1867:. Ozone can cause adverse effects such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung function mostly in susceptible populations (children, elderly, asthmatics). Ozone can be transported by wind currents and cause health impacts far from the original sources. The American Lung Association estimates that nearly 50 percent of United States inhabitants live in counties that are not in ozone compliance. In South East England, ground level ozone pollution tends to be highest in the countryside and in suburbs, while in central London and on major roads NO emissions are able to "mop up" ozone to form
1445:. The team determined that the first three tree species, maples, sassafras, and tulip poplar, are associated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria known to "emit reactive nitrogen from soil." By contrast, the second three tree species, oak, beech and hickory, are associated with microbes that "absorb reactive nitrogen oxides," and thus can have a positive impact on the nitrogen oxide component of air quality. Nitrogen oxide release from forest soils is expected to be highest in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Kentucky and Ohio.
2292:(CARB) to offset the combination of vehicle congestion, warm temperatures, extensive sunlight, PM, and topography that all contribute to the formation of ozone and smog. CARB has established a special regulation for Alternative Diesel Fuels to ensure that any new fuels, including biodiesel, coming into the market do not substantially increase
2457:
reduction through increased efficiency in the overall combustion process. Alternatively, the water (e.g. 10 to 50%) is emulsified into the fuel oil before the injection and combustion. This emulsification can either be made in-line (unstabilized) just before the injection or as a drop-in fuel with
1715:
Although the complete mechanism is not fully understood, there are two primary pathways of formation. The first involves the oxidation of volatile nitrogen species during the initial stages of combustion. During the release and before the oxidation of the volatiles, nitrogen reacts to form several
1828:
respiratory exposure can trigger and exacerbate existing asthma symptoms, and may even lead to the development of asthma over longer periods of time. It has also been associated with heart disease, diabetes, birth outcomes, and all-cause mortality, but these nonrespiratory effects are less
2310:
emissions is one of the most important challenges for advances in vehicle technology. While diesel vehicles sold in the US since 2010 are dramatically cleaner than previous diesel vehicles, urban areas continue to seek more ways to reduce the formation of smog and ozone.
2841:
Hauglustaine, Didier; Emmons, Louisa; Newchurch, Mike; Brasseur, Guy; Takao, Toshinori; Matsubara, Kouji; Johnson, James; Ridley, Brian; Stith, Jeff (March 2001). "On the Role of
Lightning NOx in the Formation of Tropospheric Ozone Plumes: A Global Model Perspective".
1755:
Nitrogen oxides are released during manufacturing of nitrogen fertilizers. Though nitrous oxide is emitted during its application, it is then reacted in atmosphere to form nitrogen oxides. This third source is attributed to the reaction of atmospheric nitrogen,
2443:
is a hybrid of staged-premixed-radiant combustion technology with major surface combustion preceded by minor radiant combustion. In the Bowin burner, air and fuel gas are premixed at a ratio greater than or equal to the stoichiometric combustion requirement.
1258:
from lightning depends on the season and geographic location. The occurrence of lightning is more common over land near the equator in the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during summer months. This area migrates slightly as seasons change.
2330:
emissions than the type of fuel used. This may be especially true for modern, clean diesel vehicles that continuously monitor engine operation electronically and actively control engine parameters and exhaust system operations to limit
1400:
is a precursor for smog formation which is already a known issue for the state of
California. In addition to contributing to smog, when nitrogen fertilizer is added to the soil and the excess is released in the form of NO, or leached as
1302:
A recent discovery indicated that cosmic ray and solar flares can significantly influence the number of lightning strikes occurring on Earth. Therefore, space weather can be a major driving force of lightning-produced atmospheric
951:, a significant form of air pollution. The presence of photochemical smog increases during the summer when the incident solar radiation is higher. The emitted hydrocarbons from industrial activities and transportation react with
428:
737:
2320:
formation during combustion is associated with a number of factors such as combustion temperature. As such, it can be observed that the vehicle drive cycle, or the load on the engine have more significant impact on
1361:
by microorganisms. The nitrification process transforms ammonia into nitrate. Denitrification is basically the reverse process of nitrification. During denitrification, nitrate is reduced to nitrite, then NO, then
111:, in air; especially at high temperatures, such as in car engines. In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as in large cities, the nitrogen oxides emitted can be a significant source of air pollution.
1271:
Scientists Ott et al. estimated that each flash of lightning on average in the several mid-latitude and subtropical thunderstorms studied turned 7 kg (15 lb) of nitrogen into chemically reactive
2692:
Burkholder, J.B.; Sander, S.P.; Abbatt, J.; Barker, J.R.; Cappa, C.; Crounse, J.D.; Dibble, T.S.; Huie, R.E.; Kolb, C.E.; Kurylo, M.J.; Orkin, V.L.; Percival, C.J.; Wilmouth, D.M.; Wine, P.H. (2019).
2030:
leads to the formation of ozone and the further formation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) through ozone photolysis. Since the major sink of methane in the atmosphere is by reaction with OH radicals, the
1391:
pollution levels. When nitrogen fertilizer is added to the soil, excess ammonium and nitrate not used by plants can be converted to NO by microorganisms in the soil, which escapes into the air.
512:
600:
3409:
U.S. EPA. Integrated
Science Assessment (ISA) For Oxides of Nitrogen â Health Criteria (Final Report, 2016). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-15/068, 2016.
1770:
fragments derived from fuel, rather than thermal or fuel processes. Occurring in the earliest stage of combustion, this results in the formation of fixed species of nitrogen such as NH (
3308:
Pfeifle, Mark; Georgievskii, Yuri; Jasper, Ahren W.; Klippenstein, Stephen J. (2017-08-28). "Theoretical investigation of intersystem crossing in the cyanonitrene molecule, NCN â NCN".
1552:
is associated with the combustion of nitrogen present in the feed material of cement rotary kilns, at between 300 °C and 800 °C, where it is considered a minor contributor.
908:
1716:
intermediaries which are then oxidized into NO. If the volatiles evolve into a reducing atmosphere, the nitrogen evolved can readily be made to form nitrogen gas, rather than
1522:
tends to dominate during the combustion of fuels, such as coal, which have a significant nitrogen content, particularly when burned in combustors designed to minimise thermal
3367:
Shrestha, Krishna Prasad; Seidel, Lars; Zeuch, Thomas; Mauss, Fabian (2019-05-02). "Kinetic
Modeling of NOx Formation and Consumption during Methanol and Ethanol Oxidation".
1382:
A recent study conducted by the
University of California Davis found that adding nitrogen fertilizer to soil in California is contributing 25 percent or more to state-wide
3711:
3573:
2896:
Ott, Lesley E.; Pickering, Kenneth E.; Stenchikov, Georgiy L.; Allen, Dale J.; DeCaria, Alex J.; Ridley, Brian; Lin, Ruei-Fong; Lang, Stephen & Tao, Wei-Kuo (2010).
775:
3167:
Clean Air
Technology Center, Information Transfer and Program Integration Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
823:
2147:(HONO) through surface-catalyzed reaction. Although the reaction is relatively slow, it is an important reaction in urban areas. In addition, the nitrate radical (
971:, and people who work or exercise outside are particularly susceptible to adverse effects of smog such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung function.
307:
since the conversion between these two species is rapid in the stratosphere and troposphere. During daylight hours, these concentrations together with that of
2458:
chemical additives for long-term emulsion stability (stabilized). Excessive water addition facilitates hot corrosion, which is the primary reason why dry low-
1963:
exceeds a certain level, atmospheric reactions result in net ozone formation. Since tropospheric ozone can absorb infrared radiation, this indirect effect of
1578:
formed through high temperature oxidation of the diatomic nitrogen found in combustion air. The formation rate is primarily a function of temperature and the
1795:
359:
1729:
portion of the fuels. This reaction occurs much more slowly than the volatile phase. Only around 20% of the char nitrogen is ultimately emitted as
623:
3255:
3086:
4353:
3219:
Lavoie, G.A.; Heywood, J.B.; Keck, J.C. (1970). "Experimental and
Theoretical Study of Nitric Oxide Formation in Internal Combustion Engines".
2520:
Omidvarborna; et al. (December 2015). "NOx emissions from low-temperature combustion of biodiesel made of various feedstocks and blends".
2898:"Production of lightning NOx and its vertical distribution calculated from three-dimensional cloud-scale chemical transport model simulations"
4377:
4369:
2780:
2266:
emissions, subsequent investigation has shown that blends of up to 20% biodiesel in USEPA-approved diesel fuel have no significant impact on
1886:
3761:
1312:. Atmospheric constituents such as nitrogen oxides can be stratified vertically in the atmosphere. Ott noted that the lightning-produced
3111:
2349:
during combustion, however a tradeoff exists as high temperature combustion produces less PM or soot and results in greater power and
264:
Because of energy limitations, oxygen and nitrogen do not react at ambient temperatures. But at high temperatures, they undergo an
1281:. With 1.4 billion lightning flashes per year, multiplied by 7 kilograms per lightning strike, they estimated the total amount of
3699:
1157:
These are thought to be the principal pathways for formation of nitric acid in the atmosphere. This nitric acid contributes to
1648:, HO, was added by Lavoie, Heywood and Keck to the mechanism and makes a significant contribution to the formation of thermal
1513:
formation, which is highly temperature dependent, is recognized as the most relevant source when combusting natural gas. Fuel
3630:
3593:
3556:
2748:
2723:
2668:
2561:
2499:
2381:
or ammonia to produce nitrogen and water. SCR is now being used in ships, diesel trucks and in some diesel cars. The use of
1408:
A 2018 study by the
Indiana University determined that forests in the eastern United States can expect to see increases in
1938:
has positive contribution to the greenhouse effect. Instead of reacting with ozone in
Reaction 3, NO can also react with
1418:
1330:
are typically found near the sources at near surface elevation (where it can cause the most significant health effects).
147:), a fairly inert oxide of nitrogen that contributes less severely to air pollution, notwithstanding its involvement in
1582:
of nitrogen at that temperature. At high temperatures, usually above 1300 °C (2600 °F), molecular nitrogen (
1229:
to convert into significant amounts of NO similar to the process that occurs during high temperature fuel combustion.
2365:
3654:
2208:). As mentioned above, nitric acid can be removed through wet and dry deposition and this results in the removal of
451:
19:
This article is about nitrogen oxides produced during combustion. For a more extensive list of nitrogen oxides, see
3754:
2340:
emission to less than 0.2 g/km. Low-temperature combustion or LTC technology may help reduce thermal formation of
1725:. The second pathway involves the combustion of nitrogen contained in the char matrix during the combustion of the
535:
2136:. These are ultimately broken down to inorganic nitrate, which is a useful nutrient for plants. During nighttime,
1683:
production from nitrogen-bearing fuels such as certain coals and oil, is the conversion of fuel bound nitrogen to
1644:
was the first to suggest the importance of the first two reactions. The last reaction of atomic nitrogen with the
777:
represents a "third body", a molecular species that is required to carry away energy from the exothermic reaction
2403:
926:
for mixing ratio of NO, = 10 part per billion (ppb), the time constant is 40 minutes; for = 1 ppb, 4 minutes.
2289:
1641:
351:
In other words, the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere is determined by the ratio of these two species.
2361:
1885:
also readily reacts with common organic chemicals, and even ozone, to form a wide variety of toxic products:
860:
2448:
technology, whereby water is introduced into the combustion chamber, is also becoming an important means of
2079:) in soil, which is another greenhouse gas. In conclusion, considering several direct and indirect effects,
1249:), this can be precipitated out as acid rain or deposited onto particles in the air. Elevated production of
4460:
3066:
2390:
1984:
that can either increase or decrease the greenhouse effect. First of all, through the reaction of NO with
3747:
2001:
emissions can counter the effect of greenhouse gases. For instance, ship traffic emits a great amount of
1579:
1120:
reacts rapidly with liquid water (in aerosol particles or cloud drops, but not in the gas phase) to form
3263:(Technical report). Vol. I (5th ed.). US: Environmental Protection Agency. January 1995. APâ42
1860:
273:
3030:
Davidson, E.A. & Kingerlee, W. (1997). "A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils".
1596:) in the combustion air dissociate into their atomic states and participate in a series of reactions.
2551:
2445:
2382:
944:
2639:
1811:
is comparatively small and it is generally only of interest for the most exacting emission targets.
4470:
2067:. Through this way, the deposition leads to nitrogen fertilization and the subsequent formation of
3543:
3135:
3065:
Lagzi, IstvĂĄn; MĂ©szĂĄros, RĂłbert; GelybĂł, Györgyi; LeelĆssy, ĂdĂĄm (2013). "6.3. Denitrification".
1600:
3087:"New Study Finds Nitrogen Fertilizer a Major Contributor to Smog in California | Article | EESI"
1747:
that forms during this process is reduced to nitrogen by the char, which is nearly pure carbon.
4256:
3801:
2946:
152:
2489:
758:
4332:
4235:
3851:
1665:
It is estimated that transportation fuels cause 54% of the anthropogenic (i.e. human-caused)
1321:
is typically found at altitudes greater than 5 km, while combustion and biogenic (soil)
799:
316:
288:
31:
3430:
2995:
Galloway, J.N.; et al. (September 2004). "Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future".
2288:
relative to diesel fuel used in the other 49 states. This has been deemed necessary by the
4267:
4248:
4046:
4034:
3656:
A Comprehensive
Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (Draft Technical Report)
3317:
3185:
2961:
2909:
2897:
2851:
2594:
1771:
1341:
1078:
961:
808:
221:
206:
24:
1802:
radical) which can oxidize to NO. In fuels that contain nitrogen, the incidence of prompt
8:
4275:
4240:
3991:
2772:
2410:
2386:
1693:
3623:
Chemistry of the upper and lower atmosphere : theory, experiments, and applications
3321:
2965:
2913:
2855:
2598:
1712:
emissions through the combusting oil and as much as 80% through the combusting of coal
1417:
and in turn, changes in the types of trees which predominate. Due to human activity and
4283:
4146:
3983:
3662:(Technical report). US: Environmental Protection Agency. October 2002. EPA420-P-02-001.
3525:
3469:
3444:
3418:
3392:
3236:
3047:
3012:
2875:
2620:
81:
3673:
McCormick, R.L.; Williams, A.; Ireland, J.; Brimhall, M.; Hayes, R.R. (October 2006).
3294:
2048:
in the atmosphere may undergo dry or wet deposition and return to land in the form of
1913:, to ozone has been found that predominantly occurs in coastal areas via formation of
1692:
during combustion. During combustion, the nitrogen bound in the fuel is released as a
1299:
emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion are estimated at 28.5 million tonnes.
4159:
3636:
3626:
3589:
3552:
3517:
3509:
3474:
3396:
3384:
3349:
3341:
3333:
2867:
2823:
2754:
2744:
2719:
2674:
2664:
2612:
2557:
2495:
2418:
2020:
1358:
246:
3529:
3240:
3051:
3016:
2879:
2279:. The state of California uses a special formulation of diesel fuel to produce less
4428:
4207:
4102:
4027:
3899:
3581:
3501:
3464:
3456:
3376:
3325:
3290:
3228:
3039:
3004:
2969:
2925:
2917:
2859:
2813:
2624:
2602:
2529:
1783:
1645:
960:
quickly and increase the concentration of ozone and peroxide compounds, especially
54:
3380:
3281:
Fenimore, C P (1971). "Formation of nitric oxide in premixed hydrocarbon flames".
2236:
and its blends in general are known to reduce harmful tailpipe emissions such as:
2117:), which can easily be removed by dry and wet deposition. Organic peroxyradicals (
4390:
4192:
4090:
3715:
3585:
3183:
Beychok, Milton R. (March 1973). "NOX emission from fuel combustion controlled".
3159:
2533:
2467:
technologies are favored today besides the requirement of a more complex system.
2350:
2237:
2133:
1914:
1894:
1345:
423:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + h\nu -> NO + O}},\qquad \lambda <398~{\ce {nm}}}
148:
3732:
Nitrogen oxides emissions standards for domestic gas appliances background study
4344:
4299:
4291:
3971:
3958:
3936:
3835:
3682:(Technical report). US: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/MP-540-40554
3200:
Zel'dovich, Y.B. (1946). "The Oxidation of Nitrogen in Combustion Explosions".
2248:
emissions. While earlier studies suggested biodiesel could sometimes decrease
65:
20:
3674:
3232:
3043:
3008:
2863:
2818:
2801:
2698:(Technical report). Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena. JPL Publication 19-5.
4465:
4454:
4408:
4307:
4170:
4154:
4125:
3814:
3718:
3640:
3513:
3388:
3337:
2871:
2827:
2758:
2678:
2661:
Atmospheric chemistry and physics : from air pollution to climate change
2431:
2068:
1992:
radicals, OH radicals are recycled, which oxidize methane molecules, meaning
1006:
where M denotes a third molecule required to stabilize the addition product.
732:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {}}}}={\frac {k_{3}}{j_{{\ce {NO2}}}}}}
136:
69:
2974:
2607:
2578:
4416:
4361:
4315:
4179:
4003:
3979:
3941:
3521:
3478:
3353:
2616:
2144:
1890:
1430:
1338:
1208:
1204:
312:
202:
108:
46:
1954:) and thus increase the concentration of ozone. Once the concentration of
1268:
production from lightning can be observed through satellite observations.
4323:
4109:
4058:
4022:
3571:
3460:
2921:
2276:
2245:
2198:
2107:
1845:
1239:
1017:) is highly soluble in liquid water in aerosol particles or cloud drops.
1007:
280:, during the combustion of a mixture of air and fuel, and naturally in a
265:
198:
2930:
985:
is further oxidized in the gas phase during daytime by reaction with OH
3931:
3505:
2716:
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change
2695:
Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies
2583:
O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century"
2099:
in the atmosphere is removed through several pathways. During daytime,
1463:
1060:
104:
3345:
3329:
2039:
emissions from ship travel may lead to a net global cooling. However,
4404:
4134:
4077:
3917:
3823:
3307:
2233:
1901:
1775:
1426:
1212:
1158:
281:
121:
77:
3492:
Lammel, Gerhard; GraĂl, Hartmut (1995). "Greenhouse effect of NOX".
4412:
4098:
3909:
3793:
3770:
3739:
2840:
2175:
and establishes an equilibrium reaction with dinitrogen pentoxide (
1726:
327:
96:
2693:
947:(VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, they form photochemical
4434:
4422:
4398:
4065:
4010:
3953:
3926:
3904:
3894:
3809:
3785:
3112:"IU study predicts air pollutant increase from U.S. forest soils"
1841:
1779:
1442:
1402:
1162:
3672:
3551:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2010.
1290:
produced by lightning per year is 8.6 million tonnes. However,
1165:, which is of use to growing plants. The aqueous phase reaction
2356:
968:
277:
100:
2637:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3843:
1864:
1799:
1448:
1438:
1422:
338:
308:
269:
3136:"Nitrogen Oxides: What is NOx? | E Instruments | e-inst.com"
2691:
2577:
Ravishankara, A. R.; Daniel, J. S.; Portmann, R. W. (2009).
4440:
3445:"Air Pollution: Salt Mist Is the Right Seasoning for Ozone"
3064:
2895:
2414:
2378:
2241:
1540:
is normally considered negligible. A fourth source, called
948:
73:
2891:
2889:
2576:
2088:
emissions have a negative contribution to global warming.
1898:
1434:
1191:
is too slow to be of any significance in the atmosphere.
974:
721:
697:
644:
588:
572:
550:
494:
472:
374:
3366:
3160:"Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Why and How They Are Controlled"
3572:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. (2014),
2886:
1405:
this can be a costly process for the farming industry.
2640:"Air Monitoring Instrumentation Nitrogen Oxides (NOy)"
3433:, King's College London, Environmental Research Group
2947:"The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source"
1703:, or NO. Fuel can contribute as much as 50% of total
863:
811:
761:
626:
538:
454:
362:
95:
gases are usually produced from the reaction between
3620:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2654:
2652:
3621:Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J; Pitts, James N (2000).
2659:Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros N. (2016-03-29).
2515:
2513:
2511:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
2944:
2197:reacts with water vapor or liquid water and forms
902:
817:
769:
731:
594:
506:
422:
3218:
3029:
2702:
2649:
2483:
2481:
2479:
1814:
4452:
3734:Combustion Engineering Consultant; February 2000
3676:Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions
3578:Climate Change 2013 - the Physical Science Basis
2508:
1211:due to the extreme heating and cooling within a
3607:
3580:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 31â116,
2545:
2543:
1370:and finally nitrogen. Through these processes,
1026:also reacts with ozone to form nitrate radical
507:{\displaystyle {\ce {O + O2 + M -> O3 + M}}}
272:of nitrogen. Such temperatures arise inside an
3199:
3193:
2713:
2658:
2476:
2240:; particulate matter (PM), otherwise known as
2106:reacts with hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and forms
1238:from lightning can become oxidized to produce
595:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + NO -> NO2 + O2}}}
72:. These gases contribute to the formation of
3755:
3257:Compilation of air pollutant emission factors
2781:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2714:Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros N. (2006).
1215:strike. This causes stable molecules such as
825:that is needed to reach a steady state among
3545:Globalisation, Transport and the Environment
3494:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
2540:
2519:
2488:Mollenhauer, Klaus; Tschöke, Helmut (2010).
2389:in motor vehicle engines have significantly
2357:Regulation and emission control technologies
1599:The three principal reactions (the extended
967:Children, people with lung diseases such as
300:refers to the total concentration of NO and
3491:
2802:"Lightning NO x and Impacts on Air Quality"
2550:Annamalai, Kalyan; Puri, Ishwar K. (2007).
3762:
3748:
3178:
3176:
1449:Industrial sources (anthropogenic sources)
1070:, but at night it can react with a second
259:
16:Term for nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide
3468:
2973:
2929:
2817:
2606:
1975:There are also other indirect effects of
188:compounds produced from the oxidation of
3280:
2994:
1844:, moisture, and other compounds to form
903:{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {1}{k_{3}}}}
3283:Symposium (International) on Combustion
3182:
3173:
3109:
3074:. Eötvös Lorånd University. p. 63.
2773:"Health and Environmental Impacts of NO
1161:or may deposit to soil, where it makes
4453:
3442:
3212:
2799:
2738:
1348:plants also contribute to atmospheric
975:Formation of nitric acid and acid rain
3743:
2945:Schumann, U.; Huntrieser, H. (2007).
2570:
1929:The direct effect of the emission of
1433:have been pushing out the beneficial
120:gases are also produced naturally by
3769:
2638:US Environmental Protection Agency.
2487:
2220:
2154:) is formed by the reaction between
1863:in the presence of sunlight to form
1640:All three reactions are reversible.
929:
854:
834:and ozone is dominated by reaction (
617:
529:
445:
353:
341:(which reacts with NO to again form
3084:
2741:Chemistry of the natural atmosphere
1926:comes into contact with salt mist.
1763:, with radicals such as C, CH, and
1333:
23:. For other meanings of "Nox", see
13:
3421:, Environmental Protection Agency.
3032:Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
2553:Combustion Science and Engineering
2549:
1199:
326:is determined by the intensity of
14:
4482:
3369:Combustion Science and Technology
3221:Combustion Science and Technology
2366:selective non-catalytic reduction
2844:Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry
2743:(2nd ed.). Academic Press.
2275:emissions compared with regular
1972:is intensifying global warming.
1904:. Recently another pathway, via
337:to NO) and the concentration of
3724:
3693:
3666:
3647:
3565:
3536:
3485:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3403:
3360:
3310:The Journal of Chemical Physics
3301:
3274:
3247:
3152:
3128:
3103:
3078:
3058:
3023:
2988:
2938:
2902:Journal of Geophysical Research
2834:
2793:
2765:
2404:Volkswagen emissions violations
2186:). Via heterogeneous reaction,
2132:and result in the formation of
798:and ozone, and is known as the
402:
2732:
2685:
2631:
2368:(SNCR) reduce post combustion
2290:California Air Resources Board
1819:There is strong evidence that
1815:Health and environment effects
1379:is emitted to the atmosphere.
894:
886:
789:relates the concentrations of
701:
683:
660:
654:
647:
631:
559:
481:
386:
1:
3625:. San Diego: Academic Press.
3381:10.1080/00102202.2019.1606804
3295:10.1016/S0082-0784(71)80040-1
3110:Fryling, Kevin (2019-01-22).
2800:Murray, Lee T. (2016-04-25).
2470:
2421:significantly reduce thermal
2377:by reacting the exhaust with
2362:Selective catalytic reduction
2125:) can also react with NO and
1848:vapor and related particles.
1635:N + OH· â NO + H·
1531:. The contribution of prompt
1453:The three primary sources of
840:), which reverses reactions (
3730:Bob Joynt & Stephen Wu,
3586:10.1017/cbo9781107415324.005
2718:(2nd rev. ed.). Wiley.
2534:10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.08.031
2494:. Springer. pp. 445â6.
2301:emissions. The reduction of
1946:and organic peroxyradicals (
7:
3431:London Air - What is Ozone?
3254:"1.1.3.3 Nitrogen Oxides".
3202:Acta Physicochimica U.S.S.R
2409:Other technologies such as
2391:reduced vehicular emissions
2010:which provides a source of
916:
848:
842:
836:
785:
779:
745:
608:
520:
436:
268:reaction producing various
68:that are most relevant for
10:
4487:
3140:E Instruments | e-inst.com
2556:. CRC Press. p. 775.
2522:Fuel Processing Technology
2491:Handbook of Diesel Engines
2402:was the main focus of the
1861:volatile organic compounds
1696:and ultimately forms free
1555:
1194:
945:volatile organic compounds
319:(PSS); the ratio of NO to
274:internal combustion engine
18:
4389:
4228:
3970:
3866:
3778:
3233:10.1080/00102206908952211
3009:10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0
2819:10.1007/s40726-016-0031-7
2806:Current Pollution Reports
2430:in industrial processes.
2383:exhaust gas recirculation
1750:
770:{\displaystyle {\ce {M}}}
231:), peroxyalkyl nitrates (
168:is defined as the sum of
2739:Peter., Warneck (2000).
1897:some of which may cause
238:), the nitrate radical (
153:global warming potential
3449:Environ Health Perspect
3044:10.1023/A:1009738715891
2975:10.5194/acp-7-3823-2007
2864:10.1023/a:1006452309388
2663:(3rd ed.). Wiley.
2608:10.1126/science.1176985
2257:and sometimes increase
1660:
260:Formation and reactions
224:(PAN), alkyl nitrates (
80:, as well as affecting
3443:Potera, Carol (2008).
2019:over the ocean. Then,
1674:. The major source of
904:
819:
771:
733:
596:
508:
424:
3186:Oil & Gas Journal
3068:Atmospheric Chemistry
2217:from the atmosphere.
2161:and ozone. At night,
905:
820:
818:{\displaystyle \tau }
800:Leighton relationship
772:
734:
597:
509:
425:
317:photostationary state
289:atmospheric chemistry
32:atmospheric chemistry
3461:10.1289/ehp.116-a288
2922:10.1029/2009JD011880
2387:catalytic converters
2168:further reacts with
1772:nitrogen monohydride
1738:, since much of the
1603:) producing thermal
1601:Zel'dovich mechanism
1079:dinitrogen pentoxide
1052:During the daytime,
962:peroxyacetyl nitrate
861:
809:
759:
624:
536:
452:
360:
222:peroxyacetyl nitrate
207:dinitrogen pentoxide
4461:Airborne pollutants
3574:"Technical Summary"
3322:2017JChPh.147h4310P
2966:2007ACP.....7.3823S
2914:2010JGRD..115.4301O
2856:2001JAtC...38..277H
2599:2009Sci...326..123R
2411:flameless oxidation
1207:is produced during
723:
699:
646:
590:
574:
552:
496:
474:
376:
276:or a power station
3714:2015-09-29 at the
3506:10.1007/bf02987512
1829:well-established.
1796:dihydrogen cyanide
900:
815:
767:
729:
711:
687:
634:
592:
578:
562:
540:
504:
484:
462:
420:
364:
107:of fuels, such as
82:tropospheric ozone
4448:
4447:
3632:978-0-08-052907-3
3595:978-1-107-41532-4
3558:978-92-64-07919-9
3330:10.1063/1.4999788
2954:Atmos. Chem. Phys
2750:978-0-12-735632-7
2725:978-0-471-72018-8
2670:978-1-119-22116-6
2579:"Nitrous Oxide (N
2563:978-0-8493-2071-2
2501:978-3-540-89082-9
2419:staged combustion
1359:nitrogen fixation
930:Formation of smog
924:
923:
898:
892:
765:
753:
752:
727:
714:
690:
665:
659:
637:
616:
615:
581:
565:
558:
543:
528:
527:
502:
487:
480:
465:
458:
444:
443:
418:
414:
397:
391:
382:
367:
247:peroxynitric acid
135:does not include
45:is shorthand for
4478:
4438:
4426:
4402:
4391:Oxidation states
4220:
4219:
4188:
4187:
4122:
4121:
4086:
4085:
4074:
4073:
4019:
4018:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3708:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3618:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3550:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3169:. November 1999.
3164:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2610:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2517:
2506:
2505:
2485:
2466:
2456:
2440:
2429:
2401:
2376:
2348:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2300:
2287:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2229:
2216:
2207:
2196:
2185:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2143:and NO can form
2142:
2134:organic nitrates
2131:
2124:
2116:
2105:
2098:
2087:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1983:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1925:
1912:
1884:
1873:
1858:
1839:
1827:
1810:
1793:
1784:hydrogen cyanide
1769:
1762:
1746:
1737:
1724:
1711:
1702:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1656:
1646:hydroxyl radical
1636:
1631:
1622:
1611:
1595:
1588:
1577:
1568:
1551:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1500:
1489:
1478:
1461:
1416:
1399:
1390:
1378:
1369:
1356:
1334:Biogenic sources
1329:
1320:
1311:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1267:
1257:
1248:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1187:
1152:
1145:
1126:
1119:
1105:
1094:
1076:
1069:
1058:
1047:
1025:
1016:
1001:
994:
984:
959:
942:
918:
909:
907:
906:
901:
899:
897:
893:
890:
885:
884:
871:
855:
833:
824:
822:
821:
816:
797:
776:
774:
773:
768:
766:
763:
747:
738:
736:
735:
730:
728:
726:
725:
724:
722:
719:
712:
704:
700:
698:
695:
688:
682:
681:
671:
666:
664:
663:
657:
651:
650:
645:
642:
635:
628:
618:
610:
601:
599:
598:
593:
591:
589:
586:
579:
573:
570:
563:
556:
551:
548:
541:
530:
522:
513:
511:
510:
505:
503:
500:
495:
492:
485:
478:
473:
470:
463:
456:
446:
438:
429:
427:
426:
421:
419:
416:
412:
398:
395:
389:
380:
375:
372:
365:
354:
347:
336:
330:(which converts
325:
315:, also known as
306:
299:
255:
244:
237:
230:
219:
196:
186:
176:
166:
146:
134:
119:
94:
63:
55:nitrogen dioxide
52:
43:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4471:Nitrogen oxides
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4396:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4261:
4252:
4244:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4163:
4150:
4142:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4106:
4094:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3966:
3962:
3949:
3945:
3921:
3913:
3890:
3877:
3862:
3856:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3818:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3738:
3729:
3725:
3716:Wayback Machine
3707:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3633:
3619:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3490:
3486:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3365:
3361:
3306:
3302:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3217:
3213:
3198:
3194:
3181:
3174:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3028:
3024:
2997:Biogeochemistry
2993:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2894:
2887:
2839:
2835:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2751:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2712:
2703:
2690:
2686:
2671:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2593:(5949): 123â5.
2582:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2548:
2541:
2518:
2509:
2502:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:Water Injection
2439:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2400:
2394:
2375:
2369:
2359:
2351:fuel efficiency
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2244:; and unburned
2238:carbon monoxide
2231:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1915:nitryl chloride
1911:
1905:
1895:nitrate radical
1883:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1809:
1803:
1791:
1787:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1415:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:, by promoting
1355:
1349:
1346:nitrogen fixing
1344:and the use of
1336:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1202:
1200:Natural sources
1197:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
983:
979:
977:
958:
952:
941:
935:
932:
889:
880:
876:
875:
870:
862:
859:
858:
832:
826:
810:
807:
806:
796:
790:
762:
760:
757:
756:
720:
715:
710:
709:
705:
696:
691:
686:
677:
673:
672:
670:
653:
652:
643:
638:
630:
629:
627:
625:
622:
621:
587:
582:
571:
566:
549:
544:
539:
537:
534:
533:
493:
488:
471:
466:
455:
453:
450:
449:
415:
373:
368:
363:
361:
358:
357:
346:
342:
335:
331:
324:
320:
305:
301:
298:
292:
262:
254:
250:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
218:
214:
210:
195:
189:
185:
179:
175:
169:
165:
159:
149:ozone depletion
144:
140:
133:
127:
118:
112:
93:
87:
66:nitrogen oxides
62:
58:
50:
42:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4446:
4445:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4070:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3737:
3736:
3723:
3703:
3692:
3665:
3646:
3631:
3606:
3594:
3564:
3557:
3535:
3484:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3402:
3375:(9): 1628â60.
3359:
3300:
3289:(1): 373â380.
3273:
3246:
3227:(4): 313â326.
3211:
3192:
3172:
3151:
3127:
3102:
3085:Houlton, Ben.
3077:
3057:
3022:
3003:(2): 153â226.
2987:
2937:
2908:(D4): D04301.
2885:
2850:(3): 277â294.
2833:
2812:(2): 115â133.
2792:
2774:
2764:
2749:
2731:
2724:
2701:
2684:
2669:
2648:
2630:
2580:
2569:
2562:
2539:
2507:
2500:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2461:
2451:
2435:
2424:
2396:
2371:
2358:
2355:
2343:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2295:
2282:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2230:
2224:
2221:Biodiesel and
2219:
2211:
2204:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2139:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2102:
2093:
2082:
2074:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1987:
1978:
1966:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1920:
1907:
1879:
1870:
1853:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1805:
1789:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1699:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1621:+ O â NO + N
1618:
1606:
1592:
1589:) and oxygen (
1585:
1580:residence time
1572:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1546:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1419:climate change
1411:
1394:
1385:
1373:
1365:
1351:
1335:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1262:
1252:
1245:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1073:
1066:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1013:
1004:
1003:
998:
991:
981:
976:
973:
954:
937:
931:
928:
922:
921:
912:
910:
896:
888:
883:
879:
874:
869:
866:
828:
814:
792:
751:
750:
741:
739:
718:
708:
703:
694:
685:
680:
676:
669:
662:
656:
649:
641:
633:
614:
613:
604:
602:
585:
577:
569:
561:
555:
547:
526:
525:
516:
514:
499:
491:
483:
477:
469:
461:
442:
441:
432:
430:
411:
408:
405:
401:
394:
388:
385:
379:
371:
344:
333:
322:
303:
294:
261:
258:
252:
241:
234:
227:
216:
212:
197:which include
191:
181:
171:
161:
142:
129:
114:
89:
60:
38:
21:nitrogen oxide
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4483:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4343:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4205:
4191:
4189:
4178:
4176:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4107:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3700:WÀrtsilÀ Low
3696:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3554:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:(8): 084310.
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2427:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2200:
2146:
2135:
2109:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2070:
2069:nitrous oxide
2045:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:and also the
1892:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1342:fertilization
1340:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1214:
1210:
1209:thunderstorms
1206:
1192:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1062:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1009:
988:
987:
986:
972:
970:
965:
963:
957:
950:
946:
940:
927:
920:
913:
911:
881:
877:
872:
867:
864:
857:
856:
853:
851:
850:
845:
844:
839:
838:
831:
812:
803:
801:
795:
788:
787:
782:
781:
749:
742:
740:
716:
706:
692:
678:
674:
667:
639:
620:
619:
612:
605:
603:
583:
575:
567:
553:
545:
532:
531:
524:
517:
515:
497:
489:
475:
467:
459:
448:
447:
440:
433:
431:
409:
406:
403:
399:
392:
383:
377:
369:
356:
355:
352:
349:
340:
329:
318:
314:
310:
297:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
257:
248:
223:
208:
204:
200:
194:
187:
184:
174:
167:
164:
156:
154:
150:
138:
137:nitrous oxide
132:
125:
123:
117:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:air pollution
67:
56:
48:
44:
41:
33:
26:
22:
4439:(a strongly
4433:
4421:
4397:
4257:
3852:
3731:
3726:
3704:
3695:
3684:. Retrieved
3675:
3668:
3655:
3649:
3622:
3599:, retrieved
3577:
3567:
3544:
3538:
3500:(1): 40â45.
3497:
3493:
3487:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3405:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3265:. Retrieved
3256:
3249:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3184:
3166:
3154:
3143:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3115:
3105:
3094:. Retrieved
3091:www.eesi.org
3090:
3080:
3067:
3060:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2979:. Retrieved
2960:(14): 3823.
2957:
2953:
2940:
2931:10754/552104
2905:
2901:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2784:. Retrieved
2767:
2740:
2734:
2715:
2694:
2687:
2660:
2633:
2590:
2586:
2572:
2552:
2525:
2521:
2490:
2462:
2452:
2436:
2425:
2408:
2397:
2372:
2360:
2344:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2145:nitrous acid
2094:
2090:
2083:
2043:
2034:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1908:
1891:nitrosamines
1880:
1876:
1874:and oxygen.
1859:reacts with
1854:
1850:
1840:reacts with
1835:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1806:
1754:
1742:
1733:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1694:free radical
1687:
1678:
1669:
1664:
1652:
1639:
1607:
1598:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1485:
1474:
1457:
1452:
1431:tulip poplar
1412:
1407:
1395:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1352:
1339:Agricultural
1337:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1233:
1205:Nitric oxide
1203:
1190:
1156:
1109:
1051:
1019:
1005:
995:+ OH (+M) â
978:
966:
955:
938:
933:
925:
914:
847:
841:
835:
829:
804:
793:
784:
778:
754:
743:
606:
518:
434:
350:
313:steady state
295:
286:
263:
203:nitrous acid
192:
182:
178:
172:
162:
158:
157:
130:
126:
115:
109:hydrocarbons
90:
86:
47:nitric oxide
39:
35:
29:
3455:(7): A288.
2246:hydrocarbon
2199:nitric acid
2108:nitric acid
1887:nitroarenes
1846:nitric acid
1466:processes:
1240:nitric acid
1059:is quickly
1008:Nitric acid
783:. Equation
755:The symbol
291:, the term
266:endothermic
199:nitric acid
4455:Categories
3686:2018-11-17
3601:2018-11-15
3267:2023-12-27
3208:: 577â628.
3145:2018-11-05
3121:2019-01-27
3116:News at IU
3096:2018-10-18
2981:2016-05-31
2786:2007-12-26
2471:References
2441:technology
2432:Bowin low
2364:(SCR) and
2021:photolysis
1798:) and CN (
1569:refers to
1464:combustion
1146:(liq) â 2
1061:photolyzed
105:combustion
3709:Solutions
3641:162128929
3514:0944-1344
3397:155726862
3389:0010-2202
3338:0021-9606
3038:: 37â50.
2872:0167-7764
2828:2198-6592
2759:162128886
2679:929985467
2528:: 113â8.
2234:Biodiesel
1902:mutations
1776:diradical
1642:Zeldovich
1630:â NO + O
1427:sassafras
1213:lightning
1159:acid rain
865:τ
813:τ
805:The time
560:⟶
482:⟶
404:λ
387:⟶
384:ν
282:lightning
177:plus the
151:and high
122:lightning
78:acid rain
4206: /
4169: /
4153: /
4124: /
4108: /
4101: /
4076: /
4064: /
4033: /
4021: /
4009: /
3982: /
3882:>C=NR
3779:Hydrides
3771:Nitrogen
3719:WÀrtsilÀ
3712:Archived
3530:42621955
3522:24234471
3479:18629329
3354:28863540
3241:98781153
3189:: 53â56.
3052:22290176
3017:98109580
2880:91569139
2617:19713491
1782:), HCN (
1774:), NCN (
1560:Thermal
1504:Thermal
1470:thermal
1077:to form
1063:back to
328:sunshine
205:(HONO),
97:nitrogen
4229:Halides
3867:Organic
3773:species
3470:2453175
3346:1377972
3318:Bibcode
2962:Bibcode
2910:Bibcode
2852:Bibcode
2625:2100618
2595:Bibcode
2587:Science
1842:ammonia
1780:nitrene
1556:Thermal
1492:prompt
1443:hickory
1403:nitrate
1195:Sources
1179:O â HNO
1169:2
1163:nitrate
1095:(+M) â
964:(PAN).
311:are in
284:flash.
245:), and
103:during
64:), the
4443:oxide)
4441:acidic
3972:Oxides
3721:, 2008
3639:
3629:
3592:
3555:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3477:
3467:
3395:
3387:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3239:
3050:
3015:
2878:
2870:
2826:
2757:
2747:
2722:
2677:
2667:
2623:
2615:
2560:
2498:
2417:) and
2277:diesel
1990:·
1952:·
1944:·
1751:Prompt
1441:, and
1429:, and
1423:maples
1421:, the
969:asthma
413:
278:boiler
270:oxides
101:oxygen
53:) and
4411:, 0,
4103:(HON)
3887:-CONR
3680:(PDF)
3660:(PDF)
3549:(PDF)
3526:S2CID
3419:Ozone
3393:S2CID
3261:(PDF)
3237:S2CID
3163:(PDF)
3072:(PDF)
3048:S2CID
3013:S2CID
2950:(PDF)
2876:S2CID
2643:(PDF)
2621:S2CID
1917:when
1865:ozone
1800:cyano
1778:cyano
1626:N + O
1612:are:
1481:fuel
1439:beech
1183:+ HNO
1106:(+M).
1002:(+M),
934:When
339:ozone
309:ozone
233:ROONO
4466:Smog
4370:NHBr
4362:NHCl
4155:ONOO
3984:(NO)
3937:HNCS
3932:HNCO
3927:HOCN
3910:(CN)
3637:OCLC
3627:ISBN
3590:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3518:PMID
3510:ISSN
3475:PMID
3385:ISSN
3350:PMID
3342:OSTI
3334:ISSN
2868:ISSN
2824:ISSN
2755:OCLC
2745:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2675:OCLC
2665:ISBN
2613:PMID
2558:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2415:FLOX
2385:and
2379:urea
2242:soot
1727:char
1661:Fuel
1542:feed
1222:and
1153:(aq)
1090:+ NO
1039:â NO
949:smog
943:and
407:<
226:RONO
99:and
76:and
74:smog
4431:,
4378:NHI
4354:NHF
4308:BrN
4300:ClN
4276:NBr
4268:NCl
4264:(?)
4175:NOO
4139:NNO
4099:HNO
4059:HNO
4035:(NO
4004:HNO
3959:-NO
3954:-NO
3922:NCN
3900:HCN
3895:-CN
3859:(?)
3582:doi
3502:doi
3465:PMC
3457:doi
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3377:doi
3373:191
3326:doi
3314:147
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2926:hdl
2918:doi
2906:115
2860:doi
2814:doi
2603:doi
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2203:HNO
2112:HNO
2050:HNO
2023:of
1899:DNA
1786:),
1462:in
1435:oak
1244:HNO
1175:+ H
1148:HNO
1140:+ H
1122:HNO
1043:+ O
1035:+ O
1012:HNO
997:HNO
852:):
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410:398
348:).
287:In
256:).
251:HNO
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4180:NO
4164:NO
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4147:HO
4091:NO
4078:NO
4066:NO
4028:NO
4023:NO
4011:NO
3980:NO
3942:CH
3905:CN
3874:NR
3853:NH
3836:HN
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3802:NH
3794:NH
3786:NH
3702:NO
3635:.
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2460:NO
2450:NO
2434:NO
2423:NO
2406:.
2395:NO
2393:.
2370:NO
2353:.
2342:NO
2333:NO
2323:NO
2313:NO
2303:NO
2294:NO
2281:NO
2268:NO
2259:NO
2250:NO
2223:NO
2210:NO
2170:NO
2163:NO
2156:NO
2149:NO
2138:NO
2127:NO
2119:RO
2101:NO
2092:NO
2081:NO
2057:NO
2041:NO
2032:NO
2025:NO
2012:NO
2003:NO
1994:NO
1986:HO
1977:NO
1965:NO
1956:NO
1948:RO
1940:HO
1931:NO
1919:NO
1906:NO
1889:,
1878:NO
1869:NO
1852:NO
1833:NO
1821:NO
1804:NO
1792:CN
1765:CH
1740:NO
1731:NO
1718:NO
1705:NO
1685:NO
1676:NO
1667:NO
1657:.
1650:NO
1605:NO
1571:NO
1562:NO
1545:NO
1533:NO
1524:NO
1515:NO
1506:NO
1494:NO
1483:NO
1472:NO
1455:NO
1437:,
1425:,
1410:NO
1393:NO
1384:NO
1372:NO
1350:NO
1323:NO
1314:NO
1305:NO
1292:NO
1283:NO
1274:NO
1261:NO
1251:NO
1231:NO
1171:NO
1127:,
1086:NO
1081:.
1072:NO
1065:NO
1054:NO
1031:NO
1021:NO
990:NO
980:NO
953:NO
936:NO
891:NO
827:NO
791:NO
713:NO
658:NO
636:NO
564:NO
557:NO
417:nm
390:NO
366:NO
343:NO
332:NO
321:NO
302:NO
293:NO
240:NO
201:,
190:NO
180:NO
170:NO
160:NO
155:.
128:NO
124:.
113:NO
88:NO
84:.
59:NO
51:NO
37:NO
34:,
4380:2
4372:2
4364:2
4356:2
4347:2
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4260:5
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4126:N
4119:2
4114:O
4112:2
4110:N
4105:2
4093:3
4083:2
4071:3
4061:3
4053:5
4051:O
4049:2
4047:N
4041:2
4039:)
4037:2
4030:2
4016:2
4006:2
3998:3
3996:O
3994:2
3992:N
3986:2
3961:2
3948:2
3946:N
3944:2
3920:2
3918:H
3912:2
3889:2
3876:3
3855:5
3846:3
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3838:3
3830:4
3828:H
3826:2
3824:N
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3810:N
3804:2
3796:4
3788:3
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2172:2
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2140:2
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2123:·
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2044:x
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2027:2
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2006:x
1997:x
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1980:x
1968:x
1959:x
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1767:2
1760:2
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1700:2
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1688:x
1679:x
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1246:3
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