296:
742:
372:
Chirkova (2012) confirms that "Shixing displays significant similarity with Na languages in all its linguistic subsystems and no comparable similarity with any other local language or group of languages" (p. 154). From a detailed comparison, the author concludes that "Shixing can be hypothesized to
360:, that are superficially undetectable due to the high degree of phonological erosion of the Naic languages, but can be uncovered through a systematic examination of lexical correspondences. Progress in the reconstruction of
368:
branch offers an improved basis for reconstruction. For instance, it appears that Proto-Naish *-o corresponds both to Proto-Rgyalrong *-o and *-aŋ, suggesting a merger between a closed syllable and an open syllable.
385:. Lidz notes that the western groups call themselves "Naxi", whereas the eastern groups call themselves "Na" — hence the parentheses. Lidz (2010) also notes that the Na (Eastern) speakers of
1154:
1145:
539:
1396:
532:
1389:
462:
Subgrouping Of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study From The
Perspectives Of Shared Innovation And Phylogenetic Estimation
741:
1266:
525:
1382:
1324:
1271:
927:
265:
259:
220:
208:
1317:
972:
894:
610:
381:
Lidz (2010) groups the Naxi varieties as follows, but does not consider where these languages fit within
1742:
491:
1586:
1217:
664:
585:
475:
Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages: Naxi, Na and Laze
1298:
901:
714:
295:
1534:
1529:
1292:
1078:
962:
58:
1338:
1331:
1111:
1045:
548:
382:
251:
138:
53:
1281:
1231:
787:
361:
1544:
1093:
939:
885:
8:
1599:
1276:
866:
693:
624:
1553:
1117:
726:
592:
474:
120:
1638:
1571:
1512:
1225:
1185:
1163:
1128:
1122:
1087:
1025:
1019:
999:
793:
781:
764:
672:
618:
598:
365:
357:
285:
281:
277:
190:
162:
158:
67:
63:
1620:
1484:
1442:
1246:
1206:
1176:
1150:
1100:
1058:
967:
944:
837:
817:
774:
699:
562:
394:
318:
150:
99:
824:
1633:
1605:
1566:
1452:
1426:
1238:
1192:
1051:
933:
872:
706:
653:
644:
630:
492:
The
Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli
390:
324:
311:
203:
154:
105:
92:
48:
1722:
1702:
1654:
1594:
1521:
1308:
1286:
1200:
1169:
1065:
1039:
1013:
990:
913:
859:
831:
800:
678:
604:
289:
1736:
1686:
1670:
1628:
1561:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1470:
1460:
1032:
954:
720:
685:
637:
408:
344:
330:
215:
142:
1367:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
1576:
1006:
922:
878:
807:
299:
Tentative Sino-Tibetan family tree proposed by
Jacques & Michaud (2011)
373:
be a Na language that has undergone considerable restructuring" (p. 157).
1465:
1352:
567:
426:
337:
227:
517:
1374:
389:
are officially classified as ethnic
Mongols by the Chinese government.
276:
The Naic group (corresponding to Lama's Naxish clade) is classified as
1345:
986:
751:
558:
114:
847:
386:
41:
271:
760:
575:
37:
756:
571:
146:
511:. Ph.D. dissertation. Austin: University of Texas, Austin.
356:
The argument is based on the discovery of cognates with
464:. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington.
157:. They have been variously classified as part of the
250:Lama (2012) lists the following sound changes from
185:Lama (2012) lists the following languages in his
1734:
473:Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "
1216:
663:
172:used by speakers of several of the languages.
1390:
533:
272:Jacques & Michaud (2011), Chirkova (2012)
1077:
509:A Descriptive Grammar of Yongning Na (Mosuo)
168:The name "Naic" is derived from the endonym
484:
1397:
1383:
540:
526:
547:
16:Sino-Tibetan subfamily of southwest China
1404:
294:
498:13(1):133-170. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
1735:
467:
1378:
521:
13:
14:
1754:
175:
740:
501:
454:
376:
189:clade, which he places in the
180:
1:
460:Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan. 2012.
447:
7:
364:and other languages of the
10:
1759:
1715:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1647:
1619:
1585:
1552:
1543:
1520:
1511:
1483:
1451:
1435:
1419:
1410:
1362:
1307:
1259:
1144:
985:
953:
911:
846:
749:
738:
556:
496:Languages and Linguistics
490:Chirkova, Katia (2012). "
137:languages are a group of
113:
85:
49:Linguistic classification
47:
31:
26:
21:
165:branch of Sino-Tibetan.
507:Lidz, Liberty A. 2010.
254:as Naxish innovations.
432:Ninglang 宁蒗 / Beiqu 北渠
300:
230:: Mali Masa, Na (Moso)
139:Sino-Tibetan languages
1267:Central Tibeto-Burman
362:rGyalrongic languages
298:
1405:Na-Qiangic languages
1325:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
397:are not addressed.
239:Naheng, Naxi proper
1318:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
1260:Proposed groupings
301:
1743:Qiangic languages
1730:
1729:
1723:extinct languages
1711:
1710:
1615:
1614:
1479:
1478:
1372:
1371:
1255:
1254:
1140:
1139:
981:
980:
736:
735:
358:Qiangic languages
286:Guillaume Jacques
127:
126:
1750:
1550:
1549:
1518:
1517:
1417:
1416:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1214:
1213:
1075:
1074:
909:
908:
744:
661:
660:
542:
535:
528:
519:
518:
512:
505:
499:
488:
482:
471:
465:
458:
267:
261:
222:
210:
123:
19:
18:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1707:
1691:
1675:
1659:
1643:
1611:
1587:West Gyalrongic
1581:
1554:East Gyalrongic
1539:
1507:
1475:
1447:
1431:
1406:
1403:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1309:Proto-languages
1303:
1251:
1218:Greater Siangic
1212:
1149:
1136:
1073:
977:
949:
907:
851:
842:
754:
745:
732:
665:Greater Magaric
659:
586:West Himalayish
566:
552:
546:
516:
515:
506:
502:
489:
485:
472:
468:
459:
455:
450:
445:
414:Baoshanzhou 保山州
379:
354:
274:
248:
183:
178:
155:Namuyi (Namuzi)
119:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1728:
1727:
1717:Cross (†) and
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1535:Southern Qiang
1532:
1530:Northern Qiang
1526:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1299:Tibeto-Kanauri
1296:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:Kuki-Chin–Naga
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1160:
1158:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
993:
991:Southeast Asia
983:
982:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
930:
928:Angami–Pochuri
925:
919:
917:
906:
905:
898:
891:
890:
889:
882:
870:
863:
855:
853:
852:Burmese border
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
828:
821:
814:
813:
812:
804:
797:
790:
785:
770:
768:
747:
746:
739:
737:
734:
733:
731:
730:
717:
712:
711:
710:
703:
691:
690:
689:
682:
669:
667:
658:
657:
650:
649:
648:
641:
634:
622:
615:
614:
613:
608:
596:
589:
581:
579:
554:
553:
545:
544:
537:
530:
522:
514:
513:
500:
483:
466:
452:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:
442:
441:
440:
439:
436:
433:
423:
422:
421:
418:
415:
399:
378:
375:
353:
352:
351:
350:
349:
348:
341:
334:
322:
315:
302:
290:Alexis Michaud
273:
270:
269:
268:
262:
247:
246:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
237:
231:
213:
195:
191:Loloish branch
182:
179:
177:
176:Classification
174:
151:Shixing (Xumi)
125:
124:
117:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
96:
87:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
51:
45:
44:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1755:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1339:Proto-Karenic
1336:
1334:
1333:
1332:Proto-Loloish
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1293:Tibeto-Burman
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1079:Burmo-Qiangic
1076:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
974:
973:Jingpho–Luish
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
956:
952:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
918:
915:
910:
904:
903:
899:
897:
896:
892:
888:
887:
883:
881:
880:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
868:
864:
862:
861:
857:
856:
854:
849:
845:
839:
836:
834:
833:
829:
827:
826:
822:
820:
819:
815:
810:
809:
805:
803:
802:
798:
796:
795:
791:
789:
786:
784:
783:
779:
778:
777:
776:
772:
771:
769:
766:
762:
758:
753:
748:
743:
729:
728:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
709:
708:
704:
702:
701:
697:
696:
695:
692:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
676:
675:
674:
671:
670:
668:
666:
662:
656:
655:
651:
647:
646:
642:
640:
639:
635:
633:
632:
628:
627:
626:
623:
621:
620:
616:
612:
611:Baram–Thangmi
609:
607:
606:
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
594:
590:
588:
587:
583:
582:
580:
577:
573:
569:
564:
560:
555:
550:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
520:
510:
504:
497:
493:
487:
480:
476:
470:
463:
457:
453:
437:
434:
431:
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:Dayanzhen 大研镇
416:
413:
412:
410:
406:
405:
404:
401:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
347:
346:
342:
340:
339:
335:
333:
332:
328:
327:
326:
323:
321:
320:
316:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
304:
303:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
263:
257:
256:
255:
253:
252:Proto-Loloish
238:
235:
234:
232:
229:
226:
225:
223:
217:
214:
211:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
196:
194:
192:
188:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:that include
140:
136:
132:
122:
118:
116:
112:
107:
104:
102:
101:
97:
95:
94:
90:
89:
88:
84:
75:
72:
71:
69:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:Tibeto-Burman
57:
56:
55:
52:
50:
46:
43:
39:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1718:
1604:
1411:
1364:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1291:
1237:
1230:
1205:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1127:
1112:Lolo-Burmese
1110:
1105:
1086:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1012:
1005:
998:
932:
900:
893:
884:
877:
865:
858:
830:
823:
816:
806:
799:
792:
780:
773:
725:
719:
705:
698:
684:
677:
652:
643:
636:
629:
617:
603:
591:
584:
549:Sino-Tibetan
508:
503:
495:
486:
478:
469:
461:
456:
402:
383:Sino-Tibetan
380:
371:
355:
343:
336:
329:
317:
310:
305:
275:
249:
219:
209:næ55mu33zɿ31
207:
198:
186:
184:
169:
167:
134:
130:
128:
98:
91:
86:Subdivisions
73:
54:Sino-Tibetan
34:distribution
1353:Proto-Hakka
1282:Mahakiranti
788:East Bodish
568:Uttarakhand
481:28:468-498.
479:Diachronica
435:Yongning 永宁
377:Lidz (2010)
181:Lama (2012)
1600:Khroskyabs
1545:Gyalrongic
1247:Idu–Taraon
1201:Miju–Meyor
1094:Gyalrongic
940:Tangkhulic
715:Raji–Raute
448:References
420:Lijiang 丽江
292:(2011).
264:*pw- >
147:Na (Mosuo)
32:Geographic
1721:indicate
1346:Proto-Min
1277:Macro-Bai
1155:Arunachal
1148:(possible
963:Boro–Garo
867:Kuki-Chin
850:and Indo-
765:Arunachal
752:Himalayas
727:Tandrange
694:Chepangic
625:Dhimalish
559:Himalayas
438:Guabie 瓜别
425:Eastern (
407:Western (
258:*sn >
115:Glottolog
1737:Category
1639:Drag-yab
1572:Tshobdun
1151:isolates
1118:Mondzish
1046:Cai–Long
794:Tshangla
750:Eastern
593:Tamangic
563:Himachal
557:Western
551:branches
280:and not
221:nɑ21ɕi33
121:naic1235
1719:italics
1513:Qiangic
1443:Shixing
1436:Shixing
1365:Italics
1226:Siangic
1207:Songlin
1186:Kho-Bwa
1164:Hrusish
1146:Dubious
1129:Loloish
1123:Burmish
1088:Qiangic
1059:Longjia
1026:Karenic
1020:Nungish
1000:Sinitic
886:Hkongso
848:Myanmar
818:Gongduk
782:Tibetic
700:Chepang
673:Magaric
619:Kiranti
599:Newaric
395:Shixing
387:Sichuan
366:Qiangic
319:Shixing
282:Loloish
278:Qiangic
163:Qiangic
161:or the
159:Loloish
100:Shixing
68:Qiangic
64:Loloish
42:Sichuan
1634:Larong
1621:Chamdo
1606:Tangut
1567:Japhug
1485:Ersuic
1427:Namuyi
1420:Namuyi
1239:Milang
1193:Puroik
1177:Mijiic
1101:Ersuic
1052:Caijia
968:Konyak
934:Meitei
838:Chamdo
775:Bodish
761:Bhutan
707:Bhujel
654:Lepcha
645:Lhokpu
631:Dhimal
576:Sikkim
494:." In
403:Na(xi)
391:Namuyi
312:Namuyi
288:&
204:Namuzi
199:Naxish
187:Naxish
153:, and
135:Naxish
93:Namuyi
38:Yunnan
27:Naxish
1703:Zhaba
1696:Zhaba
1655:Choyo
1648:Choyo
1595:Horpa
1522:Qiang
1453:Naish
1170:Hruso
1066:Luren
1040:Kathu
1014:Tujia
902:Taman
873:Mruic
860:Karbi
801:Basum
757:Tibet
679:Magar
605:Newar
572:Nepal
325:Naish
266:b-,ʁ-
233:etc.
106:Naish
1687:Pumi
1680:Pumi
1671:Muya
1664:Muya
1629:Lamo
1562:Situ
1503:Tosu
1498:Lizu
1493:Ersu
1471:Laze
1461:Naxi
1412:Naic
1287:Rung
1232:Koro
1106:Naic
1033:Gong
989:and
987:East
945:Zeme
914:Naga
832:Tani
825:ʼOle
721:Dura
686:Kham
638:Toto
409:Naxi
393:and
345:Laze
331:Naxi
306:Naic
236:Naru
216:Naxi
143:Naxi
131:Naic
129:The
74:Naic
40:and
22:Naic
1577:Zbu
1153:) (
1007:Bai
955:Sal
895:Pyu
879:Mru
808:Nam
477:."
411:')
284:by
133:or
70:(?)
66:or
1739::
1466:Na
923:Ao
763:,
759:,
574:,
570:,
429:)
427:Na
338:Na
260:ȵ-
228:Na
224:)
193:.
170:Na
149:,
145:,
1725:.
1398:e
1391:t
1384:v
1157:)
916:"
912:"
811:?
767:)
755:(
724:–
578:)
565:,
561:(
541:e
534:t
527:v
218:(
212:)
206:(
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