93:
There is some controversy about where and when Proto-Nahuan was spoken. Following Nahuan ethnohistorical sources describing a southward migration of
Nahuatl speakers, as well as the fact that all other Uto-Aztecan languages are north of the Nahuan languages, the homeland has traditionally been
1155:
1074:
998:
1046:
156:
in which Proto-Uto-Aztecan roots of the shape *CVCV become *VCCV (Proto-Uto-Aztecan *puːli 'to tie' becomes Proto-Nahuan *ilpi 'to tie').
127:
Proto-Uto-Aztecan *u merges with *i in Proto-Nahuan *i (Proto-Uto-Aztecan *muki 'to die' becomes Proto-Nahuan *miki 'to die').
1792:
1750:
124:
Proto-Uto-Aztecan initial *p is lost in Proto-Nahuan (Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pahi 'water' becomes Proto-Nahuan *aː-tla 'water').
1148:
1115:
1054:
1826:
972:
1712:
1395:
1172:
1141:
1253:
17:
146:
142:
138:
131:
118:
1625:
1474:
1007:
1779:
1699:
1666:
1445:
1440:
1204:
78:
1831:
1600:
1491:
121:
before Proto-Uto-Aztecan *a (Proto-Uto-Aztecan *taːka 'man' becomes Proto-Nahuan *tlaːka-tla 'man').
1836:
1196:
153:
1381:
1630:
1707:
1689:
1466:
1164:
1129:. Memoirs of the International Journal of American Linguistics. Vol. 17. Waverly Press.
1674:
8:
1479:
1640:
1419:
1356:
1620:
1551:
1424:
1311:
1091:
1027:
1350:
169:
language, and its words used suffix complexes for a variety of purposes, with several
1684:
1609:
1582:
1528:
1451:
1404:
1344:
1318:
1265:
1237:
1232:
1220:
1111:
1095:
1060:
1050:
1031:
1019:
61:
1679:
1656:
1635:
1564:
1501:
1296:
1288:
1103:
1083:
1072:
Dakin, Karen (1983). "Proto-Aztecan vowels and
Pochutec: an alternative analysis".
1011:
993:
82:
46:
968:
Proto-Uto-Aztecans on their way to the Proto-Aztecan homeland: linguistic evidence
105:, and the Nahuas are the only remainders after a large-scale northward migration.
1729:
1724:
1717:
1615:
1570:
1510:
1336:
1325:
1279:
1225:
1181:
967:
1807:
1734:
1536:
1517:
1485:
181:
Some Proto-Aztecan (i.e., Proto-Nahuan) reconstructions by
Davletshin (2012):
1820:
1559:
1541:
1376:
989:
166:
1064:
1023:
1302:
1258:
102:
1133:
94:
considered to be located to the north of the current area of extension.
113:
The following phonological changes are shared by all Nahuan languages:
98:
1087:
1040:
1015:
170:
130:
Proto-Uto-Aztecan sibilants *ts and *s split into *ts, *ch and *s
1591:
988:
1127:
Typological and
Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan: Phonology
117:
Proto-Uto-Aztecan *t becomes Proto-Nahuan lateral affricate
149:'to walk' becomes Proto-Nahuan *nemi 'to live, to walk').
145:, merged with *e in Proto-Nahuan *e (Proto-Uto-Aztecan
1124:
137:Proto-Uto-Aztecan's fifth vowel, reconstructed as
81:. It is the common ancestor from which the modern
1818:
1125:Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F.; Hale, K. (1962).
1110:. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
27:Reconstructed ancestor of the Nahuan languages
1149:
1075:International Journal of American Linguistics
999:International Journal of American Linguistics
77:) is a hypothetical daughter language of the
1071:
1049:, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas.
1038:
1156:
1142:
1163:
1102:
1042:La evolución fonológica del Protonáhuatl
996:(1978). "Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part I".
1047:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
14:
1819:
1590:
1793:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
1751:Nahuatl language in the United States
1137:
921:Voegelin, Voegelin & Hale (1962)
101:is that Proto-Nahuatl arose within
24:
1108:An overview of Uto-Aztecan grammar
324:*wiːtz (preterit-as-present form)
25:
1848:
973:Journal of Language Relationship
1257:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
13:
1:
900:
160:
97:An alternative hypothesis by
108:
7:
1045:(in Spanish). México D.F.:
1008:University of Chicago Press
966:Davletshin, Albert (2012).
88:
10:
1853:
1713:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
982:
912:Dakin (1982), pp. 25, 67-8
176:
79:Proto-Uto-Aztecan language
1801:
1771:
1743:
1698:
1665:
1649:
1599:
1581:
1550:
1527:
1500:
1465:
1433:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1369:
1335:
1287:
1278:
1246:
1213:
1189:
1180:
1171:
52:
42:
37:
32:
976:, no. 8, 2012 - p.75-92.
1827:Agglutinative languages
1626:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
948:Langacker (1977), p. 23
930:Langacker (1977), p. 23
1631:Central Puebla Nahuatl
939:Dakin (1982), p. 51-62
43:Reconstruction of
1708:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
1690:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
1165:Uto-Aztecan languages
1039:Dakin, Karen (1982).
957:Dakin (1982), p. 62-3
1104:Langacker, Ronald W.
165:Proto-Nahuan was an
1200:(including Bannock)
836:*to-toːnɨ-k ?
676:*yawal-tɨ-k ?
652:*chiːl-tɨ-k ?
1621:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
1475:Downriver Guarijio
1814:
1813:
1808:extinct languages
1780:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1675:Michoacán Nahuatl
1610:Classical Nahuatl
1461:
1460:
1446:Southern Tepehuan
1441:Northern Tepehuan
1390:
1389:
1365:
1364:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1229:
1201:
896:
895:
892:*kos-tɨ-k ?
868:*istaː-kɨ ?
860:*tla-(hi ?)
732:*poːk-tlɨ ?
668:*nelwa-tl ?
173:strung together.
68:
67:
62:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
16:(Redirected from
1844:
1832:Nahuan languages
1680:Coatepec Nahuatl
1657:Huasteca Nahuatl
1641:Ometepec Náhuatl
1636:Guerrero Nahuatl
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1492:Upriver Guarijio
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1285:
1284:
1256:
1223:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1099:
1068:
1035:
994:Ronald Langacker
977:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
913:
910:
186:
185:
148:
144:
140:
133:
120:
85:have developed.
83:Nahuan languages
47:Nahuan languages
30:
29:
21:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1837:Proto-languages
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1797:
1755:
1739:
1730:Tabasco Nahuatl
1725:Isthmus Nahuatl
1718:Orizaba Nahuatl
1694:
1661:
1645:
1616:Morelos Nahuatl
1577:
1546:
1523:
1496:
1457:
1429:
1386:
1361:
1357:Luiseño-Juaneño
1331:
1270:
1242:
1209:
1197:Northern Paiute
1167:
1162:
1118:
1057:
985:
980:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
179:
163:
134:, respectively.
111:
91:
64:
57:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1254:Colorado River
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1100:
1088:10.1086/465782
1082:(2): 196–203.
1069:
1055:
1036:
1016:10.1086/465526
1006:(2). Chicago:
990:Campbell, Lyle
984:
981:
979:
978:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
904:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
886:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
870:
869:
866:
862:
861:
858:
854:
853:
850:
846:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
814:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
766:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
742:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
726:
725:
722:
718:
717:
714:
710:
709:
706:
702:
701:
698:
694:
693:
690:
686:
685:
682:
678:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
646:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
622:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
582:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
550:
549:
546:
542:
541:
538:
534:
533:
530:
526:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
502:
501:
498:
494:
493:
490:
486:
485:
482:
478:
477:
474:
470:
469:
466:
462:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
446:
445:
442:
438:
437:
434:
430:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
414:
413:
410:
406:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
390:
389:
386:
382:
381:
378:
374:
373:
370:
366:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
330:
326:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
294:
293:
290:
286:
285:
284:*-chiːchiːwal
282:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
194:
193:
192:Proto-Aztecan
190:
178:
175:
162:
159:
158:
157:
150:
135:
128:
125:
122:
110:
107:
90:
87:
66:
65:
60:
58:
53:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1849:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1117:0-88312-070-4
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:968-5802-92-0
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
986:
975:
974:
969:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
905:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
795:
792:
791:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
775:
772:*oːn- ?
771:
768:
767:
764:*-kwitla-pɨl
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
751:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:
723:
720:
719:
715:
712:
711:
708:*mo-tlalɨ-ha
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
695:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
671:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
655:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
631:
627:
624:
623:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
607:
604:*toːkaːhɨ-tl
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
543:
539:
536:
535:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
503:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
463:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
407:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
367:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
343:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
287:
283:
280:
279:
275:
272:
271:
267:
264:
263:
259:
256:
255:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
227:
224:
223:
220:*ɨwaː-yoː-tl
219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
196:
195:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
182:
174:
172:
168:
167:agglutinative
155:
151:
136:
129:
126:
123:
116:
115:
114:
106:
104:
100:
95:
86:
84:
80:
76:
75:Proto-Aztecan
73:(also called
72:
63:
59:
54:Reconstructed
51:
48:
45:
41:
38:Proto-Aztecan
36:
31:
19:
1803:
1787:Proto-Nahuan
1786:
1785:
1778:
1608:
1569:
1516:
1509:
1484:
1450:
1349:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1301:
1126:
1107:
1079:
1073:
1041:
1003:
997:
971:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
908:
884:*si/owaː-tl
780:*in- ?
508:*-tlan-kwah
292:*-tla-tɨ-ha
260:*tliːl-tɨ-k
252:*-kɨh-tzoma
198:
180:
164:
112:
96:
92:
74:
71:Proto-Nahuan
70:
69:
33:Proto-Nahuan
18:Proto-Nahuan
1467:Tarahumaran
1382:Tübatulabal
1224:(including
852:*təha-mɨ-t
812:*kwa-wɨ-tl
796:*-nɨnɨ-pɨl
748:*sitlalɨ-m
580:*meːtz-tlɨ
556:*tlaːka-tl
500:*mɨk-tɨ-ha
356:*nakas-tlɨ
297:claw (nail)
244:*toːtoː-tl
103:Mesoamerica
1821:Categories
1480:Tarahumara
1010:: 85–102.
901:References
833:warm (hot)
828:*nɨh-nɨmi
700:*aːch-tlɨ
628:*yowal-lɨ
620:*yankwi-k
612:*kəch-tlɨ
596:*teːn-tlɨ
588:*tɨpeː-tl
548:*atɨmɨ-tl
540:*weheya-k
532:*mo-teːka
444:*yeːk-tlɨ
428:*teːn-tok
412:*patlaːni
404:*mɨ-chɨ-m
396:*tlahi-tl
372:*-kwa-haː
364:*tlaːl-lɨ
236:*wehey(ɨ)
161:Morphology
154:metatheses
1806:indicate
1425:Pima Bajo
1312:Kitanemuk
1096:143920332
1032:143091460
825:walk (go)
716:*eːwa-tl
684:*xaːl-lɨ
636:*yaka-tl
572:*naka-tl
524:*ɨswa-tl
308:*mix-tlɨ
276:*oːmɨ-tl
212:*nɨx-tlɨ
204:*mochɨ-m
171:morphemes
109:Phonology
99:Jane Hill
1685:Pochutec
1650:Huasteca
1552:Corachol
1452:Tepecano
1434:Tepehuan
1396:Southern
1345:Cahuilla
1319:Tataviam
1266:Kawaiisu
1247:Southern
1238:Timbisha
1233:Comanche
1221:Shoshoni
1173:Northern
1106:(1977).
1065:10216962
660:*oh-tlɨ
644:*seː(m)
585:mountain
433:give tr.
316:*sese-k
289:burn tr.
268:*ɨs-tlɨ
89:Homeland
56:ancestor
1804:Italics
1772:History
1700:Eastern
1667:Western
1601:Central
1592:Nahuatl
1583:Aztecan
1565:Huichol
1420:Oʼodham
1405:Tepiman
1303:Vanyume
1297:Serrano
1226:Gosiute
1214:Central
1190:Western
1024:1753556
983:Sources
844:*aː-tl
804:*-tlan
756:*tə-tl
740:*kɨtza
724:*kochɨ
692:*-ɨhta
564:*mɨyak
484:*-yoːl
476:*-kaki
468:*-kwah
452:*-tzom
436:*-maka
420:*-ɨkxɨ
388:*-ɨ?wɨ
385:feather
300:*-ɨstɨ
228:*-ɨhtɨ
177:Lexicon
1571:Cazcan
1529:Cahita
1511:Eudeve
1502:Opatan
1351:Cupeño
1326:Tongva
1289:Serran
1114:
1094:
1063:
1053:
1030:
1022:
889:yellow
820:*oːmə
793:tongue
788:*təha
516:*mati
492:*naha
460:*-mah
380:*-iːx
348:*waːk
340:*-ihi
332:*mɨki
281:breast
1744:Other
1735:Pipil
1537:Yaqui
1518:Opata
1486:Tubar
1413:Pimic
1370:Other
1337:Cupan
1280:Takic
1182:Numic
1092:S2CID
1028:S2CID
881:woman
876:*aːk
865:white
841:water
801:tooth
753:stone
737:stand
729:smoke
721:sleep
673:round
625:night
593:mouth
545:louse
481:heart
361:earth
337:drink
305:cloud
265:blood
257:black
225:belly
209:ashes
199:todos
197:all (
189:gloss
152:Many
147:*nɨmi
1560:Cora
1542:Mayo
1377:Hopi
1205:Mono
1112:ISBN
1061:OCLC
1051:ISBN
1020:OCLC
857:what
809:tree
785:thou
777:this
769:that
761:tail
745:star
713:skin
697:seed
681:sand
665:root
657:road
633:nose
609:neck
601:name
577:moon
569:meat
561:many
537:long
521:leaf
513:know
505:knee
497:kill
473:hear
465:head
457:hand
449:hair
441:good
425:full
417:foot
401:fish
393:fire
321:come
313:cold
273:bone
249:bite
241:bird
217:bark
119:*t͡ɬ
1259:Ute
1084:doi
1012:doi
873:who
817:two
705:sit
689:see
649:red
641:one
617:new
553:man
529:lie
409:fly
377:eye
369:eat
353:ear
345:dry
329:die
233:big
141:or
1823::
1090:.
1080:49
1078:.
1059:.
1026:.
1018:.
1004:44
1002:.
992:;
970:.
849:we
143:*ə
139:*ɨ
132:*ʃ
1574:?
1261:)
1228:)
1157:e
1150:t
1143:v
1120:.
1098:.
1086::
1067:.
1034:.
1014::
489:I
201:)
20:)
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