Nahuatl - Knowledge

80: 1150: 678: 1002:. The identity of the language(s) spoken by Teotihuacan's founders has long been debated, with the relationship of Nahuatl to Teotihuacan being prominent in that enquiry. It was presumed by scholars during the 19th and early 20th centuries that Teotihuacan had been founded by Nahuatl-speakers of, but later linguistic and archaeological research tended to disconfirm this view. Instead, the timing of the Nahuatl influx was seen to coincide more closely with Teotihuacan's fall than its rise, and other candidates such as 352: 448: 4247: 1552: 1576:

highest rates of monolingual Nahuatl speakers relative to the total Nahuatl speaking population, at 24.2% and 22.6%, respectively. For most other states the percentage of monolinguals among the speakers is less than 5%. This means that in most states more than 95% of the Nahuatl speaking population are bilingual in Spanish. According to one study, how often Nahuatl is used is linked to community well-being, partly because it's tied to positive emotions.

4217:, which was used to record a large body of Aztec prose, poetry and mundane documentation such as testaments, administrative documents, legal letters, etc. In a matter of decades pictorial writing was completely replaced with the Latin alphabet. No standardized Latin orthography has been developed for Nahuatl, and no general consensus has arisen for the representation of many sounds in Nahuatl that are lacking in Spanish, such as long vowels and the 1221:

to the period remains extant. They include histories, chronicles, poetry, theatrical works, Christian canonical works, ethnographic descriptions, and administrative documents. The Spanish permitted a great deal of autonomy in the local administration of indigenous towns during this period, and in many Nahuatl-speaking towns the language was the de facto administrative language both in writing and speech. A large body of

4140: 3931: 1092:. As Tenochtitlan grew to become the largest urban center in Central America and one of the largest in the world at the time, it attracted speakers of Nahuatl from diverse areas giving birth to an urban form of Nahuatl with traits from many dialects. This urbanized variety of Tenochtitlan is what came to be known as Classical Nahuatl as documented in colonial times. 3751:, probably under influence from Spanish. Other changes in the syntax of modern Nahuatl include the use of Spanish prepositions instead of native postpositions or relational nouns and the reinterpretation of original postpositions/relational nouns into prepositions. In the following example, from Michoacán Nahuatl, the postposition - 593:. Many words from Nahuatl were absorbed into Spanish and, from there, were diffused into hundreds of other languages in the region. Most of these loanwords denote things indigenous to central Mexico, which the Spanish heard mentioned for the first time by their Nahuatl names. English has also absorbed words of 1302:

become increasingly marginalized in Mexican society. In 1895, Nahuatl was spoken by over 5% of the population. By 2000, this figure had fallen to 1.49%. Given the process of marginalization combined with the trend of migration to urban areas and to the United States, some linguists are warning of impending

5234:, the extensive corpus of surviving literature in Nahuatl dating as far back as the 16th century may be considered unique. Nahuatl literature encompasses a diverse array of genres and styles, the documents themselves composed under many different circumstances. Preconquest Nahua had a distinction between 3357:

Some Nahuatl varieties, notably Classical Nahuatl, can inflect the verb to show the direction of the verbal action going away from or towards the speaker. Some also have specific inflectional categories showing purpose and direction and such complex notions as "to go in order to" or "to come in order

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to facilitate communication between the Spanish and natives of the colonies. This led to Spanish missionaries teaching Nahuatl to Amerindians living as far south as Honduras and El Salvador. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Classical Nahuatl was used as a literary language; a large corpus dating

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A language which was the ancestor of Pochutec split from Proto-Nahuan (or Proto-Aztecan) possibly as early as AD 400, arriving in Mesoamerica a few centuries earlier than the bulk of Nahuan speakers. Some Nahuan groups migrated south along the Central American isthmus, reaching as far as Nicaragua.

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and a number of Nahua speakers. With this work Sahagún bestowed an enormous ethnographic description of the Nahua, written in side-by-side translations of Nahuatl and Spanish and illustrated throughout by color plates drawn by indigenous painters. Its volumes cover a diverse range of topics: Aztec

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According to the 2000 census by INEGI, Nahuatl is spoken by an estimated 1.45 million people, some 198,000 (14.9%) of whom are monolingual. There are many more female than male monolinguals, and women represent nearly two-thirds of the total number. The states of Guerrero and Hidalgo have the

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demonstrated a basic split between Eastern and Western branches of Nahuan, considered to reflect the oldest division of the proto-Nahuan speech community. Canger originally considered the central dialect area to be an innovative subarea within the Western branch, but in 2011, she suggested that it

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of indigenous communities, teaching only Spanish and discouraging the use of indigenous languages. As a result, one scholar estimated in 1983 that there was no group of Nahuatl speakers who had attained general literacy (that is, the ability to read the classical language) in Nahuatl, and Nahuatl

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On the issue of geographic origin, the consensus of linguists during the 20th century was that the Uto-Aztecan language family originated in the southwestern United States. Evidence from archaeology and ethnohistory supports the thesis of a southward diffusion across the North American continent,

5401:). The latter was marked by the use of a distinct rhetorical style. Since literacy was confined mainly to these higher social classes, most of the existing prose and poetical documents were written in this style. An important feature of this high rhetorical style of formal oratory was the use of 1301:

Throughout the modern period the situation of indigenous languages has grown increasingly precarious in Mexico, and the numbers of speakers of virtually all indigenous languages have dwindled. While the total number of Nahuatl speakers increased over the 20th century, indigenous populations have

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Grammars and dictionaries of indigenous languages were composed throughout the colonial period, but their quality was highest in the initial period. The friars found that learning all the indigenous languages was impossible in practice, so they concentrated on Nahuatl. For a time, the linguistic

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did. Therefore, generally Aztec writing was not meant to be read, but to be told. The elaborate codices were essentially pictographic aids for memorizing texts, which include genealogies, astronomical information, and tribute lists. Three kinds of signs were used in the system: pictures used as

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in the southeast. Pipil, the southernmost Nahuan language, is spoken in El Salvador by a small number of speakers. According to IRIN-International, the Nawat Language Recovery Initiative project, there are no reliable figures for the contemporary numbers of speakers of Pipil. Numbers may range

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The terminology used to describe varieties of spoken Nahuatl is inconsistently applied. Many terms are used with multiple denotations, or a single dialect grouping goes under several names. Sometimes, older terms are substituted with newer ones or with the speakers' own name for their specific

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It has been argued, most prominently by the linguist Michel Launey, that Classical Nahuatl syntax is best characterised by "omnipredicativity", meaning that any noun or verb in the language is in fact a full predicative sentence. This interpretation aims to account for some of the language's

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did. Some other epigraphers have questioned the claim, arguing that although the syllabicity was clearly extant in some early colonial manuscripts (hardly any pre-Columbian manuscripts have survived), this could be interpreted as a local innovation inspired by Spanish literacy rather than a

3612:, combined with the minority status of Nahuatl and the higher prestige associated with Spanish has caused many changes in modern Nahuatl varieties, with large numbers of words borrowed from Spanish into Nahuatl, and the introduction of new syntactic constructions and grammatical categories. 1113:. Several of these texts have been translated and published either in part or in their entirety. The types of documentation include censuses, especially one early set from the Cuernavaca region, town council records from Tlaxcala, as well as the testimony of Nahua individuals. 5321:

history, material culture, social organization, religious and ceremonial life, rhetorical style and metaphors. The twelfth volume provides an indigenous perspective on the conquest. Sahagún also made a point of trying to document the richness of the Nahuatl language, stating:

5381:('song of war'), each with distinct stylistic traits. Aztec poetry makes rich use of metaphoric imagery and themes and are lamentation of the brevity of human existence, the celebration of valiant warriors who die in battle, and the appreciation of the beauty of life. 3962:

into the Spanish language, most of which are terms designating things indigenous to the Americas. Some of these loans are restricted to Mexican or Central American Spanish, but others have entered all the varieties of Spanish in the world. A number of them, such as

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Nahuatl distinguishes between possessed and unpossessed forms of nouns. The absolutive suffix is not used on possessed nouns. In all dialects, possessed nouns take a prefix agreeing with number and person of its possessor. Possessed plural nouns take the ending

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are spoken in scattered communities, mostly in rural areas throughout central Mexico and along the coastline. A smaller number of speakers exists in immigrant communities in the United States. There are considerable differences among varieties, and some are not

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is a scantily attested language, which became extinct in the 20th century, and which Campbell and Langacker classify as being outside general Aztec. Other researchers have argued that Pochutec should be considered a divergent variant of the western periphery.

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are uncountable in English). Now, many speakers do not maintain this distinction and all nouns may take the plural inflection. One dialect, that of the Eastern Huasteca, has a distinction between two different plural suffixes for animate and inanimate nouns.

5349:, both collections of Aztec songs written down in the 16th and 17th centuries. Some songs may have been preserved through oral tradition from pre-conquest times until the time of their writing, for example the songs attributed to the poet-king of Texcoco, 4364:, designed to be the standardized orthography of Nahuatl in the coming years. The modern writing has much greater use in the modern variants than in the classic variant, since the texts, documents and literary works of the time usually use the Jesuit one. 1627:

during the 20th century. As a result of internal migration within the country, Nahuatl speaking communities exist in all states in Mexico. The modern influx of Mexican workers and families into the United States has resulted in the establishment of small

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in 2004, new attempts to create standardized orthographies for the different dialects were resumed; however to this day there is no single official orthography for Nahuatl. Apart from dialectal differences, major issues in transcribing Nahuatl include:

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When Nahuatl became the subject of focused linguistic studies in the 20th century, linguists acknowledged the need to represent all the phonemes of the language. Several practical orthographies were developed to transcribe the language, many using the

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Classical Nahuatl and most of the modern varieties have fairly simple phonological systems. They allow only syllables with maximally one initial and one final consonant. Consonant clusters occur only word-medially and over syllable boundaries. Some

1205:(1645). Carochi's is today considered the most important colonial-era grammar of Nahuatl. Carochi has been particularly important for scholars working in the New Philology, such that there is a 2001 English translation of Carochi's 1645 grammar by 1120:, and later the conquered Mexica of Tenochtitlan—Nahuatl continued spreading throughout Mesoamerica in the decades after the conquest. Spanish expeditions with thousands of Nahua soldiers marched north and south to conquer new territories. 10204:

Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli.

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Flores Farfán, José Antonio (2002). "The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico". In Burnaby, Barbara Jane; Reyhner, John Allan (eds.).

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Classical Nahuatl and many modern dialects have grammaticalised ways to express politeness towards addressees or even towards people or things that are being mentioned, by using special verb forms and special "honorific suffixes".

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The 1990s saw radical changes in Mexican policy concerning indigenous and linguistic rights. Developments of accords in the international rights arena combined with domestic pressures (such as social and political agitation by the

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With the arrival of the Spanish in 1519, Nahuatl was displaced as the dominant regional language, but remained important in Nahua communities under Spanish rule. Nahuatl was documented extensively during the colonial period in

972:, who proposes instead that the Uto-Aztecan language family originated in central Mexico and spread northwards at a very early date. This hypothesis and the analyses of data that it rests upon have received serious criticism. 943:

as the name for their language, although it seems to be a recent innovation. Linguists commonly identify localized dialects of Nahuatl by adding as a qualifier the name of the village or area where that variety is spoken.

8964:. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 11–14 May 2000). Flagstaff: Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University. pp. 225–236. 4168:

Traditionally, Pre-Columbian Aztec writing has not been considered a true writing system, since it did not represent the full vocabulary of a spoken language in the way that the writing systems of the Old World or the

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Most Nahuatl dialects have stress on the penultimate syllable of a word. In Mexicanero from Durango, many unstressed syllables have disappeared from words, and the placement of syllable stress has become phonemic.

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and inanimate nouns. In Classical Nahuatl the animacy distinction manifested with respect to pluralization, as only animate nouns could take a plural form, and all inanimate nouns were uncountable (as the words

5440:, in which two phrases are symbolically combined to give a metaphorical reading. Classical Nahuatl was rich in such diphrasal metaphors, many of which are explicated by Sahagún in the Florentine Codex and by 9241: 3570:

peculiarities, for example, why nouns must also carry the same agreement prefixes as verbs, and why predicates do not require any noun phrases to function as their arguments. For example, the verbal form

10831: 5287:. Many annals recount history year-by-year and are normally written by anonymous authors. These works are sometimes evidently based on pre-Columbian pictorial year counts that existed, such as the 3516:

language: it allows sentences with omission of all noun phrases or independent pronouns, not just of noun phrases or pronouns whose function is the sentence subject. In most varieties independent

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In many Nahuatl dialects vowel length contrast is vague, and in others it has become lost entirely. The dialect spoken in Tetelcingo (nhg) developed the vowel length into a difference in quality:

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This work is like a dragnet to bring to light all the words of this language with their exact and metaphorical meanings, and all their ways of speaking, and most of their practices good and evil.

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has been frequently used instead, especially in Spanish-language publications. The Nahuan (Aztecan) branch of Uto-Aztecan is widely accepted as having two divisions: General Aztec and Pochutec.

2334:(used after vowels). Some modern varieties, however, have formed complex clusters from vowel loss. Others have contracted syllable sequences, causing accents to shift or vowels to become long. 8662: 582:. This means that morphemes – words or fragments of words that each contain their own separate meaning – are often strung together to make longer complex words. 1343: 449: 3101:

prefix at the beginning means 'one' (as in 'one hundred' and 'one thousand') and is replaced with the corresponding number to get the names of other multiples of the power. For example,

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Olko, Justyna; Lubiewska, Katarzyna; Maryniak, Joanna; Haimovich, Gregory; de la Cruz, Eduardo; Cuahutle Bautista, Beatriz; Dexter-Sobkowiak, Elwira; Iglesias Tepec, Humberto (2022) .

5626:"General Aztec is a generally accepted term referring to the most shallow common stage, reconstructed for all present-day Nahuatl varieties; it does not include the Pochutec dialect 1109:

have analyzed local-level texts in Nahuatl and other indigenous languages to gain insight into cultural change in the colonial era via linguistic changes, known at present as the

10495:(Supplement to International Journal of American Linguistics). Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17. Vol. 28. Baltimore: Waverly Press. 1193:, was published in 1547—3 years before the first grammar in French, and 39 years before the first one in English. By 1645, four more had been published, authored respectively by 7828: 3594:

means 'you are a child'. This prompts the omnipredicative interpretation, which posits that all nouns are also predicates. According to this interpretation, a phrase such as

753:, and Terrence Kaufman have preferred to include Pipil within the General Aztecan branch, citing close historical ties with the eastern peripheral dialects of General Aztec. 10024:

Arte de la lengua mexicana: concluido en el Convento de San Andrés de Ueytlalpan, en la provincia de la Totonacapan que es en la Nueva España, el 1. de enero de 1547, 2 vols

1331: 4086:(words particular to Mexican Spanish) have been published tracing Nahuatl etymologies, as well as Spanish words with origins in other indigenous languages. Many well known 1318:

speakers' literacy rate in Spanish also remained much lower than the national average. Nahuatl is spoken by over 1 million people, with approximately 10% of speakers being

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Tree diagram of the relation between the Nahuan languages and the rest of the Uto-Aztecan language family, based on the internal classification of Nahuan given by Terrence

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Flores Farfán, José Antonio (2006). "Intervention in indigenous education. Culturally-sensitive materials for bilingual Nahuatl speakers". In Hidalgo, Margarita G. (ed.).

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is considered to refer to a dialect continuum or a group of separate languages, the varieties form a single branch within the Uto-Aztecan family, descended from a single

10737:, Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington, pp. 1–140. 1181:

to the Nahuas. Within twenty years of the Spanish arrival, texts in Nahuatl were being written using the Latin script. Simultaneously, schools were founded, such as the

1209:. Through contact with Spanish the Nahuatl language adopted many loan words, and as bilingualism intensified, changes in the grammatical structure of Nahuatl followed. 553: 2788:

or locative suffixes. In some ways these locative constructions resemble and can be thought of as locative case constructions. Most modern dialects have incorporated

5617:("The indigenous languages ... and Spanish are national languages ... and have the same validity in their territory, location and context in which they are spoken.") 1052:, which was active in central Mexico around the 10th century, are thought to have been Nahuatl speakers. By the 11th century, Nahuatl speakers were dominant in the 9264: 741:

denotes at least Classical Nahuatl, together with related modern languages spoken in Mexico. The inclusion of Pipil in this group is debated among linguists. Lyle

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Missionary Linguistics II/Lingüística misionera II: Orthography and Phonology. Selected papers from the Second International Conference on Missionary Linguistics

5516: 1289:. In 1770, another decree, calling for the elimination of the indigenous languages, did away with Classical Nahuatl as a literary language. Until the end of the 3615:

For example, a construction like the following, with several borrowed words and particles, is common in many modern varieties (Spanish loanwords in boldface):

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Azteckischer Zensus, Zur indianischen Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Marquesado um 1540: Aus dem "Libro de Tributos" (Col. Ant. Ms. 551) im Archivo Histórico

3512:, meaning that word order in Nahuatl is basically free. Nahuatl allows all possible orderings of the three basic sentence constituents. It is prolifically a 10821: 4080:). In Mexico many words for common everyday concepts attest to the close contact between Spanish and Nahuatl – so many in fact that entire dictionaries of 1010:

evidence has suggested the possibility that other Mesoamerican languages were borrowing vocabulary from Proto-Nahuan much earlier than previously thought.

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The critically endangered Pipil language of El Salvador is the only living descendant of the variety of Nahuatl once spoken south of present-day Mexico.

10804:: special interest-yearbook of the Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas (IIH) of the Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ed.: Miguel León Portilla 10063:

Pasztory, Esther (1993). "An Image Is Worth a Thousand Words: Teotihuacan and the Meanings of Style in Classic Mesoamerica". In Don Stephen Rice (ed.).

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Dakin, Karen (1994). "El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas". In MacKay, Carolyn; Vázquez, Verónica (eds.).

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In most varieties of Nahuatl, nouns in the unpossessed singular form generally take an absolutive suffix. The most common forms of the absolutive are

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Many dialects have also undergone a degree of simplification of their morphology that has caused some scholars to consider them to have ceased to be

1322:. As a whole, Nahuatl is not considered to be an endangered language; however, during the late 20th century several Nahuatl dialects became extinct. 894: 10224:

Rolstad, Kellie (2002). "Language death in Central Mexico: The decline of Spanish-Nahuatl bilingualism and the new bilingual maintenance programs".

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Michel Launey argues that Classical Nahuatl had a verb-initial basic word order with extensive freedom for variation, which was then used to encode

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Pellicer, Dora; Cifuentes, Bábara; Herrera, Carmen (2006). "Legislating diversity in twenty-first century Mexico". In Hidalgo, Margarita G. (ed.).

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Las lenguas indígenas...y el español son lenguas nacionales...y tienen la misma validez en su territorio, localización y contexto en que se hablen.

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is a preposition and heads a prepositional phrase; traditionally Nahuatl had postpositions or relational nouns rather than prepositions. The stem

2473:(singular and plural) and possession (whether the noun is possessed, as is indicated by a prefix meaning 'my', 'your', etc.). Nahuatl has neither 1293:

in 1821, the Spanish courts admitted Nahuatl testimony and documentation as evidence in lawsuits, with court translators rendering it in Spanish.

492:, the Aztecs had expanded to incorporate a large part of central Mexico. Their influence caused the variety of Nahuatl spoken by the residents of 11454: 9977: 8588:"El nauatl urbano de Tlatelolco/Tenochtitlan, resultado de convergencia entre dialectos, con un esbozo brevísimo de la historia de los dialectos" 1306:. At present Nahuatl is mostly spoken in rural areas by an impoverished class of indigenous subsistence agriculturists. According to the Mexican 716:. Within Mexico, the question of whether to consider individual varieties to be languages or dialects of a single language is highly political. 692:

encompasses a group of closely related languages or divergent dialects within the Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The Mexican

12157: 9204: 8765: 1307: 10606: 10320:. The Civilization of the American Indians Series vol. 200, part 2. Thelma D. Sullivan (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), with 7143: 10871: 10612: 10540: 9516: 8430: 8366: 8242: 768:. Canger introduced the scheme of a Central grouping and two Peripheral groups, and Lastra confirmed this notion, differing in some details. 9250: 9228:(9). Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI): 22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section). 14 January 2008. 8410:. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague. Vol. XIX. The Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen; distributed by C.A. Reitzels Boghandel. 7946:"Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España por el fray Bernardino de Sahagún: el Códice Florentino – Visor – Biblioteca Digital Mundial" 1375: 9765: 9607: 8843: 8820: 8069: 5343: 1351:

and gives indigenous people the right to use them in all spheres of public and private life. In Article 11, it grants access to compulsory

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prose has been preserved in different forms. Annals and chronicles recount history, normally written from the perspective of a particular

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Noun compounds are commonly formed by combining two or more nominal stems or combining a nominal stem with an adjectival or verbal stem.

1105:, Cuernavaca, Culhuacan, Coyoacan, Toluca and other locations in the Valley of Mexico and beyond. In the 1970s, scholars of Mesoamerican 10226: 2130:, occurs only after vowels. In many modern dialects it is realized as a , but in others, as in Classical Nahuatl, it is a glottal stop . 567:('national languages') in the regions where they are spoken. They are given the same status as Spanish within their respective regions. 5644: 519:

were written in it during the 16th and 17th centuries. This early literary language based on the Tenochtitlan variety has been labeled

9253:(in Spanish) (Publicación única ed.). Aguascalientes: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, Geografia e Informática (INEGI). 2005. 4260: 3471:. In verbs reduplication is often used to form a reiterative meaning (i.e. expressing repetition), for example in Nahuatl of Tezcoco: 1335: 1185:

in 1536, which taught both indigenous and classical European languages to both Native Americans and priests. Missionaries authored of

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Macri, Martha J. (2005). "Nahua loan words from the early classic period: Words for cacao preparation on a Río Azul ceramic vessel".

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The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries

9330:. Middle American Research Institute Publications. Vol. 53. New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University. 4243:, and sometimes an acute accent for short vowels. This orthography did not achieve a wide following outside of the Jesuit community. 1029:. After the Nahuas migrated into the Mesoamerican cultural zone, their language likely adopted various areal traits, which included 10211:(in Spanish) (Reprinted 1885 under the care of Antonio Peñafiel ed.). México D. F.: Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento. 9668: 8862: 5284: 12132: 8786:(2003). "Teotihuacan and Early Classic Interaction: A Perspective from Outside the Maya Region". In Braswell, Geoffrey E. (ed.). 6027: 5844: 8510:

Uto-Aztecan: Structural, Temporal, and Geographic Perspectives: Papers in Memory of Wick R. Miller by the Friends of Uto-Aztecan

8068:. Presentation to the Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas-UNAM (in Spanish). México D. F.: 7032:"The positive relationship between Indigenous language use and community-based well-being in four Nahua ethnic groups in Mexico" 6954: 1310:(INEGI), 51% of Nahuatl speakers are involved in the farming sector and 6 in 10 receive no wages or less than the minimum wage. 1138:, to cultivate the land and aid colonization efforts that had stalled in the face of local hostility to the Spanish settlement. 2270: 12091: 12049: 10620: 10477: 10450: 10427: 10368: 10341: 10293: 10103: 10076: 10036: 10022: 9856: 9837: 9815: 9793: 9747: 9699: 9676: 9653: 9634: 9615: 9589: 9335: 9312: 9283: 9258: 9179: 8996: 8969: 8944: 8925: 8851: 8828: 8803: 8773: 8743: 8715: 8692: 8648: 8573: 8547: 8521: 8495: 8415: 8347: 8325: 8223: 8166: 8112: 8086: 7666: 6572: 3278:

are found in many modern dialects. Many Nahuatl varieties also allow forming verbal compounds with two or more verbal roots.

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Nahuatl generally distinguishes three persons, both in the singular and plural numbers. In at least one modern dialect, the

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The following verbal form has two verbal roots and is inflected for causative voice and both a direct and indirect object:

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and indigenous social movements) led to legislative reforms and the creation of decentralized government agencies like the

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1.7 million in Mexico, smaller number of speakers among Nahua immigrant communities in the United States (2020 census)

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has argued that by the eve of the Spanish invasion, one school of Nahua scribes, those of Tetzcoco, had developed a fully

1378:). Absolute and relative numbers. Percentages given are in comparison to the total population of the corresponding state. 1355:. Nonetheless, progress towards institutionalizing Nahuatl and securing linguistic rights for its speakers has been slow. 1130:

of Tlaxcaltec soldiers who remained to guard the mission. For example, some fourteen years after the northeastern city of

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for the branch of Uto-Aztecan that comprises Nahuatl, Pipil, and Pochutec is still in use (although some linguists prefer

11447: 7842: 7650: 5647:, a declaration which "became a general reference point for the evolution and discussion of linguistic rights in Mexico" 5141: 5104: 5051: 1953: 1904: 1182: 817:('clear language'). The language was formerly called Aztec because it was spoken by the Central Mexican peoples known as 655:. These words have since been adopted into dozens of languages around the world. The names of several countries, Mexico, 543:, with over one million speakers, is the most-spoken variety. All varieties have been subject to varying degrees of 374: 10031:(introd., transliteration, and notes). Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. 5990: 5263:(local polity) and often combining mythical accounts with real events. Important works in this genre include those from 10798:: edited by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies of the Indiana University (Chief Editor Alan Sandstrom) 4221:. The orthography most accurately representing the phonemes of Nahuatl was developed in the 17th century by the Jesuit 3248: 2974:

Much more common is an honorific/non-honorific distinction, usually applied to second and third persons but not first.

2255: 9220: 10864: 10772: 10757: 10742: 2365:, making extensive use of compounding, incorporation and derivation. Various prefixes and suffixes can be added to a 1352: 700:(Indigenous Languages Institute) recognizes 30 individual varieties within the "language group" labeled Nahuatl. The 429: 6946: 5306:

One of the most important works of prose written in Nahuatl is the twelve-volume compilation generally known as the

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should not be interpreted as meaning just 'the child screams' but, rather, 'it screams, (the one that) is a child'.

12147: 12137: 8587: 6061: 4975: 4746: 1911: 1875: 17: 8687:. Translated by Lockhart, James. Stanford and Los Angeles: Stanford University Press, UCLA Latin American Center. 4349:(apostrophe), or a grave accent on the preceding vowel, but which traditionally has often been omitted in writing. 1652:

Nahuan languages are defined as a subgroup of Uto-Aztecan by having undergone a number of shared changes from the

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Cline, Sarah; Adams, Richard E. W.; MacLeod, Murdo J., eds. (2000). "Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico".

8158: 4460: 4452: 4378: 2073: 2066: 480:

Nahuatl has been spoken in central Mexico since at least the seventh century CE. It was the language of the

364: 9971:

Merrill, W. L.; Hard, R. J.; Mabry, J. B.; Fritz, G. J.; Adams, K. R.; Roney, J. R.; Macwilliams, A. C. (2010).

3251:

or habitual aspects. Many dialects distinguish at least the indicative and imperative moods, and some also have

3208:

The Nahuatl verb is quite complex and inflects for many grammatical categories. The verb is composed of a root,

2281:. In some dialects, the first consonant in almost any consonant cluster becomes . Some dialects have productive 1142:

conquered Guatemala with the help of tens of thousands of Tlaxcaltec allies, who then settled outside of modern

547:

from Spanish. No modern Nahuan languages are identical to Classical Nahuatl, but those spoken in and around the

79: 12152: 12011: 11694: 11471: 11440: 9456:"The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results" 6685: 1653: 153: 10163: 9902:

Macri, Martha J.; Looper, Matthew G. (2003). "Nahua in ancient Mesoamerica: Evidence from Maya inscriptions".

8937:

Cuatreros Somos y Toindioma Hablamos. Contactos y Conflictos entre el Náhuatl y el Español en el Sur de México

1246: 11552: 11186: 10054:

Olko, J.; Sullivan, J. (2013). "Empire, Colony, and Globalization. A Brief History of the Nahuatl Language".

6689: 3270:(also sometimes defined as an impersonal voice), but this is not found in most modern varieties. However the 1135: 1110: 745:

classified Pipil as separate from the Nahuatl branch within general Aztecan, whereas dialectologists such as

10538:; Karttunen, Frances; Campbell, Lyle (1993). "Pitch Tone and the 'Saltillo' in Modern and Ancient Nahuatl". 9110:

Hill, J. H.; Hill, K. C. (1980). "Mixed grammar, purist grammar, and language attitudes in modern Nahuatl".

8342:. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Vol. 4. London and New York: Oxford University Press. 5806: 291: 10857: 6038: 4997: 4930: 4709: 4566: 4558: 3509: 2046: 2033: 1897: 1861: 1084:. Mexica political and linguistic influence ultimately extended into Central America, and Nahuatl became a 1037:

added to the vocabulary, and a distinctly Mesoamerican grammatical construction for indicating possession.

10516: 9064:

Goller, Theodore R.; Goller, Patricia L.; Waterhouse, Viola G. (1974). "The Phonemes of Orizaba Nahuatl".

8628:

Canger, Una; Jensen, Anne (2007). "Grammatical borrowing in Nahuatl". In Matras, Yaron; Sakel, J. (eds.).

5763: 5755: 4309: 4293: 4281: 4269: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3456: 3452: 3034: 3026: 3018: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2939: 2646: 2302: 2274: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 1705: 1681: 1665: 1661: 11924: 11773: 11407: 10745:. OCLC 6086368. 1979. (Contains studies of Nahuatl from Michoacan, Tetelcingo, Huasteca and North Puebla) 10285: 6671: 5280: 5177: 4524: 4516: 3748: 3609: 2266: 2250:. In many dialects, the voiced consonants are devoiced in word-final position and in consonant clusters: 2022: 2015: 1923: 1290: 1065: 463: 265: 10378:

Smith-Stark, T. C. (2005). "Phonological description in New Spain". In Zwartjes, O.; Altman, C. (eds.).

10113:

Peralta Ramírez, Valentin (1991). "La reduplicación en el náhuatl de Tezcoco y sus funciones sociales".

7829:"Lingüistas y especialistas coinciden en la importancia de normalizar la escritura de la lengua náhuatl" 3358:

to", "go, do and return", "do while going", "do while coming", "do upon arrival", or "go around doing".

1338:(INALI) with responsibilities for the promotion and protection of indigenous communities and languages. 12078: 11998: 11965: 11744: 11739: 11503: 9825: 9810:. UCLA Latin American studies. Vol. 76. Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center. 9803: 9349: 8508:(2000). "Stress in Nahuatl of Durango: whose stress?". In Casad, Eugene H.; Willett, Thomas L. (eds.). 5389:

The Aztecs distinguished between at least two social registers of language: the language of commoners (

5019: 4637: 4609: 4409: 4401: 3440: 2102: 2095: 1944: 1820: 1813: 1769: 1206: 1026: 590: 201: 196: 2518:. Nouns that take the plural usually form the plural by adding one of the plural absolutive suffixes - 968:

into central Mexico in several waves. But recently, the traditional assessment has been challenged by

11899: 11790: 11136: 10128:"Polysynthesis in Hueyapan Nahuatl: The Status of Noun Phrases, Basic Word Order, and Other Concerns" 9043:

Francis, Norbert (2016). "Prospects for indigenous language bilingualism in Mexico: A reassessment".

8939:(in Spanish). Tlalpán D. F.: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. 5350: 5175: 5167: 5139: 5102: 5049: 5017: 4995: 4973: 4928: 4889: 4852: 4800: 4772: 4744: 4707: 4663: 4635: 4607: 4564: 4556: 4522: 4514: 4458: 4450: 4407: 4399: 4256: 2919: 2352: 1398: 211: 8664:

Arte de la lengua mexicana con la declaracion de los adverbios della. Al Illustrisso. y Reuerendisso

6151: 11495: 11397: 11321: 11225: 11111: 11088: 10626: 10608:

Gramática Náhuatl (melaʼtájto̱l): de los municipios de Mecayapan y Tatahuicapan de Juárez, Veracruz

8795: 8762:

Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 8th and 9th October 1988

6980: 3468: 2784:

cannot appear alone but must occur after a noun or a possessive prefix. They are also often called

2294: 2052: 2039: 1608: 1049: 1022: 571: 10780:

Gramática Náhuatl (melaʼtájto̱l) de los municipios de Mecayapan y Tatahuicapan de Juárez, Veracruz

10333: 10311: 10263: 9555:"Regional scribal traditions: Methodological implications for the decipherment of Nahuatl writing" 9006:

Fowler, William R. Jr. (1985). "Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil Nicarao: A Critical Analysis".

6086: 5524: 5317: 1232: 11166: 9141: 5572:) is thought to mean 'a good, clear sound'. This language name has several spellings, among them 5225: 4665: 3921: 1831: 1660:

inventory of Classical Nahuatl as an example of a typical Nahuan language. In some dialects, the

1076:

were among the latest groups to arrive in the Valley of Mexico; they settled on an island in the

1069: 980: 485: 11680: 10094:. Contributions to the Sociology of Language. Vol. 91. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 10028: 9781: 9757: 9554: 8987:. Contributions to the sociology of language. Vol. 91. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 8539: 3520:

are used only for emphasis. It allows certain kinds of syntactically discontinuous expressions.

1267: 1149: 11929: 11156: 10095: 8988: 8630:

Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective Empirical Approaches to Language Typology

7150:

A William Cameron Townsend en el vigésimoquinto aniversario del Instituto Lingüístico de Verano

5402: 4328: 2362: 2126: 1117: 930: 586: 11008: 10807: 10387:

Suárez, Jorge A. (1977). "La influencia del español en la estructura gramatical del náhuatl".

8685:

Grammar of the Mexican Language: With an Explanation of Its Adverbs (1645), by Horacio Carochi

8487: 5276: 12085: 12006: 11988: 11765: 11463: 11412: 11392: 11316: 11196: 11013: 10965: 10915: 10325: 10277: 10202: 9939: 8757: 8513: 8478:(1996). "Is there a passive in nahuatl". In Engberg-Pedersen, Elisabeth; et al. (eds.). 8096: 4891: 4854: 3263: 2469:

The Nahuatl noun has a relatively complex structure. The only obligatory inflections are for

1789: 1782: 1274: 1259:, a collection of songs in Nahuatl; a Nahuatl-Spanish/Spanish-Nahuatl dictionary compiled by 713: 536: 10985: 10198: 10087: 8980: 8787: 8643:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 155. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 8479: 7672: 5831: 3239:

Most Nahuatl dialects distinguish three tenses: present, past, and future, and two aspects:

1239: 1198: 1124:

missions in what is now northern Mexico and the southwestern United States often included a

878:

has been adopted by linguists to refer to the languages of the Aztecan branch excluding the

11176: 9986: 8846:, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas. pp. 3–86. 8727:

The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: Volume II, Mesoamerica, Part 2

5292: 2286: 1061: 1044:

During the 7th century, Nahuan speakers rose to power in central Mexico. The people of the

11973: 11043: 10336:, and Wayne Ruwet (completion, revisions, and ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 9139:

Hill, Jane H. (2001). "Proto-Uto-Aztecan: A Community of Cultivators in Central Mexico?".

8123: 5783:

in central Guatemala, but the word was extended to the entire zone in colonial times; see

5667:

for a brief description of these phenomena in Michoacán and Durango Nahuatl, respectively.

5264: 4352:

whether and how to represent vowel length, e.g. by double vowels or by the use of macrons.

2926:("us, including you") and exclusive ("us, but not you") forms of the first person plural: 1685: 979:

has been placed at sometime around AD 500, towards the end of the Early Classic period in

704:

recognizes 28 varieties with separate ISO codes. Sometimes Nahuatl is also applied to the

8: 11778: 11402: 11311: 11211: 11126: 11058: 11003: 10950: 10945: 10880: 10352: 10315: 9573: 8788: 5272: 4124: 3532: 3528: 1673: 1282: 1089: 1068:

rising to prominence. Nahua migrations into the region from the north continued into the

976: 558: 11939: 11718: 11655: 11266: 11251: 10127: 9990: 2792:

from Spanish that are competing with or that have completely replaced relational nouns.

1692:. Some have introduced completely new vowel qualities to compensate, as is the case for 1134:

was founded in 1577, a Tlaxcaltec community was resettled in a separate nearby village,

11919: 11850: 11723: 11610: 11206: 11151: 10930: 10565: 10417: 10243: 10150: 10009: 9972: 9927: 9890: 9726: 9541: 9502: 9439: 9401: 9324: 9198: 9127: 9081: 9023: 8901: 8893: 8756:(1992). "Teotihuacan Glyphs and Imagery in the Light of Some Early Colonial Texts". In 8704: 8638: 8616: 8463: 8447: 8391: 8293: 8276: 8259: 8193: 8101: 5333: 4230: 4226: 3448: 2478: 2470: 2366: 1734: 1693: 1253: 1213: 998:

The major political and cultural center of Mesoamerica in the Early Classic period was

953: 11649: 11241: 10578: 10018: 9849:

The Tlaxcalan Actas: A Compendium of the Records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala, 1545–1627

6042: 5851: 5441: 1592: 1489: 1190: 899:, the Nahuatl word for 'commoner'. One example of the latter is the Nahuatl spoken in 341: 11983: 11908: 11881: 11827: 11750: 11703: 11643: 11617: 11564: 11536: 11531: 11519: 11351: 11281: 11246: 11231: 11171: 11161: 11141: 11093: 11068: 10980: 10935: 10768: 10753: 10752:, Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México, No. 24. México D.F.: El Colegio de México. 10738: 10689:

Nahuatl as written: lessons in older written Nahuatl, with copious examples and texts

10616: 10569: 10557: 10473: 10468:. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 56. Dallas: 10446: 10423: 10404: 10396: 10364: 10359:. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 56. Dallas: 10337: 10329: 10299: 10289: 10273: 10251: 10235: 10212: 10154: 10099: 10088: 10072: 10042: 10032: 9931: 9919: 9894: 9882: 9852: 9833: 9811: 9789: 9769: 9743: 9730: 9695: 9672: 9649: 9630: 9611: 9585: 9580:. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics. Vol. 56. Dallas: 9545: 9533: 9506: 9443: 9405: 9369: 9361: 9345: 9331: 9308: 9254: 9229: 9175: 9158: 9131: 9085: 9031: 8992: 8981: 8965: 8940: 8921: 8897: 8885: 8847: 8824: 8799: 8769: 8739: 8711: 8688: 8668: 8644: 8620: 8569: 8543: 8517: 8491: 8480: 8467: 8455: 8411: 8395: 8383: 8343: 8321: 8301: 8263: 8219: 8185: 8162: 8157:. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 56. Dallas: 8108: 8082: 7662: 7059: 7051: 6974: 6568: 5545: 3271: 3267: 3217: 2381: 2377: 2369:

to form very long words—individual Nahuatl words can constitute an entire sentence..

1761: 1756: 1749: 1739: 1348: 1143: 1139: 879: 551:

are generally more closely related to it than those on the periphery. Under Mexico's

520: 508: 497: 10955: 10071:

Research Library and Collection, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 113–146.

9648:. Série ethnolinguistique amérindienne (in French and Nāhuatl). Paris: L'Harmattan. 987:, pre-Nahuan groups probably spent a period of time in contact with the Uto-Aztecan 774: 370: 12127: 11978: 11955: 11934: 11863: 11800: 11595: 11587: 11371: 11366: 11331: 11301: 11236: 11191: 11131: 11028: 11023: 10975: 10960: 10925: 10920: 10827: 10820:, containing recordings in Nahuatl by native speakers and transcriptions, from the 10818:

Collection of Nahuatl of the Sierra Nororiental de Puebla, Mexico of Jonathan Amith

10663: 10587: 10549: 10461: 10267: 10142: 10004: 9994: 9911: 9874: 9718: 9525: 9494: 9451: 9429: 9413: 9393: 9381: 9150: 9119: 9073: 9052: 9015: 8877: 8608: 8538:. Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México (in Spanish). Vol. 24. México D. F.: 8439: 8375: 8361: 8285: 8251: 8150: 8052: 7658: 7043: 5776: 5308: 4198: 3229: 3221: 2773: 2474: 2385: 1729: 1560: 1364: 1260: 1227: 1194: 1189:

for indigenous languages for use by priests. The first Nahuatl grammar, written by

1154: 1053: 992: 852: 841: 826: 813: 672: 548: 544: 540: 531: 442: 400: 322: 315: 206: 158: 86: 10065:

Latin American horizons: a symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 11th and 12th October 1986

9784:(1985). "Nahuatl literature". In Edmonson, Munro S.; Andrews, Patricia A. (eds.). 9287: 6672:

INAFED (Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal) (2005).

3176:

are grammatical noun suffixes that are appended only at the end of the word; thus

1285:

issued a decree banning the use of any language other than Spanish throughout the

503:

Following the Spanish conquest, Spanish colonists and missionaries introduced the

12028: 12023: 12016: 11914: 11869: 11809: 11635: 11624: 11578: 11524: 11480: 11424:

Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.

11376: 11356: 11346: 11336: 11326: 11306: 11271: 11216: 11146: 11121: 11048: 11033: 11018: 10905: 10488: 9384:; Justeson, John (2009). "Historical linguistics and pre-columbian Mesoamerica". 9322:

Justeson, John S.; Norman, William M.; Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence (1985).

8680: 8658: 6112: 4222: 4202: 3275: 3225: 2777: 1776: 1669: 1600: 1588: 1437: 1424: 1314: 1202: 1174: 1162: 1030: 1014: 984: 484:, who dominated what is now central Mexico during the Late Postclassic period of 140: 10168:. The Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Archived from 9722: 9286:. Iniciativa para la Recuperación del Idioma Náhuat (IRIN). 2004. Archived from 9212: 5929: 5643:

Such as the 1996 adoption at a world linguistics conference in Barcelona of the

719:

In the past, the branch of Uto-Aztecan to which Nahuatl belongs has been called

351: 12106: 12033: 11835: 11816: 11784: 11361: 11261: 11201: 11078: 11063: 10970: 10940: 10611:. Sharon Stark and Albert Bickford (online eds.) (2nd ed.). México D. F.: 10535: 10321: 10068: 9599: 8956: 8783: 8753: 8271: 6404: 5598:

from the name of the language, the ethnic group of Nahuatl speakers are called

5595: 3233: 1677: 1303: 1286: 1178: 1116:

As the Spanish had made alliances with Nahuatl-speaking peoples—initially from

915: 866:

is rarely used for modern Nahuan languages, but linguists' traditional name of

750: 705: 232: 222: 10027:(Facsimile edition of original MS.) (in Spanish). Ascensión León-Portilla and 9915: 9878: 9788:. Victoria Reifler Bricker. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 7–43. 9688:

Une grammaire omniprédicative: Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique

9466: 9434: 9417: 9397: 9154: 9123: 8881: 7987: 7945: 6847: 5709:, enabling the use of other Nahuatl verbal affixes, is standard. The sequence 4356:

In 2018, Nahua peoples from 16 states in the country began collaborating with

2322:

to prevent consonant clusters and one without it. For example, the absolutive

12121: 11858: 11840: 11675: 11256: 11181: 11116: 11083: 11053: 11038: 10441:. Translated by Sullivan, Thelma D.; Stiles, Neville (English translation of 10400: 10239: 10216: 10046: 9691: 9365: 9162: 8842:. Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas (in Spanish). Vol. 1. México D. F.: 8599:

Canger, Una; Dakin, Karen (1985). "An inconspicuous basic split in Nahuatl".

8357: 8335: 8313: 8189: 7457: 7330: 7314: 7055: 6565:

Conquistador: Hernán Cortés, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs

6137: 5705:

are all from Spanish. The use of the suffix -oa on a Spanish infinitive like

5300: 4802: 4162: 4134: 4130: 3909: 3904:"He couldn't enter the house because the door was closed" (Mexicanero Nahuat) 3444: 2527: 2358: 1977: 1838: 1368: 1085: 988: 677: 579: 575: 516: 91: 10408: 9999: 9923: 9886: 9709:

Launey, M. (1999). "Compound nouns vs. incorporation in classical Nahuatl".

9233: 9056: 9035: 8889: 8516:

División de Humanidades y Bellas Artes, Editorial UniSon. pp. 373–386.

8305: 7082: 7031: 6702:. The Tlaxcaltec community remained legally separate until the 19th century. 4246: 4205:

which could represent spoken language phonetically in the same way that the

1216:

decreed that Nahuatl should become the official language of the colonies of

11221: 11073: 10845:

Online Nahuatl Dictionary – Wired Humanities Projects, University of Oregon

10561: 10486: 10255: 9773: 9537: 9373: 9305:

From Savages to Subjects: Missions in the History of the American Southwest

8672: 8561: 8459: 8387: 8107:. Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax. New York: Oxford University Press. 7063: 6927: 5169: 4334: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4017: 3244: 2789: 2785: 1845: 1697: 1374:

Nahuatl speakers over 5 years of age in the ten states with most speakers (

1106: 1081: 1077: 1057: 1018: 1007: 969: 965: 910: 845:

ethnic group, and consequently the Nahuatl language was often described as

831: 610: 504: 493: 237: 183: 11601: 10682:

Grammar of the Mexican Language: With an Explanation of its Adverbs (1645)

10303: 10146: 9786:

Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3: Literatures

9646:

Introduction à la langue et à la littérature aztèques, vol. 2: Littérature

9514:

Knab, Tim (1980). "When Is a Language Really Dead: The Case of Pochutec".

8640:

The Quiché Mayas of Utatlán: The Evolution of a Highland Guatemala Kingdom

8560:(2002). "An interactive dictionary and text corpus". In Frawley, William; 1612: 1579:

The largest concentrations of Nahuatl speakers are found in the states of

473:, most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico and have smaller populations 308: 11557: 11276: 6958: 5295:. Purely mythological narratives are also found, like the "Legend of the 5288: 5268: 4206: 4190:), and logograms used only for their sound values (i.e. according to the 4170: 3925: 2009: 1972: 1704:. Many modern dialects have also borrowed phonemes from Spanish, such as 1347:

recognizes all the country's indigenous languages, including Nahuatl, as

1319: 999: 975:

The proposed migration of speakers of the Proto-Nahuan language into the

782: 148: 11432: 10844: 10247: 9629:. Série ethnolinguistique amérindienne (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. 9627:

Introduction à la langue et à la littérature aztèques, vol. 1: Grammaire

8197: 8056: 3755:

meaning 'with' appears used as a preposition, with no preceding object:

3451:

a new word is formed. In nouns this is often used to form plurals, e.g.

1664:

phoneme, which was common in Classical Nahuatl, has changed into either

1572:

anywhere from "perhaps a few hundred people, perhaps only a few dozen".

1313:

For most of the 20th century, Mexican educational policy focused on the

8583: 8557: 8531: 8505: 8482:

Content, expression and structure: studies in Danish functional grammar

8475: 8451: 8425: 8403: 8340:

American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America

8233: 8049:

Phonological description of Huasteca Nahuatl from Chicontepec, Veracruz

7047: 6062:"The surprising number of Nahuatl words used in modern Mexican Spanish" 5564: 5436: 5434:

Another kind of parallelism used is referred to by modern linguists as

5313: 4058: 3802: 3524: 3460: 3240: 2085: 1982: 1889: 1637: 1170: 900: 746: 701: 10849: 9485:

Kimball, G. (1990). "Noun pluralization in Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl".

9352:(1980). "La estructura de la poesía nahuatl vista por sus variantes". 9027: 8297: 1551: 10269:

Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 13 vols

5555: 5296: 3941: 3743:"But they don't understand what we say in Nahuatl" (Malinche Nahuatl) 3508:

Some linguists have argued that Nahuatl displays the properties of a

3464: 3056: 2923: 2481:, but Classical Nahuatl and some modern dialects distinguish between 2247: 2060: 1932: 1853: 1231:, a twelve-volume compendium of Aztec culture compiled by Franciscan 1217: 1080:, subjugated the surrounding tribes, and ultimately an empire named 1003: 660: 656: 585:

Through a very long period of development alongside other indigenous

512: 334: 301: 283: 10090:

Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century

9847:

Lockhart, James; Berdan, Frances F.; Anderson, Arthur J. O. (1986).

9578:

Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 1: An Overview of Uto-Aztecan Grammar

8983:

Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century

8566:

Making dictionaries: Preserving Indigenous Languages of the Americas

8237: 3978:

For instance, in English, two of the most prominent are undoubtedly

3582:

it means 'you shout'. Nouns are inflected in the same way: the noun

1563:

are spoken in scattered areas stretching from the northern state of

10767:, Mouton Grammar Library (No. 1). Berlin: Mouton Publishers. 1985. 10735:

Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches

10651:

Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana y Mexicana y Castellana

10553: 10466:

Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches

10357:

Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches

10169: 9529: 9498: 9172:

Speaking Mexicano: Dynamics of Syncretic Language in Central Mexico

9077: 9019: 8814: 8612: 8443: 8379: 8289: 8255: 8155:

Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches

7771: 5258: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4087: 4044:'sticky stuff, chicle'. Some other English words from Nahuatl are: 3959: 3610:

intense contact between speakers of Nahuatl and speakers of Spanish

3513: 3252: 2781: 2315: 2282: 1701: 1657: 1596: 1584: 1515: 1502: 1411: 1131: 1102: 964:

specifically that speakers of early Nahuan languages migrated from

731: 617: 462:

is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the

382: 9418:"Writing the history of the word for cacao in ancient Mesoamerica" 8790:

The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction

8320:. Mouton Grammar Library. Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 7963: 6629: 5676:

All examples given in this section and these subsections are from

3740:

but not they-us-understand-PL that which what we-it-say in Nahuatl

1281:

situation in Mesoamerica remained relatively stable, but in 1696,

356:

Current (red) and historical (green) geographic extent of Nahuatl.

10437:

Sullivan, Thelma D. (1988). Miller, Wick R.; Karen Dakin (eds.).

9973:"Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history" 9742:. Translated by Mackay, Christopher. Cambridge University Press. 9606:. Serie antropológica (in Spanish). Vol. 62. México, D .F.: 8274:(1990). "'With One Lip, with Two Lips': Parallelism in Nahuatl". 8149:

Beller, Richard; Beller, Patricia (1979). "Huasteca Nahuatl". In

6380: 5780: 5406: 4373: 4183: 4006: 3806: 3517: 2482: 2460:"I shall make somebody give something to you" (Classical Nahuatl) 1807: 1641: 1620: 1616: 1604: 1568: 1564: 1450: 1186: 1166: 1088:

among merchants and elites in Mesoamerica, such as with the Maya

920: 834:

the language came to be identified with the politically dominant

647: 605: 599: 589:, they have absorbed many influences, coming to form part of the 378: 9808:

Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology

5907: 885:

Speakers of Nahuatl generally refer to their language as either

11341: 10808:

A Catalogue of Pre-1840 Nahuatl Works Held by The Lilly Library

10493:

Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology

10389:

Anuario de Letras. Revista de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras

8428:(1988). "Nahuatl dialectology: A survey and some suggestions". 8176:

Brockway, Earl (1963). "The Phonemes of North Puebla Nahuatl".

8051:(Thesis). California State University, Northridge. p. 25. 8033:

Examples given are from Sahagún 1950–82, vol. VI, ff. 202V-211V

7975: 6681: 6028:"Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas" 5888: 5680::61–63) unless otherwise noted. Glosses have been standardized. 5208: 5201: 5193: 5184: 5155: 5148: 5127: 5118: 5111: 5089: 5082: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5037: 5026: 5005: 4989: 4982: 4960: 4953: 4944: 4937: 4916: 4905: 4898: 4877: 4868: 4861: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4788: 4781: 4760: 4753: 4732: 4723: 4716: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4672: 4651: 4644: 4623: 4616: 4595: 4589: 4580: 4573: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4502: 4496: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4438: 4432: 4423: 4416: 4139: 4070: 4034: 3994: 3819:, a conjunction borrowed from Spanish, occurs in the sentence. 3213: 3209: 2323: 2290: 1624: 1580: 1476: 1463: 1126: 1121: 1073: 1045: 1034: 641: 635: 628: 481: 470: 121: 103: 10684:

Translated by James Lockhart. Stanford University Press. 2001.

9094: 8568:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 195–218. 7914: 7029: 6641: 4161:('Thorn Place') written in the Aztec writing system, from the 1161:

As a part of their efforts, missionaries belonging to several

421: 9955:

Memories of conquest: Becoming Mexicano in colonial Guatemala

9463:

Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica

9321: 6835: 6477: 6410: 4357: 4191: 4046: 3901:

not can he-enter-PAST in house because it-closed-was the door

1744: 1689: 1688:. Many dialects no longer distinguish between short and long 1633: 1344:

Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas

1332:

National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples

818: 415: 409: 10363:

and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 307–380.

9964:

The Learned Ones: Nahua Intellectuals in Postconquest Mexico

9243:

Perfil sociodemográfica de la populación hablante de náhuatl

8632:. Vol. 38. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 403–418. 8161:

and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 199–306.

7902: 7726: 7690: 7607: 7553: 7551: 7445: 7070: 5329:

Nahuatl poetry is principally preserved in two sources: the

3930: 3747:

In some modern dialects basic word order has become a fixed

3576:

means 'he/she/it shouts', and with the second person prefix

3535:. The same has been argued for some contemporary varieties. 830:). During the period of the Aztec empire centered in Mexico- 789:

places them in the Eastern Periphery, which was followed by

8917: 8216:

History and Mythology of the Aztecs: The Codex Chimalpopoca

6786: 6784: 6428: 6392: 5868: 5528: – dictionary of Spanish, Latin, and Nahuatl 5357:

identify more than four distinct styles of songs, e.g. the

5192:

Otherwise usually not written or sporadically indicated by

3975:

have made their way into many other languages via Spanish.

2373: 2297:

to the place of articulation of a following consonant. The

777:

with features from both Western and Eastern dialect areas.

730:

General Aztec encompasses the Nahuatl and Pipil languages.

557:, promulgated in 2003, Nahuatl and the other 63 indigenous 10472:

and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 1–140.

10422:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press. 10165:

Nahuatl in the Plural: Dialectology and Activism in Mexico

7866: 7409: 6544: 6416: 5246:'song', akin to the distinction between prose and poetry. 4268:

whether to follow Spanish orthographic practice and write

3262:

Most Nahuatl varieties have a number of ways to alter the

2949:

First person plural pronouns in Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuat:

756:

Current subclassification of Nahuatl rests on research by

554:

General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples

515:, grammars, works of poetry, administrative documents and 381:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

8729:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–222. 7795: 7783: 7548: 6947:"Presentación de la Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos" 6158: 5754:

comes from Nahuatl, the commonly given Nahuatl etymology

5567: 5558: 5549: 5498: 5488: 5478: 5468: 5458: 5423: 5413: 5396: 5390: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5256: 5250: 5241: 5235: 4229:. Carochi's orthography used two different diacritics: a 4156: 4150: 4144: 4105: 4095: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3945: 3935: 3797:"are you going to carry it with you?" (Michoacán Nahuatl) 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 1265: 934: 892: 857: 846: 835: 807: 626: 69: 63: 57: 51: 45: 10832:

Literatures of Latin America: From Antiquity to Present.

10085: 7878: 7759: 7655:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

7562: 7489: 7346: 7278: 7266: 6933: 6811: 6781: 6440: 6330: 6328: 5845:"General Law of Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples" 5737:

is from Spanish, and it is probable that the whole word

5648: 1025:

had coexisted for millennia. This had given rise to the

10187:

Amerindia. Revue d'Ethnolinguistique Amérindienne Paris

9326:

The Foreign Impact on Lowland Mayan Language and Script

8081:(Rev. ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7206: 6953:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas, 5517:

Vocabulario manual de las lenguas castellana y mexicana

1555:

Contemporary distribution of Nahuatl speakers in Mexico

939:('the straight language'). Some speech communities use 10534: 10445: ed.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 9846: 9307:. Latin American Realities. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. 9063: 8003: 7926: 7890: 7777: 7714: 7595: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7201: 7124: 6863: 6635: 3588:

means not just 'child', but also 'it is a child', and

1245:, a chronicle of the royal lineage of Tenochtitlan by 9970: 8710:. UCLA Latin American Center Nahuatl Studies Series. 7702: 7433: 7421: 7382: 7358: 7115: 7113: 6887: 6875: 6386: 6325: 6261: 6249: 5971: 5811:

Secretaría de Cultura/Sistema de Información Cultural

1006:

identified as more likely. In the late 20th century,

723:. From the 1990s onward, the alternative designation 430: 412: 406: 10723:

University of Oklahoma Press: 2003 (revised edition)

10643: 10185:

Pury-Toumi, S. D. (1980). "Le saltillo en nahuatl".

9095:"Borrowed borrowings: Nahuatl loan words in English" 7738: 7242: 7218: 7167: 7155: 6757: 6593: 6340: 6273: 5959: 5189:

between vowels or occasionally at the end of a word

5078:/w/ is often omitted between the vowels /o/ and /a/ 3898:

amo wel kalaki-yá pin kal porke ʣakwa-tiká im pwerta

3565:

fiancée" (and not anyone else's) (Michoacán Nahuatl)

2922:

variety, there has come to be a distinction between

1157:, featuring Nahuatl written using the Latin alphabet 708:

of El Salvador and Nicaragua. Regardless of whether

418: 7857:"Lectura del Náhuatl. Versión revisada y aumentada" 7619: 7583: 7506: 7504: 7473: 7370: 7254: 7036:

Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology

6999: 6899: 6823: 6769: 6745: 6705: 6680:(in Spanish) (online version at E-Local ed.). 6653: 6290: 6288: 5832:

Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020

4337:and in others as an ), which has been spelled with 3224:and indirect object, whereas the suffixes indicate 2526:, but some plural forms are irregular or formed by 2289:into their voiced counterparts between vowels. The 523:. It is among the most studied and best-documented 403: 10710:Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura Náhuatl 10582:(online version, incorporating reproductions from 10351:Sischo, William R. (1979). "Michoacán Nahual". In 9665:Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura náhuatl 9323: 8912:Dakin, Karen (2001). "Estudios sobre el náhuatl". 8734:Cline, Sarah; León-Portilla, Miguel, eds. (1984). 8733: 8703: 8100: 8015: 7399: 7397: 7230: 7110: 6801: 6799: 6733: 6647: 6581: 6313: 6008: 5949: 5947: 5869:"Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas homepage" 5766:– a word found in several modern Nahuatl dialects. 5721:(also meaning 'what') to mean (what else) 'what'. 5475:'the tail, the wing' – meaning 'the common people' 2962:() 'We along with you' (= me & you & them) 2934:First person plural pronoun in Classical Nahuatl: 2246:Most varieties have relatively simple patterns of 10460:Tuggy, David H. (1979). "Tetelcingo Náhuatl". In 10280:(eds., trans., notes and illus.) (translation of 9944:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 9344: 8916:. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 8724: 8356: 7920: 7098: 7011: 6841: 6617: 5741:is a re-borrowing from Spanish back into Nahuatl. 5733:, 'Mexico', is of Nahuatl origin, but the suffix 5627: 5485:'the chest, the box' – meaning 'something secret' 5409:consisting of two parallel phrases. For example: 5354: 4912:Often omitted before /y/, /w/, and word finally. 3422:"You run" (said with respect) (Classical Nahuatl) 2780:to describe spatial (and other) relations. These 1630:Nahuatl speaking communities in the United States 12119: 10822:Archive of Indigenous Languages of Latin America 10674: 10282:Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España 9598: 8863:"Cacao and Chocolate: A Uto-Aztecan Perspective" 7501: 6987: 6917: 6605: 6368: 6304: 6302: 6285: 6206: 6194: 5405:, whereby the orator structured their speech in 4225:, building on the insights of another Jesuit in 3950:; the latter is the source for the English word 3059:(base-20) numbering system. The base values are 1599:. Significant populations are also found in the 1273:, a description in Nahuatl of the apparition of 786: 765: 574:, or system of word formation, characterized by 10112: 9978:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9768:, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas. 9671:, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas. 9610:, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas. 9412: 9380: 7451: 7394: 7152:(pp. 643–651). Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 6796: 6434: 6398: 6039:Cámara de Diputados del H. Congreso de la Unión 5944: 4585:often for /o:/, especially in front of m and p 1225:was composed during this period, including the 10584:Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine 8794:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 8766:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection 7815:"Tlahkwiloltlanawatilli (Normas de escritura)" 7649:Pickett, Joseph P.; et al., eds. (2000). 5758:'bitter water' no longer seems to be tenable. 5520: – a Spanish–Nahuatl dictionary 5213:(on the preceding vowel at the end of a word) 2800:Uses of relational noun/postposition/locative 1358: 1308:National Institute of Statistics and Geography 903:, Morelos, whose speakers call their language 11448: 10865: 10579:"Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique" 10541:International Journal of American Linguistics 10161: 10125: 9780: 9762:Los manifiestos en náhuatl de Emiliano Zapata 9756: 9517:International Journal of American Linguistics 9487:International Journal of American Linguistics 9066:International Journal of American Linguistics 8978: 8953: 8934: 8860: 8601:International Journal of American Linguistics 8431:International Journal of American Linguistics 8408:Five Studies Inspired by Náhuatl Verbs in -oa 8367:International Journal of American Linguistics 8243:International Journal of American Linguistics 7981: 7908: 7637: 7484: 7119: 7076: 6493: 6299: 6164: 5759: 5612: 5573: 5449: 5341: 5331: 4238: 4094:(from the Nahuatl word for the Aztec capital 4081: 3814: 3809:, the original postposition/relational noun - 2318:have two alternating forms: one with a vowel 1251: 1237: 924: 904: 886: 693: 562: 10487:Voegelin, Charles F.; Florence M. Voegelin; 10262: 10053: 8823:, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas. 8627: 8148: 7969: 7557: 7145:The Phonemes of Tetelcingo (Morelos) Nahuatl 6790: 10668:Diccionario de la Lengua Náhuatl o Mexicana 10377: 9901: 8840:Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica 8738:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. 8598: 7765: 6501: 6224: 5750:While there is no real doubt that the word 4259:system. With the establishment of Mexico's 4178:(which do not represent particular words), 2457:I- you- someone- something- give -CAUS -FUT 1056:and far beyond, with settlements including 769: 466:. Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about 11455: 11441: 10872: 10858: 10184: 9251:Censo General de Población y Vivienda 2000 9203:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8238:"El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca" 7130: 5834:INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020. 5645:Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights 5312:, authored in the mid-16th century by the 4333:phoneme (in some dialects pronounced as a 4210:continuation of a pre-Columbian practice. 3459:'men', but also in some varieties to form 3216:. The prefixes indicate the person of the 2530:. Some nouns have competing plural forms. 2144: 2141: 1619:. Nahuatl became extinct in the states of 1296: 1201:(1595), Diego de Galdo Guzmán (1642), and 913:of El Salvador refer to their language as 856:(literally 'in the manner of Mexicas') or 350: 78: 11462: 10604: 10509:Göttinger Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 10499: 10008: 9998: 9961: 9604:Las áreas dialectales del náhuatl moderno 9572: 9433: 8958:Indigenous Languages across the Community 8914:Avances y balances de lenguas yutoaztecas 8213: 8204: 7932: 7801: 7789: 7720: 7352: 6334: 5807:"Mexikatlahtolli/Nawatlahtolli (náhuatl)" 5505:'the drool, the spittle' – meaning 'lies' 5465:'The flower, the song' – meaning 'poetry' 4360:creating a new modern orthography called 4113: 3353:"I want to feed them" (Classical Nahuatl) 3095:(1 × 20 × 400 × 8,000 = 64,000,000). The 10750:Mexicanero de la Sierra Madre Occidental 10436: 10227:The Bilingual Review/La revista bilingüe 10062: 9824: 9802: 9669:National Autonomous University of Mexico 9552: 9284:"The Nawat Language Recovery Initiative" 9170:Hill, Jane H.; Hill, Kenneth C. (1986). 9169: 9109: 8816:La evolución fonológica del Protonáhuatl 8536:Mexicanero de la Sierra Madre Occidental 8364:(1978). "Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part I". 8334: 8312: 8175: 7732: 7708: 7696: 7613: 7568: 7296: 7248: 7197: 7148:. In B. F. Elson & J. Comas (Eds.), 6727: 6723: 6678:Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México 6599: 6509: 6473: 6462: 6308: 6279: 5495:'the heart, the blood' – meaning 'cacao' 5033:Usually omitted between /i/ and a vowel 4245: 4182:which represent whole words (instead of 4138: 3929: 3813:'in/on' is used as a preposition. Also, 3350:I- them- something- eat- CAUS- FUT- want 2614:Plural animate noun with reduplication: 2346: 1632:, particularly in California, New York, 1550: 1148: 742: 676: 10879: 10310: 10223: 9952: 9766:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 9711:STUF – Language Typology and Universals 9608:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 9484: 9450: 9302: 9174:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 9045:Language Problems and Language Planning 9042: 8844:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 8821:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 8782: 8752: 8679: 8657: 8636: 8207:Cantares mexicanos: Songs of the Aztecs 8076: 8070:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 8046: 7648: 7526: 7260: 7189: 7185: 6921: 6853: 6775: 6751: 6711: 6659: 6550: 6539: 6524: 6505: 6481: 6458: 6446: 6422: 6362: 6244: 5894: 5784: 5649:Pellicer, Cifuentes & Herrera (2006 5344:Romances de los señores de Nueva España 4261:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas 2859: 2675: 2555: 1336:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas 958: 790: 696:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas 682: 375:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 271:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas 14: 12120: 11889: 10660:. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1992 10576: 10415: 10386: 10350: 10197: 9737: 9708: 9685: 9662: 9643: 9624: 9584:and University of Texas at Arlington. 9099:Lexis: e-Journal in English Lexicology 9092: 9005: 8861:Dakin, Karen; Wichmann, Søren (2000). 8582: 8556: 8530: 8504: 8486:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 8474: 8424: 8402: 8270: 8121: 8009: 7993: 7896: 7884: 7872: 7753: 7625: 7601: 7589: 7542: 7538: 7522: 7510: 7495: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7336: 7320: 7308: 7284: 7272: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7193: 7173: 7161: 7088: 6934:Pellicer, Cifuentes & Herrera 2006 6893: 6881: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6763: 6739: 6587: 6535: 6358: 6346: 6319: 6267: 6255: 6188: 6176: 6014: 5977: 5965: 5953: 5677: 5664: 5660: 5631: 2956:() 'We, but not you' (= me & them) 851: 840: 825: 812: 778: 761: 757: 441: 12092:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages 12050:Nahuatl language in the United States 11436: 10853: 10712:. México D.F.: UNAM. 1992 (Spanish); 10701:Campbell, Joe and Frances Karttunen, 10459: 10017: 9957:. University of North Carolina Press. 9864: 9240: 9211: 8911: 8837: 8812: 8701: 8667:(in Spanish and Nāhuatl). Juan Ruyz. 8095: 8063: 8021: 7849: 7843:"Nawatl, mexkatl, mexicano (náhuatl)" 7463: 7104: 7017: 7005: 6905: 6869: 6623: 6520: 6497: 6294: 6240: 6228: 6184: 6180: 3646: 3410: 3379: 2756: 2626: 2622: 2590: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1379: 1328:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 488:. During the centuries preceding the 10714:An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl 10703:Foundation course in Náhuatl grammar 9740:An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl 9513: 9465:. Revised March 2001. Archived from 9282: 9188: 9138: 8935:Flores Farfán, José Antonio (1999). 8232: 7778:Whorf, Karttunen & Campbell 1993 7202:Goller, Goller & Waterhouse 1974 6993: 6636:Lockhart, Berdan & Anderson 1986 6611: 6562: 6374: 6212: 6200: 6110: 6059: 5762:suggest the correct etymology to be 5395:) and the language of the nobility ( 5232:indigenous languages of the Americas 5206:(on the preceding vowel within word) 3603: 3365: 3332: 2977: 2929: 2795: 2776:but uses what is sometimes called a 2653: 2533: 2448: 2299:voiceless alveolar lateral affricate 1716: 525:Indigenous languages of the Americas 490:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 10716:, 2011, Cambridge University Press. 10658:An analytical dictionary of Náhuatl 10502:"The Principles of Nahuatl Writing" 4366: 3266:of a verb. Classical Nahuatl had a 1183:Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco 570:Nahuan languages exhibit a complex 24: 10727: 10638: 10288:and the University of Utah Press. 5883:The Linguistics Student's Handbook 4090:also come from Nahuatl, including 3844: 3089:(1 × 400 × 8,000 = 3,200,000) and 2898:"in the house" (Classical Nahuatl) 2871:"in the house" (Classical Nahuatl) 2124:* The glottal phoneme, called the 1095: 806:is probably derived from the word 25: 12169: 10838: 10765:The Pipil Language of El Salvador 10721:Introduction to Classical Nahuatl 10644:Dictionaries of Classical Nahuatl 10443:Compendio de la gramática náhuatl 8318:The Pipil Language of El Salvador 8079:Introduction to Classical Nahuatl 5995:Center for Latin American Studies 5775:The Mexica used the word for the 5611:By the provisions of Article IV: 5303:recounted in Codex Chimalpopoca. 5076:is used at the end of a syllable 4492:sometimes if in contact with /y/ 3934:The Aztecs called (red) tomatoes 3406: 3321: 2454:ni- mits- teː- tla- makiː -lti -s 2437: 2376:shows how the verb is marked for 2101: 2094: 2072: 2065: 2051: 2045: 2038: 2032: 2021: 2014: 1952: 1943: 1922: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1819: 1812: 1788: 1781: 1656:(PUA). The table below shows the 1353:intercultural bilingual education 862:'Mexica language'. Now, the term 781:tentatively included dialects of 666: 10789: 10419:The Mesoamerian Indian Languages 10382:. Vol. 109. John Benjamins. 8047:Aguilar, Andrés Ehecatl (2013). 8027: 7938: 7835: 7821: 7807: 7642: 7631: 7574: 7532: 7516: 7302: 7290: 5769: 5744: 5683: 4428:sometimes in the sequence /iya/ 4368:Classical Nahuatl Orthographies 3434: 3347:ni- kin- tla- kwa- ltiː- s- neki 2880:Use with a preceding noun stem: 399: 10760:. OCLC 49212643. 2001 (Spanish) 10613:Instituto Lingüístico de Verano 10470:Summer Institute of Linguistics 10361:Summer Institute of Linguistics 9582:Summer Institute of Linguistics 9221:Diario Oficial de la Federación 8218:. University of Arizona Press. 8159:Summer Institute of Linguistics 8039: 7311:Chapter 13 re classical Nahuatl 7179: 7136: 7023: 6955:Secretaría de Educación Pública 6939: 6911: 6842:Cline, Adams & MacLeod 2000 6717: 6665: 6556: 6529: 6514: 6487: 6467: 6452: 6352: 6234: 6218: 6170: 6144: 6130: 6104: 6079: 6060:Pint, John (11 November 2022). 6053: 6041:. 13 March 2003. Archived from 6035:Diario Oficial de la Federación 6020: 5983: 5670: 5654: 5637: 5628:Campbell & Langacker (1978) 5620: 5605: 5355:Karttunen & Lockhart (1980) 5123:often at the end of a syllable 4233:to represent long vowels and a 3439:Many varieties of Nahuatl have 3220:, and person and number of the 2768:"my houses" (Classical Nahuatl) 2308: 1222: 891:or with a cognate derived from 12133:Indigenous languages of Mexico 11556:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, 10812:The Indiana University Bookman 10653:. Reprint: Porrúa México 1992 10162:Pharao Hansen, Magnus (2013). 10126:Pharao Hansen, Magnus (2010). 9966:. University of Arizona Press. 9918:(inactive 12 September 2024). 6648:Cline & León-Portilla 1984 5922: 5900: 5875: 5861: 5837: 5825: 5799: 5538: 5279:, from Mexico-Tenochtitlan by 4391:Normalization (Michel Launey) 3490:/ 'he/she falls several times' 2841:"in/on it" (Classical Nahuatl) 2822:"in/on me" (Classical Nahuatl) 2719:"my house" (Classical Nahuatl) 1611:, with smaller communities in 796: 688:As a language label, the term 113:North America, Central America 27:Uto-Aztecan language of Mexico 13: 1: 12158:Verb–subject–object languages 10814:No. 11. November 1973: 69–88. 10696:Compendium of Nahuatl Grammar 10675:Grammars of Classical Nahuatl 10439:Compendium of Náhuatl Grammar 9832:. Stanford University Press. 8066:Acento en el nahuatl de Oapan 7921:Karttunen & Lockhart 1980 6152:"Nahuatl Dictionary Letter N" 5793: 5500:in iztlactli, in tencualactli 5384: 5219: 4038:is also derived from Nahuatl 3958:Many Nahuatl words have been 3915: 3391:"you run" (Classical Nahuatl) 2638:"coyotes" (Classical Nahuatl) 2602:"coyotes" (Classical Nahuatl) 1722:Classical Nahuatl consonants 1136:San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala 929:. Speakers of Nahuatl of the 10698:, Univ. of Utah Press, 1988. 9851:. University of Utah Press. 9667:(in Spanish). México D. F.: 8819:(in Spanish). México D .F.: 8209:. Stanford University Press. 8077:Andrews, J. Richard (2003). 7657:(4th ed.). Boston, MA: 6113:"Etymology of Country Names" 6037:(in Spanish). Issued by the 5850:(in Spanish). Archived from 5470:in cuitlapilli, in atlapalli 5209: 5202: 5194: 5185: 5156: 5149: 5128: 5119: 5112: 5090: 5083: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5038: 5027: 5006: 4990: 4983: 4961: 4954: 4945: 4938: 4917: 4906: 4899: 4878: 4869: 4862: 4840: 4833: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4789: 4782: 4761: 4754: 4733: 4724: 4717: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4673: 4652: 4645: 4624: 4617: 4596: 4590: 4581: 4574: 4545: 4539: 4532: 4503: 4497: 4488: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4439: 4433: 4424: 4417: 4250:Illustrated Nahuatl alphabet 3794:you-go you-it-carry with you 3510:non-configurational language 3083:(1 × 20 × 8,000 = 160,000), 2567:"coyote" (Classical Nahuatl) 2506:after consonants other than 2330:(used after consonants) and 2271:labialized velar approximant 2241: 1700:, such as Nahuatl of Oapan, 1647: 785:in the Central group, while 7: 11408:Plains Indian Sign Language 10802:Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 10733:Ronald W. Langacker (ed.): 10286:School of American Research 10135:Anthropological Linguistics 9723:10.1524/stuf.1999.52.34.347 9354:Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 9303:Jackson, Robert H. (2000). 8736:The Testaments of Culhuacan 8637:Carmack, Robert M. (1981). 8592:Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 8564:; Hill, Kenneth C. (eds.). 8178:Anthropological Linguistics 8103:The Polysynthesis Parameter 8064:Amith, Jonathan D. (1989). 7638:Dakin & Wichmann (2000) 6494:Dakin & Wichmann (2000) 6435:Kaufman & Justeson 2007 6399:Kaufman & Justeson 2009 5760:Dakin & Wichmann (2000) 5578:(the standard in Spanish), 5509: 5285:Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitl 5281:Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc 4213:The Spanish introduced the 3499:/ 'they fall (many people)' 3050: 2913: 2687:"house" (Classical Nahuatl) 1711: 1359:Demography and distribution 1341:In particular, the federal 1291:Mexican War of Independence 1247:Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc 814:[naːwat͡ɬaʔˈtoːliˀ] 464:Uto-Aztecan language family 10: 12174: 12012:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl 9953:Matthew, Laura E. (2012). 9764:(in Spanish). Cuernavaca: 9553:Lacadena, Alfonso (2008). 8702:Cline, Sarah, ed. (1993). 7558:Canger & Jensen (2007) 5223: 4128: 4122: 4118: 3992:). Other common words are 3919: 2804:with a possessive prefix: 2357:The Nahuatl languages are 2350: 1696:. Others have developed a 1362: 1027:Mesoamerican language area 951: 947: 670: 591:Mesoamerican language area 202:Eastern Peripheral Nahuatl 197:Western Peripheral Nahuatl 12100: 12070: 12042: 11997: 11964: 11948: 11898: 11880: 11849: 11826: 11799: 11764: 11732: 11711: 11702: 11693: 11668: 11634: 11586: 11577: 11545: 11512: 11488: 11479: 11470: 11421: 11385: 11294: 11102: 10994: 10896: 10887: 10834:Princeton: Prentice Hall. 10416:Suárez, Jorge A. (1983). 9962:McDonough, K. S. (2014). 9916:10.1017/S0956536103142046 9879:10.1017/S0956536105050200 9600:Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda 9435:10.1017/s0956536107000211 9416:; Justeson, John (2007). 9398:10.1017/S0956536109990113 9155:10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.913 9124:10.1017/S0047404500008241 8882:10.1017/S0956536100111058 6686:Secretaría de Gobernación 6502:Macri & Looper (2003) 5991:"Introduction to Nahuatl" 5897:, pp. 578, 364, 398. 4828:at the end of a syllable 4382: 4377: 4372: 4257:Americanist transcription 3503: 2353:Classical Nahuatl grammar 2337: 2194: 2149: 2044: 2031: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965:Classical Nahuatl vowels 1931: 1888: 1852: 1806: 1775: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1726: 1654:Uto-Aztecan protolanguage 1538: 1527: 1514: 1501: 1488: 1475: 1462: 1449: 1436: 1423: 1410: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1153:Page of Book IV from the 770:Canger & Dakin (1985) 694: 361: 349: 332: 299: 281: 276: 264: 256:Official language in 254: 249: 219: 212:Central Nahuatl languages 190: 176: 137: 127: 117: 109: 99: 77: 44: 39: 34: 11398:Albarradas Sign Language 10649:de Molina, Fray Alonso: 10605:Wolgemuth, Carl (2002). 9189:Hinz, Eike, ed. (1983). 7580:Hill and Hill 1986:page# 6791:Olko & Sullivan 2013 6225:Canger & Dakin (1985 6138:"Etymology of Nicaragua" 5532: 5480:in toptli, in petlacalli 5283:and those of Texcoco by 4910:sometimes after a vowel 4388:Traditional orthography 3447:the first syllable of a 3419:you-yourself-run-HON-PRS 3203: 2464: 2256:palato-alveolar sibilant 995:of northwestern Mexico. 874:). Since 1978, the term 853:[meːʃiʔkaˈkopaˀ] 241:(until the 16th century) 94:indicate speech or song. 12148:Polysynthetic languages 12138:Agglutinative languages 11925:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl 10670:. Reprint: México 2001 10592:(in French and Nāhuatl) 10577:Wimmer, Alexis (2006). 10515:: 47–81. Archived from 10000:10.1073/pnas.1000923107 9738:Launey, Michel (2011). 9686:Launey, Michel (1994). 9663:Launey, Michel (1992). 9644:Launey, Michel (1980). 9625:Launey, Michel (1979). 9142:American Anthropologist 9057:10.1075/lplp.40.3.04fra 8122:Bedell, George (2011). 7142:Pittman, R. S. (1961). 6918:Lastra de Suárez (1986) 6567:. Bantam. p. 106. 5568: 5559: 5550: 5499: 5489: 5479: 5469: 5459: 5424: 5414: 5397: 5391: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5257: 5251: 5242: 5236: 5226:Mesoamerican literature 4157: 4151: 4145: 4106: 4096: 4076: 4064: 4052: 4040: 4028: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3946: 3936: 3922:Words of Nahuatl origin 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3397:Honorific verbal form: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3169: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 2388:, and indirect object: 1297:20th and 21st centuries 1266: 981:Mesoamerican chronology 935: 893: 858: 847: 836: 808: 787:Lastra de Suárez (1986) 766:Lastra de Suárez (1986) 663:, derive from Nahuatl. 627: 507:, and Nahuatl became a 70: 64: 58: 52: 46: 12143:Mesoamerican languages 11930:Central Puebla Nahuatl 10500:Whittaker, G. (2009). 10312:Sahagún, Bernardino de 10284: ed.). Santa Fe: 10264:Sahagún, Bernardino de 9093:Haugen, J. D. (2009). 8758:Berlo, Janet Catherine 8214:Bierhorst, J. (1998). 8205:Bierhorst, J. (1985). 8124:"The Nahuatl Language" 7297:Hill & Hill (1986) 6478:Justeson et al. (1985) 6111:Alex (23 March 2018). 5729:, related to the name 5613: 5574: 5490:in yollohtli, in eztli 5460:in xochitl, in cuicatl 5450: 5342: 5332: 5327: 4994:sometimes in front of 4251: 4239: 4165: 4114:Writing and literature 4082: 3955: 3815: 3791:ti-ya ti-k-wika ka tel 3370:Familiar verbal form: 2772:Nahuatl does not have 2326:has the variant forms 1556: 1252: 1238: 1177:friars—introduced the 1158: 983:. Before reaching the 931:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 925: 905: 887: 823:Nahuatl pronunciation: 685: 587:Mesoamerican languages 563: 439:Nahuatl pronunciation: 363:This article contains 12153:Uto-Aztecan languages 12007:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl 11989:Temascaltepec Nahuatl 11464:Uto-Aztecan languages 11413:Chatino Sign Language 11393:Mexican Sign Language 10782:, 2nd edition. 2002. 10719:Andrews, J. Richard. 10334:Eloise Quiñones Keber 10326:Arthur J. O. Anderson 10278:Arthur J. O. Anderson 10147:10.1353/anl.2010.0017 10056:Colloquia Humanistica 10019:Olmos, Fray Andrés de 9782:León-Portilla, Miguel 9758:León-Portilla, Miguel 9193:(in German). Hanover. 8813:Dakin, Karen (1982). 8514:Universidad de Sonora 7972:, pp. part I:47. 6957:. n.d. Archived from 5525:Vocabulario trilingüe 5323: 5318:Bernardino de Sahagún 5094:(in all other cases) 4965:(in all other cases) 4844:(in all other cases) 4699:(in all other cases) 4684:(in all other cases) 4249: 4142: 3933: 3801:In this example from 3247:. Some varieties add 3194:compound together as 3092:cempoaltzonxiquipilli 2982:Non-honorific forms: 2573:Plural animate noun: 2351:Further information: 2347:Morphology and syntax 2301:is assimilated after 1559:Today, a spectrum of 1554: 1275:Our Lady of Guadalupe 1233:Bernardino de Sahagún 1152: 714:Proto-Nahuan language 680: 537:mutually intelligible 10796:The Nahua Newsletter 10656:Karttunen, Frances, 10353:Langacker, Ronald W. 10029:Miguel León-Portilla 9690:(in French). Paris: 8768:. pp. 231–246. 8764:. Washington, D.C.: 8706:The Book of Tributes 8540:El Colegio de México 7614:Hill & Hill 1986 7569:Hill & Hill 1986 7485:Pharao Hansen (2010) 7452:Peralta Ramírez 1991 7249:Hill & Hill 1980 7120:Flores Farfán (1999) 6979:: CS1 maint: year ( 6674:"Saltillo, Coahuila" 6563:Levy, Buddy (2008). 6411:Justeson et al. 1985 6280:Hill & Hill 1986 5910:(in Spanish). rae.es 5881:Laurie Bauer, 2007, 5717:'what' with Nahuatl 5425:ye maca tipolihuican 5369:('song of spring'), 5293:Anales de Tlatelolco 5240:'speech' and second 4873:often before p or m 4197:However, epigrapher 3940:, whereas the green 3608:Nearly 500 years of 3416:ti-mo-tlaːlo-tsino-a 3402:ti-mo-tlaːlo-tsino-a 3388:you-yourself-run-PRS 3236:and subject number. 2287:voiceless consonants 1268:Huei tlamahuiçoltica 1023:Mixe–Zoque languages 959:Pre-Columbian period 933:call their language 923:call their language 842:[meːˈʃiʔkaḁ] 486:Mesoamerican history 475:in the United States 154:Southern Uto-Aztecan 11499:(including Bannock) 11403:Mayan Sign Language 10881:Languages of Mexico 10536:Whorf, Benjamin Lee 10317:Primeros Memoriales 10272:. Vol. I–XII. 10199:Rincón, Antonio del 10067:. Washington D.C.: 9991:2010PNAS..107E..35M 9904:Ancient Mesoamerica 9867:Ancient Mesoamerica 9574:Langacker, Ronald W 9422:Ancient Mesoamerica 9386:Ancient Mesoamerica 9112:Language in Society 8870:Ancient Mesoamerica 7875:, pp. 379–382. 7845:. 21 December 2018. 7735:, pp. 330–335. 7699:, pp. 327–329. 7616:, pp. 249–340. 7418:, pp. 207–210. 7299:re Malinche Nahuatl 6936:, pp. 132–137. 6553:, pp. 142–143. 6425:, pp. 3–6, 12. 6387:Merrill et al. 2010 5430:'May we not perish' 5375:('plain song') and 5277:Diego Muñoz Camargo 4949:before /i/ and /e/ 4369: 4362:Yankwiktlahkwilolli 4155:('Deer Place') and 4125:Nahuatl orthography 3749:subject–verb–object 3645:they-us-understand- 3030:"you pl. honorific" 3022:"you sg. honorific" 2195:Tetelcingo dialect 1966: 1723: 1383: 1283:Charles II of Spain 1013:In Mesoamerica the 977:Mesoamerican region 827:[asˈteːkaḁ] 559:languages of Mexico 443:[ˈnaːwat͡ɬ] 84:Nahua man from the 11920:Tetelcingo Nahuatl 11774:Downriver Guarijio 11014:Chontal de Tabasco 10694:Sullivan, Thelma: 10680:Carochi, Horacio. 9472:on 19 January 2020 9346:Karttunen, Frances 8784:Cowgill, George L. 8754:Cowgill, George L. 7982:León-Portilla 1985 7909:León-Portilla 1985 7077:Flores Farfán 2002 7048:10.1037/cdp0000479 6820:, pp. 140–41. 6165:Pharao Hansen 2013 5415:ye maca timiquican 5363:('sad song'), the 5334:Cantares Mexicanos 4367: 4252: 4227:Antonio del Rincon 4166: 4149:('Raccoon Hill'), 3956: 3527:functions such as 3443:reduplication. By 3197:poaltzonxiquipilli 3038:"he/she honorific" 2731:Possessed plural: 2150:Classical Nahuatl 1964: 1721: 1694:Tetelcingo Nahuatl 1557: 1373: 1349:national languages 1254:Cantares Mexicanos 1240:Crónica Mexicayotl 1223:Nahuatl literature 1214:Philip II of Spain 1199:Antonio del Rincón 1159: 1070:Postclassic period 954:History of Nahuatl 802:variety. The word 773:arose as an urban 686: 564:lenguas nacionales 561:are recognized as 12113: 12112: 12107:extinct languages 12079:Proto-Uto-Aztecan 12066: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12057: 11974:Michoacán Nahuatl 11909:Classical Nahuatl 11760: 11759: 11745:Southern Tepehuan 11740:Northern Tepehuan 11689: 11688: 11664: 11663: 11573: 11572: 11561: 11528: 11500: 11430: 11429: 11290: 11289: 11112:Chontal of Oaxaca 10828:Barnstone, Willis 10778:Wolgemuth, Carl. 10687:Lockhart, James: 10632:on 19 April 2008. 10622:978-968-31-0315-4 10522:on 8 January 2021 10479:978-0-88312-072-9 10452:978-0-87480-282-5 10429:978-0-521-22834-3 10370:978-0-88312-072-9 10343:978-0-8061-2909-9 10330:Charles E. Dibble 10295:978-0-87480-082-1 10274:Charles E. Dibble 10105:978-3-11-018597-3 10078:978-0-88402-207-7 10038:978-84-7232-684-2 9858:978-0-87480-253-5 9839:978-0-8047-1927-8 9817:978-0-8047-1953-7 9795:978-0-292-77577-0 9749:978-0-521-73229-1 9701:978-2-271-05072-4 9678:978-968-36-1944-0 9655:978-2-85802-155-0 9636:978-2-85802-107-9 9617:978-968-837-744-4 9591:978-0-88312-070-5 9452:Kaufman, Terrence 9414:Kaufman, Terrence 9382:Kaufman, Terrence 9337:978-0-939238-82-8 9314:978-0-7656-0597-9 9270:on 2 October 2008 9260:978-970-13-4491-0 9181:978-0-8165-0898-3 8998:978-3-11-018597-3 8971:978-0-9670554-2-8 8946:978-968-496-344-3 8927:978-970-18-6966-6 8853:978-968-36-4055-0 8830:978-968-5802-92-5 8805:978-0-292-70587-6 8775:978-0-88402-205-3 8745:978-0-87903-502-0 8717:978-0-87903-082-7 8694:978-0-8047-4281-8 8650:978-0-8061-1546-7 8575:978-0-520-22995-2 8549:978-968-12-1041-0 8523:978-970-689-030-6 8497:978-1-55619-381-1 8417:978-87-7421-254-6 8362:Langacker, Ronald 8349:978-0-19-509427-5 8327:978-3-11-010344-1 8225:978-0-8165-1886-9 8168:978-0-88312-072-9 8151:Langacker, Ronald 8131:Language in India 8114:978-0-19-509308-7 8088:978-0-8061-3452-9 7984:, pp. 12–20. 7970:Sahagún 1950–1982 7887:, pp. 13–14. 7678:on 24 August 2007 7668:978-0-395-82517-4 7498:, pp. 36–37. 7287:, pp. 88–89. 7275:, pp. 27–28. 7215:, pp. 19–22. 6951:Difusión de INALI 6872:, pp. 63–73. 6574:978-0-553-38471-0 6449:, pp. 6, 12. 6413:, p. passim. 6066:Mexico News Daily 5713:combines Spanish 5546:Classical Nahuatl 5217: 5216: 4825:cu, uc, cuh, or c 4327:how to write the 3604:Contact phenomena 3597:tzahtzi in conētl 3431: 3430: 3405:you-yourself-run- 3378:you-yourself-run- 3257:prohibitive moods 3086:centzonxiquipilli 3080:cempoalxiquipilli 3047: 3046: 3027:amewaːnˈt͡sit͡sin 2971: 2970: 2920:Isthmus-Mecayapan 2907: 2906: 2728: 2727: 2658:Absolutive noun: 2611: 2610: 2305:and pronounced . 2267:glottal fricative 2239: 2238: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2112: 1962: 1961: 1686:Michoacán Nahuatl 1549: 1548: 1144:Antigua Guatemala 1140:Pedro de Alvarado 880:Pochutec language 521:Classical Nahuatl 509:literary language 498:prestige language 389: 388: 371:rendering support 367:phonetic symbols. 266:Regulated by 16:(Redirected from 12165: 11979:Coatepec Nahuatl 11956:Huasteca Nahuatl 11940:Ometepec Náhuatl 11935:Guerrero Nahuatl 11896: 11895: 11887: 11886: 11791:Upriver Guarijio 11709: 11708: 11700: 11699: 11584: 11583: 11555: 11522: 11498: 11486: 11485: 11477: 11476: 11457: 11450: 11443: 11434: 11433: 11137:Chichimeca Jonaz 10894: 10893: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10851: 10850: 10785: 10775:. OCLC 13433705. 10763:Campbell, Lyle. 10708:Launey, Michel. 10633: 10631: 10625:. Archived from 10601: 10599: 10597: 10591: 10573: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10521: 10506: 10496: 10483: 10462:Ronald Langacker 10456: 10433: 10412: 10383: 10374: 10347: 10307: 10259: 10220: 10210: 10194: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10158: 10132: 10122: 10109: 10093: 10082: 10059: 10050: 10014: 10012: 10002: 9967: 9958: 9949: 9943: 9935: 9898: 9862: 9843: 9821: 9799: 9777: 9753: 9734: 9717:(3–4): 347–364. 9705: 9682: 9659: 9640: 9621: 9595: 9569: 9562:The PARI Journal 9559: 9549: 9510: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9471: 9460: 9447: 9437: 9409: 9377: 9341: 9329: 9318: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9269: 9263:. Archived from 9248: 9237: 9217: 9208: 9202: 9194: 9185: 9166: 9135: 9106: 9089: 9060: 9039: 9002: 8986: 8975: 8963: 8950: 8931: 8908: 8907:on 8 April 2008. 8906: 8900:. Archived from 8867: 8857: 8834: 8809: 8793: 8779: 8749: 8730: 8721: 8709: 8698: 8681:Carochi, Horacio 8676: 8659:Carochi, Horacio 8654: 8633: 8624: 8595: 8579: 8553: 8527: 8501: 8485: 8471: 8421: 8399: 8353: 8331: 8309: 8267: 8229: 8210: 8201: 8172: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8128: 8118: 8106: 8092: 8073: 8060: 8034: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7766:Smith-Stark 2005 7763: 7757: 7751: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7677: 7676:(online version) 7671:. Archived from 7659:Houghton Mifflin 7646: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7555: 7546: 7536: 7530: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7482: 7471: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7334: 7328: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7117: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6978: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6961:on 17 March 2008 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6794: 6788: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6688:. Archived from 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6533: 6527: 6518: 6512: 6491: 6485: 6471: 6465: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6306: 6297: 6292: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6238: 6232: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6048:on 11 June 2008. 6047: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5930:"Nahuatl Family" 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5857:on 11 June 2008. 5856: 5849: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5803: 5788: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5748: 5742: 5687: 5681: 5674: 5668: 5658: 5652: 5641: 5635: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5609: 5603: 5577: 5571: 5562: 5553: 5542: 5502: 5492: 5482: 5472: 5462: 5453: 5427: 5420:'May we not die' 5417: 5400: 5394: 5392:macehuallahtolli 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5347: 5337: 5309:Florentine Codex 5262: 5254: 5245: 5239: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5131: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5093: 5086: 5075: 5068: 5062: 5055: 5041: 5030: 5023: 5009: 5001: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4964: 4958:(before e and i) 4957: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4920: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4881: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4843: 4836: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4736: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4698: 4692:(before i and e) 4691: 4683: 4677:(before i and e) 4676: 4669: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4599: 4593: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4520: 4506: 4500: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4442: 4436: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4405: 4370: 4311: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4242: 4199:Alfonso Lacadena 4160: 4154: 4148: 4143:The place names 4109: 4099: 4085: 4079: 4068:'shell, rind'); 4067: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3949: 3939: 3846: 3818: 3648: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3497: 3488: 3481:/ 'he/she falls' 3479: 3458: 3454: 3412: 3408: 3381: 3366: 3334: 3323: 3276:causative voices 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3036: 3028: 3020: 3013:Honorific forms 3005: 2997: 2989: 2978: 2941: 2930: 2868:its-in house-ABS 2861: 2796: 2774:grammatical case 2758: 2693:Possessed noun: 2677: 2654: 2648: 2628: 2624: 2592: 2557: 2534: 2450: 2439: 2304: 2276: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2137: 2136: 2105: 2098: 2076: 2069: 2055: 2049: 2042: 2036: 2025: 2018: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1947: 1926: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1823: 1816: 1792: 1785: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1707: 1683: 1667: 1663: 1609:Federal District 1561:Nahuan languages 1399:Federal District 1384: 1376:2000 census data 1372: 1365:Nahuan languages 1271: 1261:Alonso de Molina 1257: 1243: 1228:Florentine Codex 1195:Alonso de Molina 1163:religious orders 1155:Florentine Codex 1054:Valley of Mexico 1031:relational nouns 938: 928: 919:. The Nahuas of 908: 898: 890: 861: 859:mēxihcatlahtolli 855: 850: 844: 839: 829: 824: 816: 811: 699: 698: 673:Nahuan languages 632: 566: 549:Valley of Mexico 541:Huasteca Nahuatl 532:Nahuan languages 500:in Mesoamerica. 469: 453: 452: 451: 445: 440: 433: 428: 427: 424: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 398: 354: 344: 325: 323:Nahuan languages 316:Huasteca Nahuatl 311: 304: 295: 294: 286: 242: 225: 207:Huasteca Nahuatl 143: 87:Florentine Codex 82: 73: 67: 61: 55: 49: 32: 31: 21: 18:Nahuatl language 12173: 12172: 12168: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12118: 12117: 12114: 12109: 12096: 12054: 12038: 12029:Tabasco Nahuatl 12024:Isthmus Nahuatl 12017:Orizaba Nahuatl 11993: 11960: 11944: 11915:Morelos Nahuatl 11876: 11845: 11822: 11795: 11756: 11728: 11685: 11660: 11656:Luiseño-Juaneño 11630: 11569: 11541: 11508: 11496:Northern Paiute 11466: 11461: 11431: 11426: 11417: 11381: 11286: 11226:whistled speech 11104: 11098: 11034:Sierra Popoluca 10996: 10990: 10898: 10889: 10883: 10878: 10841: 10792: 10783: 10730: 10728:Modern dialects 10691:, Stanford 2001 10677: 10646: 10641: 10639:Further reading 10636: 10629: 10623: 10595: 10593: 10581: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10504: 10489:Kenneth L. Hale 10480: 10453: 10430: 10371: 10344: 10296: 10208: 10175: 10173: 10172:on 9 April 2022 10130: 10106: 10079: 10039: 9985:(11): E35–E36. 9937: 9936: 9859: 9840: 9826:Lockhart, James 9818: 9804:Lockhart, James 9796: 9750: 9702: 9679: 9656: 9637: 9618: 9592: 9557: 9475: 9473: 9469: 9458: 9350:Lockhart, James 9338: 9315: 9293: 9291: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9246: 9215: 9196: 9195: 9182: 8999: 8972: 8961: 8947: 8928: 8904: 8865: 8854: 8831: 8806: 8776: 8746: 8718: 8695: 8651: 8576: 8550: 8524: 8498: 8418: 8350: 8328: 8272:Bright, William 8226: 8169: 8139: 8137: 8126: 8115: 8089: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7992: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7954: 7952: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7624: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7537: 7533: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7474: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7402: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7335: 7331: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7141: 7137: 7131:Pury-Toumi 1980 7129: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7087: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6972: 6971: 6964: 6962: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6916: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6797: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6695: 6693: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6534: 6530: 6519: 6515: 6510:Pasztory (1993) 6492: 6488: 6472: 6468: 6463:Pasztory (1993) 6457: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6309:Campbell (1985) 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6239: 6235: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6058: 6054: 6045: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5880: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5774: 5770: 5749: 5745: 5688: 5684: 5675: 5671: 5659: 5655: 5642: 5638: 5625: 5621: 5610: 5606: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5512: 5442:Andrés de Olmos 5387: 5372:melahuaccuicatl 5291:annals and the 5228: 5222: 5207: 5190: 5116: 5088: 5087:(before vowels) 5077: 5069: 5031: 4987: 4959: 4942: 4911: 4903: 4866: 4838: 4837:(before vowels) 4822: 4821:in front of a, 4814: 4721: 4693: 4678: 4578: 4486: 4472: 4421: 4223:Horacio Carochi 4203:syllabic script 4137: 4127: 4121: 4116: 3928: 3918: 3906: 3896: 3888: 3880: 3872: 3864: 3856: 3848: 3837: 3829: 3799: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3765: 3745: 3714: 3707: 3696: 3686: 3678: 3670: 3660: 3650: 3635: 3627: 3606: 3567: 3553: 3545: 3506: 3437: 3432: 3424: 3414: 3393: 3383: 3355: 3345: 3337: 3326: 3315: 3307: 3299: 3291: 3206: 3053: 3048: 2972: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2890: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2852: 2843: 2833: 2824: 2814: 2778:relational noun 2770: 2760: 2749: 2741: 2729: 2721: 2711: 2703: 2689: 2679: 2668: 2640: 2630: 2612: 2604: 2594: 2583: 2569: 2559: 2548: 2538:Singular noun: 2467: 2462: 2452: 2441: 2430: 2422: 2414: 2406: 2398: 2355: 2349: 2340: 2311: 2244: 2121: 1714: 1670:Isthmus Nahuatl 1650: 1601:State of Mexico 1593:San Luis Potosí 1528:Rest of Mexico 1490:San Luis Potosí 1438:State of Mexico 1371: 1363:Main articles: 1361: 1315:Hispanicization 1299: 1203:Horacio Carochi 1191:Andrés de Olmos 1098: 1096:Colonial period 985:Mexican Plateau 961: 956: 950: 822: 799: 749:, Karen Dakin, 743:Campbell (1997) 675: 669: 467: 447: 446: 438: 431: 402: 396: 395: 369:Without proper 357: 340: 328: 320: 307: 300: 290: 289: 282: 257: 250:Official status 245: 240: 226: 221: 186: 179: 172: 144: 141:Language family 139: 130: 129:Native speakers 95: 53:mexikatlahtolli 40:Aztec, Mexicano 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12171: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12111: 12110: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12082: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12046: 12044: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12020: 12019: 12009: 12003: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11970: 11968: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11958: 11952: 11950: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11904: 11902: 11893: 11884: 11878: 11877: 11875: 11874: 11866: 11861: 11855: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11832: 11830: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11813: 11805: 11803: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11781: 11776: 11770: 11768: 11762: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11754: 11747: 11742: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11706: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11672: 11670: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11658: 11653: 11646: 11640: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11621: 11614: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11592: 11590: 11581: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11567: 11562: 11553:Colorado River 11549: 11547: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11501: 11492: 11490: 11483: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11460: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11437: 11428: 11427: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11167:Western Apache 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11108: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11000: 10998: 10995:10,000-100,000 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10902: 10900: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10877: 10876: 10869: 10862: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10840: 10839:External links 10837: 10836: 10835: 10825: 10815: 10805: 10799: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10776: 10761: 10746: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10717: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10661: 10654: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10621: 10602: 10574: 10554:10.1086/466194 10548:(2): 165–223. 10532: 10497: 10484: 10478: 10457: 10451: 10434: 10428: 10413: 10391:(in Spanish). 10384: 10375: 10369: 10348: 10342: 10322:H.B. Nicholson 10308: 10294: 10266:(1950–1982) . 10260: 10221: 10195: 10182: 10159: 10141:(3): 274–299. 10123: 10117:(in Spanish). 10110: 10104: 10083: 10077: 10069:Dumbarton Oaks 10060: 10051: 10037: 10015: 9968: 9959: 9950: 9910:(2): 285–297. 9899: 9873:(2): 321–326. 9857: 9844: 9838: 9822: 9816: 9800: 9794: 9778: 9754: 9748: 9735: 9706: 9700: 9683: 9677: 9660: 9654: 9641: 9635: 9622: 9616: 9596: 9590: 9570: 9550: 9530:10.1086/465658 9524:(3): 230–233. 9511: 9499:10.1086/466150 9493:(2): 196–216. 9482: 9448: 9428:(2): 193–237. 9410: 9392:(2): 221–231. 9378: 9356:(in Spanish). 9342: 9336: 9319: 9313: 9300: 9290:on 20 May 2010 9280: 9259: 9238: 9224:(in Spanish). 9209: 9186: 9180: 9167: 9149:(4): 913–934. 9136: 9118:(3): 321–348. 9107: 9090: 9078:10.1086/465295 9072:(2): 126–131. 9061: 9040: 9020:10.2307/482092 9003: 8997: 8976: 8970: 8951: 8945: 8932: 8926: 8909: 8858: 8852: 8835: 8829: 8810: 8804: 8780: 8774: 8750: 8744: 8731: 8722: 8716: 8699: 8693: 8677: 8655: 8649: 8634: 8625: 8613:10.1086/465892 8607:(4): 358–361. 8596: 8580: 8574: 8554: 8548: 8528: 8522: 8512:. Hermosillo: 8502: 8496: 8472: 8444:10.1086/466074 8422: 8416: 8400: 8380:10.1086/465526 8358:Campbell, Lyle 8354: 8348: 8336:Campbell, Lyle 8332: 8326: 8314:Campbell, Lyle 8310: 8290:10.2307/414607 8284:(3): 437–452. 8268: 8256:10.1086/463709 8246:(in Spanish). 8230: 8224: 8211: 8202: 8173: 8167: 8146: 8119: 8113: 8097:Baker, Mark C. 8093: 8087: 8074: 8061: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8026: 8014: 8012:, p. 440. 8002: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7937: 7933:Bierhorst 1998 7925: 7913: 7901: 7899:, p. 300. 7889: 7877: 7865: 7848: 7834: 7820: 7806: 7804:, p. xii. 7802:Bierhorst 1985 7794: 7792:, p. 148. 7790:McDonough 2014 7782: 7770: 7758: 7737: 7725: 7721:Whittaker 2009 7713: 7701: 7689: 7667: 7641: 7630: 7618: 7606: 7604:, p. 116. 7594: 7582: 7573: 7571:, p. 317. 7561: 7547: 7531: 7527:Andrews (2003) 7515: 7500: 7488: 7472: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7357: 7353:Wolgemuth 2002 7345: 7329: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7178: 7166: 7154: 7135: 7123: 7109: 7097: 7081: 7079:, p. 229. 7069: 7042:(1): 132–143. 7022: 7010: 6998: 6986: 6938: 6926: 6910: 6898: 6896:, p. 168. 6886: 6884:, p. 167. 6874: 6862: 6846: 6834: 6822: 6810: 6795: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6728:Lockhart (1992 6724:Lockhart (1991 6716: 6704: 6692:on 20 May 2007 6664: 6652: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6573: 6555: 6543: 6540:Kaufman (2001) 6528: 6525:Kaufman (2001) 6513: 6486: 6474:Campbell (1997 6466: 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6367: 6351: 6339: 6335:Wolgemuth 2002 6324: 6312: 6298: 6284: 6272: 6270:, p. 385. 6260: 6258:, p. 116. 6248: 6245:Kaufman (2001) 6233: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6169: 6157: 6143: 6129: 6103: 6078: 6052: 6019: 6007: 5982: 5980:, p. 195. 5970: 5958: 5943: 5921: 5899: 5887: 5874: 5860: 5836: 5824: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5768: 5743: 5682: 5669: 5653: 5636: 5619: 5604: 5596:back-formation 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5521: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5496: 5493: 5486: 5483: 5476: 5473: 5466: 5463: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5421: 5418: 5398:tecpillahtolli 5386: 5383: 5351:Nezahualcoyotl 5224:Main article: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5199: 5182: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5109: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5080: 5056: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5024: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5003: 4980: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4951: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4896: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4875: 4859: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4830: 4807: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4714: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4685: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4587: 4571: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4536: 4529: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4494: 4465: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4430: 4414: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4325: 4123:Main article: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4062:(from Nahuatl 4026:(from Nahuatl 4010:(from Nahuatl 3998:(from Nahuatl 3986:(from Nahuatl 3917: 3914: 3889: 3881: 3873: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3838: 3830: 3822: 3821: 3782: 3774: 3766: 3758: 3757: 3708: 3697: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3661: 3651: 3636: 3628: 3618: 3617: 3605: 3602: 3555:newal no-nobia 3546: 3538: 3537: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3385:ti-mo-tlaːlo-a 3375:ti-mo-tlaːlo-a 3373: 3372: 3364: 3338: 3327: 3316: 3308: 3300: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3205: 3202: 3055:Nahuatl has a 3052: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3023: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2992: 2976: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2928: 2915: 2912: 2905: 2904: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2853: 2845: 2844: 2826: 2825: 2807: 2806: 2794: 2750: 2742: 2734: 2733: 2726: 2725: 2704: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2608: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2532: 2502:after vowels, 2466: 2463: 2442: 2431: 2423: 2415: 2407: 2399: 2391: 2390: 2372:The following 2348: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2310: 2307: 2277:devoices to a 2265:devoices to a 2254:devoices to a 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2132: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2099: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2043: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1649: 1646: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1360: 1357: 1334:(CDI) and the 1304:language death 1298: 1295: 1287:Spanish Empire 1212:In 1570, King 1207:James Lockhart 1179:Latin alphabet 1097: 1094: 1090:Kʼicheʼ people 960: 957: 952:Main article: 949: 946: 809:nāhuatlahtōlli 798: 795: 791:Kaufman (2001) 775:koiné language 751:Yolanda Lastra 706:Nawat language 683:Kaufman (2001) 671:Main article: 668: 667:Classification 665: 595:Nahuatl origin 387: 386: 373:, you may see 359: 358: 355: 347: 346: 338: 330: 329: 327: 326: 318: 312: 305: 297: 296: 287: 279: 278: 277:Language codes 274: 273: 268: 262: 261: 258: 255: 252: 251: 247: 246: 244: 243: 235: 229: 227: 223:Writing system 220: 217: 216: 215: 214: 209: 204: 199: 192: 188: 187: 182: 180: 177: 174: 173: 171: 170: 169: 168: 167: 166: 147: 145: 138: 135: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 101: 100:Native to 97: 96: 92:speech scrolls 83: 75: 74: 71:masewaltlahtol 42: 41: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12170: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12116: 12108: 12104: 12099: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12069: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12018: 12015: 12014: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11996: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11963: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11910: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11879: 11872: 11871: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11786: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11763: 11753: 11752: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11731: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11692: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11667: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11633: 11627: 11626: 11622: 11620: 11619: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11566: 11563: 11559: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11544: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11526: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11505: 11502: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11458: 11453: 11451: 11446: 11444: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11425: 11420: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11227: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11101: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10895: 10892: 10886: 10882: 10875: 10870: 10868: 10863: 10861: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10846: 10843: 10842: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10803: 10800: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10790:Miscellaneous 10781: 10777: 10774: 10773:0-89925-040-8 10770: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10758:968-12-1041-7 10755: 10751: 10748:Canger, Una. 10747: 10744: 10743:0-88312-072-0 10740: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10722: 10718: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10705:. Austin 1989 10704: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10655: 10652: 10648: 10647: 10628: 10624: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10609: 10603: 10589: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10533: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10458: 10454: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10420: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10385: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10228: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10207: 10206: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10189:(in French). 10188: 10183: 10171: 10167: 10166: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10111: 10107: 10101: 10097: 10092: 10091: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10061: 10058:(2): 181–216. 10057: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9965: 9960: 9956: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9860: 9854: 9850: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9693: 9692:CNRS Editions 9689: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9647: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9628: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9518: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9483: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9333: 9328: 9327: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9306: 9301: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9252: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9192: 9187: 9183: 9177: 9173: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8984: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8960: 8959: 8952: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8864: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8817: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8797: 8792: 8791: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8708: 8707: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8635: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8562:Munro, Pamela 8559: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8374:(2): 85–102. 8373: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8044: 8030: 8023: 8018: 8011: 8006: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7983: 7978: 7971: 7966: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7911:, p. 12. 7910: 7905: 7898: 7893: 7886: 7881: 7874: 7869: 7858: 7852: 7844: 7838: 7830: 7824: 7816: 7810: 7803: 7798: 7791: 7786: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7734: 7733:Lockhart 1992 7729: 7722: 7717: 7710: 7709:Lacadena 2008 7705: 7698: 7697:Lockhart 1992 7693: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7639: 7634: 7627: 7622: 7615: 7610: 7603: 7598: 7591: 7586: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7554: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7539:Launey (1994) 7535: 7528: 7524: 7523:Launey (1994) 7519: 7512: 7507: 7505: 7497: 7492: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7442:, p. 27. 7441: 7436: 7430:, p. 61. 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7400: 7398: 7391:, p. 81. 7390: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7367:, p. 61. 7366: 7361: 7355:, p. 35. 7354: 7349: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7310: 7309:Launey (1992) 7305: 7298: 7293: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7250: 7245: 7238: 7233: 7227:, p. 29. 7226: 7221: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7198:Brockway 1963 7195: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7176:, p. 26. 7175: 7170: 7164:, p. 16. 7163: 7158: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7116: 7114: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7090: 7085: 7078: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7014: 7008:, p. 35. 7007: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6982: 6976: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6922:Rolstad (2002 6919: 6914: 6908:, p. 49. 6907: 6902: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6800: 6792: 6787: 6785: 6777: 6772: 6766:, p. 14. 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6637: 6632: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6608: 6601: 6600:Lockhart 1992 6596: 6589: 6584: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6506:Cowgill (2003 6503: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6482:Kaufman (2001 6479: 6475: 6470: 6464: 6460: 6459:Cowgill (1992 6455: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6371: 6364: 6363:Kaufman (2001 6360: 6355: 6349:, p. 20. 6348: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6289: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6214: 6209: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6153: 6147: 6139: 6133: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6092: 6088: 6087:"Lesson Nine" 6082: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6016: 6011: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5968:, p. 13. 5967: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5931: 5925: 5909: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5884: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5798: 5786: 5785:Carmack (1981 5782: 5778: 5772: 5761: 5753: 5747: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5666: 5665:Canger (2000) 5662: 5657: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5634::385(Note 4)) 5633: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5382: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5301:creation myth 5299:", the Aztec 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5211: 5204: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4164: 4163:Codex Mendoza 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4136: 4135:Aztec codices 4132: 4131:Aztec writing 4126: 4111: 4108: 4107:Cuauhtēmallān 4103: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3910:polysynthetic 3905: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3878:it-closed-was 3876: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3730:tlen tictoah 3729: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457:/tlaːtlaːkah/ 3450: 3446: 3445:reduplicating 3442: 3435:Reduplication 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3268:passive voice 3265: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3077:(1 × 8,000), 3075: 3074:cenxiquipilli 3069: 3063: 3058: 3043: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2996:ameˈwaːnt͡sin 2993: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865:iː-pan kal-li 2862: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2786:postpositions 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2765:my- house -PL 2763: 2762:no- kal -waːn 2759: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2528:reduplication 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2440: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2363:agglutinative 2360: 2359:polysynthetic 2354: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2293:are normally 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2257: 2249: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2145:Short vowels 2139: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1709: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1369:Nahua peoples 1366: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169:, as well as 1168: 1165:—principally 1164: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1111:New Philology 1108: 1104: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1086:lingua franca 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 955: 945: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 896: 889: 883: 881: 877: 876:General Aztec 873: 869: 865: 860: 854: 849: 843: 838: 833: 828: 820: 815: 810: 805: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 779:Canger (1988) 776: 771: 767: 763: 762:Canger (1988) 759: 758:Canger (1980) 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 733: 728: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 697: 691: 684: 679: 674: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649: 644: 643: 638: 637: 631: 630: 624: 620: 619: 614: 613: 608: 607: 602: 601: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 580:agglutination 577: 576:polysynthesis 573: 568: 565: 560: 556: 555: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 465: 461: 457: 450: 444: 436: 435: 426: 393: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 366: 360: 353: 348: 343: 339: 337: 336: 331: 324: 319: 317: 314: 313: 310: 306: 303: 298: 293: 288: 285: 280: 275: 272: 269: 267: 263: 259: 253: 248: 239: 236: 234: 231: 230: 228: 224: 218: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 194: 193: 189: 185: 181: 175: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 151: 150: 146: 142: 136: 132: 126: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 93: 89: 88: 81: 76: 72: 66: 60: 54: 48: 47:Nawatlahtolli 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 12115: 12102: 12086:Proto-Nahuan 12084: 12077: 11907: 11890: 11868: 11815: 11808: 11783: 11749: 11648: 11623: 11616: 11609: 11600: 11423: 11317:Plautdietsch 11295:Non-official 11103:Under 10,000 10926:Tzotzil Maya 10921:Tzeltal Maya 10916:Yucatec Maya 10910: 10811: 10801: 10795: 10784:(in Spanish) 10779: 10764: 10749: 10734: 10720: 10713: 10709: 10702: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10667: 10664:Siméon, Rémi 10657: 10650: 10627:the original 10607: 10594:. Retrieved 10583: 10545: 10539: 10524:. Retrieved 10517:the original 10512: 10508: 10492: 10465: 10442: 10438: 10418: 10392: 10388: 10379: 10356: 10316: 10281: 10268: 10231: 10225: 10203: 10190: 10186: 10174:. Retrieved 10170:the original 10164: 10138: 10134: 10118: 10114: 10089: 10064: 10055: 10023: 9982: 9976: 9963: 9954: 9940:cite journal 9907: 9903: 9870: 9866: 9848: 9829: 9807: 9785: 9761: 9739: 9714: 9710: 9687: 9664: 9645: 9626: 9603: 9577: 9565: 9561: 9521: 9515: 9490: 9486: 9474:. Retrieved 9467:the original 9462: 9425: 9421: 9389: 9385: 9357: 9353: 9325: 9304: 9292:. Retrieved 9288:the original 9272:. Retrieved 9265:the original 9242: 9225: 9219: 9190: 9171: 9146: 9140: 9115: 9111: 9102: 9098: 9069: 9065: 9048: 9044: 9014:(1): 37–62. 9011: 9008:Ethnohistory 9007: 8982: 8957: 8936: 8913: 8902:the original 8876:(1): 55–75. 8873: 8869: 8839: 8815: 8789: 8761: 8735: 8726: 8705: 8684: 8663: 8639: 8629: 8604: 8600: 8591: 8565: 8535: 8509: 8481: 8438:(1): 28–72. 8435: 8429: 8407: 8371: 8365: 8339: 8317: 8281: 8275: 8247: 8241: 8215: 8206: 8184:(2): 14–18. 8181: 8177: 8154: 8138:. Retrieved 8134: 8130: 8102: 8078: 8065: 8057:10211.2/3997 8048: 8040:Bibliography 8029: 8017: 8005: 7997: 7989: 7977: 7965: 7953:. Retrieved 7949: 7940: 7928: 7916: 7904: 7892: 7880: 7868: 7851: 7837: 7823: 7809: 7797: 7785: 7773: 7761: 7754:Canger (2002 7728: 7716: 7704: 7692: 7680:. Retrieved 7673:the original 7654: 7644: 7633: 7621: 7609: 7597: 7585: 7576: 7564: 7543:Launey (1999 7534: 7518: 7511:Sischo (1979 7491: 7467: 7459: 7447: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7404:Suárez (1983 7384: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7340: 7332: 7324: 7316: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7261:Kimball 1990 7256: 7244: 7232: 7220: 7208: 7190:Andrews 2003 7186:Aguilar 2013 7181: 7169: 7157: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7126: 7100: 7092: 7084: 7072: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6989: 6963:. Retrieved 6959:the original 6950: 6941: 6929: 6913: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6857: 6854:Rolstad 2002 6849: 6837: 6832:, p. 5. 6825: 6813: 6806:Suárez (1983 6776:Carochi 2001 6771: 6759: 6752:Carochi 1645 6747: 6735: 6719: 6712:Matthew 2012 6707: 6694:. Retrieved 6690:the original 6677: 6667: 6660:Jackson 2000 6655: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6564: 6558: 6551:Carmack 1981 6546: 6536:Fowler (1985 6531: 6521:Dakin (1994) 6516: 6498:Macri (2005) 6489: 6469: 6454: 6447:Kaufman 2001 6442: 6430: 6423:Kaufman 2001 6418: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6359:Canger (1980 6354: 6342: 6315: 6295:Tuggy (1979) 6275: 6263: 6251: 6236: 6220: 6208: 6196: 6189:Suárez (1983 6177:Canger (1988 6172: 6160: 6146: 6132: 6120:. Retrieved 6116: 6106: 6094:. Retrieved 6090: 6081: 6069:. Retrieved 6065: 6055: 6043:the original 6034: 6022: 6010: 5998:. Retrieved 5994: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5954:Suárez (1983 5934:. Retrieved 5932:. SIL Mexico 5924: 5912:. Retrieved 5902: 5895:Andrews 2003 5890: 5882: 5877: 5863: 5852:the original 5839: 5827: 5815:. Retrieved 5813:(in Spanish) 5810: 5801: 5771: 5764:/tʃikolaːtl/ 5751: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5678:Suárez (1983 5672: 5661:Sischo (1979 5656: 5639: 5632:Canger (2000 5622: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5540: 5523: 5515: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5388: 5366:xopancuicatl 5340: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5307: 5305: 5248: 5229: 5191: 5117: 5070: 5032: 4988: 4943: 4904: 4867: 4815: 4722: 4579: 4473: 4422: 4383:Orthography 4361: 4355: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4335:glottal stop 4329: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4253: 4219:glottal stop 4215:Latin script 4212: 4196: 4194:principle). 4167: 4101: 4091: 4083:mexicanismos 4069: 4057: 4045: 4033: 4032:). The word 4022: 4018: 4005: 3993: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3810: 3805:Nahuatl, of 3800: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3771:you-it-carry 3770: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3558:I my-fiancée 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3522: 3507: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3438: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3331: 3328: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3261: 3245:imperfective 3238: 3207: 3171: 3156: 3147: 3054: 3041: 3033: 3025: 3017: 3012: 3002: 2994: 2986: 2981: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2948: 2938: 2933: 2917: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2790:prepositions 2771: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2673: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2635:PL~coyote-PL 2634: 2632:/koː~kojo-ʔ/ 2631: 2621: 2619:/koː~kojo-ʔ/ 2618: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2371: 2356: 2341: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2312: 2309:Phonotactics 2245: 2142:Long vowels 2133: 2125: 2114: 1698:pitch accent 1651: 1578: 1574: 1558: 1393:Percentages 1342: 1340: 1324: 1312: 1300: 1279: 1264: 1250: 1236: 1226: 1211: 1160: 1125: 1115: 1107:ethnohistory 1099: 1082:Tenochtitlan 1078:Lake Texcoco 1058:Azcapotzalco 1043: 1039: 1019:Oto-Manguean 1012: 1008:epigraphical 997: 974: 970:Jane H. Hill 966:Aridoamerica 962: 940: 914: 911:Pipil people 884: 875: 871: 867: 863: 832:Tenochtitlan 803: 800: 755: 738: 737: 729: 724: 720: 718: 709: 689: 687: 652: 646: 640: 634: 622: 616: 611: 604: 598: 597:, including 584: 569: 552: 529: 505:Latin script 502: 496:to become a 494:Tenochtitlan 479: 459: 455: 391: 390: 362: 345: Aztec 333: 238:Aztec script 184:Proto-Nahuan 163: 85: 29: 11766:Tarahumaran 11681:Tübatulabal 11523:(including 11177:Matlatzinca 11009:Tojol-abʼal 10588:Rémi Siméon 10526:22 December 10395:: 115–164. 10234:(1): 3–18. 10176:18 December 9051:: 269–286. 8584:Canger, Una 8558:Canger, Una 8532:Canger, Una 8506:Canger, Una 8476:Canger, Una 8426:Canger, Una 8404:Canger, Una 8250:(1): 9–44. 8234:Boas, Franz 8010:Bright 1990 7994:Bright 1990 7950:www.wdl.org 7897:Canger 2002 7885:Launey 1992 7873:Launey 1992 7626:Haugen 2009 7602:Canger 2001 7590:Suárez 1977 7496:Launey 1992 7440:Launey 1992 7428:Suárez 1977 7416:Launey 1992 7389:Suárez 1983 7377:Canger 1996 7365:Suárez 1983 7337:Launey 1999 7323:, pp. 7321:Suárez 1977 7285:Launey 1992 7273:Launey 1992 7237:Launey 1999 7225:Canger 2001 7213:Launey 1992 7194:Bedell 2011 7174:Launey 1992 7162:Launey 1992 7089:Sischo 1979 6894:Suárez 1983 6882:Suárez 1983 6830:Suárez 1983 6818:Suárez 1983 6764:Canger 1980 6740:Rincón 1885 6588:Canger 2011 6461::240–242); 6347:Suárez 1983 6320:Canger 2001 6268:Canger 2001 6256:Launey 1992 6241:Dakin (2001 6229:Dakin (2001 6185:INALI (2008 6181:Dakin (1982 6015:Canger 1988 5978:Canger 2002 5966:Canger 1980 5936:22 February 5885:, Edinburgh 5756:/ʃokolaːtl/ 5711:lo que tlen 5451:difrasismos 5403:parallelism 5360:icnocuicatl 5316:missionary 5289:Cuauhtitlan 5269:Chimalpahin 5267:written by 4207:Maya script 4171:Maya Script 4146:Mapachtepec 3944:was called 3926:Nahuatlismo 3496:weʔ-wetsi-ʔ 3469:derivations 3461:diminutives 3272:applicative 3249:progressive 3137:(800). The 3071:(1 × 400), 3035:yeˈwaːt͡sin 3019:teˈwaːt͡sin 3007:"he/she/it" 2564:coyote -ABS 2295:assimilated 1380:INEGI (2005 1320:monolingual 1048:culture of 1000:Teotihuacan 936:mela'tajtol 848:mēxihcacopa 797:Terminology 783:La Huasteca 468:1.7 million 377:instead of 149:Uto-Aztecan 12122:Categories 11779:Tarahumara 11312:Portuguese 11212:Texistepec 11147:Chocholtec 11127:Chiricahua 11089:Qʼanjobʼal 11004:Tarahumara 10890:Indigenous 10596:4 February 9568:(4): 1–23. 9274:2 December 8594:: 243–258. 8022:Olmos 1993 7996:, p. 7955:1 February 7466:, p. 7464:Baker 1996 7339:, p. 7105:Amith 1989 7091:, p. 7018:INEGI 2005 7006:INEGI 2005 6906:INEGI 2005 6870:INEGI 2005 6856:, p. 6624:Cline 1993 6117:Vivid Maps 6091:babbel.com 5794:References 5689:The words 5663::312) and 5565:absolutive 5437:difrasismo 5385:Stylistics 5378:yaocuicatl 5314:Franciscan 5230:Among the 5220:Literature 4533:i, y, or j 4485:sometimes 4129:See also: 3920:See also: 3916:Vocabulary 3875:ʣakwa-tiká 3803:Mexicanero 3551:my-fiancée 3533:topicality 3465:honorifics 3453:/tlaːkatl/ 3441:productive 3305:something- 3241:perfective 3191:xiquipilli 3161:) and the 3068:centzontli 3065:(1 × 20), 2684:house -ABS 2599:coyote -PL 2420:something- 1890:Continuant 1770:labialized 1680:, or into 1674:Mexicanero 1638:New Mexico 1607:, and the 1542:1,448,937 1263:; and the 1171:Franciscan 926:Mexicanero 906:mösiehuali 901:Tetelcingo 895:mācēhualli 747:Una Canger 702:Ethnologue 572:morphology 513:chronicles 178:Early form 12105:indicate 11724:Pima Bajo 11611:Kitanemuk 11207:Kaqchikel 11187:Mezcalero 11152:Pima Bajo 11059:Popolocan 10986:Purépecha 10966:Chinantec 10888:Official/ 10570:144639961 10401:0185-1373 10314:(1997) . 10240:0094-5366 10217:162761360 10201:(1885) . 10155:145563657 10115:Amerindia 10047:165270583 10021:(1993) . 9932:162601312 9895:162422341 9731:170339984 9546:145202849 9507:145224238 9476:7 October 9444:163097273 9406:163094506 9366:0071-1675 9360:: 15–64. 9199:cite book 9163:192932283 9132:145068130 9105:: 63–106. 9086:142992381 8898:162616811 8621:143084964 8468:144210796 8396:143091460 8264:145443094 8190:0003-5483 8140:5 October 7756::200–204) 7188:, citing 7056:1099-9809 6994:IRIN 2004 6730::330–331) 6612:Hinz 1983 6484::3–6, 12) 6375:Hill 2001 6243::21–22), 6213:Knab 1980 6201:Boas 1917 6179::42–43), 5908:"Náhuatl" 5777:Kaqchikel 5752:chocolate 5556:noun stem 5454:include: 5297:Five Suns 5252:tlahtolli 5237:tlahtolli 5063:, rarely 4728:(seldom) 4188:syllables 4180:logograms 4176:mnemonics 4158:Huitztlan 4102:Guatemala 4065:cacahuatl 3980:chocolate 3965:chocolate 3942:tomatillo 3843:he-enter- 3840:kalaki-yá 3768:ti-k-wika 3684:we-it-say 3579:titzahtzi 3525:pragmatic 3487:we:-wetsi 3467:, or for 3134:ontzontli 3062:cempoalli 3057:vigesimal 2999:"you pl." 2991:"you sg." 2940:tewaːntin 2924:inclusive 2838:its-in/on 2831:its-in/on 2782:morphemes 2716:my- house 2596:kojo -meʔ 2316:morphemes 2279:fricative 2248:allophony 2242:Allophony 1933:Semivowel 1854:Affricate 1706:/β,d,ɡ,ɸ/ 1648:Phonology 1613:Michoacán 1218:New Spain 1175:Dominican 1062:Colhuacan 1004:Totonacan 661:Nicaragua 657:Guatemala 623:chocolate 545:influence 397:English: 335:Glottolog 302:ISO 639-3 284:ISO 639-2 118:Ethnicity 65:mexikanoh 11984:Pochutec 11949:Huasteca 11851:Corachol 11751:Tepecano 11733:Tepehuan 11695:Southern 11644:Cahuilla 11618:Tataviam 11565:Kawaiisu 11546:Southern 11537:Timbisha 11532:Comanche 11520:Shoshoni 11472:Northern 11352:Japanese 11322:Venetian 11282:Awakatek 11277:Ayapanec 11172:Jakaltek 11162:Lacandón 11142:Huarijío 11105:speakers 11069:Cuicatec 11044:Tepehuán 10997:speakers 10981:Tlapanec 10899:speakers 10897:100,000+ 10830:(2003). 10491:(1962). 10409:48341068 10248:25745734 10193:: 31–45. 10121:: 20–36. 9924:89805456 9887:87656385 9828:(1992). 9806:(1991). 9760:(1978). 9602:(1986). 9576:(1977). 9454:(2001). 9294:31 March 9234:46461036 9036:62217753 8890:88396015 8683:(2001). 8661:(1645). 8586:(2011). 8534:(2001). 8406:(1980). 8338:(1997). 8316:(1985). 8306:93070246 8277:Language 8236:(1917). 8198:30022406 8099:(1996). 7682:7 August 7651:"ocelot" 7545::116–18) 7064:34672647 6975:cite web 6965:31 March 6924::passim) 6696:28 March 5779:capital 5739:mexicano 5707:entender 5695:entender 5510:See also 5407:couplets 5339:and the 5273:Tlaxcala 5259:altepetl 5249:Nahuatl 4330:saltillo 4240:saltillo 4237:for the 4184:phonemes 4152:Mazatlan 4088:toponyms 4053:aztēcatl 4013:āhuacatl 3960:borrowed 3937:xitōmatl 3735:mexicano 3721:entender 3719:āmo tēch 3700:mexicano 3640:entender 3591:ticonētl 3548:no-nobia 3518:pronouns 3514:pro-drop 3455:'man' → 3253:optative 3214:suffixes 3210:prefixes 3155:xiquipil 3131:(400) = 3116:ompoalli 3051:Numerals 2988:ˈtewaːtl 2914:Pronouns 2895:house-in 2888:house-in 2819:my-in/on 2812:my-in/on 2625:~coyote- 2561:kojo -tl 2412:someone- 2283:lenition 2269:or to a 2127:saltillo 1735:Alveolar 1712:Phonemes 1702:Guerrero 1684:, as in 1668:, as in 1658:phonemic 1597:Guerrero 1585:Veracruz 1520:338,324 1516:Veracruz 1503:Tlaxcala 1494:138,523 1481:416,968 1429:221,684 1416:136,681 1412:Guerrero 1197:(1571), 1187:grammars 1132:Saltillo 1118:Tlaxcala 1103:Tlaxcala 888:Mexicano 837:mēxihcah 732:Pochutec 618:chipotle 460:Mexicano 434:-wah-təl 383:Help:IPA 342:azte1234 191:Dialects 12128:Nahuatl 12103:Italics 12071:History 11999:Eastern 11966:Western 11900:Central 11891:Nahuatl 11882:Aztecan 11864:Huichol 11719:Oʼodham 11704:Tepiman 11602:Vanyume 11596:Serrano 11525:Gosiute 11513:Central 11489:Western 11372:Chinese 11367:Italian 11332:Catalan 11302:English 11267:Cochimí 11197:Kʼicheʼ 11192:Ixcatec 11157:Qʼeqchí 11132:Tacuate 11094:Tepehua 11029:Chatino 11024:Huichol 10976:Mazahua 10961:Huastec 10951:Mazatec 10946:Totonac 10936:Zapotec 10911:Nahuatl 10906:Spanish 10562:1753556 10464:(ed.). 10355:(ed.). 10256:1084374 10010:2841871 9987:Bibcode 9774:4977935 9538:1753556 9374:1568281 8760:(ed.). 8673:7483654 8460:1753556 8452:1265112 8388:1753556 8153:(ed.). 7998:passim. 7468:passim. 6858:passim. 6508::335), 6476::161), 6231::21–22) 6227::360), 6183::202), 6096:1 April 6071:1 April 6000:2 April 5817:20 June 5781:Iximche 5731:mexihko 5727:mexihka 5594:. In a 5588:Nahuatl 5575:náhuatl 5551:nāhuatl 5448:. Such 5444:in his 5271:, from 5243:cuicatl 5028:i, y, j 4374:Phoneme 4119:Writing 4097:Mēxihco 4077:ocēlotl 4041:tzictli 4007:avocado 3973:avocado 3870:because 3807:Durango 3705:Nahuatl 3681:tictoah 3573:tzahtzi 3264:valency 3218:subject 3185:tzontli 3128:tzontli 3113:(20) = 3098:ce(n/m) 3004:ˈyewatl 2960:tejamēn 2954:nejamēn 2892:kal-pan 2885:kal-pan 2713:no- kal 2681:kal -li 2483:animate 2382:patient 2378:subject 1978:Central 1808:Plosive 1762:lateral 1757:central 1750:Glottal 1740:Palatal 1642:Arizona 1621:Jalisco 1617:Durango 1605:Morelos 1589:Hidalgo 1569:Tabasco 1565:Durango 1531:50,132 1507:23,737 1468:10,979 1455:18,656 1451:Morelos 1442:55,802 1425:Hidalgo 1403:37,450 1390:Totals 1387:Region 1167:Jesuits 1066:Cholula 1035:calques 993:Huichol 948:History 941:Nahuatl 921:Durango 868:Aztecan 804:Nahuatl 739:Nahuatl 721:Aztecan 710:Nahuatl 690:Nahuatl 648:axolotl 606:chayote 600:avocado 530:Today, 517:codices 511:. Many 392:Nahuatl 379:Unicode 164:Nahuatl 59:mexkatl 35:Nahuatl 11870:Cazcan 11828:Cahita 11810:Eudeve 11801:Opatan 11650:Cupeño 11625:Tongva 11588:Serran 11377:German 11357:Korean 11347:Romani 11342:Arabic 11337:Hebrew 11327:Basque 11307:French 11272:Kiliwa 11262:Olutec 11252:Pápago 11247:Kumiai 11242:Qatoʼk 11237:Cucapá 11222:Kikapú 11217:Paipai 11122:Akatek 11049:Triqui 11019:Amuzgo 10931:Mixtec 10771: 10756: 10741: 10619: 10568: 10560: 10476: 10449: 10426: 10407: 10399: 10367: 10340: 10304:276351 10302: 10292: 10254: 10246: 10238: 10215: 10153: 10102: 10098:–168. 10075: 10045: 10035: 10007: 9930: 9922: 9893: 9885: 9855: 9836: 9814: 9792: 9772: 9746: 9729: 9698: 9675: 9652: 9633: 9614: 9588: 9544: 9536: 9505: 9442: 9404: 9372: 9364: 9334: 9311: 9257: 9249:. 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The 1046:Toltec 909:. The 872:Nahuan 819:Aztecs 725:Nahuan 653:tomato 642:peyote 636:coyote 629:atlatl 482:Mexica 471:Nahuas 260:Mexico 159:Nahuan 122:Nahuas 110:Region 104:Mexico 90:. 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