Nafir - Knowledge

3079: 3019: 2698: 2363: 2811: 2722: 2428: 2627: 129: 2710: 1010: 2647: 2347: 1920: 2686: 608: 2026:

thickenings and a mouthpiece first appeared in a 13th-century sculpture in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela as well as in the Cantigas de Santa Maria from the second half of the 13th century and in other manuscripts. According to Anthony Baines (1976), this is primarily an Indo-Persian and less an Arabic type of trumpet, which was probably distributed with the Seljuks before the First Crusade (from 1095). In the illustration for the Lincoln College Apocalypse (MS 16, in Oxford) from the beginning of the 14th century, the angels blow a very long, narrow-bore trumpet with three thickenings, held horizontally in one hand, such an oversized trumpet plays Man in the Gorleston Psalter (fol. 43v). Jeremy Montagu (1981) highlights the influence of Moorish armies in the Iberian Peninsula, from where the long trumpet, with its Spanish name

631: 998: 658: 693: 2738: 3055: 3067: 3172: 2659: 3112: 2102: 1352: 1328: 1973: 2034: 3180: 3091: 3192: 3043: 1599: 1908: 2671: 878: 3124: 3555: 792: 1316: 1896: 3031: 1022: 6487: 1139: 3267: 6461: 3384: 25: 1086: 897: 1456: 3650:(1932) comment on the sacred importance of musical instruments that the tubular drums and the silver trumpet may only be played when the king is present, meaning that these instruments are held in the highest esteem. The two kettle drums were therefore of the second highest importance at the beginning of the 20th century, they could be sent to a guest of honour on behalf of the king or accompany them. Only those of the 2042: 986: 673: 1431:(1203–1283). The Muslim angel Isrāfīl, who appears as a herald of the Day of Resurrection similar to the Christian archangel Gabriel, blows his trumpet for the Last Judgment. The two spherical ridges on the trumpet are the junctions of the mouthpiece, tube and funnel-shaped bell. They resemble the thickenings on the pipe in Germany and France introduced in the military trumpet 6475: 3146:

trumpets and double-reed instruments from the Arab-Persian tradition in their representative orchestras and as insignia of their power. The instruments were adopted in musical styles that were still mainly rooted in the African tradition. The narrow-bore metal trumpets used by the Hausa in northern Nigeria and in the south are typical. In Nigera they are known as

3314:, with which only one tone is produced, consists of a brass or copper tube averaging 150 centimeters in length, the outer diameter of which is reportedly 16 millimeters. The one-to three-part cylindrical tube widens at the bottom to form a funnel-shaped bell with a diameter of 8 centimeters or more. The funnel-shaped mouthpiece is soldered to the tube. 2066:, which has survived in several versions from the 16th century, is about the conquest of the Muslim city of Alhama by the Catholic Monarchs in 1482, told like a lament from the perspective of the Muslim Emir of Granada. This event marks the beginning of the last military actions against al-Andalus during the 3243:), based on Egyptian models, while the audience stayed silent. In whatever route that oriental trumpets were distributed south of the Sahara, they encountered numerous horns and trumpets already common to sub-Saharan Africa that also served representative purposes, including transverse horns like the 2120:

Curt Sachs (1930) is of the opinion that the oriental trumpet, adopted by the Muslims, was understood by the Christians as a "ceremonial weapon, equal to the standard" and as a "precious trophy in the religious struggle in hard strife... snatched from the enemy" and as due to its princely origins, it

1142:

Elephant with musicians. Arab shadow puppet from Egypt, 14th–18th cent. Century. In the palanquin, a drummer beats the naqqāra pair of kettle drums, while two trumpeters blow būq al-nafīr from the side. According to the Arab historian al-Maqrīzī, elephants, which were probably decorated, led to Cairo

727:

Conical horns have been common across many unassociated cultures, but the straight cylindrical tubed instruments had a narrow range of users who had ties to one another; the Greeks, Egyptians and Romans interacted, as did the Egyptians and Assyrians and the Arabs, Persians, Turkmen and Indians all of

4927:

An important feature of the old music of North India, Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia was that type of ensemble known as the naqqarakhana, named after the kettledrums (naqqara) that were one of its prominent features. The music played by ensembles of this kind can be variously described as royal,

3920:КАРНАЙ - духовой музыкальный инструмент: труба из латуни с прямым, реже коленчатым стволом и большим колоколообразным раструбом. Общая дл. 3 м. (translation: KARNAI - a wind musical instrument: a brass trumpet with a straight, less often angular barrel and a large bell-shaped bell. Total length 3 m.) 2275:

In 1260 A.D. the Egyptian Mamluk army fought and defeated the European Army led by the French King Louis IX in the Sixth Crusade. The Sultan's military band had a certain share in the victory. During the reign of the Mamluk Bahri Dynasty in the 13th century, the Sultan's military orchestras included

2156:

was often tonally different shrill, high-pitched instrument in contrast to the other trumpets, which sound low and dull. An orchestra often consisted of several large and only one or a few small trumpets. This emerges from the written sources in Spain, France and England; trumpets of different sizes

5189:

The instrumentation of late-twentieth-century nobat included one oboe (serunai); one trumpet (nafiri); two gendang, one drumhead, hit with the hand and the other with a stick; one kettledrum (nehara, alternately, nahara and nagara), hit with a pair of rattan sticks; and sometimes one knobbed gong,

1988:

was created in the Baptistery of the Cathedral of Novara. The seven tuba angels announce the plagues for the sins committed by humans with long slender trumpets. In the course of the 12th century, further frescoes were created in Italian churches, on which long trumpets with bells are depicted. The

778:

Tuba-shaped trumpets have been around since the mid-3rd millennium BC. known from illustrations from Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. According to written records, they were blown as signaling instruments in a military context or as ritual instruments in religious cults. As has been demonstrated with

3654:

were allowed to touch the instruments; if someone else blew the trumpet, it should mean instant death for that person by the powerful spirit within the trumpet. It was said that when the king died, drops of sweat would form on the trumpet. In order to maintain this power of the instruments, it was

2085:

Some military musical instruments, including trumpets, mentioned by common Latin names, were taken by Crusaders to the Middle East, where they encountered the military bands there. The eyewitness Fulcher of Chartres was impressed when he reported how the Egyptians jumped ashore from their ships in

3145:

After the Muslim Arabs conquered the whole of North Africa as far as the Maghreb in the 7th century, most of the empires on the southern edge of the Sahara were at least partially Islamized by the 14th century. With the founding of Islamic sultanates, the African rulers adopted kettle drums, long

410:

Similar straight signal trumpets have been known since ancient Egyptian times and among the Assyrians and Etruscans. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the straight-tubed Roman tuba continued to flourish in the Middle East among the Sassanids and their Arabic successors. The Saracens, whose long

4211:

century. Shortly before the turn of that century, a new type of trumpet.. a bent tube with an S-shape...is depicted on a wooden relief from 1397 in Worcester Cathedral...Early evidence of the trumpet with an S-shaped tube in the Orient is in the illuminated manuscript from the year 1486 (Türk ve

3791:

the paintings of the Akbar Nama...these illustrations confirm the fact that the naqqarakhana was intended to refer to a musicians' gallery, assigned to a specific place in Mughal architecture......to indicate the ritual progression of time through the hours of a day ...scenes of court festivity.

1156:(224–651), who banged kettledrums on elephants imported from India. Apart from little reliable evidence for the use of war elephants in the 3rd century, the sources indicate that the Sassanids used elephants in the fight against the Roman army and against the Armenians from the 4th century under 3579:

and were brought directly from Persia. The loudest possible sound of drums, trumpets and conical oboes should be reminiscent of thunder; only with the sound of thunder could a ruler with the necessary legitimacy be installed in his office when there was a change in power. The rulers trace their

1993:

in Formis in Capua are particularly important for the history of musical instruments, because the tuba angels depicted hold straight trumpets with both hands for a very long time, which refers to the influence of Arabic culture after the Norman conquest of Sicily from the Arabs. Under Arabic

977:. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the tubular trumpet (made from sheet metal) was lost to Europe. The technology to bend metal tubes was also lost until the problem was re-addressed by Europeans in about the early 15th century, when illustrations began to appear of trumpets with curves. 2025:

A visible feature of the oriental trumpets were several spherical thickenings (knobs) on the cylindrical tube. A short trumpet with such bulges is depicted on a 12th-century relief on one of the Hindu temples of Khajuraho in northern India. In Europe, this type of trumpet with one to three

3558:

Musical instruments of the nobat, used to inaugurate Sultan Abdul Rahman II (r. 1885–1911) of Terengganu to his office. Photograph from 1885. Background: two cylinder drums gendang, centre: kettle drum nohara, front left: nafiri, front centre: two hump gongs, front right: conical-oboe

2121:

remained a “noble instrument” in Europe as part of the booty. Alfons M. Dauer (1985) contradicts this when he suspects that the combination of trumpets and drums was adopted as a whole and served in Europe with the same purposes of representing and deterring the war enemy.

607: 3078: 937:. The length of the tube could be up to 330 centimeters. The straight cylindrical tuba, which is around 120 centimeters long in the depictions, had a greater influence on posterity than this curved wind instrument. In the Loire Valley, which belonged to Roman 3329:, who practiced snake charmering with music on the square, partly as a public spectacle and partly as a religious exercise. They consider snakes and scorpions to be protective forces. On one occasion five Aissaoua musicians performed with three frame drums 513:. The two may possibly have been the same instrument. However, today a difference can be stated in terms of the instruments' dimensions. The karnay in Tajikistan which reaches 190-210 cm in length tends to have a larger diameter, about 3.3 centimeters. 3449:

orchestras), in Malaysia the king remained head of state and a palace orchestra is used in his presence to this day. Corresponding orchestras are also used in individual Malaysian states to this day on courtly ceremonial occasions and on Muslim holidays.

2626: 2721: 197:

Persian Empire and Arab conquerors spread instrument to India, China, Malaysia, Africa and Andalusia. Wars between Europe and Islamic powers brought horn to Europe. Europeans changed horn by bending it into compact forms, which reinfluenced Islamic

3018: 1948:

angels blowing long, slightly curved horns, the shape of which is reminiscent of Byzantine military horns. Similar curved trumpets, light enough for the musician to hold with one hand but considerably longer than animal horns, are depicted in the

3066: 2697: 630: 783:, of which two specimens survive in good condition from the tomb of Tutankhamen (ruled c. 1332–1323), the long trumpets produced only one or two notes and were not built to sustain the pressure that a very high third note would produce. 2709: 563:

Another confused point about karna versus nafirs concerns S-curved trumpets. Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi described the karnā as curved in an S-shape out of two semicircles which are turned towards each other in the middle - like today's

1678:), for which Çelebi states 77 musicians. Nefir, or nüfür in religious folk music, was a simple buffalo horn without a mouthpiece, blown by Bektashi in ceremonies and by itinerant dervishes for begging until the early 20th century. 3278:

is still occasionally used in Morocco to call out prayer times in Ramadan, unless replaced by a loudspeaker on the minaret. According to tradition, during the fasting month of Ramadan in the old town (Medina) of the big cities, a

1376:(1054–1122) in a manuscript from 1237 shows an Arabic military band with flags and standards in the depiction of the 7th Maqāma. Typical of similar paintings from the 13th century are the paired, largely cylindrical long trumpets 3227:(1304–1368 or 1377) first visited Mogadishu on the east coast of Africa at the beginning of the 14th century, coming from Aden. He reports seeing a procession of the Sultan there led by a military band with drums (tabl), horns ( 1073:

After the reinvention of a metal-tube-bending technology, European trumpets began to use it, and instruments were able to have longer and thinner tubes (bent compactly), creating a huge line of brass instruments, including the

4272:

Paul Kahle : Islamic shadow play figures from Egypt. Part 2. In CH Becker (ed.): The Islam. Journal for history and culture of the Islamic Orient. 2nd volume, Karl J. Trübner, Strasbourg 1911, pp. 143–195, here p.

2685: 2276:

20 trumpets, 4 conical oboes, 40 kettle drums and 4 other drums. The Mamluk army was commanded by 30 emirs, each with their own musicians playing 4 trumpets, 2 conical oboes and 10 drums. The military bands were called

528:

The difference is visible in miniatures, with artists depicting some instruments thinner. Also visible in miniatures is the gradually increasing the bore size (conically), which some karnays have in the same way a

2256:(singular sinj); this orchestra represented an important symbol of representation for the Arab rulers. As the Fatimid Caliph al-ʿAzīz(r. 975–996) invaded Syria from Egypt in 978, he had 500 musicians with bugles ( 2412:(ruled 930–1062). Military commanders and ministers are maintained with their own army. The size of the orchestra was graduated according to the rank of those in power. The orchestras named after the kettle drum 1195:(† 1120) wrote about the parade of a representative Fatimid orchestra at the end of the 11th century, which included trumpeters and 20 drummers on mules. Each drummer played three double-headed cylinder drums ( 4476:

Henry George Farmer: The Music of the Arabian Nights (Continued from p. 185, October, 1944). In: The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, April 1945, pp. 39-60, here p.

3567:, especially the drums, had a magical meaning, which is why some rituals and regulations were associated with them that date back to pre-Islamic times. According to tradition, the ceremonial instruments of 4855: 4768:

Habib Hassan Touma: Indications of Arabian Musical Influence on the Iberian Peninsula from the 8th to the 13th Century. In: Revista de Musicología, Vol. 10, No. 1, January–April 1987, pp. 137–150, here p.

4127:

a ceremonial instrument capable of producing only one or two notes. The lowest note is poor in quality and carrying power...the Egyptian military trumpet signal code was a rhythmic one on a single pitch...

3375:

In contrast to the large number of African trumpet types, traditional trumpets are almost unknown in Southeast Asia. In some places animal horns or snail horns were used as signaling instruments. The name

2646: 347: 2408:, consisting of kettle drums, cylinder drums, cymbals, straight and curved trumpets, and cone oboes, which initially belonged to the privileges of the caliphs and emirs, was soon also permitted under the 516:

The nafir in Morocco averages 150 centimeters in length and a diameter of 1.6 cm on the outside of the tube. According to the Persian music theorist Abd al-Qadir Maraghi (bin Ghaybi, c. 1350–1435), the

1953:

around 820. The numerous representations of conical curved horns follow from the 10th/11th century again conical straight trumpets after Roman model, which are blown by angels. In the epic heroic poem

1384:. The size of the military orchestra subordinate to them was measured according to the ruler's power. A typical large orchestra consisted of about 40 musicians, who, in addition to kettle drums (small 3595:, "state", "state power") has a religious component in the Malay language beyond the worldly power of the king, which refers to the idea of a god-king introduced by the Indians in the 1st millennium ( 2606:

A regulation of privileges as in Persia also existed in the Ottoman Empire. There, in the second half of the 18th century, the sultan's representative orchestra had around 60 members, 12 of whom were

5299: 4291:

Bruce P. Gleason: Cavalry Trumpet and Kettledrum Practice from the Time of the Celts and Romans to the Renaissance. In: The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 61, April 2008, pp. 231–239, 251, here p. 232

2074:). The mentioned expensive metal from which the trumpets are made is said to refer to the luxurious life of the Muslim rulers in al-Andalus and to identify the trumpets as royal instruments. Silver 906:

player on a galloping horse in a Roman battle scene (far left). He wears a helmet and holds the trumpet horizontally with both hands to his mouth. Depicted in a relief of a sarcophagus lid from the

2982:, longer trumpets are used in some regions of India today on ceremonial occasions (temple services or family celebrations), the tradition of which may date back to pre-Islamic times, including the 716:

is a term used for conical horns, whether curved or straight and regardless of the construction material, including shell, bone, ivory, wood and metal. This is important because in Islamic areas,

4051:

It should be understood that the term būḳ was used for all instruments with a conical tube, whether crescent-shaped or straight, irrespective of the material of its facture,—shell, horn, or metal.

3090: 3792:

Rites of births and marriage are invariably accompanied with a specific role assigned to the musicians of the naqqarakhana ...these same instruments of royalty were carried into the battlefield

5076:

Henry George Farmer: Early References to Music in the Western Sūdān. In: The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 4, October 1939, pp. 569–579, here pp. 571f

1201:) mounted on the animals' backs, while the musicians marched in pairs. The musical instruments of these orchestras are listed by the Persian poet Nāsir-i Chusrau (1004 – after 1072): trumpet 348: 5094:

Henry George Farmer: Turkish Instruments of Music in the Seventeenth Century. In: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, January 1936, pp. 1-43, here p. 29

4527:

Henry George Farmer: Turkish Instruments of Music in the Seventeenth Century. In: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, January 1936, pp. 1-43, here p. 28

2658: 4243:

Around 1400 instrument makers learnt to bend the trumpet's tubing: first to an S-shape...soon afterwards with this S-shape folded back on itself to form a loop – a more compact arrangement

5202: 5036: 3445:. While in Indonesia the sultanates on Sumatra lost their independence after the colonial period with independence in 1945 (Java did not have such, choosing to rely on the pre-existing 2098:

were successfully repulsed, the Sultan's military band played a major part in the victory. At that time it consisted of 20 trumpets, 4 cone oboes, 40 kettle drums and 4 cylinder drums.

1940:, curved horns of various sizes and shapes existed, as shown by illustrations, from about the 5th to the 10th century, but hardly any straight trumpets. The mosaic from the apse of the 1175:

maintained huge representative orchestras with trumpet players and drummers. The Fatimid Caliph al-ʿAzīz (r. 975–996) invaded Syria from Egypt in 978 with 500 musicians blowing bugles (

3962:ʿAbdalqādir ibn Ġaibī al-Ḥāfiz al-Marāġī, who died in the year 1435 at Herdt...Cāmi' al-alḥān...The nafir (trumpet) was the longest of its kind. Whatever was longer was known as the 1263:) were used in military. During the rule of the Abbasids (750–1258) larger military orchestras were introduced, which also had ceremonial functions and performed alongside surna and 3682:. (Heinrich Besseler, Max Schneider (ed.): Music history in pictures. Volume III: Music of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Delivery 2) Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Leipzig 1966 4391:

Joachim Braun: Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine. Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids (Michigan) 2002, pp. 292f

3580:

lineage through a son of the last Sultan of Malacca to the kings of ancient Singapore and on to the mythical founder of the Malay empires who once appeared at the sacred site of

2165:

was the only trumpet used by the Egyptians to rise above the noisy wild overall sound of the conical oboes, drums and cymbals, emitting single, piercingly high bursts of sound.

4985: 2437: 4138:

Joachim Braun: Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine. Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids (Michigan) 2002, p. 11

929:

with a cup-shaped mouthpiece made of cast bronze and a stabilizing rod running across the middle. In the Roman Empire (27 BC – 284 AD), the Romans introduced a variant of the

5266:

Richard James Wilkinson : Some Malay Studies. In: Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 10, No. 1 (113) January 1932, pp. 67-137, here pp. 82f

5136:

Patricia Ann Matusky, Tan Sooi Beng: The Music of Malaysia: The Classical, Folk, and Syncretic Traditions. (SOAS musicology series) Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot 2004, p. 240

5214:

W. Linehan: The Nobat and the Orang Kalau of Perak. In: Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 24, No. 3 (156), October 1951, pp. 60–68, here p. 60

540:

was probably mostly a long, cylindrical metal trumpet with a high-pitched sound better suited to signaling than the deeper, duller sound of the conical trumpets such as the

4939:

Gergely Csiky: The Tuzūkāt-i Tīmūrī as a Source for Military History. In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 59, No. 4, 2006, pp. 439–491, here p. 476

3054: 2157:

in an ensemble can hardly be seen in illustrations. The French musicologist Guillaume André Villoteau (1759–1839), who belonged to the group of scholars who took part in

1725:. Henry George Farmer, who emphasized the influence of Arabic on European music in the early 20th century, repeated the 20 instrument names listed by the Andalusian poet 5050:

Amnon Shiloah: Arabic Music. VII. Decentralization and emergence of local styles since the 10th century. 5. Arabic Music in Islamic Africa. In: MGG Online, November 2016

1423:

Another type of trumpet, with a short cylindrical tube, is shown in a Persian miniature in a late fourteenth-century manuscript. The manuscript contains the cosmography

4957:

Henry George Farmer: Meccan Musical Instruments. In: The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 3, July 1929, pp. 489–505, here pp. 498f

407:

is depicted in battle scenes. In Christian culture, it displaced or was played alongside of the curved tuba or horn, as seen in artwork of about the 14th century A.D.

403:

and as a ceremonial instrument in countries shaped by Islamic culture in North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. In Ottoman, Persian and Mugulin miniatures, the

2362: 5145:

Margaret J. Kartomi: The Royal Nobat Ensemble of Indragiri in Riau, Sumatra, in Colonial and Post-Colonial Times. Galpin Society Journal, 1997, pp. 3–15, here pp. 3f

3223:, on the other hand, could have been introduced from the north through the Sahara, up the Nile via the Sudan, or from the east coast of Africa. The Muslim traveler 2070:

that ended in 1492 with the capture of the city of Granada. In the ballad, when the Emir reaches the conquered city, he sounds his silver-made ceremonial trumpets (

1447:

minted between 132 and 135 AD. According to Braun, the unclearly designed thickenings at the upper end of these instruments could also refer to reed instruments.

349: 2810: 1693:. Other Arabic instruments introduced via the Iberian Peninsula or brought with them by the Crusaders have also entered Spanish with their names, including from 4693:

Jan Gilbert: The Lamentable Loss of Alhama in “Paseábase el rey moro”. In: The Modern Language Review, Vol. 100, No. 4, October 2005, pp. 1000–1014, here p. 108

2928:

is a slightly smaller conical oboe found regionally in northern India in folk music. Numerous other regional names for double-reed instruments in India include

2210:

was not yet a war trumpet for the Arabs, but used for the snail horn blown on the Arabian Peninsula. According to the historian Ibn Hischām in the 9th century,

1957:, written in the late 10th or early 11th century, Hygelac, the uncle of the eponymous hero, calls the soldiers to battle with 'horn and bieme'. The Old English 1901:

Christ flanked by the archangels Michael, Gabriel and seven tuba angels. Mosaic of 545 A.D. from the Church of San Michele, Ravenna, in the Bode-Museum, Berlin.

1164:, trumpet players and drummers are mentioned who acted in the battles against the Arabs at the beginning of the 7th century on the backs of elephants. Possibly 3511:

has a conical tube about 70 centimeters long that is made of silver. In the states of Kedah and Perak, the musical instruments are kept in a separate building

2078:

are also a symbol of the luxurious life of the Muslims in other poems about the Spanish reconquest of Granada (genre: romances fronterizos). A ballad entitled

2537: 189:

Earliest known are Egyptian. Greek and Etruscan trumpets from antiquity passed through Romans to Persians. Possibly a Middle East Assyrian tradition as well.

6094: 5592: 1994:

influence, a trumpet corresponding to the Roman tuba was revived in Europe, which first appeared around 1100 in the Old French Song of Roland under the name

2543: 2264:) with him; the sources also report large Fatimid military orchestras on other occasions. Arab authors around this time distinguished the metal trumpets būq 923:

of the Hebrews, these trumpets could only be blown by priests or by a select group of people. The Romans knew from the Etruscans the circularly curved horn

6525: 5306: 5224: 3410: 2516:

in Persia had a long cylindrical tube and a conical bell. A drawing with Turkmen and Chinese influences, probably made in Herat in the 15th century, shows

2272:

centuries, the range of instruments used in military bands became significantly more diverse and the musical possibilities may have expanded as a result.

1726: 5163:

Abu Talib Ahmad: Museums in the Northern Region of Peninsula Malaysia and Cultural Heritage. In: Kemanuslaan, vol. 22, no. 2, 2015, pp. 23–45, here p. 35

5008:

Bigamudre Chaitanya Deva: The Double-Reed Aerophone in India. In: Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 7, 1975, pp. 77–84, here pp. 79f

4759:

Anthony Baines, The Evolution of Trumpet Music up to Fantini. In: Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, Vol. 101, 1974–1975, pp. 1-9, here pp. 8f

4426: 2920:, however, outside the context of Persian representative orchestras is meant cone oboes derived only by name from the Persian trumpet and related to the 2427: 4999:

Reis Flora: Styles of the Śahnāī in Recent Decades: From naubat to gāyakī ang. In: Yearbook for Traditional Music, Vol. 27, 1995, pp. 52–75, here p. 56

3832:Д. Раҳимов. Касбу ҳунарҳои анъанавии тоҷикон. – Душанбе, 2014. – С. 40 - 42 (D. Rahimov. Traditional crafts of Tajiks. - Dushanbe, 2014. - p. 40 - 42.) 3072:

English: Hunting scene near Agra, June/July 1561. Illustration for 1. Akbar-nama, Victoria and Albert Museum, IS. 2:24-1896. Curved trumpet top right.

1474:

It stands for "‘trumpet’, ‘pipe’, ‘flute’, ‘sound’ or ‘noise’, and also as ‘men in flight’ or ‘an assembly of men for warlike or political action.’".

4634:

Adriano Peroni: The Baptistery of Novara. architecture and painting. In: ICOMOD - Issues of the German National Committee, Vol. 23, 1998, pp. 155-160

128: 4625:

Heinrich Hüschen: Isidore of Seville. In: Friedrich Blume (ed.): Music in the past and present, 1st edition, volume 6, 1957, column 1438, table 64

2372:

trumpets from Tajikistan. The largest trumpets are karnay. The middle size trumpet is the nafir. The trumpet with an s-curve may have been called

1192: 2614:). Such orchestras, which belonged to the high dignitaries, traveled with them and otherwise played every day before the three times of prayer ( 415:, were ultimately responsible for reintroducing the instrument to Europe after a lapse of six hundred years. The straight trumpet type, called 4545:

Henry George Farmer: Historical Facts for the Arabian Musical Influence. William Reeves, London 1930, p. 13; Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 106

2214:

in previous centuries referred only to the war trumpet of the Christians and the wind instrument for the call to prayer among the Jews (the

181:– There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips; end-blown trumpets – The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.) 5844: 3245: 2283:

Arabic sources provide information about the names and approximate shape of the oriental trumpets in the late Middle Ages. The Arabic name

917:

In ancient times, war and ritual trumpets were widespread throughout the Mediterranean region and from Mesopotamia to South Asia. Like the

4458:

Hermann Möller : Comparative Indo-European-Semitic dictionary. (1911) 2nd edition: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1970, p. 227

1009: 1919: 3554: 2904:, about the hero of the same name and a caste of cowherds in the 12th century, was written either by the early 15th century Telugu poet 2346: 1272: 824:

also stands for an animal horn, which is used in different ways, but only in one place (Josh 6:5 EU) for a horn blown to produce sound.

5127:

Theodore C. Grame: Music in the Jma al-Fna of Marrakesh. In: The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 1, January 1970, pp. 74–87, here p. 83

4382:

Bernhard Höfele: Military Music. III. Field Music in the Middle Ages. In: MGG Online, November 2016 ( The Music Past and Present, 1997)

1276: 1197: 1832: 6087: 5890: 5585: 3368: 2670: 2431:

Battle between the army of Shah Ismail and the Aq Qoyunlu, Safavid Qazvin or Isfahan, circa 1590-1600. Nafirs are in the top corners.

2198:

in the Maghreb, which is a result of the eight centuries of cultural encounters (until 1492) between al Andalus and Christian Spain.

1860: 1813: 1463:

has been applied to Turkish buffalo horns or horn shaped instruments. These are from the 19th century. Mevlânâ Museum, Konya, Turkey.

1300: 5279: 1160:(ruled 309–379). The Sassanids also used trumpets to call the start of battle and the troops to order. In the Persian national epic 865:

in the medieval Arabic texts for a straight or curved trumpet with a conical tube (for the exact origin of the ancient trumpets see

6518: 1844: 585:) by ʿAbdalqādir ibn Ġaibī (died 1435). It is often paired with a slender straight trumpet in miniatures. Miniatures that show the 544:. The tonal difference was illustrated in the vocabulary of the Iraqi historian Ibn al-Tiqtaqa (1262–1310), according to which the 2449:

over the Iranian highlands in the second half of the 14th century and was apparently originally written in a Turkic language. The

1284: 838:, which later appears in the Book of Daniel (written 167–164 BC) as a musical instrument (trumpet made of clay or metal). In the ( 3042: 2136:, "little ox"), there were only straight trumpets in Europe, no twisted ones. Two sizes of straight trumpets were distinguished: 997: 3607:, "king") and ascribes divine power over his people to the sultan. According to the notion that is still widespread today, this 2737: 728:

whom had the cylindrical straight tubed trumpet, before it was further developed by medieval and early Renaissance Europeans.

692: 7047: 7037: 5182: 4445:

Idiomatic Sentences in the English, Gujarati, and Persian Languages, the Whole in Oriental an Roman Characters in Seven Parts

3643: 1941: 2833:

It included 63 instruments, two thirds of which were different drums. Wind instruments were added: 4 straight long trumpets

2457:), drums and trumpets, according to their rank. Each of the twelve emirs accordingly received a banner and a cauldron drum ( 7057: 7032: 6080: 5578: 3708:

Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary. A complete, authoritative encyclopedia of instruments throughout the world

560:). A writer in 1606, Nicot, said the trumpet was treble when compared with other trumpets that only played tenor and bass. 3441:(r. 1424–1444) converted to Islam. A little later most of the sultanates in North Sumatra and Malaysia had adopted such a 1283:(singular sindsch). Arabic authors in the late Abbasid period distinguished brass instruments between the coiled trumpet 1168:

took over the situation in his time, for which mounted war musicians are otherwise documented, in the historical account.

7062: 7052: 7042: 6511: 5292: 4493: 4156:

Illustrated in: Piotr Bieńkowski: Representations of the Gauls in Hellenistic Art. Alfred Hölder, Vienna 1908, Plate VIIb

1443:

type, Joachim Braun (2002) mentions the depiction of two short wind instruments with funnel-shaped bells on an Israelite

1245:(1332–1406), the musical instruments mentioned were still unknown in early Islamic times. Instead, the square frame drum 657: 4654: 1587:(reigned 1757–1774) had volunteers assembled before the war against Russia (1768–1774) in a general call to arms called 6534: 1980:

The straight long trumpet with a bell-shaped bell is depicted along with other wind instruments in a manuscript of the

3778: 3615:. The law of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate in the 19th century dictated that every person had to stand still as soon as a 2769:

From the 8th century onwards, Arab-Persian military music came to northern India with the Muslim conquerors. The name

2058:

was the name of a trumpet in Spanish from the 13th to the 15th century, which was considered "trompeta de los moros" (

941:, two celtic long trumpets with cylindrical bronze tubes that could be dismantled into several parts were excavated. 636:

Musicians advance behind Emperor Humayun defeating the Afghans. One straight-tubed nafir trumpet, one S-curved karnay.

4036: 4018: 3888: 3870: 2955:

Mughal-era representative orchestras have disappeared in India since the early 20th century. What remains are simple

1591:, so as not to be exclusively dependent on the professional army of the janissaries. This was distinguished from the 158: 108: 6996: 4492:

Müge Göçek, F. (2012). ""Nefīr"". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).

89: 4017:

Farmer, H.G. (1960). "Būḳ". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

3974:). If the centre of the tube of a trumpet was turned back upon itself—in a flattened 'S' shape—it was known as the 3869:

Farmer, H.G. (1960). "Būḳ". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

1524:

and the long trumpet so referred to spread with Islamic culture in Asia, North Africa and Europe. Even before the

1191:

resigned the successor of the last Fatimid caliph. During his time as Sultan of Egypt (until 1193), the historian

61: 1670:

was a straight trumpet that was played in Constantinople by only 10 musicians and had fallen behind the European

5227:. In: Jurnal ASWARA. Akademi Seni Budaya dan Warisan Kebangsaan, Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2010, pp. 38–48, here p. 41 3259:

may have replaced a long wooden ceremonial trumpet which survives among the Hausa in a short version called the

4684:

Jeremy Montagu: History of Musical Instruments in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Herder, Freiburg 1981, p. 41

3096:

Illustration (detail) for the Akbarnama in the Golestan Palace Library (circa 1590 A.D.). Trumpets, to left.

3030: 46: 2182:). Short trumpet blasts are produced at a very fast tempo at a height of up to d, above the vocal parts. The 68: 5725: 4790:

Henry George Farmer: A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century. Luzac & Co., London 1929, p. 154

4655:"Olifan, Graisles, Buisines and Taburs: The Music of War and the Structure and Dating of the Oxford Roland" 3171: 6424: 6103: 5763: 5601: 5237: 4443: 4402: 954:. The difference between the straight and curved trumpets was presumably less in form than in use. While 797:

Art from the Arch of Titus (circa 81 A.D.) showing the Chazozra trumpets, carried away by Roman soldiers.

6124: 3995: 3933: 6408: 4515:

Laurence Picken : Folk Musical Instruments of Turkey. Oxford University Press, London 1975, p. 482

3117:

Three-piece brass trumpet nafīr, blown in Morocco in Ramadan. Total length 176 centimeters, before 1955

3111: 2101: 1342: 1078:

trumpet. The bent tube instruments moved into Persian and Turkish countries and to India, becoming the

1053:, pre-13th century European trumpets were shaped like oxen horns until encounters with Islamic armies' 75: 2033: 6644: 6491: 6059: 5419: 3611:

should also be included in the insignia of the sultan, which includes the musical instruments of the

2804: 1444: 1351: 1327: 1109: 702: 224: 5253:

Malay magic : being an introduction to the folklore and popular religion of the Malay Peninsula

5205:. In: International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2011, pp. 19-35, here p. 26 5104: 3219:

may have arrived in the Maghreb on its way along the African Mediterranean coast to al-Andalus. The

2037:

Miniature with two Spanish añafiles in the Cantigas de Santa Maria, second half of the 13th century.

1972: 743:

The former and their later replicas made of wood or metal (such as the Northern European Bronze Age

4201:(1). Research Center for Music Iconography, The Graduate Center, City University of New York: 3–8. 3846:

Anthony Baines: Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments. JB Metzler, Stuttgart 2005, p. 216, sv "Nafīr"

3438: 3357:

can also be played as processional music at weddings, circumcisions and other family celebrations.

2727:

Nafir or karna trumpets, from the Tarikh-i 'alam-ara-yi Abbasi of Iskander Bayg Munshi, circa 1650.

2195: 2090:). In 1250, the Christian army attempted the Sixth Crusade under the leadership of the French King 1990: 6553: 4282:

Michael B. Charles: Elephant ii. In the Sasanian Army. In: Encyclopædia Iranica, December 15, 1998

4227:

Margaret Sarkissian; Edward H. Tarr (2001). "Trumpet (Fr. trompette; Ger. Trompete; It. tromba)".

3425:

was taken to Temasek, now Singapore, on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. According to the

3179: 2520:

playing music in paradise, playing a round frame drum with a tambourine ring, a bent-necked lute (

2186:

singing is stylistically linked to the medieval Portuguese cantiga ("song") and the singing forms

1984:

from this period. A little later, at the beginning of the 12th century, the wall painting with an

1097:

has been connected to the names used for a variety of unrelated horns and trumpets, including the

57: 6965: 6434: 5720: 3647: 3380:, taken from the Dutch, does not mean a trumpet in Indonesia, but a rare double-reed instrument. 2393:

are all names for reed instruments of the oboe family, so caution must be used calling a trumpet

1730: 35: 4870:

Henry George Farmer: Ṭabl-Khāna. In: Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition, Volume 10, 2000, p. 35b

3387:

Balai Nobat in Alor Setar. The ceremonial orchestra of the Sultan of Kedah is kept in the tower.

933:

with a narrower tube in the shape of a G in the military bands. This is pictured as a relief on

804:

Among the early ritual instruments mentioned in the Old Testament is the curved ram's horn, the

468:

in which the straight tube was bent into a loop, influenced by such European instruments as the

6970: 4536:

Robert Stevenson, Spanish Music in the Age of Columbus. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1960, p. 22

3405: 3215:

was no longer understood as a trumpet, but as an animal horn. From this time the metal trumpet

2299:

means "trumpet/horn" and "war signal". A distinction must be made between the straight trumpet

1424: 907: 747:) are attributed to the natural horns, while Curt Sachs (1930) suspected the origin of today's 647: 450: 399:

with a cylindrical tube and a conical metal bell, producing one or two notes. It was used as a

42: 5019: 4891: 4840: 4566: 4238: 4002:

trumpet...conical bore...originally a *natural horn, the būq was subsequently made of metal...

3756: 3207:, now found primarily in Morocco, and was probably spread in other ways. When the Arabic name 2664:

Kay Khusrau kills Aila. Baysungur's Shahnama. Painted 1430. The Gulistan Palace Museum, Tehran

1067:. As Europeans developed these into bent-tubed instruments, Islamic instruments followed suit. 966:

presumably served as a signal trumpet in the camp, for example at the changing of the guard.

485:

played in Ramadan), and Malaysia (as a representative instrument of the sultanates the silver

6439: 6335: 5949: 5061: 4990:. In: National Center for the Performing Arts Quarterly Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1979, pp. 1-7 3469:, head diameter 40 centimetres), which are not played in pairs here, two double-headed drums 1505:

with the context of meaning "to breathe" and this is via the common Proto-Indo-European root

1104: 2547:(“Sense of Melodies”) was written at the beginning of the 15th century the straight trumpet 736:

Trumpet instruments originally consisted either of relatively short animal horns, bones and

6747: 6047: 5834: 5487: 5375: 4147:

Jeremy Montagu, Musical Instruments of the Bible. Scarecrow Press, Lanham 2002, pp. 56f, 97

3675:. (Contributions to Jazz Research Vol. 7) Academic Printing and Publishing House, Graz 1985 2532: 2105: 2015: 1937: 1733:

from the second half of the 13th century and the names mentioned in the verses of the poet

1540:

and the Arab countries in the course of their conquests. In the Arabic version of the tale

1491:

was also part of a military term in 19th century Persia for all troop members to assemble (

1207: 1075: 469: 296: 170: 6129: 5640: 4881: 4828: 4556: 4228: 3746: 3283:

wind blower goes through the streets at nightfall and gives the signal to break the fast (

2715:

Nafir trumpets, from the Tarikh-i 'alam-ara-yi Abbasi of Iskander Bayg Munshi, circa 1650.

2571:

for "(brass) wind instrument" apparently did not denote a trumpet, but in the combination

1287:

and the straight nafīr. The woodwind instruments of the time included the reed instrument

8: 6235: 6063: 6051: 5803: 5445: 4340: 3642:). They have a hereditary status and a lineage lost in ancient times and mythical tales. 3191: 2581: 2222: 1428: 1288: 1253: 866: 254: 5251: 1653:(“trumpeter”) is understood today in Turkish folk music as a spirally wound bark oboe. 6699: 6563: 6429: 6152: 5683: 5678: 5663: 5380: 4202: 4118: 3703:. In: Journal of International Library of African Music, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1982, pp. 48-72 3519:, "drum house" of the Mughal palaces), otherwise in a separate room in the palace. The 2819: 2746: 2691:

Archangel Israfel blows nafir, from Al-Qazwinis The Wonders of Creation, Or 4701 fol38v

1631:

means "trumpet/horn" and "war signal". In military music, the straight natural trumpet

1598: 1338: 1132: 1033:

With the exception of some early straight-tubed European instruments such as the Greek

934: 737: 683: 310: 203: 5465: 3952:

Henry George Farmer (December 1962). "ʿAbdalqādir ibn Ġaibī on Instruments of Music".

3491:(in the latter two large gongs are added), while in Terengganu the cymbals are called 1852:

refers to a long trumpet that still exists in Morocco today. The trumpet was known as

7067: 6944: 6929: 6883: 6793: 6752: 6187: 6111: 5972: 5609: 5426: 5178: 4042: 4032: 4028: 3894: 3884: 3880: 3434: 3396: 2990:

in Tamil Nadu in southern India. The most widespread is the semi-circular trumpet or

2972: 1907: 1321:

Islamic artwork from Mameluke Dynasty showing an Archangel blowing the nafir trumpet.

1268: 970: 400: 5203:

Distant Drums and Thunderous Cannon: Sounding Authority in Traditional Malay Society

3429:("Malay Annals"), a historical work probably first written in the 17th century, the 6393: 6305: 6144: 5919: 4887: 4836: 4562: 4234: 4110: 4024: 3876: 3752: 3418: 2866: 2178: 2158: 1749: 178: 163: 139: 82: 3317:

Theodore C. Grame (1970) heard among the musicians who regularly performed on the

1657: 7001: 6659: 6444: 6250: 5779: 5407: 5319: 4975:

F. Müge Göçek: Nefīr. In: Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition, Vol. 8, 1995, p. 3b

4255: 3581: 3551:) made of rattan. The trumpet is 89 centimeters long and is made of pure silver. 2778: 1950: 1828: 1055: 396: 330: 305: 6134: 5708: 3655:

the king's duty to perform a magical renewal ceremony every two to three years.

2837:

made of "gold, silver, brass or other metal", 3 smaller straight metal trumpets

2287:

was first mentioned by the Seljuks in the 11th century. The original meaning of

2280:("Drum House") because they were kept in a room in the main gate of the palace. 877: 768: 259: 6975: 6711: 6162: 5713: 5517: 5472: 3426: 3399:

with the spread of Indo-Islamic culture. The first small Muslim empires with a

3123: 2883: 2575:

indicated a reed instrument made of metal. A single-reed instrument was called

2113: 1999: 1966: 1568: 6172: 6072: 5570: 4917:

John Baily (1980). "A description of the naqqarakhana of Herat, Afghanistan".

2453:

gives details of the insignia of the military leaders, consisting of banners (

2129:

were terrifying images that continued to be associated with this instrument.

1976:

Buisine player and religious figure, Manuscript of Saint-Esprit 1450-1460 A.D.

1848:

orchestras in Persia and northern India at the beginning of the 20th century,

1662: 1357:

Caravan of pilgrims making music with drums and two shorter conical trumpets (

1128: 552:) the trumpet, while the player of the conical trumpet, here referred to as a 7026: 6873: 6503: 6465: 6388: 6310: 6055: 6017: 5658: 5435: 5335: 5284: 3318: 3184: 3165: 2971:) at a few Muslim shrines in Rajasthan, including the tomb of the Sufi saint 2827: 2758: 2521: 2409: 2126: 1525: 851: 315: 16:

Natural trumpet, dates to ancient/medieval periods, straight tube with a bell

4079: 2789:

developed into splendid representative orchestras at the ruling houses. The

2305: 1602: 1576: 1548:

occurs only in one passage as a single trumpet, played together with horns (

1315: 973:

tradition, with the instruments curving as animal horns, much as the Roman

456: 7006: 6798: 6773: 6639: 6479: 5544: 5529: 5315: 5105:"Nafir trumpet, Fès, Morocco, ca. 1975, and Kakaki, Konni, Niger, ca. 1975" 4555:

Edward H. Tarr (2001). "Fanfare (Fr. fanfare; Ger. Fanfare; It. fanfara)".

3913: 3689:. In: The Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition, Vol. 1, 1960, pp. 1290b–1292a 2871: 2799: 1529: 1369: 1046: 925: 887: 530: 440: 274: 239: 5864: 4046: 3898: 2703:

Faridun Embraces Manuchihr. Painted circa 1525. (Upper left, right middle)

2291:

was "call to war", which is why the corresponding trumpet used was called

1509:(derived from this also "snort, snort") connected to the ancient Egyptian 1060: 791: 7011: 6649: 6368: 6353: 6315: 6300: 6295: 6280: 6027: 6022: 5554: 3488: 3224: 2082:

states: "añafiles, trompetas de plata fina" ("Trumpets of Fine Silver").

2067: 1743: 1623:). In 1529, the “Turkish field clamor” reached Vienna for the first time. 1584: 1242: 1117:

in India (a regional name of the S-shaped curved trumpet, which includes

812: 411:

metal trumpets greatly impressed the Christian armies at the time of the

4257:

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425), fol. 316v, Text

4206: 4190: 3295:) before sunrise. In the 17th century in the Maghreb there was also the 2826:, unnamed horn with s-curve, (middle) a short nafir, (bottom) two pairs 2125:

depictions of the trumpet calling down the end of the world before the

1895: 1635:

is distinguished from the general Turkic word for "tube" and "trumpet,"

6924: 6689: 6669: 6598: 6573: 5502: 5431: 5414: 4122: 4098: 3152:

and with similar names further afield in the western Sudan region. The

2900: 2442: 2122: 1985: 1682: 1038: 1021: 839: 764: 679: 497:

is similarly used in Iran, Tajikistan Uzbekistan and Rajistan, and the

422: 6192: 6182: 5688: 5280:

Ysabel's Notebook, timeline of trumpets, ideas to look up for article.

3084:

Page from Tales of a Parrot (Tuti-nama)- 1655. Cleveland Museum of Art

2975:

in Ajmer, where — following tradition — they appear at the entrances.

2777:

and similar variations) became common with the coming to power of the

2652:

Musicians pursuing, in fight where Bahram Recovers the Crown of Rivniz

2424:

were given representative functions in addition to the military ones.

763:

The simple straight trumpets are called tuba-shaped, derived from the

438:

belonged to the Persian military bands and representative orchestras (

6853: 6403: 6139: 5880: 5784: 5635: 5534: 5492: 5402: 5385: 5360: 3322: 3266: 3004: 2232:

In the 10th century, the military orchestra, composed of the trumpet

2173: 1734: 1373: 1161: 1157: 1138: 1124: 371: 4114: 3383: 2054: 2010:, while the Franks themselves used trumpets shaped as animal horns ( 1823: 417: 354: 214: 24: 6934: 6919: 6863: 6684: 6679: 5630: 5549: 5539: 5497: 5365: 3326: 2905: 2750: 2353: 2091: 1926: 1537: 1165: 1153: 919: 883: 752: 412: 325: 234: 6383: 3779:"Music and Musical Instruments in the Paintings of the Akbar Nama" 2616: 1455: 1152:

The history of mounted military musicians begins with the Persian

1082:

in Turkish, showing up in artwork in the 15th and 16th centuries.

6949: 6939: 6858: 6848: 6843: 6823: 6742: 6694: 6654: 6593: 6588: 6548: 6373: 6260: 6202: 5997: 5992: 5854: 5737: 5507: 5390: 5355: 5340: 5330: 4987:

Music and Musical Instruments in the Paintings of the Akbar Nama.

4226: 3575: 3446: 3304: 2854: 2676: 2531:

After the detailed description of Persian musical instruments in

2095: 1954: 1737:(around 1283 – around 1350), all of Arabic origin. These include 1645: 1536:

along with other military musical instruments westward as far as

1292: 1188: 1172: 1099: 1064: 1050: 1034: 896: 772: 748: 663: 617: 613: 264: 219: 6157: 3527:) in Alor Setar is composed of seven instruments: a kettle drum 3156:

is an extremely long, thin trumpet related to the Central Asian

1738: 1085: 740:

horns or of long, rather cylindrical tubes of wood and bamboo.

6980: 6914: 6909: 6893: 6888: 6828: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6757: 6634: 6629: 6608: 6603: 6568: 6558: 6348: 6325: 6270: 6225: 6002: 5905: 5849: 5839: 5789: 5703: 5524: 5512: 5455: 5450: 5370: 5345: 5041:. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection, 1816, Spring 2014 3523:

of the Palace of Kedah displayed in the State Museum of Kedah (

3479: 3414: 3289:), as well as early in the morning it announces the last meal ( 3148: 3130: 2998: 2846: 2815: 2369: 2313:, which derives from European influence in later time. Spanish 1854: 1514: 1143:

in the 14th/15th Century the procession in front of the sultan.

1119: 950: 857:, thus reinterpreting it as a straight metal trumpet. The word 830: 806: 780: 767:. Other straight trumpets in antiquity were the Etruscan-Roman 699: 621: 566: 510: 498: 494: 481: 434: 320: 269: 249: 244: 229: 4880:

John Baily; Alastair Dick (20 January 2001). "Naqqārakhāna ".

3673:

Tradition of African wind orchestras and the emergence of jazz

3303:, a European single-wind trumpet presumably equivalent to the 2814:

Musicians of the Akbar's naqqāra-khāna. From the left, (top):

1368:

A miniature illustrated by Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti for the

475:

The instruments retain ceremonial functions today in Morocco (

6878: 6868: 6838: 6737: 6732: 6706: 6674: 6664: 6583: 6363: 6290: 6285: 6265: 6255: 6245: 6217: 6212: 6197: 6177: 5987: 5982: 5900: 5895: 5859: 5829: 5824: 5747: 5698: 5693: 5673: 5559: 5482: 5395: 5350: 3569: 3500: 3291: 3285: 3251: 3239:) played the same instruments, but reinforced by cone oboes ( 3135: 2992: 2794: 2762: 2742: 2591: 2524:) and a long cylindrical trumpet. What is unusual about this 2517: 2446: 2389: 2382: 2238: 1795: 1615: 1606: 1439:) in the 13th century. As a possible early precursor of this 1295:, the cone oboe surnā, the longitudinal flutes made of reed ( 1264: 1213: 291: 279: 5172: 5085:

KA Gourlay: Farai. In: Grove Music Online, February 11, 2013

3024:

Circumcision ceremony for Akbar's sons. (Bottom left corner)

2441:

became known in Persian in the Mughal Empire in the time of

1481:

was the "call to war" Hence the military trumpet was called

985: 755:

to be the straight natural trumpets made of bamboo or wood.

720:

could mean a number of different instruments, including the

6833: 6803: 6716: 6613: 6398: 6012: 5668: 5440: 5060:

Brandily, Monique (1984). "Gashi". In Sadie Stanley (ed.).

3060:

Chester-Beatty Akbarnama, kept in the Cincinnati Art Museum

2823: 2754: 2356:'s Parable of the Ship of Shi'ism. Painted circa 1530-1535. 2252: 2132:

Up until the 14th century, except for hunting horns (Latin

1944:

in Africisco in Ravenna, consecrated in 545, depicts seven

1595:, the military mobilization of a selected group of people. 1280: 1259: 1227: 938: 3503:

lutes due to Thai influence. Brunei's two orchestras, the

2481:) received the banner tug (with a ponytail) and a trumpet 2221:

Instead, the early Islamic Arabs used the reed instrument

672: 666:

player, on Terracotta kylix (drinking cup), circa 500 B.C.

133:

Moroccan brass nafīr. Length 110 centimeters, before 1978.

6378: 6358: 6320: 6275: 6207: 6167: 6032: 6007: 5977: 5885: 5742: 5732: 5460: 4578:

Published in print: 20 January 2001Published online: 2001

3453:

The orchestras usually consist of one or two kettledrums

3175:

Kakaki musical instruments players from Northern Nigeria.

2781:

from 1206 A.D. In addition to their military duties, the

2600: 2473:

stands for a military unit of 10,000 men) and the banner

2321:

for a medieval Spanish long trumpet, and the German word

2226: 2086:

1123 with loud shouts and the blowing of brass trumpets (

2041: 1685:, the Spanish adopted the trumpet under the Spanish name 1649:), which is due to European influence, while the derived 1361:) on the way to Mecca. Baghdad 1237. (BNF ms. arabe 5847) 1296: 1247: 1233: 1042: 944:

In late Roman times, a trumpet bent in a circle like the

744: 4441: 3710:. Country Life Limited, London 1966, p. 356f, sv “Nafīr” 3701:

Long Trumpets of Northern Nigeria - In History and Today

2797:(r. 1556–1605) existed according to the court chronicle 624:, in which the tube is conical rather than cylindrical. 5020:"अजमेर-Ceremonies from The Holy Shrines of Ajmer-اجمير" 4879: 4174:

James W McKinnon: Buccina. In: Grove Music Online, 2001

4084:. British Broadcasting Corporations (BBC). April 2011. 1605:, Ottoman miniature circa 1568. The musicians play two 969:

Curved trumpets and horns and hornpipes may fit into a

758: 3547:, a brass gong and a 1.8 meter long ceremonial staff ( 1913:

Horn player with tuba. Utrecht Psalter around 820 A.D.

1729:(† 1231) from Seville, in the Spanish song collection 1205:(according to Henry George Farmer, a twisted trumpet, 828:

is rendered in the Aramaic translations of the Bible (

820:) made of hammered silver sheet. In the Hebrew Bible, 678:

Roman military trumpeters with straight long trumpets

616:

musicians retreat ahead of the army of Moghul Emperor

421:

in Spanish, also entered medieval Europe via medieval

2049:. 1950 replica in the Museu de la Música de Barcelona 1059:

inspired creation of instruments such as the Spanish

4341:"The Archangel Israfil late 14th–early 15th century" 3813:...it also spread to India where it is known as the 2986:

in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand and the

2599:. In the first place with Abd al-Qadir is the flute 509:

The nafir has been compared to another trumpet, the

432:

and the straight or S-curved, conical metal trumpet

428:

From the Middle Ages to the early 20th century, the

5238:

Orang Kalur - Musicians of the Royal Nobat of Perak

5225:

The Royal Nobat of Perak - Between Daulat and Music

5066:. Vol. 2. London: MacMillan Press. p. 26. 4907:

Alastair Dick: Nagāṙā. In: Grove Music Online, 2001

4808:

Christian Poché: Būq. In: Grove Music Online , 2001

4222: 4220: 3951: 448:) and were common as far as the Malay Archipelago ( 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4394: 3987: 2860:Early evidence of the wind instrument designation 2567:for the twisted Turkish trumpet). The Arabic name 5154:Patricia Ann Matusky, Tan Sooi Beng, 2004, p. 241 4853: 3413:on the northern tip of Sumatra and the island of 3211:referred to a metal trumpet in the 11th century, 2620:) and on the occasion of special secular events. 1872:is one name among many for a short conical oboe. 7024: 4217: 3925: 3694:A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century 3666:Brass Instruments. Their History and Development 2870:by the 12th and 13th century historian and poet 6102: 5600: 5063:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 5017: 4610:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 4407:. New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 356. 4404:Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary 4212:Islam Eserleri Müzesi, Istanbul, T1964, f.32r 4000:. New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 73. 3997:Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary 3935:Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary 3918:. Vol. 2. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia. 1974. 3809:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 3744: 3235:). At the sultan's palace, this military band ( 2753:. From left: unknown trumpet (possibly nafir), 1575:was part of the instruments of military bands ( 6533: 5314: 4826: 4554: 4491: 4424: 4188: 4096: 3938:. New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 15. 3623:deserved respect as an instrument bearing the 1345:from the 1237 manuscript (BNF ms. arabe 5847). 731: 6519: 6088: 5586: 5300: 5173:Terry E. Miller; Sean Williams, eds. (2008). 4786: 4784: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4400: 3993: 3931: 2886:(c. 1141–1209) mentions the wind instruments 2849:) in the shape of cow horns and 9 cone oboes 2535:'s (circa 1350–1435) music-theoretical works 2493:in the Ottoman Empire) received two banners ( 2094:to conquer Egypt. As the Christians from the 1656:In the 17th century, when the Ottoman writer 4548: 4523: 4521: 4012: 4010: 3802: 3800: 2679:blowing nafir, early 15th century miniature. 2551:was distinguished from the S-curved trumpet 577:The S-curved instrument was identified as a 444:), which were played in Iran, India (called 5038:Study of Nagara Drum in Pushkar, Rajasthan. 4903: 4901: 3745:Christian Poché (2001). "Būq (Iran. bāq)". 3539:(“mother-drum” or “child-drum”), a trumpet 3164:among Islamic people in Chad and among the 1643:refers to the looped military trumpet (see 464:was distinguished from the twisted trumpet 6526: 6512: 6095: 6081: 5593: 5579: 5307: 5293: 5250:Skeat, Walter W. (Walter William) (1900). 4916: 4781: 4480: 4411: 4299: 4297: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3740: 3738: 3195:Nigeria. Players playing Algaita trumpets. 2445:(r. 1627–1658). It deals with the rule of 2172:is still cultivated in Andalusia today in 1471:was first mentioned in the 11th century. 479:played in the month of Ramadan), Nigeria ( 5175:The Garland Book of Southeast Asian Music 4607: 4518: 4007: 3806: 3797: 3776: 3369:Traditional Malaysian musical instruments 3048:The Birth of Timur. (Bottom right corner) 1660:(1611 – after 1683) wrote his travelogue 1147: 1041:, and extremely-curved examples like the 705:with wooden transport lock (find no. 175) 574:, the S-curve karna could be very long. 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 5965: 5059: 4898: 4448:. Bombay: Reporter's Press. p. 122. 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3634:of Perak, Kedah and Selangor are called 3553: 3391:The Persian representational orchestra, 3382: 3265: 3190: 3178: 3170: 2924:imported from central or west Asia. The 2809: 2736: 2426: 2100: 2040: 2032: 2006:straight trumpet type is referred to as 1971: 1925:Olifant from the Le Musée Paul Dupuy of 1597: 1564:) at the head of the army going to war. 1454: 1137: 1084: 842:) Greek Bible, the original animal horn 454:). In the later Ottoman military bands ( 395:, is a slender shrill-sounding straight 345: 4892:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51719 4841:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19529 4799:Henry George Farmer, 1929, pp. 208, 210 4728: 4726: 4652: 4567:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09285 4294: 4239:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49912 4184: 4182: 4180: 3947: 3945: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3757:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04336 3735: 3274:Today, the old military signal trumpet 3249:or long longitudinal trumpets like the 2978:Instead of the short, straight trumpet 2959:ensembles with the pair of kettledrums 2603:, of which there were different sizes. 2585:), a double-reed instrument was called 2404:In Persia, the Arab military orchestra 2352:Two nafirs and a pair of nagaras, from 886:, Roman military musicians with curved 7025: 5928: 4614:'Bemastocc' signifies one made of wood 4495:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4016: 3868: 3421:in the 13th century. From Bintan, the 3203:trumpet type differs from the shorter 3012:, a conical trumpet curved into an S. 2176:processions during religious prayers ( 504: 6507: 6076: 5574: 5288: 5249: 5053: 4191:"The Looped Trumpet in the Near East" 3763: 3505:Naubat Diraja & Gendang Jaga-Jaga 3187:trumpeters sounding the "frum-frums." 2465:) also received the exclusive banner 2303:of the early Ottoman military bands ( 2242:, the differently sized kettle drums 1842:After the disappearance of the large 1015:S-curve trumpet, European, 1405 A.D. 4723: 4177: 4109:. Sage Publications, Ltd.: 133–134. 3942: 3835: 3724:. (1930) Georg Olms, Hildesheim 1967 3360: 3325:a group from the esoteric Sufi sect 3270:Nafir from Morocco. Brass, 96.5 cm. 3036:Akbar in Ghazni ((Upper left corner) 2908:or after 1632. It contains the word 2108:circa 1330 A.D., an angel sounds an 2062:) because of its origin. The ballad 1027:Two styles of Ottoman trumpet, 1486. 759:Egypt, Assyria, Rome, Greece, Israel 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 4778:Henry George Farmer, 1960, p. 1291a 4103:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 3473:, one or two conical oboes called 1427:("Wonders of Creation") written by 962:were blown on the battlefield, the 13: 5236:See Raja Iskandar Bin Raja Halid: 4857:Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition 4023:(Second ed.). Leiden: Brill. 3875:(Second ed.). Leiden: Brill. 3487:and in Kedah and Brunei a hanging 2168:The tradition of the long trumpet 1241:. According to the Arab historian 1211:), double - piped ball instrument 834:) with the etymologically derived 14: 7079: 5273: 4966:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 116 4948:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 114 4732:Alfons Michael Dauer, 1985, p. 58 4467:Alfons Michael Dauer, 1985, p. 56 4442:Munshi Bahmanji Dosabhai (1873). 4330:Henry George Farmer, 1929, p. 210 4321:Henry George Farmer, 1929, p. 154 4303:Henry George Farmer, 1929, p. 208 2996:(in southern India, in the north 2485:, the four provincial governors ( 1982:Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville 1267:contained the long metal trumpet 810:, and the straight metal trumpet 6903:Non-Membranous Percussion (Ghan) 6767:Membranous Percussion (Avanaddh) 6486: 6485: 6473: 6459: 5260: 5256:. London: Macmillan. p. 40. 5243: 5230: 5217: 5208: 4817:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 52 4711:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 52 4425:Michael Pirker (2001). "Nafīr". 4373:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 84 4364:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 76 4099:"One of Tut'ankhamūn's Trumpets" 4029:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0127 3932:Sibyl Marcuse (1964). "Añafil". 3881:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0127 3668:. Faber & Faber, London 1976 3433:orchestra was introduced in the 3122: 3110: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 2882:are mentioned. The Persian poet 2864:in India is the historical work 2720: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2625: 2361: 2345: 1965:, may have originally denoted a 1918: 1906: 1894: 1350: 1326: 1314: 1020: 1008: 996: 984: 895: 876: 790: 691: 671: 656: 629: 606: 127: 23: 5195: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5097: 5088: 5079: 5070: 5044: 5029: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4910: 4873: 4864: 4847: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4772: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4675:Anthony Baines, 1976, pp. 74–76 4669: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4539: 4530: 4509: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4435: 4401:Sibyl Marcuse (1964). "Nafir". 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4285: 4276: 4266: 4248: 4168: 4165:Anthony Baines, 1976, pp. 61–64 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4090: 4072: 4063: 4054: 3722:Handbook of Musical Instruments 2541:(“Collection of Melodies”) and 2528:is the large bell-shaped bell. 2225:and the rectangular frame drum 2161:(1798–1801), observed that the 1875: 1868:is still used. In India today, 1303:) as well as the fission flute 171:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 34:needs additional citations for 5223:Raja Iskandar Bin Raja Halid: 4928:ceremonial, civil or military. 4643:Anthony Baines, 1976, S. 72–74 4189:Michael Pirker (Spring 1993). 3905: 3826: 3807:Stanley Sadie (ed.). "Nafir". 3717:. In: Grove Music Online, 2001 3696:. Luzac & Co., London 1929 3495:. Kelantan's orchestra has no 1501:goes back to the Semitic root 1333:Group with two long nafīrs or 1291:, the doubled reed instrument 570:in India. However, unlike the 1: 6052:Azerbaijani traditional music 4829:"Nafīr [nefir, nfīr]" 4608:Sadie Stanley (ed.). "Beme". 4598:Anthony Baines, 1976, pp. 67f 4312:Bruce P Gleason, 2008, p. 233 3994:Sibyl Marcuse (1964). "Būq". 3966:(sic! but usually termed the 3728: 3658: 3584:(near Palembang) in Sumatra. 1681:After the Muslim conquest of 1459:In the modern era, the name 765:tuba used in the Roman Empire 401:military signaling instrument 7048:Moroccan musical instruments 7038:Nigerian musical instruments 4612:. Vol. 1. p. 219. 3777:Geeti Sen (1 January 1979). 2741:Painting, Musicians of the 2329:, the Arabic plural form of 2270:. Between the 11th and 14th 2159:Napoleon's Egyptian campaign 2116:) and fire rains on the sea. 1888:Conical horn-shaped trumpets 1721:(cymbals) the Spanish bells 1619:and a pair of kettle drums ( 1579:) and its player was called 1380:and the pair of kettledrums 703:from the tomb of Tutankhamun 7: 7058:Turkish musical instruments 7033:Persian musical instruments 6990:Historical/possibly extinct 6425:Turkish musical instruments 6104:Turkish musical instruments 5602:Iranian musical instruments 4750:Anthony Baines, 1976, p. 88 4741:Jeremy Montagu, 1981, p. 42 4702:Anthony Baines, 1976, p. 75 3630:The court musicians of the 3345:louder than anything else. 2461:). The Commander-in-Chief ( 1991:abbey church of Sant'Angelo 1864:in China. In Malaysia, the 1542:One Thousand and One Nights 1467:The Arabic instrument name 732:Earliest trumpets and horns 597:was also slim, unlike the 493:orchestra). Its cousin the 10: 7084: 7063:Natural horns and trumpets 7053:Arabic musical instruments 7043:Indian musical instruments 6535:Indian musical instruments 4860:. Vol. 8. p. 3b. 4854:Cf. F. Müge Göçek (1995). 4345:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4020:The encyclopaedia of Islam 3872:The encyclopaedia of Islam 2912:for a wind instrument. By 2325:is thought to derive from 2309:) and the twisted trumpet 1343:Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti 645: 353:Sound of closely related 6989: 6958: 6902: 6766: 6725: 6622: 6541: 6453: 6417: 6334: 6234: 6110: 6060:Persian traditional music 6056:Kurdish traditional music 6045: 5948: 5918: 5873: 5817: 5802: 5772: 5756: 5651: 5623: 5608: 5326: 3101: 2336: 2201: 2080:La Conquista de Antequera 1880: 1858:in northern India and as 1400:), cylindrical trumpets ( 1337:. From the 7th Maqāma of 1003:Angels sounding trumpets. 641: 521:was 168 centimeters (two 344: 339: 209: 202: 193: 185: 169: 157: 145: 138: 126: 6048:Afghan traditional music 5190:hit with a padded beater 4720:Curt Sachs, 1967, p. 285 4653:Büchler, Alfred (1992). 4069:Curt Sachs, 1967, p. 282 4060:Curt Sachs, 1967, p. 282 2732: 2206:In the 7th/8th century, 1477:The original meaning of 1404:) and conical trumpets ( 1251:and the reed instrument 6966:Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya 6435:Ottoman classical music 6064:Tajik traditional music 5201:Barbara Watson Andaya: 5177:. New York: Routledge. 4827:Michael Pirker (2001). 4589:KA Gourlay, 1982, p. 50 4097:Jeremy Montagu (1978). 3648:Richard James Wilkinson 3619:was heard, because the 3563:The instruments of the 3535:, a small tubular drum 3531:, a large tubular drum 2841:, 2 curved brass horns 2749:celebrate the birth of 2196:Arabic-Andalusian music 2152:in Spain. The oriental 2014:), the elephant ivory ( 1942:Basilica of San Michele 1731:Cantigas de Santa Maria 1701:) the cylindrical drum 1609:, two spiral trumpets ( 1450: 1275:, the flat kettle drum 620:. The trumpet may be a 593:together show that the 6971:Indian classical music 6726:Bowed Stringed (Vitat) 6623:Plucked Stringed (Tat) 3671:Alfons Michael Dauer: 3560: 3515:(corresponding to the 3507:, also have none. The 3437:after the third ruler 3388: 3271: 3196: 3188: 3176: 2830: 2793:of the Mughal emperor 2766: 2757:, two nafir trumpets, 2555:and the wider trumpet 2432: 2295:. In today's Turkish, 2117: 2050: 2038: 2018:) and a smaller horn ( 1977: 1709:the small kettle drum 1624: 1464: 1148:Persians, Arabs, Islam 1144: 1090: 908:Camposanto Monumentale 648:History of the trumpet 548:player "shouted out" ( 358: 6440:Ottoman military band 5109:National Music Museum 5035:See Kathleen Toomey: 5018:RAM Charndrakausika. 4195:RIdIM/RCMI Newsletter 3692:Henry George Farmer: 3685:Henry George Farmer: 3678:Henry George Farmer: 3557: 3395:, spread east to the 3386: 3269: 3194: 3182: 3174: 3160:. These are known as 2813: 2773:for kettle drums (as 2740: 2430: 2104: 2060:trumpet of the Moores 2044: 2036: 1975: 1936:After the end of the 1835:, the plural form of 1831:is probably based on 1753:(“ Moorish guitar”), 1601: 1556:), reed instruments ( 1458: 1141: 1088: 910:, a cemetery in Pisa. 779:the ancient Egyptian 352: 6345:Auxiliary percussion 3915:Musical Encyclopedia 3644:Walter William Skeat 3499:, instead they have 3409:) were probably the 2963:and a conical oboe ( 2533:Abd al-Qadir Maraghi 2435:The historical work 2106:Cloisters Apocalypse 2064:La pérdida de Alhama 1938:Western Roman Empire 1789:, small flute, from 1627:In today's Turkish, 43:improve this article 6149:Plucked instruments 3525:Muzium Negeri Kedah 2236:, the conical oboe 1929:. 11th century A.D. 1613:), a cylinder drum 1429:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1396:), cylinder drums ( 1372:by the Arabic poet 890:on Trajan's Column. 505:Nafir versus karnay 204:Related instruments 123: 6700:Electronic tanpura 6430:Turkish folk music 6222:Struck instruments 6140:Rebab/Kabak kemane 4833:Grove Music Online 4558:Grove Music Online 4428:Grove Music Online 4230:Grove Music Online 3748:Grove Music Online 3561: 3435:Kingdom of Malacca 3411:Sultanate of Pasai 3389: 3337:), a conical oboe 3272: 3197: 3189: 3177: 2831: 2767: 2433: 2376:in India; however 2317:is traced back to 2250:, and the cymbals 2118: 2051: 2039: 1978: 1625: 1465: 1425:ja'ib al-machlūqāt 1341:, illustration by 1271:, the kettle drum 1145: 1091: 724:(horn of battle). 698:Silver trumpet or 359: 153:(Turkish spelling) 121: 7020: 7019: 6884:Jori (instrument) 6501: 6500: 6466:Turkey portal 6130:Classical kemençe 6125:Karadeniz kemençe 6121:Bowed instruments 6070: 6069: 6041: 6040: 5944: 5943: 5914: 5913: 5798: 5797: 5641:Classical kemençe 5568: 5567: 5184:978-0-203-93144-8 3978:(sic! the modern 3783:Library Artifacts 3573:predate those of 3543:, a conical oboe 3397:Malay Archipelago 3361:Malay Archipelago 2973:Muinuddin Chishti 2857:in North India). 1583:. Ottoman Sultan 1528:(1096–1099), the 363: 362: 350: 119: 118: 111: 93: 7075: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6489: 6488: 6480:Music portal 6478: 6477: 6476: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6394:Turkish crescent 6097: 6090: 6083: 6074: 6073: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5926: 5925: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5572: 5571: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5247: 5241: 5240:. 2009, pp. 1–23 5234: 5228: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4883:New Grove Online 4877: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4489: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4186: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4014: 4005: 4004: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3866: 3847: 3844: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3774: 3761: 3760: 3742: 3713:Michael Pirker: 3664:Anthony Baines: 3599:, from Sanskrit 3419:Riau archipelago 3231:) and trumpets ( 3126: 3114: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 2898:. The folk epic 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2629: 2544:Maqasid al-Alhān 2505:and the trumpet 2438:Tuzūkāt-i Tīmūrī 2365: 2349: 2140:and the smaller 1989:frescoes in the 1986:Apocalypse cycle 1922: 1910: 1898: 1750:guitarra morisca 1697:(via Late Latin 1676:tūrumpata būrūsī 1354: 1330: 1318: 1279:and the cymbals 1024: 1012: 1000: 988: 899: 880: 794: 695: 675: 660: 633: 610: 460:), the straight 351: 179:Natural trumpets 140:Brass instrument 131: 124: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7002:Eka-tantri vina 6985: 6954: 6898: 6762: 6721: 6660:Saraswati veena 6618: 6537: 6532: 6502: 6497: 6474: 6472: 6460: 6458: 6449: 6445:Music of Turkey 6413: 6337: 6330: 6237: 6230: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6037: 6003:Tonbak (Dombak) 5956:Kūbeheyī/Zarbī) 5955: 5952: 5951: 5940: 5921: 5910: 5869: 5808:(Sāzhāy-e Bādī) 5806: 5805: 5794: 5768: 5752: 5726:Azerbaijani Tar 5647: 5614:(Sāzhāy-e Zehī) 5612: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5569: 5564: 5466:Brudevælte Lurs 5322: 5313: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5231: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5185: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5113: 5111: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5034: 5030: 5024:Naubat of Ajmer 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4852: 4848: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4571: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4440: 4436: 4423: 4412: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4225: 4218: 4187: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4115:10.2307/3856451 4095: 4091: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4039: 4015: 4008: 3992: 3988: 3950: 3943: 3930: 3926: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3891: 3867: 3850: 3845: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3805: 3798: 3775: 3764: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3706:Sibyl Marcuse: 3661: 3582:Bukit Seguntang 3465:, derived from 3363: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3085: 3082: 3073: 3070: 3061: 3058: 3049: 3046: 3037: 3034: 3025: 3022: 2822:(curved horn), 2779:Delhi Sultanate 2735: 2728: 2725: 2716: 2713: 2704: 2701: 2692: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2665: 2662: 2653: 2650: 2641: 2630: 2563:, cognate with 2477:. The colonel ( 2402: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2366: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2339: 2204: 1961:, standing for 1951:Utrecht Psalter 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1878: 1817:(trumpet, from 1689:, derived from 1453: 1445:bar kokhba coin 1388:, medium-sized 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1331: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1221:, tubular drum 1150: 1113:in Georgia and 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1005: 1004: 1001: 993: 992: 989: 935:Trajan's Column 915: 914: 913: 912: 911: 900: 892: 891: 881: 802: 801: 800: 799: 798: 795: 761: 734: 710: 709: 708: 707: 706: 696: 688: 687: 684:Trajan's Column 676: 668: 667: 661: 650: 644: 637: 634: 625: 611: 507: 397:natural trumpet 370:(Arabic نَفير, 346: 335: 331:Baroque trumpet 306:Fanfare trumpet 284: 176: 134: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7081: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6976:Music of India 6973: 6968: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6712:Vichitra veena 6709: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6531: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6483: 6469: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6340: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6163:Turkish tambur 6160: 6155: 6150: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6077: 6068: 6067: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5960: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5812: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5714:Kurdish tanbur 5711: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5618: 5606: 5605: 5598: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5575: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5473:Midwinter horn 5470: 5469: 5468: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5312: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5274:External links 5272: 5269: 5268: 5259: 5242: 5229: 5216: 5207: 5194: 5183: 5165: 5156: 5147: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5052: 5043: 5028: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4909: 4897: 4872: 4863: 4846: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4780: 4771: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4517: 4508: 4479: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4434: 4410: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4265: 4247: 4216: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4089: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4037: 4006: 3986: 3941: 3924: 3904: 3889: 3848: 3834: 3825: 3796: 3762: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3660: 3657: 3477:(derived from 3427:Sejarah Melayu 3373: 3372: 3362: 3359: 3341:and a trumpet 3128: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3016: 2853:(now known as 2734: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2683: 2681: 2675: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2631: 2624: 2597:nāʾiha balabān 2595:, and another 2577:zamr siyāh nāy 2538:Jame' al-Alhān 2463:amīr al-umarāʾ 2367: 2360: 2359: 2351: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2203: 2200: 2000:Song of Roland 1967:wooden trumpet 1924: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1569:Ottoman Empire 1452: 1449: 1356: 1349: 1348: 1332: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1237:, and cymbals 1231:), kettledrum 1149: 1146: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1007: 1006: 1002: 995: 994: 990: 983: 982: 981: 980: 979: 901: 894: 893: 882: 875: 874: 873: 872: 871: 796: 789: 788: 787: 786: 785: 771:and the Greek 760: 757: 733: 730: 697: 690: 689: 677: 670: 669: 662: 655: 654: 653: 652: 651: 643: 640: 639: 638: 635: 628: 626: 612: 605: 506: 503: 361: 360: 342: 341: 337: 336: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 302:Boru (Turkish) 300: 294: 288: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 211: 207: 206: 200: 199: 195: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 173: 167: 166: 161: 159:Classification 155: 154: 147: 143: 142: 136: 135: 132: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7080: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542:Wind (Sushir) 6540: 6536: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6494: 6493: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:Dāyereh Zangī 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5947: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5801: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5518:Rosh Hashanah 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5436:hand-stopping 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Birch trumpet 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5316:Natural horns 5310: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5263: 5255: 5254: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5065: 5064: 5056: 5047: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4904: 4902: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4876: 4867: 4859: 4858: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4775: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4727: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4579: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4512: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4447: 4446: 4438: 4430: 4429: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4298: 4288: 4279: 4269: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4038:90-04-16121-X 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4013: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3890:90-04-16121-X 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3829: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591:(from Arabic 3590: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3517:naqqāra-khāna 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483:), a trumpet 3482: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3471:gendang nobat 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439:Mohammed Shah 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3406:gendang nobat 3402: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3379: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:Djemaa el Fna 3315: 3313: 3310:The Moroccan 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3166:Kanuri people 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3113: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2867:Tajul-Ma'asir 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2807:around 1590 2806: 2802: 2801: 2800:Āʾīn-i Akbarī 2796: 2792: 2791:naqqāra-khāna 2788: 2784: 2783:naqqāra-khāna 2780: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747:naqqāra-khāna 2744: 2739: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:naqqāra-khāna 2628: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2418:naqqāra-khāna 2415: 2411: 2410:Buyid dynasty 2407: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2368:Varieties of 2364: 2355: 2348: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2127:Last Judgment 2124: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2048: 2045:Three-section 2043: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1928: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1765:related, cf. 1764: 1761:(with Arabic 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658:Evliya Çelebi 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1593:nefīr-i chāss 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1560:) and drums ( 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:First Crusade 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1462: 1457: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1416:) and bells ( 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1360: 1353: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193:Ibn at-Tuwair 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1107:" in Spain), 1106: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1089:Georgian buki 1087: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1023: 1011: 999: 987: 978: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952: 948:was called a 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927: 922: 921: 909: 905: 898: 889: 885: 879: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 853: 852:Latin Vulgate 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814: 809: 808: 793: 784: 782: 776: 774: 770: 766: 756: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 729: 725: 723: 719: 715: 704: 701: 694: 685: 681: 674: 665: 659: 649: 632: 627: 623: 619: 615: 609: 604: 603: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 568: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 526: 524: 520: 514: 512: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458: 453: 452: 447: 443: 442: 441:naqqāra-khāna 437: 436: 431: 426: 424: 420: 419: 414: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 393: 388: 387: 382: 381: 376: 373: 369: 368: 356: 343: 338: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 316:Slide trumpet 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 287: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 210:Straight tube 208: 205: 201: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 174: 172: 168: 165: 162: 160: 156: 152: 149:būq al-nafīr 148: 144: 141: 137: 130: 125: 113: 110: 102: 99:December 2022 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 7007:Kinnari vina 6997:Ālāpiṇī vīṇā 6774:Anandalahari 6640:Gottuvadhyam 6578: 6490: 6471: 6457: 6135:Yaylı tanbur 5953: 5935: 5807: 5773:Experimental 5709:Yaylı tambur 5613: 5545:Tube trumpet 5530:Tibetan horn 5477: 5262: 5252: 5245: 5232: 5219: 5210: 5197: 5188: 5174: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5112:. Retrieved 5108: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5062: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5031: 5023: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4882: 4875: 4866: 4856: 4849: 4832: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4795: 4774: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4577: 4570:. Retrieved 4557: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4511: 4499:. Retrieved 4494: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4444: 4437: 4427: 4403: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4348:. Retrieved 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4287: 4278: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4242: 4229: 4210: 4198: 4194: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4126: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4019: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3871: 3828: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3747: 3721: 3720:Curt Sachs: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3699:KA Gourlay: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3651: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3537:gendang anak 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3452: 3442: 3430: 3422: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3390: 3377: 3374: 3366: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3168:in Nigeria. 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3129: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2872:Hasan Nizami 2865: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2751:Prince Salim 2637: 2633: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2525: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2436: 2434: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2388: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293:būq an-nafīr 2292: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2234:būq an-nafīr 2233: 2231: 2229:in battles. 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2191: 2190:in Iraq and 2187: 2183: 2177: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2119: 2109: 2088:aereae tubae 2087: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1981: 1979: 1962: 1958: 1945: 1935: 1876:Distribution 1869: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1808: 1807:(drum, from 1804: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:(Old French 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1610: 1592: 1589:nefīr-i ʿāmm 1588: 1580: 1572: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552:), cymbals ( 1549: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1532:brought the 1530:Seljuk Turks 1521: 1519: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1483:būq al-nafīr 1482: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:), cymbals ( 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1358: 1335:būq al-Nafir 1334: 1304: 1269:būq an-nafīr 1258: 1252: 1246: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1151: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1079: 1072: 1054: 974: 968: 963: 959: 955: 949: 945: 943: 930: 924: 918: 916: 903: 862: 858: 854: 847: 846:is rendered 843: 835: 829: 825: 821: 817: 811: 805: 803: 777: 762: 742: 735: 726: 722:būq al-nafir 721: 717: 713: 711: 686:, AD 112/113 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 576: 571: 565: 562: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 535: 531:Tibetan horn 527: 522: 518: 515: 508: 490: 486: 480: 476: 474: 465: 461: 455: 449: 445: 439: 433: 429: 427: 416: 409: 404: 391: 390: 385: 384: 379: 378: 374: 366: 365: 364: 340:Sound sample 285: 275:Tibetan horn 240:Holztrompete 150: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 7012:Pinaka vina 6650:Rudra veena 6354:Cura nagara 6338:instruments 6321:Kargı Düdük 6316:Dilli düdük 6296:Dilli kaval 6281:Turkish ney 6238:instruments 6145:Sine kemanı 6114:instruments 6033:Zarbang Udu 5555:Waqra phuku 4984:Geeti Sen: 4919:Asian Music 4665:(3–4): 147. 4350:30 December 4081:Ghost Music 3652:orang kalur 3646:(1900) and 3640:orang kalau 3636:orang kalur 3533:gendang ibu 3513:Balai Nobat 3493:kopak-kopak 3489:nipple gong 3225:Ibn Battūta 3134:trumpet in 2874:, in which 2805:Abu 'l-Fazl 2803:written by 2144:in France, 2114:2nd trumpet 2068:Reconquista 2002:, only the 1827:. The word 1717:) and from 1663:Seyahatnâme 1585:Mustafa III 1243:Ibn Chaldūn 1187:). In 1171 1183:, singular 1063:and French 850:and in the 712:In Arabic, 536:The Arabic 186:Inventor(s) 146:Other names 7027:Categories 6925:Jal tarang 6690:Swarmandal 6670:Seni Rebab 6599:Shruti box 6574:Nadaswaram 6336:Percussion 5950:Percussion 5845:Narmeh-ney 5503:Roman tuba 5432:Embouchure 5415:Didgeridoo 5114:2023-01-13 4572:13 January 4501:13 January 3912:"Karnay". 3729:References 3659:Literature 3333:(singular 3301:tarunbataa 3246:phalaphala 3237:tabl-chāna 2988:tirucinnam 2901:Katamaraju 2573:būq zamrīa 2487:beglerbegi 2443:Shah Jahan 2406:tabl-chāna 2306:mehterhâne 2278:tabl-chāna 2123:Apocalypse 2030:, spread. 1727:aš-Šaqundī 1683:al-Andalus 1603:Mehterhâne 1577:mehterhâne 1493:nafīr-nāma 1412:), gongs ( 1392:and large 1225:(in India 1093:The Latin 1039:Roman tuba 884:Cornicines 840:Septuagint 646:See also: 556:, "blew" ( 501:in Nepal. 457:mehterhâne 423:al-Andalus 389:, Turkish 299:(European) 286:Bent tube 69:newspapers 6854:Mridangam 6554:Harmonium 6301:Dilli ney 5966:Auxiliary 5954:(Sāzhāy-e 5886:Nāy (Ney) 5881:Haft Band 5874:End-blown 5865:Ney anban 5785:Shurangiz 5636:Kamāncheh 5535:Tochacatl 5493:Post horn 5386:Hakgediya 5361:Bukkehorn 3976:karrahnāy 3603:, "god"; 3587:The word 3323:Marrakesh 3005:ransingha 2930:mukhavina 2610:players ( 2499:tschartug 2491:beylerbey 2479:minbaschi 2475:tschartug 2188:abūdhiyya 2174:Holy Week 2142:trompette 1998:. In the 1809:at-tunbūr 1775:al-ghaita 1759:panderete 1755:tamborete 1735:Juan Ruiz 1520:The word 1374:al-Hariri 1339:Al-Hariri 1162:Shahnameh 1158:Shapur II 1154:Sassanids 1125:ransingha 1105:horn pipe 753:trombones 595:karrahnāy 587:karrahnāy 579:karrahnāy 383:, plural 194:Developed 7068:Trumpets 6935:Khanjani 6920:Ghungroo 6864:Pakhawaj 6685:Swarabat 6680:Surbahar 6492:Category 6418:See also 6404:Castanet 6311:Tárogató 6236:Woodwind 5804:Woodwind 5780:Sallāneh 5610:Stringed 5550:Vuvuzela 5540:Trembita 5498:Ramsinga 5366:Chazozra 5320:trumpets 4260:. 1405. 4207:41604971 3597:devaraja 3593:ad-dawla 3559:serunai. 3455:nengkara 3378:tarompet 3327:Aissaoua 3008:, also 2984:bhankora 2906:Srinatha 2632:Persian 2579:(Arabic 2509:(horn). 2467:tümentug 2354:Firdausi 2134:bucullus 2092:Louis IX 2076:añafiles 2072:añafiles 1927:Toulouse 1791:shabbaba 1719:sunūdsch 1699:tabornum 1691:an-nafīr 1538:Anatolia 1435:(French 1386:naqqārat 1173:Fatimids 1166:Firdausi 1129:narsinga 920:chazozra 861:becomes 831:Targumim 818:hasosrah 813:chazozra 749:trumpets 525:) long. 413:Crusades 377:), also 375:an-nafīr 326:Narsinga 235:Chazozra 6950:Morsing 6945:Manjira 6940:Khartal 6844:Mardala 6824:Kanjira 6748:Sarinda 6743:Sarangi 6733:Dilruba 6695:Tanpura 6655:Santoor 6594:Shehnai 6589:Shankha 6549:Bansuri 6374:Naqareh 6369:Darbuka 6261:Dankiyo 6203:Shahrud 6193:Baglama 5998:Naqāreh 5929:Natural 5891:Sheypur 5855:Dozaleh 5835:Balaban 5818:Exposed 5738:Shahrud 5652:Plucked 5631:Ghazhak 5508:Salpinx 5488:Olifant 5408:Swedish 5403:Cowhorn 5391:Horagai 5376:Clarion 5356:Buisine 5341:Buccina 5331:Alphorn 4659:Olifant 4123:3856451 3960:: 247. 3576:Malacca 3549:semambu 3545:serunai 3475:serunai 3467:naqqāra 3447:gamelan 3417:in the 3403:(Malay 3331:banādir 3305:Clairon 3299:called 2999:shringa 2965:shehnai 2938:sundari 2922:shehnai 2892:shehnai 2855:shehnai 2847:sringas 2771:naqqāra 2759:nagaras 2677:Israfel 2557:burgwāʾ 2503:naqqāra 2459:naqqāra 2451:tuzūkāt 2414:naqqāra 2323:fanfare 2258:clairon 2096:Mamluks 2020:graisle 2016:olifant 2008:buisine 1996:buisine 1955:Beowulf 1861:nempiri 1829:fanfare 1814:albogon 1805:atanbor 1787:ajabeba 1783:axabeba 1779:exabeba 1767:panduri 1723:sonajas 1715:nacaire 1707:naqqāra 1705:, from 1651:borazan 1646:Clairon 1621:nakkare 1567:In the 1437:buisine 1418:jalajil 1382:naqqāra 1370:Maqāmāt 1301:shababa 1293:zummara 1217:, drum 1208:clairon 1189:Saladin 1120:shringa 1100:albogue 1076:clarion 1065:buisine 1051:buccina 1035:salpinx 991:Buccina 848:salpinx 773:salpinx 664:Salpinx 618:Humayun 558:nafacha 489:in the 482:kakaki 470:clarion 297:Clarion 265:Salpinx 220:Buisine 175:423.121 83:scholar 58:"Nafir" 6981:Jivari 6930:Kartal 6915:Ghatam 6910:Chimta 6894:Udukai 6874:Sambal 6859:Nagada 6849:Mizhav 6829:Khamak 6819:Edakka 6814:Dholki 6809:Dholak 6789:Damaru 6784:Chenda 6779:Chande 6758:Violin 6635:Ektara 6630:Dotara 6609:Tharai 6604:Sringa 6569:Kuzhal 6559:Karnay 6389:Nagara 6349:Bendir 6326:Miskal 6226:Santur 6173:Cümbüş 6112:String 6018:Dammam 5906:Miskal 5850:Donali 5840:Karnay 5790:Sorāhi 5764:Santur 5757:Struck 5704:Tanbūr 5659:Barbat 5525:Sringa 5513:Shofar 5456:Lituus 5451:Karnay 5446:Karnal 5434:& 5420:modern 5371:Carnyx 5346:Bucium 5181: 4205: 4121: 4047:399624 4045: 4035: 3964:burġwā 3954:Oriens 3899:399624 3897: 3887: 3819:karnay 3638:(also 3625:daulat 3621:nafiri 3617:nafiri 3609:daulat 3589:daulat 3541:nafiri 3529:nohara 3509:nafiri 3497:nafiri 3485:nafiri 3480:surnāy 3463:nekara 3459:nehara 3415:Bintan 3401:naubat 3393:naubat 3351:ghaita 3347:Bandīr 3339:ghaita 3335:bandīr 3257:kakaki 3255:. The 3241:surnāy 3221:kakaki 3201:kakaki 3183:1912. 3158:karnai 3154:kakaki 3149:kakaki 3131:Kakaki 3102:Africa 3010:turahi 2969:nafiri 2961:nagara 2957:naubat 2950:kuzhal 2948:, and 2946:pipahi 2942:mohori 2934:sundri 2926:nafiri 2918:naferi 2914:nafiri 2910:nafiri 2896:surana 2884:Nezāmi 2828:nagara 2816:sringa 2787:naubat 2775:nagārā 2638:naubat 2612:nefīrī 2587:surnāy 2582:mizmar 2561:burghu 2522:barbat 2518:houris 2507:burghu 2422:naubat 2420:or as 2370:karnay 2337:Persia 2315:añafil 2244:dabdab 2223:mizmar 2216:shofur 2202:Arabia 2179:saetas 2170:añafil 2150:añafil 2146:trompa 2138:trompe 2110:añafil 2055:Añafil 2047:añafil 2028:añafil 1881:Europe 1870:nafiri 1866:nafiri 1855:nafiri 1845:naubat 1824:añafil 1821:) and 1819:al-būq 1799:(from 1773:(from 1763:tanbūr 1744:al-ʿūd 1741:(from 1687:añafil 1674:(also 1666:, the 1581:nefīri 1571:, the 1544:, the 1515:sheneb 1507:sn-uā- 1433:busine 1394:kūrgāt 1305:qasaba 1289:mizmar 1273:dabdāb 1254:mizmar 1198:t'ubūl 1115:bankia 1095:bucina 1061:añafil 1056:nafirs 975:bucina 964:bucina 951:bucina 826:Queren 807:shofar 781:sheneb 769:lituus 700:sheneb 642:Origin 622:karnay 614:Afghan 599:sringa 583:karnay 572:sringa 567:sringa 533:does. 511:karnay 499:Karnal 495:Karnay 487:nafiri 446:naubat 418:añafil 355:Añafil 321:Sringa 270:Sheneb 260:Lituus 255:Karnal 250:Karnay 245:Kakaki 230:Carnyx 215:Añafil 198:world. 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 6959:Other 6889:Tavil 6879:Tabla 6869:Parai 6839:Madal 6799:Duggi 6794:Dhaak 6738:Esraj 6707:Veena 6675:Sitar 6665:Sarod 6584:Pungi 6579:Nafir 6564:Kombu 6409:Spoon 6384:Kudüm 6364:Davul 6291:Sipsi 6286:Kaval 6271:Çifte 6266:Gaida 6256:Karkm 6251:Tulum 6246:Zurna 6218:Mugni 6213:Lavta 6198:Komuz 6178:Ahenk 6153:Kanun 5988:Dāvūl 5983:Dohol 5973:Darāy 5936:Nafir 5920:Brass 5901:Pisha 5896:Zurna 5860:Kaval 5830:Zurna 5825:Sornā 5748:Mugni 5699:Setār 5694:Nuzhe 5684:Robāb 5679:Qānūn 5674:Dotār 5664:Chang 5624:Bowed 5560:Wazza 5483:Nyele 5478:Nafir 5396:Nagak 5381:Conch 5351:Bugle 4925:(2). 4203:JSTOR 4119:JSTOR 3980:karnā 3815:karnā 3789:(4). 3715:Nafīr 3680:Islam 3632:nobat 3613:nobat 3570:Kedah 3565:nobat 3521:nobat 3501:rebab 3443:nobat 3431:nobat 3423:nobat 3367:See: 3355:nafīr 3343:nafīr 3312:nafīr 3297:nafīr 3292:sahūr 3286:iftār 3281:nafīr 3276:nafīr 3261:farai 3252:wazza 3233:nafīr 3217:nafīr 3209:nafīr 3205:nafīr 3185:Bornu 3162:gashi 3136:Zaria 2993:kombu 2980:nafir 2888:nafīr 2880:surnā 2876:nafīr 2862:nafīr 2851:surnā 2843:sings 2839:nafīr 2835:karnā 2820:kombu 2795:Akbar 2763:zurna 2743:Akbar 2733:India 2617:salāt 2608:nefīr 2592:surnā 2553:karnā 2549:nafīr 2526:nafīr 2514:nafīr 2501:), a 2495:ʿalam 2483:nafīr 2471:tümen 2455:ʿalam 2447:Timur 2395:surna 2390:zurna 2383:sorna 2378:surna 2374:surna 2331:nafīr 2327:anfār 2319:nafīr 2301:nafīr 2297:nefir 2289:nafīr 2285:nafīr 2268:nafīr 2253:sunūj 2239:surnā 2192:nubah 2184:saeta 2163:nafīr 2154:nafīr 2112:(the 2004:nafīr 1959:bieme 1850:nafīr 1837:nafīr 1833:anfār 1801:rabāb 1796:rebec 1771:gaita 1711:naker 1703:tabor 1668:nafīr 1633:nefir 1629:nefir 1616:davul 1607:zurna 1573:nefīr 1562:tubūl 1558:zumūr 1554:kāsāt 1550:būqāt 1546:nafīr 1534:nafīr 1522:nafīr 1499:Nafīr 1489:Nafir 1479:nafīr 1469:nafīr 1461:nefir 1441:nafīr 1414:tusūt 1410:sunūj 1402:nafīr 1390:kūsāt 1378:nafīr 1281:sunūj 1277:qas'a 1223:duhul 1214:surnā 1181:būqāt 1177:abwāq 1133:kombu 1047:cornu 956:cornu 946:cornu 931:cornu 926:cornu 888:cornu 867:there 863:karnā 859:qarnā 844:qarnā 836:qarnā 822:qeren 738:snail 591:nafir 546:nafīr 542:karna 538:nafīr 519:nafīr 491:nobat 477:nafīr 462:nafīr 451:nobat 435:kārna 430:nafīr 405:nafīr 392:nefir 386:anfār 367:Nafir 311:Kombu 292:Bugle 280:Wazza 164:Brass 151:nefir 122:Nafir 90:JSTOR 76:books 6834:Khol 6804:Dhol 6753:Taus 6717:Yazh 6645:Pena 6614:Venu 6399:Zill 6188:Cura 6158:Çeng 6028:Zang 6023:Zarb 6013:Sanj 5669:Harp 5441:Erke 5427:Dord 5318:and 5179:ISBN 4574:2023 4503:2023 4352:2022 4043:OCLC 4033:ISBN 3972:borī 3968:būrū 3895:OCLC 3885:ISBN 3817:and 3605:rājā 3601:deva 3353:and 3199:The 3002:and 2894:and 2878:and 2845:(or 2824:sanj 2755:sanj 2565:boru 2512:The 2497:and 2387:and 2311:boru 2266:and 2248:qasa 2246:and 2227:duff 2148:and 2012:corn 1963:tuba 1946:tuba 1739:laúd 1695:tabl 1672:boru 1641:Boru 1637:boru 1611:boru 1503:np-Ḥ 1451:Name 1398:tabl 1299:and 1265:tabl 1260:zamr 1248:duff 1239:kāsa 1228:dhol 1219:tabl 1171:The 1131:and 1110:buki 1103:(a " 1080:boru 1049:and 1037:and 971:horn 960:tuba 958:and 939:Gaul 904:tuba 855:tuba 751:and 680:tuba 589:and 581:(or 550:sāha 466:boru 380:nfīr 225:Buki 62:news 6379:Kus 6359:Daf 6306:Mey 6276:Ney 6208:Rud 6183:Saz 6008:Kūs 5978:Daf 5743:Rud 5721:Tār 5689:Sāz 5461:Lur 4888:doi 4837:doi 4769:147 4563:doi 4273:145 4235:doi 4111:doi 4025:doi 3970:or 3877:doi 3821:... 3753:doi 3687:Būķ 3461:or 3321:in 3307:. 3229:būq 3213:būq 2967:or 2916:or 2818:or 2785:or 2745:'s 2636:or 2601:nāy 2589:or 2569:būq 2416:as 2262:būq 2218:). 2212:būq 2208:būq 2194:in 2022:). 1811:), 1803:), 1793:), 1777:), 1769:), 1517:). 1511:šnb 1495:). 1420:). 1406:būq 1359:būq 1297:ney 1285:būq 1234:kūs 1203:būq 1185:būq 1179:or 1135:). 1127:, 1043:lur 869:). 745:lur 718:būq 714:būq 682:on 554:būq 523:gaz 372:DMG 45:by 7029:: 6168:Ud 5733:Ūd 5187:. 5107:. 5022:. 4923:11 4921:. 4900:^ 4886:. 4835:. 4831:. 4783:^ 4725:^ 4663:17 4661:. 4657:. 4576:. 4561:. 4520:^ 4482:^ 4477:47 4413:^ 4343:. 4296:^ 4241:. 4233:. 4219:^ 4209:. 4199:18 4197:. 4193:. 4179:^ 4125:. 4117:. 4107:64 4105:. 4101:. 4041:. 4031:. 4009:^ 3982:). 3958:15 3956:. 3944:^ 3893:. 3883:. 3851:^ 3837:^ 3811:. 3799:^ 3785:. 3781:. 3765:^ 3751:. 3737:^ 3627:. 3349:, 3263:. 2952:. 2944:, 2940:, 2936:, 2932:, 2890:, 2761:, 2489:, 2380:, 2333:. 2260:, 1969:. 1839:. 1785:, 1757:, 1747:, 1639:. 1485:. 1307:. 1123:, 1045:, 902:A 775:. 601:. 472:. 425:. 6527:e 6520:t 6513:v 6096:e 6089:t 6082:v 5594:e 5587:t 5580:v 5308:e 5301:t 5294:v 5117:. 4894:. 4890:: 4843:. 4839:: 4565:: 4505:. 4431:. 4354:. 4237:: 4113:: 4049:. 4027:: 3901:. 3879:: 3787:8 3759:. 3755:: 3457:( 3138:. 2765:. 2640:. 2559:( 2469:( 2397:. 2385:, 1781:( 1513:( 1257:( 816:( 357:. 177:( 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index