54:
242:
3247:
294:
are characterized by cell-in-cell state, where the secondary (daughter) cells develop in the mother (primary) cells. The presporogonic stages multiply, migrate via nervous or circulatory systems, and develop into sporogonic stages. At the final site of infection, they produce mature spores within
413:, which were referred to as "polar capsules" before the discovery that myxozoans are cnidarians. These cnidocysts fire tubules as in other cnidarians; some inject substances into the host. However, the tubules lack hooks or barbs, and in some species are more elastic than in other cnidarians.
31:
290:. After mature actinospores are released from their hosts they float in the water column. Upon contact with skin or gills of fish, sporoplasms penetrate through the epithelium, followed by development of the myxosporean stage. Myxosporean
310:
hosts can be extremely long-lasting, potentially persisting for the lifetime of the host. However, an increasing number of myxosporeans have become pathogens with significant impact to the commercial fish industry, largely as a result of
161:. It contains the smallest animals ever known to have lived. Over 2,180 species have been described and some estimates have suggested at least 30,000 undiscovered species. Many have a two-host lifecycle, involving a
285:
to penetrate into the epithelium. Subsequently, the parasite undergoes reproduction and development in the gut tissue, and finally produces usually eight actinosporean spore stages (actinospores) within a
532:
up to 2 mm in length, is a myxozoan initially appeared to strengthen the case for a bilaterian origin, as the body plan is superficially similar. Nevertheless, closer examination reveals that
180:
usually ranges from 10 ÎĽm to 20 ÎĽm, whereas that of a malacosporean (a subclade of the
Myxozoa) spore can be up to 2 mm. Myxozoans can live in both freshwater and marine habitats.
567:, the respective hosts of the two corresponding Myxozoa samples. This explained the confusion: the original experiments had used samples contaminated by tissue from host organisms, leading to
444:, spore valve contractions, amoeboid movements, and rapidly creating and reabsorbing folds on the cell membrane. Myxozoans do not undergo embryogenesis during development and have lost true
625:
Myxozoan taxonomy has undergone great and important changes in its levels of generic, family and suborder classification. Fiala et al. (2015) proposed a new classification based on spores.
277:, an extrudable organelle used for recognition, contact and infiltration. Myxospores are ingested by annelids, in which the polar filaments extrude to anchor the spore to the gut
3086:
Kent M. L.; Margolis L.; Corliss J.O. (1994). "The demise of a class of protists: taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions proposed for the protist phylum
Myxozoa Grasse, 1970".
371:
1754:
Myxobolus, Spirosuturia, Unicauda, Dicauda, Phlogospora, Laterocaudata, Henneguya, Hennegoides, Tetrauronema, Thelohanellus, Neothelohanellus, Neohenneguya, Trigonosporus
315:
bringing new species into contact with myxosporeans to which they had not been previously exposed, and to which they are highly susceptible. The economic impact of such
2726:
Yahalomi, Dayana; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Neuhof, Moran; Chang, E. Sally; Philippe, Hervé; Cartwright, Paulyn; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Huchon, Dorothée (10 March 2020).
385:
249:
Only about 100 life cycles have been resolved and it is suspected that there may be some exclusively terrestrial. The mechanism of infection occurs through
375:
306:
Relationships between myxosporeans and their hosts are often highly evolved and do not usually result in severe diseases of the natural host. Infection in
1065:
1001:
919:
855:
668:
296:
262:
1231:
941:
266:
507:. Detailed classification within the metazoa was however long hindered by conflicting rDNA evidence: although 18S rDNA suggested an affinity with
3475:
2732:
2215:
2142:
833:
357:
2307:
Bartholomew, J.L.; Atkinson S.D.; Hallett, S.L.; Lowenstine, L.J.; Garner, M.M.; Gardiner, C.H.; Rideout, B.A.; Keel, M.K.; Brown, J.D. (2008).
2136:
Chang, E. Sally; Neuhof, Moran; Rubinstein, Nimrod D.; Diamant, Arik; Philippe, Hervé; Huchon, Dorothée; Cartwright, Paulyn (1 December 2015).
1069:
1057:
1029:
937:
915:
781:
448:. Instead, they reproduce via multicellular spores. These spores contain the polar capsules, which are not typically present in somatic cells.
287:
3501:
2813:
1145:
1041:
1005:
993:
989:
949:
889:
885:
719:
250:
1131:
1127:
1009:
985:
851:
815:
767:
727:
291:
258:
254:
1217:
1197:
1101:
1017:
945:
881:
2205:
Yahalomi, D.; Atkinson, S.D.; Neuhof, M.; Chang, E.S.; Philippe, H.; Cartwright, P.; Bartholomew, J.L.; Huchon, D. (24 February 2020).
997:
771:
3449:
1013:
723:
3488:
2508:. Vol. 1: Introduction, non–bilateria, acoelomorpha, xenoturbellida, chaetognatha. Springer Verlag Wien. pp. 165–177.
3139:
2643:
2521:
2476:
3493:
2013:
2669:"New cell motility model observed in parasitic cnidarian Sphaerospora molnari (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) blood stages in fish"
3199:
1980:
546:
Further testing resolved the genetic conundrum by sourcing the first three previously identified discrepant HOX genes (
226:
Myxozoans are endoparasitic animals exhibiting complex life cycles that, in most of the documented cases, involve an
440:. Those who have lost their muscles move around inside the host using other forms of locomotion, such as the use of
3540:
3506:
2667:
Hartigan, A.; Estensoro, I.; Vancová, M.; BĂlĂ˝, T.; Patra, S.; Eszterbauer, E.; Holzer, A. S. (16 December 2016).
230:, usually a fish, but in rare cases amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; and a definitive host, usually an
2926:, and the origin of the Bilateria: The phylogenetic position of "Endocnidozoa" in light of the rediscovery of
2829:
Smothers, J.F.; et al. (September 1994). "Molecular evidence that the myxozoan protists are metazoans".
334:
326:
The diseases caused by myxosporeas in cultured fish with the most significant economic impact worldwide are
1498:
Sinuolinea, Myxodavisia, Myxoproteus, Bipteria, Paramyxoproteus, Neobipteria, Schulmania, Noblea, Latyspora
480:; it was the first animal to be positively identified as such. Its actual metabolism is currently unknown.
327:
3400:
2454:
2030:
1997:
2403:
Székely, Csaba; Cech,Gábor; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Kálmán Molnár; Egyed, László; Gubányi, András (2015).
2025:
1992:
3545:
2053:
524:
184:
2626:
Canning, Elizabeth U.; Okamura, Beth (1 January 2003). "Biodiversity and
Evolution of the Myxozoa".
53:
1189:
2973:
C. L. Anderson, E. U. Canning & B. Okamura (March 1999). "A triploblast origin for
Myxozoa?".
3573:
300:
206:– sometimes only a single cell . As myxozoans evolved into microscopic parasites, they lost many
218:. The genomes of some myxozoans are now among the smallest genomes of any known animal species.
3532:
3340:
3192:
2348:"The first finding of myxosporean development from plasmodia to spores in terrestrial mammals:
425:
2586:"Light and electron microscopic observations on the route of the triactinomyxon-sporoplasm of
3527:
3295:
2404:
2274:
595:
3519:
2795:Ĺ tolc, A. (1899). "Actinomyxidies, nouveau groupe de Mesozoaires parent des Myxosporidies".
3436:
3387:
3044:
2984:
2939:
2840:
2741:
2680:
2306:
2224:
2151:
2067:
588:
473:
347:
40:
3480:
2899:
2878:
8:
2402:
477:
465:
215:
3048:
2988:
2943:
2844:
2745:
2684:
2455:
Hallett, Sascha L.; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Székely, Csaba (2015).
2228:
2155:
2071:
3068:
3008:
2955:
2951:
2772:
2727:
2703:
2668:
2609:
2482:
2385:
2247:
2206:
2182:
2137:
2099:
1962:
583:
as their closest relatives. Similarities between myxozoan polar capsules and cnidarian
555:
457:
257:, which are the real infectious agent, surrounded by a layer of flattened cells called
48:
2635:
2562:
3514:
3423:
3378:
3185:
3135:
3119:
3060:
3035:
3000:
2959:
2904:
2856:
2831:
2777:
2759:
2708:
2649:
2639:
2585:
2566:
2517:
2501:
2472:
2456:
2437:
2377:
2328:
2289:
2252:
2187:
2169:
2091:
2083:
2058:
227:
199:
2538:
2486:
2389:
2103:
3568:
3127:
3095:
3072:
3052:
3012:
2992:
2975:
2947:
2894:
2848:
2767:
2749:
2698:
2688:
2631:
2605:
2558:
2509:
2464:
2427:
2367:
2320:
2308:
2242:
2232:
2177:
2159:
2075:
711:
361:
340:
2728:"A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome"
2345:
2324:
2035:
2002:
1171:
897:
571:
for a position among the
Bilateria. More careful cloning of 50 coding genes from
3428:
3392:
3131:
2513:
2468:
3405:
2079:
1205:
1091:
799:
587:
had been drawn for a long time, but were generally assumed to be the result of
568:
453:
421:
274:
211:
203:
139:
2972:
3562:
3363:
3287:
3263:
2763:
2293:
2173:
2087:
2021:
1988:
1119:
1109:
1073:
1061:
1045:
967:
907:
745:
707:
697:
689:
564:
270:
3056:
2852:
2754:
2539:"Light and electron microscopic studies on the chronological development of
2237:
2164:
2118:
3318:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3064:
2908:
2781:
2712:
2653:
2441:
2381:
2332:
2256:
2191:
2095:
2052:
Atkinson, Stephen D.; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Lotan, Tamar (1 August 2018).
1083:
957:
789:
649:
606:
470:
437:
331:
121:
3177:
3004:
2860:
2570:
2138:"Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria"
539:
longitudinal symmetry is not twofold, but fourfold, casting doubt on this
3462:
3415:
3372:
2432:
2372:
2347:
1149:
1053:
975:
877:
873:
825:
763:
755:
676:
605:
Molecular clocks suggest that myxozoans and their closest relatives, the
391:
312:
282:
575:
firmly established the clade as severely modified members of the phylum
452:
are not involved in the nuclear division of myxozoans. Cell division by
323:
rates are high; they may also have a severe impact on wild fish stocks.
253:
that have many forms, but their main morphology is the same: one or two
3323:
2583:
1446:
Myxidium, Zschokkella, Enteromyxum, Sigmomyxa, Soricimyxum, Cystodiscus
1153:
1141:
933:
843:
811:
737:
599:
584:
540:
417:
344:
320:
278:
265:. Integrated into the layer of valve cells are two to four specialized
241:
174:
116:
3467:
3118:
Fiala, Ivan; Bartošová-Sojková, Pavla; Whipps, Christopher M. (2015).
2693:
2054:"Myxozoans: Ancient metazoan parasites find a home in phylum Cnidaria"
3279:
3255:
2275:"An overview on the myxosporean parasites in amphibians and reptiles"
1049:
1025:
859:
807:
614:
610:
580:
516:
497:
449:
441:
410:
235:
195:
191:
135:
65:
3334:
3122:. In Okamura, Beth; Gruhl, Alexander; Bartholomew, Jerri L. (eds.).
3099:
100:
3357:
3271:
3218:
3209:
1161:
1033:
923:
869:
576:
551:
529:
512:
508:
493:
489:
367:
353:
316:
187:
158:
151:
85:
3454:
2996:
2405:"A novel myxozoan parasite of terrestrial mammals: Description of
594:
Taxonomists now recognize the outdated subgroup
Actinosporea as a
3441:
3158:
3085:
1037:
504:
381:
231:
170:
166:
1472:
Ortholinea, Neomyxobolus, Cardimyxobolus, Triangula, Kentmoseria
2346:
Prunescu, Carol-Constantin; Prunescu, Paula; Lom, Jiřà (2007).
1193:
445:
433:
429:
154:
75:
30:
492:, and were included among other non-motile forms in the group
2816:
A phylogenetic classification of organisms other than animals
2536:
2014:
1981:
1179:
177:
3117:
2666:
2135:
403:
3246:
2725:
2204:
307:
207:
162:
3170:
500:
210:
responsible for multicellular development, coordination,
2921:
2051:
515:
genes of two species, were more similar to those of the
402:
Myxozoans are very small animals, typically 10–300
269:
cells (in a few cases, one or even 15), each carrying a
261:, which can secrete a layer protective coating and form
2463:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 125–138.
2459:. In Okamura, B.; Gruhl, A.; Bartholomew, J.L. (eds.).
3126:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 85–110.
2584:
el
Matbouli, M.; Hoffmann, R.W.; Mandok, C. (1995).
496:. As their distinct nature became clear through 18S
2506:
Evolutionary developmental biology of invertebrates
2125:(under construction). The Tree of Life Web Project.
3113:
3111:
3109:
2922:J. Zrzavy & V. Hypsa (April 2003). "Myxozoa,
2630:. Vol. 56. Academic Press. pp. 43–131.
3560:
1549:Ceratomyxa, Meglitschia, Ellipsomyxa, Ceratonova
3106:
3028:
2733:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2272:
2216:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2143:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
436:, though these are retained in some members of
2828:
2625:
503:(rDNA) sequencing, they were relocated in the
3193:
3120:"Classification and Phylogenetics of Myxozoa"
2876:
146:"slime" or "mucus" + thematic vowel o + ζῷον
3124:Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology, and Development
2461:Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology, and Development
3207:
3029:E. JĂmenez-Guri; et al. (July 2007). "
2268:
2266:
2116:
1931: . . .
488:Myxozoans were originally considered to be
221:
3200:
3186:
2877:A.S. Monteiro; et al. (1 June 2002).
2207:"A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa:
198:-like creature into their current form of
29:
2898:
2794:
2771:
2753:
2702:
2692:
2431:
2371:
2246:
2236:
2181:
2163:
609:, shared their last common ancestor with
281:. Opening of the shell valves allows the
2537:el Matbouli, M.; Hoffmann, R.W. (1998).
2263:
613:about 600 million years ago, during the
240:
2872:
2870:
1705:Parvicapsula, Neoparvicapsula, Gadimyxa
3561:
2551:International Journal for Parasitology
2313:International Journal for Parasitology
1679:Alatospora, Pseudalatospora, Renispora
456:is rare, and cells divide instead via
374:(or “hamburger disease”) is caused by
194:from a free swimming, self-sufficient
3339:
3338:
3181:
3024:
3022:
2900:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004155
2621:
2619:
2499:
2867:
2047:
2045:
2043:
150:"animal") is a subphylum of aquatic
2590:from epidermis into rainbow trout (
2409:sp. n. (Myxosporea) in pygmy shrew
409:Like other cnidarians they possess
13:
3019:
2952:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00305.x
2616:
2610:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb01397.x
2457:"Myxozoans exploiting homeotherms"
2309:"Myxozoan parasitism in waterfowl"
14:
3585:
3151:
2040:
1653:Coccomyxa, Auerbachia, Globospora
1627:Chloromyxum, Caudomyxum, Agarella
3245:
1215: Genus:
1187: Genus:
1177: Genus:
1139: Genus:
1125: Genus:
1099: Genus:
1023: Genus:
983: Genus:
931: Genus:
913: Genus:
867: Genus:
849: Genus:
823: Genus:
805: Genus:
761: Genus:
717: Genus:
705: Genus:
483:
416:Myxozoans have secondarily lost
319:can be severe, especially where
52:
3079:
2966:
2915:
2822:
2807:
2788:
2719:
2660:
2577:
2530:
2504:. In Wanninger, Andreas (ed.).
2493:
2448:
2396:
2211:) lacks a mitochondrial genome"
1927:
1601:Myxobilatus, Acauda, Hoferellus
1575:Sphaerospora, Wardia, Palliatus
1331:Buddenbrockia, Tetracapsuloides
3171:"Myxozoan researchers network"
2797:Bull. Int. l'Acad. Sci. Bohème
2543:to the actinosporean stage in
2352:gen. et sp. n. (Myxozoa) from
2339:
2300:
2198:
2129:
2110:
2007:
1974:
1923:
511:, other rDNA sampled, and the
1:
2636:10.1016/S0065-308X(03)56002-X
2563:10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00176-8
1968:
190:that have undergone dramatic
16:Subphylum of marine parasites
2325:10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.01.008
2117:Fiala, Ivan (10 July 2008).
328:proliferative kidney disease
7:
3132:10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_5
3088:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2879:"Orphan worm finds a home:
2514:10.1007/978-3-7091-1862-7_7
2469:10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_7
1956:
620:
476:, and thus be incapable of
214:, and even, in some cases,
10:
3590:
2502:"Chapter 7 - Myxozoa"
2080:10.1016/j.zool.2018.06.005
2015:
1982:
528:, a worm-like parasite of
397:
372:proliferative gill disease
3347:
3309:
3254:
3243:
3217:
2500:Gruhl, Alexander (2015).
1929:
1873:
1855:
1830:
1805:
1791:
1747:
1733:
1698:
1672:
1646:
1620:
1594:
1568:
1542:
1517:
1491:
1465:
1439:
1414:
1400:
1386:
1372:
1325:
1311:
1297:
1279:
1269: Subphylum:
1261:
1224:
638:
630:
525:Buddenbrockia plumatellae
113:
108:
49:Scientific classification
47:
37:
28:
23:
2628:Advances in Parasitology
2273:Eiras, Jorge C. (2005).
222:Life cycle and pathology
173:. The average size of a
38:Triactinomyxon stage of
3057:10.1126/science.1142024
2853:10.1126/science.8085160
2814:Edwin Lanfranco, 2007,
2755:10.1073/pnas.1909907117
2598:Journal of Fish Biology
2238:10.1073/pnas.1909907117
2165:10.1073/pnas.1511468112
2031:A Greek–English Lexicon
1998:A Greek–English Lexicon
352:; both diseases affect
212:cell–cell communication
3033:is a cnidarian worm".
1811:Trilospora, Unicapsula
1251: Phylum:
463:In 2020, the myxozoan
246:
3528:Paleobiology Database
2022:Liddell, Henry George
1989:Liddell, Henry George
1925:other Cnidarians
1362: Class:
1287: Class:
1203: Family:
1169: Family:
1159: Family:
1117: Family:
1107: Family:
1081: Family:
973: Family:
965: Family:
905: Family:
895: Family:
841: Family:
831: Family:
797: Family:
787: Family:
743: Family:
695: Family:
687: Family:
466:Henneguya salminicola
244:
202:composed of very few
183:Myxozoans are highly
2588:Myxobolus cerebralis
2541:Myxobolus cerebralis
2433:10.14411/fp.2015.045
2420:Folia Parasitologica
2373:10.14411/fp.2007.022
2360:Folia Parasitologica
589:convergent evolution
469:was found to lack a
390:infections occur in
336:T. bryosalmonae
330:(PKD) caused by the
41:Myxobolus cerebralis
3290:(stalked jellyfish)
3049:2007Sci...317..116J
2989:1998Natur.392..346A
2944:2002clad.book.....S
2845:1994Sci...265.1719S
2839:(5179): 1719–1721.
2746:2020PNAS..117.5358Y
2685:2016NatSR...639093H
2592:Oncorhynchus mykiss
2282:Acta Parasitologica
2229:2020PNAS..117.5358Y
2156:2015PNAS..11214912C
2150:(48): 14912–14917.
2072:2018Zool..129...66A
1228:in Multivalvulida:
522:The discovery that
478:aerobic respiration
366:in cultured marine
295:mono- or di-sporic
245:Myxozoan life cycle
216:aerobic respiration
2673:Scientific Reports
2407:Soricimyxum minuti
2350:Soricimyxum fegati
1963:Smallest organisms
1849:
1824:
1799:
1785:
1741:
1727:
1692:
1666:
1640:
1614:
1588:
1562:
1536:
1511:
1485:
1459:
1433:
1408:
1394:
1380:
1319:
1305:
556:Cristatella mucedo
349:M. cerebralis
273:containing coiled
247:
200:obligate parasites
3556:
3555:
3515:Open Tree of Life
3341:Taxon identifiers
3332:
3331:
3141:978-3-319-14752-9
2983:(6674): 346–347.
2740:(10): 5358–5363.
2694:10.1038/srep39093
2645:978-0-12-031756-1
2523:978-3-7091-1861-0
2478:978-3-319-14752-9
2319:(10): 1199–1207.
2223:(10): 5358–5363.
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1715:
1714:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1239:
1238:
955: Suborder:
779: Suborder:
299:, or poly-sporic
228:intermediate host
129:
128:
104:
3581:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3457:
3445:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3336:
3335:
3300:
3291:
3283:
3282:(true jellyfish)
3275:
3267:
3249:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3146:
3145:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3043:(116): 116–118.
3026:
3017:
3016:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2757:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2417:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2167:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2049:
2038:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1932:
1881:
1794:
1793:
1736:
1735:
1403:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1314:
1313:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1242:
1241:
1066:Neothelohanellus
712:Tetracapsuloides
628:
627:
559:and the fourth (
538:
387:S. renicola
341:whirling disease
263:float appendages
99:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3518:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3266:(box jellyfish)
3265:
3250:
3241:
3213:
3206:
3169:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3116:
3107:
3100:10.1139/z94-126
3084:
3080:
3027:
3020:
2971:
2967:
2920:
2916:
2887:Mol. Biol. Evol
2875:
2868:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2808:
2793:
2789:
2724:
2720:
2665:
2661:
2646:
2624:
2617:
2582:
2578:
2545:Tubifex tubifex
2535:
2531:
2524:
2498:
2494:
2479:
2453:
2449:
2415:
2401:
2397:
2356:(Soricomorpha)"
2344:
2340:
2305:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2203:
2199:
2134:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2050:
2041:
2036:Perseus Project
2012:
2008:
2003:Perseus Project
1979:
1975:
1971:
1959:
1954:
1945:
1933:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1875:
1848:
1823:
1798:
1784:
1774:
1765:
1752:
1740:
1726:
1716:
1703:
1694:Parvicapsulidae
1691:
1677:
1665:
1651:
1639:
1625:
1613:
1599:
1587:
1573:
1564:Sphaerosporidae
1561:
1547:
1535:
1510:
1496:
1484:
1470:
1458:
1444:
1432:
1407:
1393:
1379:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1342:
1318:
1307:Malacovalvulida
1304:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1172:Sphaerosporidae
1002:Paramyxoproteus
920:Neoparvicapsula
898:Parvicapsulidae
856:Pseudalatospora
669:Malacovalvulida
623:
569:false positives
536:
486:
400:
297:pseudoplasmodia
275:polar filaments
224:
157:– all obligate
98:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3574:Animal classes
3571:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3537:
3524:
3511:
3498:
3485:
3472:
3459:
3446:
3433:
3420:
3410:
3397:
3384:
3369:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3153:
3152:External links
3150:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3105:
3094:(5): 932–937.
3078:
3018:
2965:
2938:(2): 164–169.
2914:
2883:is a Myxozoan"
2866:
2821:
2806:
2787:
2718:
2659:
2644:
2615:
2604:(6): 919–935.
2576:
2557:(1): 195–217.
2529:
2522:
2492:
2477:
2447:
2395:
2366:(3): 159–164.
2338:
2299:
2288:(4): 267–275.
2262:
2197:
2128:
2109:
2039:
2006:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:Trilosporoides
1882:
1878:incertae sedis
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1851:Spinavaculidae
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1792:
1790:
1787:Multivalvulida
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1734:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1410:Sphaeromyxidae
1401:
1399:
1387:
1385:
1373:
1371:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1312:
1310:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:Trilosporoides
1226:Incertae sedis
1222:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:Spinavaculidae
1201:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1092:Multivalvulida
1087:
1078:
1077:
1021:
980:
979:
971:
962:
961:
953:
942:Cardimyxobolus
928:
927:
911:
902:
901:
893:
864:
863:
847:
838:
837:
829:
820:
819:
803:
800:Sphaeromyxidae
794:
793:
785:
776:
775:
759:
750:
749:
741:
732:
731:
715:
702:
701:
693:
684:
683:
672:
663:
662:
653:
644:
643:
636:
635:
622:
619:
485:
482:
454:binary fission
422:nervous system
420:structures, a
399:
396:
343:, caused by a
223:
220:
127:
126:
125:
124:
119:
111:
110:
106:
105:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3586:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3296:Polypodiozoa
3294:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:Buddenbrockia
3025:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:10.1038/32801
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:Buddenbrockia
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2893:(6): 968–71.
2892:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:Buddenbrockia
2873:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2413:from Hungary"
2412:
2411:Sorex minutus
2408:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2354:Sorex araneus
2351:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:Scott, Robert
2023:
2019:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:Scott, Robert
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1801:Trilosporidae
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1668:Alatosporidae
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1616:Chloromyxidae
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1590:Myxobilatidae
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1538:Ceratomyxidae
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1487:Sinuolineidae
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1461:Ortholineidae
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1321:Saccosporidae
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1120:Ceratomyxidae
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:Trilosporidae
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:Trigonosporus
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Thelohanellus
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Laterocaudata
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
981:
978:
977:
972:
970:
969:
968:Sinuolineidae
964:
963:
960:
959:
954:
952:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
929:
926:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
909:
908:Ortholineidae
904:
903:
900:
899:
894:
892:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
865:
862:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
834:Alatosporidae
830:
828:
827:
822:
821:
818:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
801:
796:
795:
792:
791:
786:
784:
783:
778:
777:
774:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
757:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:Chloromyxidae
742:
740:
739:
734:
733:
730:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
713:
709:
708:Buddenbrockia
704:
703:
700:
699:
698:Myxobilatidae
694:
692:
691:
690:Saccosporidae
686:
685:
682:
679:
678:
673:
671:
670:
665:
664:
661:
658:
654:
652:
651:
646:
645:
642:
637:
634:
629:
626:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Buddenbrockia
570:
566:
565:northern pike
562:
558:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
535:
534:Buddenbrockia
531:
527:
526:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
484:Phylogenetics
481:
479:
475:
472:
471:mitochondrial
468:
467:
461:
459:
455:
451:
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332:malacosporean
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3319:Malacosporea
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3299:(Polypodium)
3297:
3274:(hydrozoans)
3237:Ceriantharia
3232:Hexacorallia
3227:Octocorallia
3173:(main page).
3163:Tree of Life
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2679:(1): 39093.
2676:
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2594:) cartilage"
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2426:(1): 45–49.
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1729:Platysporina
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1395:
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1306:
1291:Malacosporea
1290:
1272:
1254:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1204:
1190:Sphaerospora
1188:
1178:
1170:
1160:
1140:
1126:
1118:
1108:
1100:
1090:
1084:Fabesporidae
1082:
1070:Neohenneguya
1058:Tetrauronema
1030:Spirosuturia
1024:
984:
974:
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958:Platysporina
956:
938:Neomyxobolus
932:
916:Parvicapsula
914:
906:
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868:
850:
842:
832:
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790:Coccomyxidae
788:
782:Variisporina
780:
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688:
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650:Malacosporea
648:
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607:polypodiozoa
604:
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560:
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547:
545:
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523:
521:
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438:malacosporea
432:. Most lack
415:
408:
401:
386:
376:
363:E. leei
362:
348:
335:
325:
305:
292:trophozoites
288:pansporocyst
267:capsulogenic
251:valve spores
248:
225:
182:
147:
143:
131:
130:
122:Malacosporea
95:
39:
18:
3463:iNaturalist
3373:Wikispecies
1743:Myxobolidae
1420:Sphaeromyxa
1382:Bivalvulida
1150:Ellipsomyxa
1146:Meglitschia
1054:Hennegoides
1042:Phlogospora
1006:Neobipteria
994:Myxoproteus
990:Myxodavisia
976:Myxobolidae
950:Kentmoseria
890:Cystodiscus
886:Soricimyxum
878:Enteromyxum
874:Zschokkella
826:Sphaeromyxa
764:Chloromyxum
756:Bivalvulida
720:Myxobilatus
677:Bivalvulida
639:Subphylum:
611:medusazoans
585:nematocysts
581:medusozoans
406:in length.
392:common carp
377:H. ictaluri
345:myxosporean
313:aquaculture
283:sporoplasms
259:valve cells
255:sporoplasts
175:myxosporean
92:Subphylum:
3563:Categories
3324:Myxosporea
3288:Staurozoa
3280:Scyphozoa
2932:Cladistics
2924:Polypodium
2123:tolweb.org
1969:References
1435:Myxidiidae
1366:Myxosporea
1154:Ceratonova
1142:Ceratomyxa
1132:Unicapsula
1128:Trilospora
1010:Schulmania
986:Sinuolinea
934:Ortholinea
852:Alatospora
844:Myxidiidae
816:Globospora
812:Auerbachia
768:Caudomyxum
738:Myxosporea
728:Hoferellus
657:Myxosporea
600:Myxosporea
596:life-cycle
541:hypothesis
490:protozoans
450:Centrioles
418:epithelial
411:cnidocysts
321:prevalence
279:epithelium
188:cnidarians
169:worm or a
117:Myxosporea
3272:Hydrozoa
3256:Medusozoa
3159:"Myxozoa"
2960:221583517
2764:0027-8424
2294:1230-2821
2209:Henneguya
2174:1091-6490
2119:"Myxozoa"
2088:0944-2006
2066:: 66–68.
1880::
1861:Octospina
1725:Suborder:
1523:Fabespora
1392:Suborder:
1218:Octospina
1198:Palliatus
1102:Fabespora
1050:Henneguya
1026:Myxobolus
1018:Latyspora
946:Triangula
882:Sigmomyxa
860:Renispora
808:Coccomyxa
615:Ediacaran
598:phase of
550:) to the
530:bryozoans
517:Bilateria
498:ribosomal
442:filopodia
317:parasites
301:plasmodia
236:ectoproct
196:jellyfish
192:evolution
159:parasites
152:cnidarian
136:etymology
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
3442:46554397
3413:BioLib:
3358:Wikidata
3264:Cubozoa
3219:Anthozoa
3210:Cnidaria
3065:17615357
2909:12032254
2782:32094163
2713:27982057
2654:14710996
2487:83229156
2442:26370293
2390:45278079
2382:19245186
2333:18342316
2257:32094163
2192:26627241
2104:52141614
2096:30170750
1957:See also
1826:Kudoidae
1255:Cnidaria
1162:Kudoidae
1034:Unicauda
998:Bipteria
924:Gadimyxa
870:Myxidium
772:Agarella
681:(sequel)
660:(sequel)
633:Cnidaria
631:Phylum:
621:Taxonomy
617:period.
577:Cnidaria
552:bryozoan
509:Cnidaria
494:Sporozoa
458:endogeny
370:, while
171:bryozoan
109:Classes
86:Cnidaria
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
24:Myxozoa
3569:Myxozoa
3406:Myxozoa
3393:Myxozoa
3379:Myxozoa
3364:Q134882
3349:Myxozoa
3311:Myxozoa
3212:classes
3208:Extant
3073:5170702
3045:Bibcode
3036:Science
3013:4426181
3005:9537319
2985:Bibcode
2940:Bibcode
2861:8085160
2841:Bibcode
2832:Science
2803:: 1–12.
2773:7071853
2742:Bibcode
2704:5159882
2681:Bibcode
2571:9504346
2248:7071853
2225:Bibcode
2183:4672818
2152:Bibcode
2068:Bibcode
2059:Zoology
2034:at the
2001:at the
1886:
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1847:Family:
1822:Family:
1797:Family:
1739:Family:
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1273:Myxozoa
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1089:Order:
1038:Dicauda
753:Order:
735:Class:
674:Order:
666:Order:
655:Class:
647:Class:
641:Myxozoa
579:, with
505:metazoa
446:gametes
434:muscles
398:Anatomy
382:catfish
368:sparids
232:annelid
185:derived
167:annelid
165:and an
155:animals
142:: μύξα
132:Myxozoa
96:Myxozoa
3546:146271
3520:412087
3494:202430
3468:151835
3138:
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2976:Nature
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1833:Genus:
1808:Genus:
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1750:Genus:
1701:Genus:
1675:Genus:
1649:Genus:
1623:Genus:
1597:Genus:
1571:Genus:
1545:Genus:
1520:Genus:
1494:Genus:
1468:Genus:
1442:Genus:
1417:Genus:
1378:Order:
1328:Genus:
1303:Order:
1247:
1194:Wardia
1014:Noblea
724:Acauda
548:Myx1-3
537:'s
474:genome
428:, and
354:salmon
339:, and
234:or an
103:, 2021
101:Grassé
3541:WoRMS
3533:67101
3507:35581
3476:IRMNG
3416:14932
3069:S2CID
3009:S2CID
2956:S2CID
2483:S2CID
2416:(PDF)
2386:S2CID
2278:(PDF)
2100:S2CID
1836:Kudoa
1180:Kudoa
563:) to
430:cilia
208:genes
204:cells
178:spore
140:Greek
3502:NCBI
3489:ITIS
3450:GBIF
3136:ISBN
3061:PMID
3001:PMID
2905:PMID
2857:PMID
2778:PMID
2760:ISSN
2709:PMID
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2378:PMID
2329:PMID
2290:ISSN
2253:PMID
2188:PMID
2170:ISSN
2092:PMID
2084:ISSN
2016:ζῷον
1983:μύξα
561:Myx4
384:and
308:fish
163:fish
148:zoon
144:myxa
3481:246
3437:EoL
3424:CoL
3401:AFD
3388:ADW
3128:doi
3096:doi
3053:doi
3041:317
2993:doi
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2948:doi
2930:".
2895:doi
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2837:265
2768:PMC
2750:doi
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2699:PMC
2689:doi
2632:doi
2606:doi
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2321:doi
2243:PMC
2233:doi
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2178:PMC
2160:doi
2148:112
2076:doi
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513:HOX
501:DNA
426:gut
380:in
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