218:. The location and age of the Deskford Carnyx suggests the instrument had a peaceful, ceremonial use and was not used only in warfare. Before 2004 this was the best surviving example, and generally copied in earlier reconstructions. The Deskford find was made almost entirely of brass, a metal used almost exclusively by the Romans, and strictly controlled by them, so just as with the vast majority of Iron Age and Roman-era Celtic brass found in Britain, the carnyx was made "with some care" from recycled Roman metal. Based in part on the metallurgy, the Museum of Scotland give a date of 80 - 250 AD for its construction, noting that it was a locally-produced piece, "a specifically Scottish variant" distinct in design from known continental carnyces and that its "decoration is typical of metalwork in north-east Scotland at the time, where there was a flourishing tradition of fine bronze-working."
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186:, France. The deposit contained more than 500 fragments of metal objects, including seven carnyces, one of which was nearly complete. Prior to this discovery, fragments of only five carnyces had been found, in modern-day Scotland, France, Germany, Romania, and Switzerland. Four of the carnyces had boar's heads, the fifth appears to be a serpent-like monster; they appear to represent a ritual deposit dating to soon after the
226:
Roman-struck coins suggest that a war trumpet was used by the Celts, which they called a carnyx. These celtic trumpets are dissimilar to Roman trumpets that are not described as having a "monster headed extremity". The Celtic or Gaulic carnyx was used by the Celts in a similar way to how a standard
464:
In 1993 Kenny became the first person to play the carnyx in 2,000 years, and has since lectured and performed on the instrument internationally, in the concert hall, on radio, television, and film. There are numerous compositions for the carnyx and it is featured on seven CDs. On 15 March 2003 he
457:, and commenced in 1991 funded jointly by the Glenfiddich Living Scotland award and the National Museums of Scotland. In addition to John Purser as musicologist, the team consisted of the archaeologist Fraser Hunter, silversmith John Creed, and trombonist
68:
with an elongated S shape, held so that the long straight central portion was vertical and the short mouthpiece end section and the much wider bell were horizontal in opposed directions. The bell was styled in the shape of the head of an open-mouthed
1842:
214:, Scotland in 1816. Only the boar's head bell survives, also apparently placed as a ritual deposit. It was donated to Banff Museum, and is now on loan from Aberdeenshire Museums Service to the
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On 15 June 2017 "The Music of the Forest", a specially commissioned work by
Lakeland composer, Christopher Gibbs, featuring a reconstructed carnyx, received its world premiere at
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dragon standard and jewellery with dragons and serpents. A dragon-headed carnyx also appears to be held by a Gaulic woman on the breastplate of
Augustus.
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190:. The Tintignac finds enabled some fragments found in northern Italy decades before to be identified in 2012 as coming from a carnyx.
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580:(2000); and is used as both a musical instrument and a fear-inducing weapon. It appears in several battle scenes of the French film,
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Their trumpets again are of a peculiar barbarian kind; they blow into them and produce a harsh sound which suits the tumult of war.
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recounts. The instrument's significant height allowed it to be heard over the heads of the participants in battles or ceremonies.
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461:. After 2,000 years of silence the reconstructed Deskford Carnyx was unveiled at the National Museum of Scotland in April 1993.
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There is evidence to suggest that the carnyx would be held by a chieftain, as shown by a potential
Gaulish king
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147:, animal symbolism deliberately conveys aggressiveness and ferociousness, with examples including a
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The only example from the
British Isles is the Deskford Carnyx, found at the farm of Leitchestown,
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The name is known from textual sources, carnyces are reported from the Celtic attack on the
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functioned for the Romans and there is an example of a Dragon-headed carnyx in the base of
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A small bronze boar carnyx dating from the Iron Age was found in
Suffolk, England in 2021.
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It was used in warfare, probably to incite troops to battle and intimidate opponents, as
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2015:
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Dacia: An
Outline of the Early Civilizations of the Carpatho-Danubian Countries
476:
Village Hall. The four-part song cycle evoked the landscape and history of the
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under the direction of Samuel Hudson. The carnyx was played by John Kenny.
305:
were exhibited at the 2012 exhibition "Les
Gaulois, une expo renversante" (
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104:, meaning 'antler' or 'horn,' and the same root of the name of the god
322:
183:
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597:
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302:
179:
123:
105:
26:
21:
2837:
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1138:
890:
The Greek and Roman Trophy: From
Battlefield Marker to Icon of Power
235:. There is a clear similarity between Gaulish carnyx and the Dacian
178:
In 2004, archaeologists discovered a first-century-BC Gallic pit at
4182:
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93:
61:
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Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the
Western Isles
3666:
3641:
3605:
3599:
3512:
3361:
2782:
2271:
2216:
2067:
2055:
1998:
1993:
1888:
1552:
1547:
1454:
1228:
873:
The
Numismatic Chronicle, and Journal of the Numismatic Society
453:
The reconstruction of the Deskford Carnyx was initiated by Dr.
265:
159:
carnyx in Scotland and the dragon pair sword scabbard from the
65:
3066:
2872:
2817:
2710:
2304:
2246:
2236:
2194:
2144:
2102:
2025:
2020:
1938:
1893:
1817:
List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
1562:
1537:
1248:
587:
361:
Casque in the shape of the head of a bird, found at Tintignac
487:
3325:
2862:
2842:
2777:
2610:
1983:
1351:
273:
148:
70:
53:
720:
Art of the European Iron Age: A Study of the Elusive Image
2003:
621:
985:"Rare Bardwell Iron Age trumpet sells for more than ÂŁ4k"
586:(2001). A carnyx appears near the beginning of the 2012
1134:
Rare Bardwell Iron Age trumpet sells for more than ÂŁ4k
618:, another type of Celtic trumpet that has been revived
574:
The carnyx is featured in the opening battle scene of
3058:
3444:
436:
Recording of a reconstruction of the Deskford carnyx
380:
The Leichestown Deskford carnyx and reconstruction,
60:, between c. 200 BC and c. AD 200. It was a type of
931:Penner, Todd C.; Stichele, Caroline Vander (2007).
122:Evocation of a Gallic ceremony in the sanctuary of
231:. The carnyx has been described as identical to a
596:. The carnyx is used in the Gallic soundtrack in
4307:
480:and was performed by the Renaissance Singers of
37:Three carnyx players depicted on plate E of the
465:performed solo to an audience of 65,000 in the
1857:
934:Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses
930:
3022:
2129:
1843:
1154:
3010:
831:History, Scottish; read, Archaeology 3 min.
3070:
3034:
856:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
818:"Internet Archaeol 2. Dungworth. Home Page"
248:The carnyx also appears on the side of the
3046:
2143:
2136:
2122:
1850:
1836:
1161:
1147:
743:
488:Gallery of reconstructions and reenactors
403:
296:
1085:Hunter, Fraser (of Museum of Scotland),
197:
117:
32:
20:
4331:Pre-Norman Invasion musical instruments
876:. Tayor & Walton. 1865. p. 11.
830:
4308:
2987:
913:
886:
689:
4219:
4111:
3890:
3692:
3124:
2904:
2555:
2192:
2117:
1831:
1168:
1142:
1055:"Details - Lancashire County Council"
716:
569:
221:
4112:
1075:(2nd ed.) Paris: Editions Errance.
525:The Deskford reconstruction at the
321:Carnyx of Tintignac, discovered in
13:
1073:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise
410:
14:
4347:
3542:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
1093:
723:. Adams & Dart. p. 177.
690:Garrow, Duncan (1 October 2008).
4292:
2905:
2542:
887:Kinnee, Lauren (12 March 2018).
666:Delmarre, 1987, pp. 106–107
557:
545:
533:
518:
506:
494:
444:Problems playing this file? See
426:
388:
373:
366:
354:
342:
330:
314:
307:The Gauls, a stunning exhibition
1089:- piece by Hunter on the carnyx
1047:
1033:
1019:
1003:
977:
963:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. p. 345.
951:
924:
907:
880:
864:
824:
810:
1735:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
801:
789:
763:
737:
710:
683:
669:
660:
649:
202:Deskford carnyx reconstruction
133:
1:
4261:Celtic place names in Galicia
3891:
1740:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
1065:
259:
3693:
2203:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
656:Polybius. The Histories 2.29
173:
138:
83:
7:
3185:Welsh literature in English
3125:
2556:
2282:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
2193:
1111:Carnyx and co. Carnyx music
746:"The Carnyx from Tintignac"
696:. Oxbow Books. p. 65.
677:"Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru"
609:
349:A Carnyx found at Tintignac
337:A Carnyx found at Tintignac
268:in 279 BC, as well as from
193:
10:
4352:
4326:Celtic musical instruments
3205:Scottish Gaelic literature
2590:Brigantia (ancient region)
1802:Pitch of brass instruments
1041:"Details - Sound Scotland"
1027:"Details - Sound Scotland"
798:Carnyx identified in Italy
4283:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4153:
4124:
4107:
4070:
3992:
3983:
3955:
3927:
3899:
3886:
3839:
3804:
3778:
3699:
3688:
3575:
3552:Hebridean Celtic Festival
3489:
3391:
3370:
3339:
3254:
3213:
3180:Welsh-language literature
3135:
3131:
3120:
3082:
2996:
2913:
2900:
2770:
2729:
2668:
2564:
2551:
2540:
2377:
2346:
2280:
2201:
2188:
2155:
1869:
1794:
1748:
1707:
1614:
1571:
1515:
1380:
1176:
837:National Museums Scotland
632:Draco (military standard)
616:Dord (musical instrument)
242:
108:. It is cognate with the
4336:Celtic words and phrases
4321:Ancient Celtic metalwork
3985:Ancient Celtic languages
1119:(in French, with photos)
1071:Delmarre, Xavier (2003)
717:Megaw, J. V. S. (1970).
642:
288:around 60–30 BC, wrote:
4256:Gaulish words in French
4241:Celtic words in English
2500:Scottish New Zealanders
2390:Anglo-Celtic Australian
960:Celtic Culture: A-Celti
914:Pârvan, Vasile (1928).
590:computer-animated film
3190:Early Irish literature
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2480:Scotch-Irish Canadians
2475:Scotch-Irish Americans
1586:Marching baritone horn
540:German reconstructions
415:
404:Modern reconstructions
297:Objects from Tintignac
203:
188:Roman conquest of Gaul
130:
41:
30:
3817:Scottish independence
3562:Celtic Media Festival
3445:National music scenes
2676:Proto-Celtic religion
2378:Related ethnic groups
1771:Classical trombonists
1368:Double bell euphonium
1117:Tintignac discoveries
693:Rethinking Celtic Art
564:French reconstruction
552:French reconstruction
513:French museum display
422:"Carnyx Trumpet Call"
414:
395:Piece from a carnyx,
201:
121:
36:
24:
4141:(Medieval Welsh law)
3751:Scottish nationalism
3401:Ancient Celtic music
2721:Romano-Celtic temple
2530:Welsh New Zealanders
2455:Irish New Zealanders
1101:Ancient Celtic music
92:is derived from the
3831:Irish republicanism
3812:Breton independence
3791:Scottish devolution
3724:Cornish nationalism
3547:Pan Celtic Festival
3421:Scottish folk music
3175:Scottish literature
2701:Celtic Christianity
2505:Scottish Travellers
2490:Scottish Argentines
2334:Scottish Travellers
1126:of Caesar and on a
777:on 1 September 2012
482:Blackburn Cathedral
250:Gundestrup cauldron
39:Gundestrup cauldron
3822:Welsh independence
3786:Cornish devolution
3707:Breton nationalism
3557:Celtic Connections
3160:Cornish literature
2510:Ulster Protestants
2495:Scottish Canadians
2485:Scottish Americans
2395:Anglo-Irish people
1720:British brass band
1591:Marching euphonium
1358:Subcontrabass tuba
570:In popular culture
527:Museum of Scotland
501:American reenactor
416:
382:Museum of Scotland
216:Museum of Scotland
204:
131:
42:
31:
16:Musical instrument
4316:Brass instruments
4303:
4302:
4279:
4278:
4211:
4210:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4062:Cisalpine Gaulish
3882:
3881:
3768:national identity
3763:Welsh nationalism
3756:national identity
3736:Irish nationalism
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3617:Cornish wrestling
3485:
3484:
3406:Breton Folk music
3371:Regional cultures
3214:National cultures
3200:Gaelic literature
3155:Breton literature
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
2896:
2895:
2808:Chief of the Name
2681:Celtic polytheism
2598:Sub-Roman Britain
2538:
2537:
2425:Irish Australians
2405:Cornish Americans
2364:Scottish diaspora
2111:
2110:
1825:
1824:
1781:Euphonium players
1170:Brass instruments
1130:, both from 48 BC
991:. 3 December 2021
970:978-1-85109-440-0
944:978-90-04-15447-6
900:978-1-351-84657-8
833:"Deskford carnyx"
750:www.emaproject.eu
730:978-0-239-00019-4
703:978-1-84217-318-3
478:Forest of Bowland
431:
301:Objects found at
222:Roman archaeology
73:or other animal.
4343:
4296:
4217:
4216:
4109:
4108:
4091:Galwegian Gaelic
3990:
3989:
3888:
3887:
3796:Welsh devolution
3690:
3689:
3442:
3441:
3431:Sean-nĂłs singing
3426:Welsh folk music
3416:Irish folk music
3383:Highland culture
3165:Irish literature
3145:Arthurian Legend
3133:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2962:Neo-Christianity
2902:
2901:
2833:Gaelic astrology
2793:Celtic festivals
2696:Celtic mythology
2669:Ancient religion
2586:Iron Age Britain
2553:
2552:
2546:
2525:Welsh Argentines
2465:Irish Uruguayans
2460:Irish Travellers
2430:Irish Brazilians
2420:Irish Argentines
2400:Breton Americans
2354:Cornish diaspora
2316:Irish Travellers
2190:
2189:
2182:Celtic languages
2138:
2131:
2124:
2115:
2114:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1776:Jazz trombonists
1756:(all) Trumpeters
1694:Axial flow valve
1606:Contrabass bugle
1163:
1156:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1010:Diodorus Siculus
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
981:
975:
974:
955:
949:
948:
928:
922:
921:
911:
905:
904:
884:
878:
877:
868:
862:
861:
855:
847:
845:
843:
828:
822:
821:
814:
808:
805:
799:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
773:. Archived from
767:
761:
760:
758:
756:
741:
735:
734:
714:
708:
707:
687:
681:
680:
673:
667:
664:
658:
653:
561:
549:
537:
522:
510:
498:
433:
432:
413:
392:
377:
358:
346:
334:
318:
286:Diodorus Siculus
145:Iron Age Britain
25:Carnyx from the
4351:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4275:
4222:
4207:
4149:
4145:Early Scots law
4134:Early Irish law
4120:
4095:
4072:Scottish Gaelic
4066:
4007:Proto-Brittonic
3979:
3975:Beurla Reagaird
3951:
3947:Scottish Gaelic
3923:
3895:
3878:
3874:Columba Project
3854:Celtic Congress
3835:
3800:
3774:
3695:
3676:
3637:Gaelic handball
3627:Gaelic football
3612:Cornish hurling
3571:
3481:
3440:
3387:
3366:
3352:Gaelic clothing
3335:
3250:
3209:
3170:Manx literature
3127:
3104:
3083:Other claimants
3078:
2983:
2933:Celtic Congress
2909:
2892:
2788:Celtic calendar
2766:
2725:
2664:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2520:Welsh Americans
2440:Irish Catholics
2435:Irish Canadians
2415:Irish Americans
2373:
2347:Celtic diaspora
2342:
2276:
2205:
2197:
2184:
2151:
2142:
2112:
2107:
2009:Brudevælte Lurs
1865:
1856:
1826:
1821:
1790:
1761:Jazz trumpeters
1744:
1703:
1699:Harmonic series
1615:Parts/technique
1610:
1567:
1511:
1470:Soprano helicon
1440:Baroque trumpet
1435:Natural trumpet
1376:
1327:Alto/Tenor horn
1211:Fanfare trumpet
1172:
1167:
1128:silver denarius
1096:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
983:
982:
978:
971:
957:
956:
952:
945:
929:
925:
912:
908:
901:
885:
881:
870:
869:
865:
849:
848:
841:
839:
829:
825:
816:
815:
811:
806:
802:
794:
790:
780:
778:
769:
768:
764:
754:
752:
744:Administrator.
742:
738:
731:
715:
711:
704:
688:
684:
675:
674:
670:
665:
661:
654:
650:
645:
612:
603:Civilization VI
572:
565:
562:
553:
550:
541:
538:
529:
523:
514:
511:
502:
499:
490:
467:Stade De France
451:
450:
442:
440:
439:
438:
437:
434:
427:
424:
417:
411:
406:
399:
393:
384:
378:
369:
362:
359:
350:
347:
338:
335:
326:
319:
299:
272:'s campaign in
262:
245:
229:Trajan's Column
224:
196:
176:
141:
136:
128:La Tène culture
86:
50:wind instrument
17:
12:
11:
5:
4349:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4163:Gaelic warfare
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4139:Cyfraith Hywel
4136:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4086:Deeside Gaelic
4083:
4077:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4057:Hispano-Celtic
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4012:Proto-Goidelic
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Celtic society
3861:
3859:Celtic Revival
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3827:United Ireland
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3672:Welsh handball
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3652:Highland games
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3378:Gaelic culture
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3357:Highland dress
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Pictish stones
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3003:
3001:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2923:Celtic nations
2920:
2918:Celtic Revival
2914:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Celtic Animism
2688:
2686:Celtic deities
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2645:Cisalpine Gaul
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2617:
2608:
2583:
2574:
2572:Gaelic Ireland
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:Manx Americans
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Irish Chileans
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:English people
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2369:Welsh diaspora
2366:
2361:
2359:Irish diaspora
2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2166:Celtic studies
2158:Celtic nations
2156:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Midwinter horn
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1235:Soprano cornet
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1206:Pocket trumpet
1203:
1198:
1193:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1095:
1094:External links
1092:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1046:
1032:
1018:
1002:
976:
969:
950:
943:
923:
920:. CUP Archive.
906:
899:
879:
863:
823:
809:
800:
788:
771:"Press report"
762:
736:
729:
709:
702:
682:
668:
659:
647:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
611:
608:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
556:
554:
551:
544:
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532:
530:
524:
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512:
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486:
441:
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394:
387:
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353:
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348:
341:
339:
336:
329:
327:
320:
313:
298:
295:
294:
293:
280:' invasion of
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
244:
241:
233:Dacian trumpet
223:
220:
195:
192:
175:
172:
155:, the snouted
140:
137:
135:
132:
85:
82:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4348:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4272:
4271:– in Portugal
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:– in Galician
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
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4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
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3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
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3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Celtic League
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3841:Pan-Celticism
3838:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3717:reunification
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3687:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3331:Triple spiral
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
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3282:
3279:
3275:
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3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
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3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
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3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Bardic Poetry
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3101:
3098:
3096:
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3087:
3085:
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3073:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3056:
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3049:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:Celtic League
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Celtic League
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:Pan-Celticism
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2886:
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2869:
2866:
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2861:
2859:
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2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Gaelicisation
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Celticisation
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
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2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
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2648:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:Iron Age Gaul
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:Roman Britain
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
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2531:
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2518:
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2513:
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2508:
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2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
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2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:Irish Mexican
2448:
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2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
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2398:
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2329:
2326:
2324:
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2317:
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2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
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2291:
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2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:Celtic tribes
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:Rosh Hashanah
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:hand-stopping
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Birch trumpet
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:Natural horns
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Brass section
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Brass quintet
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Hand-stopping
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Slide trumpet
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1408:Tenor cornett
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Baritone horn
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1087:Carnyx and Co
1084:
1082:
1081:2-87772-237-6
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1006:
990:
986:
980:
972:
966:
962:
961:
954:
946:
940:
936:
935:
927:
919:
918:
910:
902:
896:
893:. Routledge.
892:
891:
883:
875:
874:
867:
859:
853:
838:
834:
827:
820:. April 1997.
819:
813:
804:
797:
792:
776:
772:
766:
751:
747:
740:
732:
726:
722:
721:
713:
705:
699:
695:
694:
686:
678:
672:
663:
657:
652:
648:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
607:
605:
604:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
579:
578:
560:
555:
548:
543:
536:
531:
528:
521:
516:
509:
504:
497:
492:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
462:
460:
456:
449:
447:
423:
398:
391:
386:
383:
376:
371:
370:
367:Other objects
357:
352:
345:
340:
333:
328:
324:
317:
312:
311:
310:
308:
304:
291:
290:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:Julius Caesar
267:
254:
251:
247:
246:
240:
238:
234:
230:
219:
217:
213:
209:
200:
191:
189:
185:
181:
171:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
153:Witham Shield
150:
146:
129:
125:
120:
116:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
81:
79:
74:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
35:
28:
23:
19:
4288:Celts portal
4246:– in Spanish
4081:Arran Gaelic
4002:Proto-Celtic
3970:Bungi Creole
3869:Celtic unity
3805:Independence
3604:
3587:
3435:
3411:Gaelic music
3347:Celtic Dress
3296:High crosses
3286:Celtic cross
3280:
3264:Bell shrines
3195:Irish annals
2977:Neo-Druidism
2972:Celtic Wicca
2943:Celtic union
2907:Modern Celts
2798:Celtic women
2706:Celtic Rites
2655:Transylvania
2515:Ulster Scots
2385:Anglo-Celtic
2232:Celtiberians
2177:
2169:
2161:
2149:modern Celts
2088:Tube trumpet
2073:Tibetan horn
1913:
1812:Horn section
1766:Horn players
1725:Balkan brass
1632:Rotary valve
1627:Piston valve
1558:Tibetan horn
1542:
1425:Natural horn
1403:Mute cornett
1350:
1314:
1275:
1241:
1227:
1183:
1122:Carnyx on a
1105:
1100:
1072:
1049:
1035:
1021:
1013:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
988:
979:
959:
953:
933:
926:
916:
909:
889:
882:
872:
866:
840:. Retrieved
836:
826:
812:
803:
791:
779:. Retrieved
775:the original
765:
753:. Retrieved
749:
739:
719:
712:
692:
685:
671:
662:
651:
627:Dacian Draco
601:
591:
581:
575:
573:
471:
463:
452:
443:
306:
300:
263:
225:
205:
177:
165:
161:River Thames
142:
112:
101:
97:
89:
87:
75:
52:used by the
45:
44:The ancient
43:
18:
4203:Trimarcisia
4188:GallĂłglaigh
4017:Celtiberian
3741:Isle of Man
3700:Nationalism
3589:Bataireacht
3508:Calan Gaeaf
3467:Isle of Man
3311:Leaf-crowns
3301:Insular art
3274:Dragonesque
3236:Isle of Man
3090:Nova Scotia
3043:Isle of Man
2967:Neopaganism
2716:Monasticism
2227:Caledonians
2098:Waqra phuku
1269:Wagner tuba
1264:Vienna horn
1259:German horn
1254:French horn
1124:gold stater
1106:Citizendium
455:John Purser
397:Switzerland
134:Archaeology
56:during the
4310:Categories
4266:– in Italy
4168:Ceathairne
4032:Gallaecian
3662:Road bowls
3567:Eisteddfod
3535:Calan Awst
3531:Lughnasadh
3137:Literature
3000:definition
2823:Clan chief
2615:Roman Gaul
2606:Hen Ogledd
2332:including
2314:including
2046:Roman tuba
1975:Embouchure
1958:Didgeridoo
1715:Brass band
1664:Pedal tone
1654:Mouthpiece
1649:Embouchure
1601:Sousaphone
1596:Trombonium
1581:Mellophone
1516:Indigenous
1507:Jazzophone
1497:Saxotromba
1487:Sudrophone
1477:Ophicleide
1398:Cornettino
1381:Antiquated
1332:Flugelhorn
1283:Contrabass
1191:Contrabass
1066:References
995:7 February
842:8 December
469:in Paris.
459:John Kenny
446:media help
260:Literature
212:Banffshire
4198:Redshanks
4173:Ceithearn
3901:Brittonic
3893:Languages
3526:Calan Mai
3517:Gŵyl Fair
3491:Festivals
3306:Interlace
2730:Mythology
2638:Gallaecia
2252:Galatians
2078:Tochacatl
2036:Post horn
1929:Hakgediya
1904:Bukkehorn
1708:Ensembles
1689:Water key
1674:Valve oil
1430:Post horn
1363:Euphonium
1342:Kuhlohorn
1303:Superbone
1014:Histories
937:. BRILL.
781:20 August
637:Kabura-ya
598:Sid Meier
577:Gladiator
474:Slaidburn
303:Tintignac
180:Tintignac
174:Tintignac
139:Symbolism
124:Tintignac
106:Cernunnos
88:The word
84:Etymology
27:Tintignac
4183:Gaesatae
4074:dialects
4037:Lepontic
4027:Galatian
3929:Goidelic
3779:Autonomy
3694:Politics
3647:Rounders
3499:Calendar
3472:Scotland
3457:Cornwall
3452:Brittany
3340:Clothing
3291:Knotwork
3269:Brooches
3241:Scotland
3226:Cornwall
3221:Brittany
3100:Y Wladfa
3055:Scotland
3019:Cornwall
3007:Brittany
2858:SeanchaĂ
2853:Tanistry
2813:Derbfine
2742:Scottish
2633:Brittany
2629:Domnonée
2625:Armorica
2620:Britonia
2602:Dumnonia
2577:Dálriata
2262:Lepontii
2257:Helvetii
2242:Gallaeci
2093:Vuvuzela
2083:Trembita
2041:Ramsinga
1909:Chazozra
1863:trumpets
1684:Leadpipe
1573:Marching
1533:Vuvuzela
1308:Cimbasso
1277:Trombone
1216:Firebird
989:BBC News
852:cite web
610:See also
325:, France
278:Claudius
208:Deskford
194:Deskford
170:figure.
168:Bituitos
157:Deskford
78:Polybius
64:made of
58:Iron Age
4236:Deities
4193:Hobelar
4155:Warfare
4118:Warfare
4052:Pictish
4047:Cumbric
4022:Gaulish
3994:Extinct
3914:Cornish
3712:history
3657:Hurling
3631:Ladies'
3622:Curling
3595:Camogie
3522:Beltane
3504:Samhain
3462:Ireland
3231:Ireland
3126:Culture
3095:England
3031:Ireland
2989:Nations
2888:Coinage
2878:Warfare
2771:Society
2762:Cornish
2752:British
2660:Galatia
2650:Balkans
2558:Studies
2295:Cornish
2290:Bretons
2267:Noricum
2222:Britons
2195:Peoples
2051:Salpinx
2031:Olifant
1951:Swedish
1946:Cowhorn
1934:Horagai
1919:Clarion
1899:Buisine
1884:Buccina
1874:Alphorn
1786:Tubists
1749:Players
1523:Alphorn
1502:Bazooka
1492:Saxtuba
1482:Serpent
1465:Helicon
1460:Sackbut
1445:Buccina
1393:Cornett
1388:Clarion
1337:Fiscorn
1316:Saxhorn
1298:Soprano
1221:Flumpet
1201:Piccolo
1185:Trumpet
1104:in the
796:UPI.com
323:Corrèze
282:Britain
237:La Tene
184:Corrèze
151:on the
94:Gaulish
62:trumpet
4231:Tribes
4178:Fianna
3965:Shelta
3909:Breton
3729:status
3667:Shinty
3642:Gouren
3606:Cnapan
3600:Cammag
3513:Imbolc
3436:Carnyx
3362:Tartan
3281:Carnyx
3048:Mannin
3024:Kernow
3012:Breizh
2882:Gaelic
2838:Fáinne
2783:Brehon
2757:Breton
2711:Druids
2565:Places
2272:Volcae
2217:Belgae
2178:·
2176:
2170:·
2168:
2162:·
2160:
2068:Sringa
2056:Shofar
1999:Lituus
1994:Karnay
1989:Karnal
1977:&
1963:modern
1914:Carnyx
1889:Bucium
1659:Falset
1622:Valves
1553:Sringa
1548:Shofar
1543:Carnyx
1455:Buccin
1229:Cornet
1177:Modern
1079:
1016:: 5.30
967:
941:
897:
807:Hunter
727:
700:
583:Druids
266:Delphi
243:Others
90:carnyx
66:bronze
48:was a
46:carnyx
4221:Lists
4042:Noric
3957:Mixed
3937:Irish
3919:Welsh
3583:Bando
3576:Sport
3477:Wales
3393:Music
3326:Torcs
3316:Mazes
3246:Wales
3072:Cymru
3067:Wales
2950:Music
2873:Vates
2868:TĂşath
2818:Druid
2747:Welsh
2737:Irish
2328:Scots
2310:Irish
2305:Gaels
2300:Welsh
2247:Gauls
2237:Gaels
2208:Names
2180:
2172:
2164:
2145:Celts
2103:Wazza
2026:Nyele
2021:Nafir
1939:Nagak
1924:Conch
1894:Bugle
1795:Other
1679:Crook
1639:Mutes
1563:Wazza
1538:Nyele
1528:Nabal
1415:Cornu
1249:Bugle
755:9 May
643:Notes
593:Brave
588:Pixar
110:Welsh
102:cern-
98:carn-
96:root
54:Celts
29:group
4116:and
3942:Manx
3829:and
3060:Alba
3036:Éire
2955:Rock
2863:Sept
2843:Fili
2778:Bard
2581:Alba
2323:Manx
2147:and
1984:Erke
1970:Dord
1861:and
1669:Bore
1420:Dord
1352:Tuba
1293:Alto
1288:Bass
1243:Horn
1196:Bass
1077:ISBN
997:2023
965:ISBN
939:ISBN
895:ISBN
858:link
844:2023
783:2013
757:2022
725:ISBN
698:ISBN
276:and
274:Gaul
149:boar
113:carn
71:boar
4126:Law
4114:Law
3256:Art
2848:Law
2004:Lur
622:Lur
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