:Gongduk
773:Tibetic
691:Chepang
664:Magaric
610:Kiranti
590:Newaric
385:tsɯ˧fi˧
369:*si pa
366:sɯ˩pie˩
345:le˧bv̩˧
332:ɖɯ˧bie˧
326:hi˧mbe˧
315:tɕi˩sɯ˥
301:*(S)pa
204:Shixing
63:Qiangic
59:Loloish
37:Sichuan
1625:Larong
1612:Chamdo
1597:Tangut
1558:Japhug
1476:Ersuic
1418:Namuyi
1411:Namuyi
1230:Milang
1184:Puroik
1168:Mijiic
1092:Ersuic
1043:Caijia
959:Konyak
925:Meitei
829:Chamdo
766:Bodish
752:Bhutan
698:Bhujel
645:Lepcha
636:Lhokpu
622:Dhimal
567:Sikkim
379:ʈʂɚ˧ɯ˧
358:noble
348:ɬi.bv̩
329:fv̩.bi
306:cloud
231:&
200:Namuyi
170:Naish
154:, and
33:Yunnan
1694:Zhaba
1687:Zhaba
1646:Choyo
1639:Choyo
1586:Horpa
1513:Qiang
1444:Naish
1161:Hruso
1057:Luren
1031:Kathu
1005:Tujia
893:Taman
864:Mruic
851:Karbi
792:Basum
748:Tibet
670:Magar
596:Newar
563:Nepal
382:ʈʂæ.ɯ
363:sɯ.pi
353:*Sla
335:*mba
296:kɯ.pi
265:Gloss
218:Names
140:Naish
102:Mosuo
74:Naish
22:Naish
1678:Pumi
1671:Pumi
1662:Muya
1655:Muya
1620:Lamo
1553:Situ
1494:Tosu
1489:Lizu
1484:Ersu
1462:Laze
1452:Naxi
1403:Naic
1278:Rung
1223:Koro
1097:Naic
1024:Gong
980:and
978:East
936:Zeme
905:Naga
823:Tani
816:ʼOle
712:Dura
677:Kham
629:Toto
318:*ki
312:tɕi˧
279:Laze
269:Naxi
237:Naic
208:Naic
202:and
190:Laze
175:Naxi
156:Laze
148:Naxi
138:The
114:Laze
95:Naxi
69:Naic
35:and
1568:Zbu
1144:) (
998:Bai
946:Sal
886:Pyu
870:Mru
799:Nam
489:."
309:ki˩
293:pe˧
65:(?)
61:or
1730::
1457:Na
914:Ao
754:,
750:,
565:,
561:,
443:34
441:.
437:.
274:Na
259:.
225:Na
182:Na
158:.
150:,
106:Na
1716:.
1389:e
1382:t
1375:v
1148:)
907:"
903:"
802:?
758:)
746:(
715:–
569:)
556:,
552:(
532:e
525:t
518:v
108:)
104:(
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