Mycenaean Greece - Knowledge

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palace. Women who belonged to workgroups did not belong to independent households, but were managed and fed by palace scribes. All of the women in a workgroup would serve the same occupation, such as textiles. Women in workgroups are not believed to have been able to acquire land holdings or have had economic independence of any kind, and are believed by some to have been slaves, though there are some conflicting debates among scholars concerning this. Though scholars are unsure if ordinary women could obtain land and exert economic power, there is evidence that women could obtain positions of power, such as the title of priestess, which allowed them to have land holdings, have elite connections, and high social status. Mycenaean society is believed to have been largely patriarchal, but women could exert social and economic power through titles and positions of power, like that of a priestess, though religion was not the only place that a woman could gain social authority. Women with special talents or skills, such as being a skilled midwife or craftswomen, could gain social authority in their villages, but are not believed to have been able to receive land holdings. Elite women (those who were married to male elites) were afforded benefits fitting their high social standing, but even the wife of elites could not own land and had no economic independence. Some scholars believe that Knossos was probably more equal in relation to gender than Pylos, though the evidence for this is little and is highly disputed.

10147:... A more direct demographic connection can be proposed regarding the LBA Cretan and Greek mainland populations. Following an horizon of destructions targeting palatial centres and elite symbols in Crete (Late Minoan IB), material culture, funerary architecture and burial practices are believed to express innovations with features traditionally ascribed to the Mycenaean culture. On these grounds, an invasion of the island by people from the Greek mainland (around fifteenth century BC) has been proposed but remains highly contested. While unable to settle this debate decisively, the genetic analyses demonstrate that Cretan populations at larger port cities biologically mixed with populations coming to the island during the course of a few centuries. The presence of individuals with some of the highest Western Eurasian Steppe-related ancestry proportions within the Late Bronze Age Aegean (Crete LBA group C), despite fitting with a scenario that the Greek mainland was the only source of incoming people, could also suggest that populations from more distant areas (for example, Italy) contributed to the Crete LBA transition, a possibility that is supported in the material culture as well." 9218:, pp. 135–137: "Large kraters decorated in Pictorial Style are found almost exclusively in Cyprus, and for a long time it was naturally assumed that they were manufactured there, but a few examples have been found on the Greek mainland, mostly near Mycenae, and it has now been established that they were all manufactured at workshops close to Mycenae, probably at Berbati just to the east of the city, where there are the right clay sources. The ware was probably specifically made for export to Cyprus, where they were used as centerpieces for drinking ceremonies. The decoration appears to have been painted on at high speed and the effect is sometimes crude, Reynold Higgins calls it 'barbarous', which is a fair description, but the scenes showing warriors, horses and chariots can still tell us much about everyday life in Mycenaean Greece, and as much again about Mycenaean religious beliefs and mythology. One krater from Enkomi in Cyprus shows a charioteer with his groom riding along, perhaps into battle, while a long-robed god, Zeus perhaps, stands in his way holding the scales of destiny that will decide his fate. It is an archetypal scene reminiscent of several in the 6792:, p. 230: "Scholars during much of the twentieth century CE argued for a break between the Early and Middle Bronze Ages, theorizing in particular the arrival of Indo-European speaking peoples at this time. Research in the past thirty years, though, shows that despite destruction and abandonment of some settlements after EH II and EH III, the transition between these periods shows many signs of continuity Furthermore, the succeeding transition between EH III and MH I seems to have been less abrupt than previously thought, with evidence of continuity in some of the ceramics and lithic traditions at Lerna Likewise, it was thought through the 1970s that the shaft graves at Mycenae announced a dramatic cultural change beginning in LH I (with some scholars even arguing that Indo-European Greek speakers arrived at this time), but this view no longer prevails. We often cannot distinguish MH III from LH I, and frequently refer to assemblages as MH III/LH I, because the society that was developing into what we commonly refer to as Mycenaean civilization had deep roots in the indigenous Middle Helladic cultural forms " 3253: 1603: 222: 1851: 2014: 3358: 2325: 1165: 3471: 10119:: "We found various sources ranging from East Europe, to Central and South Europe adequately fitting most models for the LBA Aegean groups. The smaller and heterogeneous sample of BA Bulgarian individuals or BA Sicily did not fit. Models with Serbia (EBA), Croatia (MBA) and Italy (EMBA) were adequate most of the time, while those with 'W. Eurasian Steppe En-BA' (En, Eneolithic) or some Central European source (for example, Germany LN-EBA 'Corded Ware') were adequate for all groups at the P ≥ 0.01 cutoff. Therefore, at the moment it is not possible to more closely identify the region(s) from where this genetic affinity was derived. Among the groups of the southern mainland, the estimated coefficients of the WES-related ancestry are overlapping (±1 s.e.) and average to 22.3% (Fig. 4a) 2882: 2583: 2795: 1756: 3916:'; the latter two were found to be the most adequate sources, but "at the moment it is not possible to more closely identify the region(s) from where this genetic affinity was derived." Using 'Germany Corded Ware' as a source proxy, it was estimated that Mycenaeans from the southern Greek mainland had 22.3% steppe-related ancestry on average, whereas Late Bronze Age individuals from nearby islands and the Cyclades had slightly lower amounts of this ancestry, and one individual from the island of Salamis had none; in Crete, samples dating from the 17th to the 16th centuries BC had minimal or no such steppe-related ancestry, whereas later samples dating from 2984: 2170: 3557: 2436: 2367:, focusing on the redistribution of goods, commodities and labor by a central administration. The preserved Linear B records in Pylos and Knossos indicate that the palaces were closely monitoring a variety of industries and commodities, the organization of land management and the rations given to the dependent personnel. The Mycenaean palaces maintained extensive control of the nondomestic areas of production through careful control and acquisition and distribution in the palace industries, and the tallying of produced goods. For instance, the Knossos tablets record c. 80,000–100,000 sheep grazing in central 3092: 3420: 2854:. Key-bearers appear to be women who had authority over the sacred treasury of a particular deity, and were able to dispense it in times of need. Though scholars do not have enough evidence to suggest that all Key-bearers could own land and had high status, there is a written record in Linear B of a Key-bearer with elite ties who owned land, so it is possible that they had similar benefits to priestesses. Other religious roles filled by women were the three types of sacred slaves: slave of the God, slave of the Priestess, and slave of the Key-bearer. Though not as grand a title as that of 2179: 22734: 22600: 21759: 21692: 21561: 20944: 20546: 3084: 2336: 6465:, p. 53: "There is one illusion that ought to be first dispelled—that Mt Olympus and the Kambounian mountains constituted an impassable barrier between Thessaly and Macedonia. In fact recent archaeological discoveries have established that already in the second millennium bc the Mycenaean world extended well beyond Thessaly and included at least the southern part of Macedonia. Abundant Mycenaean pottery, both imported and locally produced, weapons, pins, brooches and syllabic script have been found in tombs of Orestis, Elimeia and Pieria"; 1533: 2837:

in the home or whether they differed from the duties of men. And though men were involved in warfare and hunting, there is no evidence that suggests women ever took part in either of the two, though whether women took part in hunting has been up for debate amongst some historians. There is evidence that, in this patriarchal society, men and women were, in some respects, viewed equally. Mycenae practiced a system of rationing food to citizens, and evidence shows that women received the same amount of rations as men.

2913: 2812: 2949: 3308:; "oil vessel"), specifically, were first invented on the island of Crete during the 16th century BC and used widely by the Mycenaeans from 1400 BC onward for transporting and storing wine and oil; the jars were usually pear-shaped or globular. As for stemmed cups (or kylikes), they evolved from Ephyraean goblets and a large quantity was discovered at a site called the "Potter's Shop" located in Zygouries. Mycenaean drinking vessels such as the stemmed cups contained single decorative motifs such as a 2428: 2089: 2932:. The iconography of the palatial chambers is remarkably uniform throughout Greece. For instance, in Pylos and Tiryns the paintings are focused on marine motifs, providing depictions of octopodes, fish and dolphins. Around the megaron a group of courtyards each opened upon several rooms of different dimensions, such as storerooms and workshops, as well as reception halls and living quarters. In general Mycenaean palaces have yielded a wealth of artifacts and fragmentary frescoes. 1404:). In a 2017 genetic study conducted by Lazaridis et al., "the Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically similar, the Mycenaeans differed from Minoans in deriving additional ancestry from an ultimate source related to the hunter–gatherers of eastern Europe and Siberia, introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of either the Eurasian steppe or Armenia." However, Lazaridis et al. admit that their research "does not settle th debate" on Mycenaean origins. Historian 3431:, and was probably at least initially by Cretan painters. Their style gradually drifts away from that of Crete, and in late periods greatly reduces in quality. Fragments of wall paintings have been found in or around the palaces (Pylos, Mycenae, Tiryns) and in domestic contexts (Zygouries). The largest complete wall painting depicting three female figures, probably goddesses, was found in the so-called "cult center" at Mycenae. Various subjects are represented: hunting, 3043:, Cyclopean-style walls are also present, as well as in western Anatolia. Besides the citadels, isolated forts were also erected on various strategic locations. The fortification systems also incorporated technical refinements such as secret cisterns, galleries, sally ports and projecting bastions for the protection of gateways. On the other hand, the palace of Pylos, although a major center of power, paradoxically appears to have been left without any defensive walls. 2618:. Linear B records mention a number of sanctuaries dedicated to a variety of deities, at least in Pylos and Knossos. They also indicate that there were various religious festivities including offerings. Written Mycenaean records mention various priests and priestesses who were responsible for specific shrines and temples. The latter were prominent figures in society, and the role of Mycenaean women in religious festivities was also important, just as in Minoan Crete. 2773: 19974: 16098: 19984: 16108: 879: 40: 10143:: "However, two-way models with all of the above sources as well as 'Mainland MLBA' fit the allele frequencies of all the LBA individuals from Crete ('Crete LBA'). This also applied when we modelled the two clusters from LBA Crete separately (Fig. 4a and Supplementary Table 9) but for the Crete LBA (group C) with high WES ancestry (individuals XAN030, KRO008, KRO009 and published Armenoi), just one source from 'Mainland MLBA' became adequate. 16118: 632: 3480: 8874:, p. 20: "In LH IBBB (ca. 1310-1190), Mycenaean material culture spread widely throughout coastal and inland Epirus; in this period Mycenaean engagement in Epirus was strongest, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Though the Kiperi tholos may have gone out of use early in LH IIIB, the Cyclopean wall found there, as well as those at Ephyra, Kastriza, and Ayia Eleni, cannot have been built (and probably after) LH IIIB." 1376: 8013:, p. 107: "Huge quantities of olive oil were produced and it must have been a major source of wealth. The simple fact that southern Greece is far more suitable climatically for olive production may explain why the Mycenaean civilization made far greater advances in the south than in the north. The oil had a variety of uses, in cooking, as a dressing, as soap, as lamp oil, and as a base for manufacturing unguents." 2850:

were women who could legally procure land. Through the cult, land was "leased" to them, rather than given to them in ownership. Along with land holding benefits, priestesses often had ties with the upper-class elites, and were usually wealthy themselves. Only a small number of women could become priestesses in Mycenae, but there were other cultic titles that women could aspire to obtain, such as that of

2928:, the throne room. It was laid out around a circular hearth surrounded by four columns. The throne was generally found on the right-hand side upon entering the room, while the interior of the megaron was lavishly decorated, flaunting images designed intentionally to demonstrate the political and religious power of the ruler. Access to the megaron was provided through a court, which was reached from a 3674:. They were also responsible for transmitting a wide range of arts and crafts, especially of Minoan origin. The Mycenaean civilization was in general more advanced compared to the Late Bronze Age cultures of the rest of Europe. Several Mycenaean attributes and achievements were borrowed or held in high regard in later periods, so it would be no exaggeration to consider Mycenaean Greece as a 1629:, replacing the previous Minoan installations. This site became a sizable and prosperous Mycenaean center until the 12th century BC. Apart from the archaeological evidence, this is also attested in Hittite records, which indicate that Miletos (Milawata in Hittite) was the most important base for Mycenaean activity in Asia Minor. Mycenaean presence also reached the adjacent sites of 2293:. These last were watched over by royal agents and were obliged to perform duties for and pay taxes to the palace. Among those who could be found in the palace were well-to-do high officials, who probably lived in the vast residences found in proximity to Mycenaean palaces, but also others, tied by their work to the palace and not necessarily better off than the members of the 2068:

to the obscure archaeological picture in 12th–11th century BC Greece, there is a continuing controversy among scholars over whether the impoverished societies that succeeded the Mycenaean palatial states were newcomers or populations that already resided in Mycenaean Greece. Recent archaeological findings tend to favor the latter scenario. Additional theories, concerning

3786:. Present-day Greeks share about 90% of their ancestry with them, suggesting continuity between the two time periods. In the case of Mycenaeans however, this steppe-related ancestry was diluted. The ancestry of the Mycenaeans could be explained via a 2-way admixture model of such MBA individuals in northern Greece, and either an EBA Aegean or MBA Minoan population. 3020:, could have constructed such megalithic structures. On the other hand, cut stone masonry is used only in and around gateways. Another typical feature of Mycenaean megalithic construction was the use of a relieving triangle above a lintel block—an opening, often triangular, designed to reduce the weight over the lintel. The space was filled with some lighter stone. 3058:–1650 BC) both in shape, as well as in location of settlement. The observed uniformity in domestic architecture came probably as a result of a shared past among the communities of the Greek mainland rather than as a consequence of cultural expansion of the Mycenaean Koine. Moreover, varying sizes of mudbricks were used in the construction of buildings. 9234:, p. 78: "There are two types of Mycenaean lamps. One of these (type 321) has a broad horizontal lip with two opposite depressions for wicks. This type is the clay version of a Minoan stone lamp, known in many examples both from Crete and from the Mainland. The other (type 321 a) has one wick-spout and a handle at the opposite side." 3396:. They are painted with stripes or zigzags in the same manner as the contemporary pottery and presumably made by the same potters. Their purpose is uncertain, but they may have served as both votive objects and toys: some are found in children's graves but the vast majority of fragments are from domestic rubbish deposits. 2148:

a "Great King". Alternatively, based on archaeological data, some sort of confederation among a number of palatial states appears to be possible. If some kind of united political entity existed, the dominant center was probably located in Thebes or in Mycenae, with the latter state being the most probable center of power.

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were worshipped throughout the Mycenaean palatial world. There may be some indications for local deities at various sites, in particular in Crete. The uniformity of Mycenaean religion is also reflected in archaeological evidence with the phi- and psi-figurines that have been found all over Late Bronze Age Greece.

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and Minoan civilizations is complexity and monumentality; Mycenaean craftmanship and architecture are more simplified versions of Minoan ones, but are more monumental in size. Later phases of the Mycenaean civilization showcase more sophistication, eventually coming to surpass Minoan Crete after a few centuries.

3453:; however, Mycenaean burials are in actuality an indigenous development of mainland Greece with the Shaft Graves housing native rulers. Pit and cist graves remained in use for single burials throughout the Mycenaean period alongside more elaborate family graves. The shaft graves at Mycenae within Grave Circles 2371:, and the quantity of the expected wool from these sheep and their offspring, as well as how this wool was allocated. The archives of Pylos display a specialized workforce, where each worker belonged to a precise category and was assigned to a specific task in the stages of production, notably in textiles. 3782:. This is corroborated by sequenced genomes of Middle Bronze Age individuals from northern Greece, who had a much higher proportion of steppe-related ancestry; the timing of this gene flow was estimated at 2,300 BCE, and is consistent with the dominant linguistic theories explaining the emergence of the 2849:

Men and women alike were involved in cult activity. Some women could be elevated to becoming legally independent by becoming priestesses, which appears to be hereditary through both the male and female line. No woman in Mycenae is believed to have been able to "own" land at this time, but priestesses

3542:. The so-called "souvlaki trays" (or portable grills) used by the Mycenaean Greeks were rectangular ceramic pans that sat underneath skewers of meat. It is not clear whether these trays would have been placed directly over a fire or if the pans would have held hot coals like a portable barbecue pit. 2892:

The palatial structures at Mycenae, Tiryns and Pylos were erected on the summits of hills or rocky outcrops, dominating the immediate surroundings. The best preserved are found in Pylos and Tiryns, while Mycenae and the Menelaion are only partially preserved. In Central Greece, Thebes and Orchomenos

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The unearthed Linear B texts are too fragmentary for the reconstruction of the political landscape in Mycenaean Greece and they do not support nor deny the existence of a larger Mycenaean state. On the other hand, contemporary Hittite and Egyptian records suggest the presence of a single state under

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Alternative scenarios propose that the fall of Mycenaean Greece was a result of internal disturbances which led to internecine warfare among the Mycenaean states or civil unrest in a number of states, as a result of the strict hierarchical social system and the ideology of the wanax. In general, due

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The reasons for the end of the Mycenaean culture have been hotly debated among scholars. At present, there is no satisfactory explanation for the collapse of the Mycenaean palace systems. The two most common theories are population movement and internal conflict. The first attributes the destruction

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Early Mycenaean civilization from the Shaft Grave period generally showcases heavy influence from Minoan Crete in regards to e.g. art, infrastructure and symbols, while also maintaining some Helladic elements as well as some innovations, and some West Asian influences. A difference between Mycenaean

6823:, p. 299: "The Shaft Graves of Mycenae themselves do not mark a new dynasty imposed from outside, as Drews and other scholars would have it; nor do they represent a sudden clear break with the Middle Helladic past. The tombs indicate the rise of vigorous local chieftains who became a warrior élite." 3907:

A study by Skourtanioti et al. (2023) generated genome-wide data from 95 Bronze Age individuals from mainland Greece and the Aegean, which was analysed in the context of all previously published samples from the region. Mycenaean (Late Bronze Age) individuals were found to deviate from Early Bronze

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The Mycenaean period has not yielded sculpture of any great size. The statuary of the period consists for the most part of small terracotta figurines found at almost every Mycenaean site in mainland Greece—in tombs, in settlement debris, and occasionally in cult contexts (Tiryns, Agios Konstantinos

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In later periods of Greek history, seclusion of females from males was common in the household, though scholars have found no evidence of seclusion during Mycenaean times, and believe that males and females worked with and around each other on a regular basis. Not much is known about women's duties

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By observing Mycenaean wall paintings, scholars have deduced that women during this time often wore long dresses, their hair long, and wore jewelry, most notably beads. Mycenaean beads have long been an aspect of Mycenaean culture that is shrouded in a significant amount of mystery. It is not known

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The Mycenaean pantheon already included many divinities that were subsequently encountered in Classical Greece, although it is difficult to determine whether these deities had the characteristics and responsibilities that would be attributed to them in later periods. In general, the same divinities

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at Pylos and its environs) did not differ from the general population in terms of their average ancestral composition. According to Lazaridis et al. these results strongly support the hypothesis that Mycenaeans were the outcome of admixture between descendants of Yamnaya-like steppe migrants and a

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in 1952. Ventris's discovery of an archaic Greek dialect in the Linear B tablets demonstrated that Mycenaean Greek was "the oldest known Greek dialect, elements of which survived in Homer's language as a result of a long oral tradition of epic poetry." The written records of every Mycenaean region

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being the tombs of the elite rulers, the individual tombs those of the leisure class, and the communal tombs those of the people. Cremations increased in number over the course of the period, becoming quite numerous in the last phase of the Mycenaean era. The tholos was introduced during the early

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is the term normally applied to the masonry characteristics of Mycenaean fortification systems and describes walls built of large, unworked boulders more than 8 m (26 ft) thick and weighing several metric tonnes. They were roughly fitted together without the use of mortar or clay to bind

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If women were not officials in the cult or married to high-ranking male officers, they were likely low-ranking laborers. Linear B details specialized groups of female laborers called "workgroups". These women labored with other women as well as their children, and usually were located close to the

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Nevertheless, palatial control over resources appears to have been highly selective in spatial terms and in terms of how different industries were managed. Thus, sectors like the production of perfumed oil and bronze materials were directly monitored from the palace, but the production of ceramics

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one. It appears that the Dorians moved southward gradually over a number of years and devastated the territory, until they managed to establish themselves in the Mycenaean centers. A new type of ceramic also appeared, called "Barbarian Ware" because it was attributed to invaders from the north. On

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in Homeric Greek), but a precise geographical definition of the term cannot be drawn from the texts. During this time, the kings of Ahhiyawa were evidently capable of dealing with their Hittite counterparts both on a diplomatic and military level. Moreover, Ahhiyawa achieved considerable political

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of classical Greek antiquity, were already known to Mycenaean Greece. "Figure-of-eight" shields were the most common type of Mycenaean shields. During the Late Mycenaean period, smaller types of shields were adopted, either of completely circular shape, or almost circular with a part cut out from

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Temples and shrines are strangely rare in the Mycenaean archaeological sites. Monumental cultic structures are absent at all the palatial centers, with the exception of Mycenae. However, the cultic center of Mycenae seems to have been a later (13th century BC) development. Small shrines have been

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Trade over vast areas of the Mediterranean was essential for the economy of Mycenaean Greece. The Mycenaean palaces imported raw materials, such as metals, ivory and glass, and exported processed commodities and objects made from these materials, in addition to local products: oil, perfume, wine,

2136:, located in the region of Boeotia, belonged to the state of nearby Orchomenos. Moreover, the palace of Mycenae appeared to have ruled over a territory two to three times the size of the other palatial states in Bronze Age Greece. Its territory would have also included adjacent centers, including 1897:

These incidents appear to have prompted the massive strengthening and expansion of the fortifications in various sites. In some cases, arrangements were also made for the creation of subterranean passages which led to underground cisterns. Tiryns, Midea and Athens expanded their defences with new

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became the most common form of elite burial, a feature that gave the name to the early period of Mycenaean Greece. Among the Mycenaean elite, deceased men were usually laid to rest in gold masks and funerary armor, and women in gold crowns and clothes gleaming with gold ornaments. The royal shaft

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must have been used in reference to the Mycenaean world (land of the Achaeans), or at least to a part of it. This term may have also had broader connotations in some texts, possibly referring to all regions settled by Mycenaeans or regions under direct Mycenaean political control. Another similar

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in c. 1190 BC or shortly thereafter. This event marked the end of Mycenae as a major power. The site was then reoccupied, but on a smaller scale. A recent study suggests that neither of the palaces at Tiryns or Midea were destroyed by an earthquake, and further studies have shown that upwards of

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Lazaridis, Iosif; Mittnik, Alissa; Patterson, Nick; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Pfrengle, Saskia; Furtwängler, Anja; Peltzer, Alexander; Posth, Cosimo; Vasilakis, Andonis; McGeorge, P. J. P.; Konsolaki-Yannopoulou, Eleni; Korres, George; Martlew, Holley; Michalodimitrakis, Manolis; Özsait,

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The palatial centers organized their workforce and resources for the construction of large scale projects in the fields of agriculture and industry. The magnitude of some projects indicates that this was the result of combined efforts from multiple palatial centers. Most notable of them are the

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Mycenaean armies were initially based on heavy infantry, equipped with spears, large shields and on some occasions, armor. Later in the 13th century BC, Mycenaean warfare underwent major changes both in tactics and weaponry and armed units became more uniform and flexible, while weapons became

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for certain why they (men, women, and children) wore them, or why they appear to have been significant to the culture, but beads made of carnelian, lapis lazuli, etc., were known to have been worn by women on bracelets, necklaces, and buttons on cloaks, and were often buried with the deceased.

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Athens and the eastern coast of Attica were still occupied in the 12th century BC, and were not destroyed or abandoned; this points to the existence of new decentralized coastal and maritime networks there. It is attested by the cemetery of Perati that lasted a century and showed imports from

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and offerings were limited to pottery and occasional items of jewellery. Groups of pit or cist graves containing elite members of the community were sometimes covered by a tumulus (mound) in the manner established since the Middle Helladic. It has been argued that this form dates back to the

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The Neolithic agrarian village (6000 BC) constituted the foundation of Bronze Age political culture in Greece. The vast majority of the preserved Linear B records deal with administrative issues and give the impression that Mycenaean palatial administration was highly systematized, featuring

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onto the pre-Mycenaean local population. An issue with this theory, however, is the very tenuous material and cultural relationship between Aegean and northern steppe populations during the Bronze Age. Another theory proposes that Mycenaean culture in Greece dates back to circa 3000 BC with

2128:. Each Mycenaean kingdom was governed from the palace, which exercised control over most, if not all, industries within its realm. The palatial territory was divided into several sub-regions, each headed by its provincial center. Each province was further divided in smaller districts, the 3272:

During the Late Mycenaean period (1400–1200 BC), Mycenaean vessels/pottery exhibited similarities spanning a significant area of the Eastern Mediterranean (i.e., from the Levant to Sicily) and possibly reflecting a form of economic and political union centered at Mycenae. However, the

2472:, off the coast of southern Anatolia, displays the established trade routes that supplied the Mycenaeans with all the raw materials and items that the economy of Mycenaean Greece needed, such as copper and tin for the production of bronze products. A chief export of the Mycenaeans was 2447:

Based on archaeological findings in the Middle East, in particular physical artifacts, textual references, inscriptions and wall paintings, it appears that Mycenaean Greeks achieved strong commercial and cultural interaction with most of the Bronze Age people living in this region:

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BC varied from 0% to approximately 40% steppe-related ancestry. This influx of steppe-related ancestry was related to Mycenaean domination of the island from the 15th century BC onwards, and was possibly also due in part to later migrations from more distant areas such as Italy.

1934:, in the southwestern Peloponnese, was destroyed in c. 1180 BC. The Linear B archives found there, preserved by the heat of the fire that destroyed the palace, mention hasty defence preparations due to an imminent attack without giving any detail about the attacking force. 3410:

Larger male, female or bovine terracotta wheelmade figures are much rarer. An important group was found in the Temple at Mycenae together with coiled clay snakes, while others have been found at Tiryns and in the East and West Shrines at Phylakopi on the island of Melos.

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on the battlefield is a matter of dispute due to the lack of sufficient evidence. It appears that chariots were initially used as fighting vehicles during the 16th to 14th centuries BC, while later, in the 13th century BC, their role was limited to battlefield transport.

2862:. Though documented, scholars are not certain exactly what the duties of this role entailed, or what type of women would have filled it. What they do know, however, is that these religious roles afforded the women who occupied them a certain amount of economic autonomy. 2935:

Additional common features are shared by the palaces of Pylos, Mycenae and Tiryns; a large court with colonnades lies directly in front of the central megaron, while a second, but smaller, megaron is also found inside these structures. The staircases in the palace of

3912:-related ancestry not found in the earlier samples. The potential source of this ancestry included related groups from Serbia (Early Bronze Age), Croatia (Middle Bronze Age), Italy (Early and Middle Bronze Age), 'Western Steppe Eneolithic-Bronze Age', and 'Germany 1893:

displays evidence for a targeted destruction as only the four gates and the monumental building, called the Melathron, were burned before the site was abandoned. In the Peloponnese, a number of buildings surrounding the citadel of Mycenae were attacked and burned.

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showed remarkable similarity in craniofacial morphology between ancient Greeks (including Mycenaeans) and modern Greeks, suggesting a close affinity, and that the Greek ethnic group remained stable in its cephalic and facial morphology for the last 4,000 years.

3750:, Lazaridis et al. (2017) found that Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks were genetically highly similar, but not identical; modern Greeks resembled the Mycenaeans, but with some additional dilution of the early Neolithic ancestry. Furthermore, proposed migrations by 3131:

was the most identifiable piece of Mycenaean armor in use from the beginning to the collapse of Mycenaean culture. It is also known from several depictions in contemporary art in Greece and the Mediterranean. A representative piece of Mycenaean armor is the

8886:, p. 610. Iacovou quotes Vassos Karageorghis who states that "The introduction of 'Cyclopean'-type walls at the very beginning of the LC IIIA period at Enkomi, Kition, Sinda and Maa-Palaeokastron was due to the arrival of Mycenaean settlers in Cyprus." 1598:

of the Minoans. The use of the new script spread in mainland Greece and offers valuable insight into the administrative network of the palatial centers. However, the unearthed records are too fragmentary for a political reconstruction of Bronze Age Greece.

1438:/1675 BC), a significant increase in the population and the number of settlements occurred. A number of centers of power emerged in southern mainland Greece dominated by a warrior elite society; while the typical dwellings of that era were an early type of 6445:, p. 139: "Moreover, in this area a small tholos-tomb with Mycenaean pottery of III B style and a Mycenaean acropolis have been reported at Kiperi near Parga, and another Mycenaean acropolis lay above the Oracle of the Dead on the hill called Xylokastro"; 3461:

belonging to the same period represent an alternative manner of grouping elite burials. Next to the deceased were found full sets of weapons, ornate staffs as well as gold and silver cups and other valuable objects which point to their social rank.

3000:

them, though smaller hunks of limestone fill the interstices. Their placement formed a polygonal pattern giving the curtain wall an irregular but imposing appearance. At the top it would have been wide enough for a walkway with a narrow protective

3497:

Beginning also in the Late Helladic period are to be seen communal tombs of rectangular form. Nevertheless, it is difficult to establish whether the different forms of burial represent a social hierarchization, as was formerly thought, with the

2072:, such as climate change, droughts, or earthquakes have also been proposed. Another theory considers the decline of the Mycenaean civilization as a manifestation of a common pattern for the decline of many ancient civilizations: the Minoan, the 3119:

smaller and lighter. The spear remained the main weapon among Mycenaean warriors, while the sword played a secondary role in combat. Other offensive weapons used were bows, maces, axes, slings and javelins. The precise role and contribution of

1707:. These centers were based on a rigid network of bureaucracy where administrative competencies were classified into various sections and offices according to specialization of work and trades. At the head of this society was the king, known as 1303:–1352 BC), where a number of Danaya cities are mentioned, which cover the largest part of southern mainland Greece. Among them, cities such as Mycenae, Nauplion, and Thebes have been identified with certainty. Danaya has been equated with the 2213:("the leader of the people"), whose role appears mainly religious. His activities possibly overlap with the wanax and is usually seen as the second-in-command. Both wanax and lāwāgetas were at the head of a military aristocracy known as the 2207:(ϝάναξ), whose role was religious and perhaps also military and judicial. The wanax oversaw virtually all aspects of palatial life, from religious feasting and offerings to the distribution of goods, craftsmen and troops. Under him was the 3230:

burial (c. 1500–1450) "it was broadly speaking possible to classify the finer seals as being of Cretan, the more crudely engraved of mainland manufacture", but that "this criterion no longer applies after the mainland conquest of Crete

3503:

15th century BC as the new and more imposing form of elite burial. The most impressive tombs of the Mycenaean era are the monumental royal tombs of Mycenae, undoubtedly intended for the royal family of the city. The most famous is the

1786:, a Hittite vassal state, received support from Ahhiyawa. Meanwhile, Ahhiyawa appears to be in control of a number of islands in the Aegean, an impression also supported by archaeological evidence. During the reign of the Hittite king 3320:

painted on the side facing away from the drinker. The Mycenaean Greeks also painted entire scenes (called "Pictorial Style") on their vessels depicting warriors, chariots, horses and deities reminiscent of events described in Homer's

1917:-controlled harbors, as part of a trade embargo imposed on Assyria. In general, in the second half of 13th century BC, trade was in decline in the Eastern Mediterranean, most probably due to the unstable political environment there. 12979:

Rodríguez, Juan Piquero (2017). "Estudios sobre el léxico micénico: notas sobre la naturaleza y funciones del ra-wa-ke-ta". In de la Villa, Jesús; Rey, Emma Falque; Castro, José Francisco González; Jiménez, María José Muñoz (eds.).

11424:

Mehmet; Özsait, Nesrin; Papathanasiou, Anastasia; Richards, Michael; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Tzedakis, Yannis; Arnott, Robert; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Hughey, Jeffery R.; Lotakis, Dimitra M.; Navas, Patrick A.; Maniatis, Yannis;

3435:(tauromachy), battle scenes, processions, etc. Some scenes may be part of mythological narratives, but if so their meaning eludes us. Other frescoes include geometric or stylised motifs, also used on painted pottery (see above). 2396:. The Mycenaean economy also featured large-scale manufacturing as testified by the extent of workshop complexes that have been discovered, the largest known to date being the recent ceramic and hydraulic installations found in 6449:, p. xii (Fig. 1); p. 2: "The strongest evidence for Mycenaean presence in Epirus is found in the coastal zone of the lower Acheron River, which in antiquity emptied into a bay on the Ionian coast known from ancient sources as 10790:

The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive Stages of the Early Cretan Civilization as Illustred by the Discoveries at Knossos (Band 3): The Great Transitional Age in the Northern and Eastern Sections of the

6469:, p. 64: "The existence of a Late Bronze Age Mycenaean settlement in the Petra not only confirms its importance as a route from an early period, but also extends the limits of Mycenaean settlement to the Macedonian frontier." 3164:

clearly derives directly from the Minoan "Marine Style", and it ceases to be the case after about 1350 BC. Some works appear to have subjects adjusted to warlike Mycenaean tastes, although the distinctively Minoan subject of

2963:

The construction of defensive structures was closely linked to the establishment of the palaces in mainland Greece. The principal Mycenaean centers were well-fortified and usually situated on an elevated terrain, like on the

3765:

between the sampled Bronze Age populations and present-day West Eurasians was estimated, finding that Mycenaean Greeks and Minoans were least differentiated from the populations of modern Greece, Cyprus, Albania, and Italy.

3206:, found in Athens, is one of the finest of a number of gold signet rings with tiny multi-figure scenes of high quality, many from the princely Grave Circles A and B at Mycenae. These tend to be regarded as Cretan, as do the 1346:. Recent scholarship, based on textual evidence, new interpretations of the Hittite inscriptions, and recent surveys of archaeological evidence about Mycenaean–Anatolian contacts during this period, concludes that the term 221: 7068:, p. 194: "The Mycenaean colonies in Anatolia were emphatically confined to a narrow coastal strip in the west. There were community-colonies at Ephesus, Iasos and Miletus, but they had little effect on the interior..." 3789:

A study by Lazaridis et al. (2022) analysed 21 new Mycenaean samples and one new Minoan sample, along with previously published samples. The study found that Mycenaeans were differentiated from Minoans by an influx of

12592:

Espace civil, espace religieux en Égée durant la période mycénienne. Approches épigraphique, linguistique et archéologique. Actes des journées d'archéologie et de philologie mycéniennes, Lyon, 1er février et 1er mars

8280: 3903:

expressed doubts regarding the connection between the "small contribution in Mycenaean Greece" of the "ancestral mix of Yamnaya culture" and the steppe as the "earliest, original source" of Indo-European languages.

2479:

Cyprus appears to be the principal intermediary station between Mycenaean Greece and the Middle East, based on the considerable greater quantities of Mycenaean goods found there. On the other hand, trade with the

1215:

language in the Aegean region in contrast to unrelated prior languages spoken in adjoining areas. Various collective terms for the inhabitants of Mycenaean Greece were used by Homer in his 8th-century BC epic the

3777:

civilizations in the Aegean, were genetically homogeneous. In contrast, during the Middle Bronze Age, this population was more differentiated; probably due to gene flow from a Yamnaya-related population from the

3443:

The usual form of burial during this period was inhumation (burial in the earth, covered by dirt and stones). The earliest Mycenaean burials were mostly in individual graves in the form of a pit or a stone-lined

3614:

were similar but the scribes sometimes used words that were probably part of their local dialect. The existence of a common language is probably explained by their shared bureaucratic system and writing script.

1905:

It appears that after this first wave of destruction a short-lived revival of Mycenaean culture followed. Mycenaean Greece continues to be mentioned in international affairs, particularly in Hittite records. In

3169:

also appears. The production of luxury art for, and probably often in, the Minoan palaces was already a well-established tradition when Mycenaean elites became customers, and was perhaps more integrated into

8564:, p. 159: "Wa-na-ssoi, wa-na-ka-te, (to the two queens and the king). Wanax is best suited to Poseidon, the special divinity of Pylos. The identity of the two divinities addressed as wanassoi, is uncertain." 7400:

Hinzen, Klaus-G.; Maran, Joseph; Hinojosa-Prieto, Hector; Damm-Meinhardt, Ursula; Reamer, Sharon K.; Tzislakis, Jana; Kemna, Kilian; Schweppe, Gregor; Fleischer, Claus; Demakopoulou, Katie (27 March 2018).

1566:

From the early 14th century BC, Mycenaean trade began to take advantage of the new commercial opportunities in the Mediterranean after the Minoan collapse. The trade routes were expanded further, reaching

12080: 9736:

Whether we realize it or not, not only are tens of thousands of English words direct derivatives of ancient Greek, but some are derived even from Mycenaean Greek, which makes them very ancient indeed!

3407:

and at Amyclae near Sparta), suggests both that many were indeed religious in nature, perhaps as votives, but also that later places of worship may well have first been used in the Mycenaean period.

1703:, the latter being the northernmost Mycenaean center. Knossos in Crete also became a Mycenaean center, where the former Minoan complex underwent a number of adjustments, including the addition of a 3863:

EHG ancestry. The remaining (non steppe-related) Mycenaean ancestry was similar to that of the Minoans and the Early Bronze Age population of mainland Greece, and elite Mycenaean samples (from the

3399:

The presence of many of these figurines on sites where worship took place in the Archaic and Classical periods (approximately 200 below the sanctuary of Athena at Delphi, others at the temple of

10388:

The synchronisation of civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C. III : proceedings of the SCIEM 2000—2nd EuroConference, Vienna, 28th of May-1st of June 2003

2043:, that led to the end of Mycenaean Greece, is supported by sporadic archaeological evidence such as new types of burials, in particular cist graves, and the use of a new dialect of Greek, the 8203:, p. 53: "One of the most extraordinary examples of the extent of Mycenaean influence was the Pelynt Dagger, a fragment of a Late Helladic III sword, which has come to light in the tomb of a 3634:

were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. At this time, German archaeologist

1913:, the king of Ahhiyawa is again reported to have been involved in an anti-Hittite uprising in western Anatolia. Another contemporary Hittite account reports that Ahhiyawan ships should avoid 23149: 3277:

of Crete during this time remained distinct indicating a degree of autonomy on the island. The Mycenaean Greeks produced in large quantities a variety of diversely-styled vessels such as

1717:. All powers were vested in him, as the main landlord and spiritual and military leader. At the same time he was an entrepreneur and trader and was aided by a network of high officials. 21539: 2415:. This appears to have facilitated the speedy deployment of troops—for example, the remnants of a Mycenaean road, along with what appears to have been a Mycenaean defensive wall on the 2076:

and the Western Roman Empire; the reason for the decline is migration due to overpopulation. The period following the end of Mycenaean Greece, c. 1100–800 BC, is generally termed the "

23144: 3099:

The military nature of the Mycenaean Greeks is evident from the numerous weapons unearthed, the use of warrior and combat representations in contemporary art, and the preserved Greek

3825:

on average), though some of the Mycenaeans lacked steppe ancestry altogether. Individual Mycenaean samples from mainland Greece had proportions of EHG ancestry ranging from 0% up to

3758:

colonists was not discernible in their data, thus "rejecting the hypothesis that the cultures of the Aegean were seeded by migrants from the old civilizations of these regions." The

3587:. The Linear B script was utilized by the Mycenaean palaces in Greece for administrative purposes where economic transactions were recorded on clay tablets and some pottery in the 10089:"Redefining Indo European Origins? [eLetter comment on Lazaridis et al. 2022 in Science: 'The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe']" 21240: 12120:

Shear, Ione Mylonas (January 2000). "Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea: Results of the Greek–Swedish Excavations under the Direction of Katie Demakopoulou and Paul Åström".

2287:

In general, Mycenaean society appears to have been divided into two groups of free men: the king's entourage, who conducted administrative duties at the palace, and the people,

2534:, where an amber object inscribed with Linear B symbols has been unearthed. Mycenaean bronze double axes and other objects dating from the 13th century BC have been found in 962:–1050 BC), the period of expansion, and decline of the Mycenaean civilization. The transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Greece is known as Sub-Mycenaean ( 8275: 13183: 12494: 2654:. He was the personification of the magic-song which was supposed to "heal" the patient. A number of divinities have been identified in the Mycenaean scripts only by their 9094:, p. 36: "In fact, most of the essential items of the "hoplite panoply" were known to Mycenaean Greece, including the metallic helmet and the single thrusting spear." 7930:

Materials and Industries in the Mycenaean World: Current Approaches to the Study of Materials and Industries in Prehistoric Greece, University of Nottingham, 9–10 May 2013

2392:

valley. Also noticeable is the construction of harbors, such as the harbor of Pylos, that were capable of accommodating large Bronze Age era vessels like the one found at

1640:

Meanwhile, imposing palaces were built in the main Mycenaean centers of the mainland. The earliest palace structures were megaron-type buildings, such as the Menelaion in

1387:

Scholars have proposed different theories on the origins of the Mycenaeans. According to one theory, Mycenaean civilization reflected the exogenous imposition of archaic

10127:... a, Estimated mean coefficient (coeff.) (±1 s.e.) of additional ancestry (WES-related) using as proxy a BA Central European population ('Germany LN-EBA Corded Ware'). 3630:. In general, the Greeks of Classical antiquity idealized the Mycenaean period as a glorious period of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The legends of 2980:. Mycenaean Greeks in general appreciated the symbolism of war as expressed in defensive architecture, reflected by the visual impressiveness of their fortifications. 1602: 3252: 3325:. Other items developed by the Mycenaeans include clay lamps, as well as metallic vessels such as bronze tripod cauldrons (or basins). A few examples of vessels in 1445:

Meanwhile, new types of burials and more imposing ones have been unearthed, which display a great variety of luxurious objects. Among the various burial types, the

1244:

to refer to the besiegers, and these names appear to have passed down from the time they were in use to the time when Homer applied them as collective terms in his

10302:

Billigmeier, Jon-Christian; Turner, Judy A. (1981). "The socio-economic roles of women in Mycenaean Greece: A brief survey from evidence of the Linear B tablets".

3670:, such as fortifications, bridges, culverts, aqueducts, dams and roads suitable for wheeled traffic. They also made several architectural innovations, such as the 852:". Additional theories such as natural disasters and climatic changes have also been suggested. The Mycenaean period became the historical setting of much ancient 18719: 1790:(c. 1267–1237 BC), the king of Ahhiyawa is recognized as a "Great King" and of equal status with the other contemporary great Bronze Age rulers: the kings of 20463: 18039: 9875: 1984:; located 2 km west of Perati. This indicates that Attica participated in long-distance trade, and was also incorporated in a mainland-looking network. 1877:

1250 BC, the first wave of destruction apparently occurred in various centres of mainland Greece for reasons that cannot be identified by archaeologists. In

1898:

cyclopean-style walls. The extension program in Mycenae almost doubled the fortified area of the citadel. To this phase of extension belongs the impressive

1423:

is that Mycenaean civilization began around 1750 BC, earlier than the Shaft Graves, originating and evolving from the local socio-cultural landscape of the

3160:

actually imported from Crete, or produced on the mainland by Cretan or Cretan-trained artists. This is less true of pottery, although the (very untypical)

2503:

Commercial interaction was also intense with the Italian peninsula and the western Mediterranean. Mycenaean products, especially pottery, were exported to

10184: 3868:

Minoan-like population, with steppe migrants considered to be Indo-European speakers and progenitors of the Greek language. Minoans were predominantly of

2924:

The palatial structures of mainland Greece share a number of common features. The focal point of the socio-political aspect of a Mycenaean palace was the

2858:, the sacred slaves were allotted certain benefits fitting their positions in the cult. One other documented position women filled in the cult was called 21949: 21865: 11005:

Graziado, Giampaolo (July 1991). "The Process of Social Stratification at Mycenae in the Shaft Grave Period: A Comparative Examination of the Evidence".

10178: 3701:) – "the people" or "armed men". Niesiołowski-Spanò concluded that the Levites were a group of Mycenaean Greek mercenaries who managed to settle down in 1930:

fifty arrowheads were found scattered in the destruction debris at Midea perhaps indicating that the destruction was caused by an assault. The palace of

2013: 1551:

was ruled by a Mycenaean elite who formed a hybrid Minoan-Mycenaean culture. Mycenaeans also colonized several other Aegean islands, reaching as far as

916:–2000 BC) was a time of prosperity with the use of metals and a growth in technology, economy and social organization. The Middle Helladic (MH) period ( 6768:, p. 92: "The most famous object from Shaft Grave V, if not all of Mycenaean Greece, is the gold mask popularly known as the 'mask of Agamemnon'." 3357: 1850: 21743: 12357: 3161: 2328: 1442:

buildings, some more complex structures are classified as forerunners of the later palaces. In a number of sites, defensive walls were also erected.

11044:

Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age: Proceedings of the First International Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 12–13 May, 1980

13154: 12521:

Wood J. R., Hsu, Y-T and Bell, C. 2021 Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion, Internet Archaeology 56.

12033: 10890: 10855: 3685:

who migrated to the Near East as Mycenaean Greeks. In a 2020 study by Polish historian Łukasz Niesiołowski-Spanò, a group of people known from the

12846:

Mellink, Machteld J. (April 1983). "The Hittites and the Aegean World: Part 2. Archaeological Comments on Ahhiyawa-Achaians in Western Anatolia".

2324: 19645: 19641: 19637: 19633: 19629: 13245: 3143:–1400 BC) which consisted of a cuirass of a complete set of armor made up of several elements of bronze. In general, most features of the later 22092: 21954: 21267: 21215: 19625: 17564: 16609: 16530: 16369: 12448:

Whittaker von Hofsten, Helène (2007). "Reflections on the Social Status of Mycenaean Women". In Lovén, Lena Larsson; Strömberg, Agneta (eds.).

8251: 2940:

indicate that the palaces had two stories. The private quarters of the members of the royal family were presumably located on the first floor.

603: 1925:

None of the defence measures appear to have prevented the final destruction and collapse of the Mycenaean states. A second destruction struck

1408:

notes that archaeology alone is not able to solve the issue and that the majority of Hellenists believed Mycenaeans spoke a non-Indo-European

16682: 1995:

region, expanded its settlement and became the largest local center during the post-palatial period, in Late Helladic IIIC, c. 1200–1050 BC.

1396:

Indo-European migrants entering a mainly-depopulated area; other hypotheses argue for a date as early as the seventh millennium BC (with the

2268:, "one who takes care of a damos"), the latter probably being appointed to take charge of the commune. A council of elders was chaired, the 1358:

in twelfth century BC Egyptian inscriptions has been commonly identified with the Ahhiyawans. These Ekwesh were mentioned as a group of the

19621: 17739: 16619: 9279:

See account of their use in K.A. and Diana Wardle "The Child's Cache at Assiros, Macedonia", in Sally Crawford and Gillian Shepherd (eds):

3511:. A total of nine of such tholos tombs are found in the region of Mycenae, while six of them belong to a single period (Late Helladic IIA, 2419:. The Mycenaean era saw the zenith of infrastructure engineering in Greece, and this appears not to have been limited to the Argive plain. 1937:

As a result of this turmoil, specific regions in mainland Greece witnessed a dramatic population decrease, especially Boeotia, Argolis and

9961: 22834: 22769: 21959: 20020: 19649: 10161: 9630: 660: 22502: 22482: 18109: 18069: 17602: 14845: 528: 20418: 8175: 22570: 21615: 19946: 19669: 12530:

Acts of the International Archeaological Symposium: "The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediterranean", Nicosia 27th March-2nd April, 1972

10632:

Cline, Eric H. (2007). "Rethinking Mycenaean International Trade with Egypt and the Near East". In Galaty, M.; Parkinson, W. (eds.).

3651:

As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece became major figures of the

3183: 3115:) was obliged to supply a certain number of men who had to serve in the army. Similar service was also performed by the aristocracy. 2157:

thoroughly consistent language, terminology, tax calculations, and distribution logistics. Considering this sense of uniformity, the

1164: 972:

Based on recent research, Alex Knodell (2021) considers the beginning of Mycenaean occupation in Peloponnese in Middle Helladic III (

3218:

for authenticating anything, but treated them as ornaments, at least one prince wearing a collection around his wrists, like modern

2444:

wool and pottery. International trade of that time was not only conducted by palatial emissaries but also by independent merchants.

1752:

influence in parts of Western Anatolia, typically by encouraging anti-Hittite uprisings and collaborating with local vassal rulers.

21748: 18326: 17976: 16643: 11607:

Skourtanioti, Eirini; Ringbauer, Harald; Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Bianco, Raffaela Angelina; et al. (16 January 2023).

3388:(these have outstretched upraised arms). The latest (12th century BC) are the Tau-type; these figurines look like the Greek letter 2801: 2556:

have found traces of opium in Mycenaean ceramic vases. The drug trade in Mycenaean Greece is traced as early as 1650–1350 BC, with

1799: 3737:

also indicated craniological similarities between modern Greeks and ancient Greeks (including Mycenaeans), indicating continuity.

22158: 21652: 17991: 16154: 13187: 948:

The Late Helladic period is further divided into LHI and LHII, both of which coincide with the middle phase of Mycenaean Greece (

13204: 6382: 1806:, broke out and was supported by the king of Ahhiyawa. Piyama-Radu caused major unrest which may have extended to the region of 22492: 19951: 18579: 17838: 17716: 17686: 17422: 17418: 17414: 12652:

Thera and the Aegean World II: Papers Presented at the Second International Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, August 1978

7929: 3095:

Boar's tusk helmet with cheek-guards and a double bone hook on top. Mycenae, chamber Tomb 515, 14th – 13th centuries BC. N°6568

2461: 1540:

Starting in the 15th century BC, the Mycenaeans began to spread their influence throughout the Aegean and Western Anatolia. By

840:

where significant shifts occurred from palace-centralized to decentralized forms of socio-economic organization (including the

10074: 3675: 3470: 22019: 21738: 18222: 17853: 17253: 17182: 16540: 13042: 13021: 12989: 12958: 12894: 12806: 12776: 12705: 12684: 12660: 12622: 12601: 12579: 12558: 12438: 12415: 12394: 12277: 12235: 12066: 12022: 12001: 11980: 11912: 11863: 11729: 11679: 11392: 11361: 11298: 11277: 11167: 11142: 11121: 11051: 10909: 10818: 10777: 10753: 10673: 10652: 10569: 10526: 10505: 10484: 10440: 10395: 10292: 10242:"Volcanic ash and tsunami record of the Minoan Late Bronze Age Eruption (Santorini) in a distal setting, southwestern Turkey" 10213: 6937: 1458:, signified the elevation of a native Greek-speaking royal dynasty whose economic power depended on long-distance sea trade. 1211:

that resided in the Greek peninsula after the end of this cultural period. Lastly, the decipherment marked the advent of an

22440: 17779: 17536: 17331: 16603: 14233: 12905: 8717: 22487: 22391: 21630: 18503: 18143: 17930: 17574: 16614: 16455: 13238: 7769: 424: 11904:

Built Chamber Tombs of Middle and Late Bronze Age Date in Mainland Greece and the Islands (BAR International Series 925)

1555:. Thus the Mycenaeans became the dominant power of the region, marking the beginning of the Mycenaean 'Koine' era (from 18311: 18079: 17968: 17695: 17525: 17370: 16765: 14855: 14545: 14238: 14172: 7735: 3949: 1692: 741: 3061:

Contrary to popular belief, some Mycenaean representative buildings already featured roofs made of fired tiles, as in

2526:

Sporadic objects of Mycenaean manufacture were found in various distant locations, like in Central Europe, such as in

2169: 22859: 22497: 21887: 19677: 18174: 17531: 17516: 16629: 16584: 16515: 16510: 16207: 14243: 14218: 12827: 12512: 12459: 12256: 12162: 11933: 11782: 11752: 11413: 11319: 11233: 11210: 10939: 10874: 10839: 10461: 10376: 10355: 10334: 9987: 9638: 7293: 3954: 1829:

in order to convince his Ahhiyawan counterpart to restore peace in the region. The Hittite record mentions a certain

9935: 22522: 22429: 21389: 18154: 18149: 17981: 17898: 17428: 16180: 16052: 14801: 14228: 14223: 13073:

Weiss, Barry (June 1982). "The Decline of Late Bronze Age Civilization as a Possible Response to Climatic Change".

9517: 3202:. The chemical compositions of the silver objects indicate that the silver was sourced from several locations. The 598: 578: 17: 16594: 12906:"Poseidon's Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean" 11081:

Hammond, Nicholas G.L. (1967). "Tumulus Burial in Albania, the Grave Circles of Mycenae, and the Indo-Europeans".

2297:, such as craftsmen, farmers, and perhaps merchants. Occupying a lower rung of the social ladder were the slaves, 1461:

During this period, the Mycenaean centers witnessed increased contact with the outside world, especially with the

22762: 22249: 21600: 21225: 20367: 20013: 18189: 17681: 14695: 14555: 14550: 13827: 12715:

Güterbock, Hans G. (April 1983). "The Hittites and the Aegean World: Part 1. The Ahhiyawa Problem Reconsidered".

12122: 3518:–1300 BC). It has been argued that different dynasties or factions may have competed through conspicuous burial. 2069: 653: 20288: 11266:"Chapter Twenty-Two Aegean-Style Material Culture in Late Cypriot III: Minimal Evidence, Maximum Interpretation" 7403:"Reassessing the Mycenaean Earthquake Hypothesis: Results of the HERACLES Project from Tiryns and Midea, Greece" 22929: 22239: 21646: 21625: 17809: 17346: 16079: 14720: 14134: 13231: 11189: 9809: 7505:"Differing trajectories of collapse in the Late Bronze Age Argolid: Mycenae and Tiryns from 1250 BC to 1100 BC" 6300: 2881: 2759:. A number of Mycenaean divinities seem to have no later equivalents, such as Marineus, Diwia and Komawenteia. 2595: 2375:

was only indirectly monitored. Regional transactions between the palaces are also recorded on a few occasions.

524: 22540: 11874: 10579:

Clemente, Florian; Unterländer, Martina; Dolgova, Olga; Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G.; et al. (13 May 2021).

2743:

of later antiquity, while in Knossos there is the "mistress of the Labyrinth". The "two queens and the king" (

22583: 22565: 22213: 21245: 19707: 18973: 18864: 17952: 17878: 17335: 17233: 16599: 16074: 15631: 15124: 14640: 14560: 14258: 13968: 9281:

Children, Childhood and Society: Institute for Archaeology and Antiquity Interdisciplinary Studies (Volume I)

7504: 7485: 3769:

A genetic study by Clemente et al. (2021) found that in the Early Bronze Age, the populations of the Minoan,

3103:

records. The Mycenaeans invested in the development of military infrastructure, with military production and

2161:

archive, which is the best preserved one in the Mycenaean world, is generally taken as a representative one.

2052:

in the Eastern Mediterranean. They caused widespread destruction in Anatolia and the Levant and were finally

696:

with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art, and writing system. The Mycenaeans were mainland

688:, spanning the period from approximately 1750 to 1050 BC. It represents the first advanced and distinctively 583: 19105: 16343: 12061:. Malden (Massachusetts), Oxford (United Kingdom), Carlton (Victoria, Australia): Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 3211: 2233:, at Pylos, who appears titleless in the written record but whom modern scholars regard as probably a king. 22979: 22507: 22104: 21723: 21662: 21492: 21302: 19189: 18184: 18075: 17623: 17489: 17341: 17061: 16757: 16570: 16047: 14576: 14030: 12550:

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

11613: 10921:

The Mycenaeans and Apulia. An Examination of Aegean Bronze Age Contacts with Apulia in Eastern Magna Grecia

3078: 784: 16253: 12372: 10224: 2905:, is believed by a number of archaeologists to be a palace. A Mycenaean palace has been also unearthed in 1755: 708:

cultures to develop a more sophisticated sociopolitical culture of their own. The most prominent site was

23098: 23068: 22874: 22560: 21937: 21840: 21379: 21138: 19602: 19591: 19394: 18570: 18065: 17938: 17819: 17768: 17711: 17663: 17643: 17479: 17243: 17215: 16318: 16147: 15102: 14710: 14586: 14248: 14202: 14157: 13933: 13622: 10745:

The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and Change between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC

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The ? symbol indicates lack of mtDNA haplogroup due to contamination or damage of the tested sample.

3023:

Cyclopean fortifications were typical of Mycenaean walls, especially at the citadels of Mycenae, Tiryns,

2983: 1470: 15641: 13158: 12037: 11159:

Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD

3107:

being supervised directly from the palatial centers. According to the Linear B records in the palace of

2582: 1524:: large circular burial chambers with high vaulted roofs and a straight entry passage lined with stone. 23129: 23029: 22755: 22416: 21679: 21522: 21394: 21284: 20042: 20006: 19931: 19703: 19655: 18876: 18533: 18094: 18030: 17884: 17448: 17444: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17351: 16723: 16653: 16470: 15763: 15636: 14769: 14764: 14740: 14650: 14167: 13265: 12407:

Late Bronze Age Mycenaean and Italic Products in the West Mediterranean: A Social and Economic Analysis

12269:

Well Built Mycenae (Volume 13): The Helleno-British Excavations within the Citadel at Mycenae 1959–1969

7781: 7747: 6553:

The extent to which Homer attempted to or succeeded in recreating a "Mycenaean" setting is examined in

3908:

Age individuals in the direction of Central and Eastern European Bronze Age populations, due to having

3733: 3376:

The female figurines can be subdivided into three groups, which were popular at different periods: the

2178: 646: 618: 201: 2794: 23139: 22914: 22824: 22649: 22578: 22153: 22009: 21942: 21168: 21111: 19607: 19440: 19147: 19137: 19018: 18589: 18560: 18556: 18499: 18425: 18287: 18134: 17592: 17584: 17356: 17318: 17261: 17238: 17197: 16819: 16747: 16566: 16500: 16495: 16480: 16279: 16121: 16064: 15020: 14823: 14808: 14730: 14665: 13985: 13880: 13354: 13288: 11689:

Littauer, M.A.; Crouwel, J.H. (1996). "Robert Drews and the Role of Chariotry in Bronze Age Greece".

11429: 10451: 3779: 3377: 3365: 3199: 2586:

The Lady of Phylakopi; wheel-made pottery figurine of a goddess or priestess from the West Shrine in

2108:

Mycenaean palatial states, or centrally organized palace-operating polities, are recorded in ancient

520: 466: 22070: 14632: 14612: 13810: 13468: 2435: 1207:

emerged. Moreover, it revealed that the bearers of Mycenaean culture were ethnically connected with

23134: 22690: 22410: 22195: 21902: 21429: 21424: 21230: 20961: 20511: 20164: 20029: 19737: 19402: 19091: 19034: 18494: 18454: 18139: 18098: 17986: 17701: 17691: 17495: 17365: 17271: 17139: 17131: 17029: 16957: 16823: 16742: 16728: 16520: 16440: 14818: 14781: 14715: 14381: 14268: 8632: 7977:, IV: Mycenaean II Pottery in Syria and Palestine; V: Mycenaean III Pottery in Syria and Palestine. 6571: 3881: 3626:, Greece emerged with a network of myths and legends, the greatest of all being that of the Trojan 2388:

basin in Boeotia, the building of a large dam outside Tiryns, and the drainage of the swamp in the

2018: 2004: 1822: 1388: 1212: 829: 783:

The Mycenaean Greeks introduced several innovations in the fields of engineering, architecture and

502: 450: 22297: 11823:

Olsen, Barbara A. (2015). "The Worlds of Penelope: Women in the Mycenaean and Homeric Economies".

10205:

Well Built Mycenae (Volume 7): The Prehistoric Cemetery – pre-Mycenaean and Early Mycenaean Graves

3655:

of later antiquity. Moreover, the language of the Mycenaeans offers the first written evidence of

2289: 1825:

in the political turmoil of this era. As a result of this instability, the Hittite king initiated

1481:, a feature typical of Mycenaean warfare. In the early 15th century BC, commerce intensified with 1383:, Grave Circle A, Mycenae, 16th century BC, probably the most famous artifact of Mycenaean Greece. 23063: 22639: 22512: 22168: 22116: 21819: 21610: 21517: 21404: 21039: 20390: 19891: 19800: 19617: 19099: 18450: 18315: 18208: 18129: 17774: 17597: 17360: 17266: 17187: 17161: 17143: 17135: 17097: 17021: 17017: 16961: 16662: 16648: 16550: 16485: 16384: 16101: 15225: 15025: 15010: 14813: 14796: 14776: 14745: 14645: 14581: 14197: 14182: 14152: 14113: 13990: 13842: 13344: 13127: 11425: 9837:"A comparative cephalometric investigation of the Greek craniofacial pattern through 4,000 years" 3814: 3458: 3454: 3261: 2040: 1189: 556: 475: 362: 22555: 20979: 12886:

Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: A Guide to Identification (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 73)

11546:

Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; et al. (2022b).

8628: 3556: 3091: 1759:

Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East during the 14th century BC; Mycenaean Greece in purple

22677: 22545: 22190: 21999: 21994: 21924: 21814: 21657: 21529: 21262: 20692: 20643: 20586: 20531: 20385: 19922: 19901: 19883: 19683: 19583: 19390: 18989: 18251: 18199: 18114: 17848: 17833: 17749: 17405: 17165: 17053: 17049: 17041: 17037: 17033: 16815: 16427: 16422: 16394: 16140: 16059: 15062: 14833: 14791: 14725: 14690: 14142: 14126: 13822: 13763: 13612: 13607: 11671:

Late Helladic Simple Graves: A Study of Mycenaean Burial Customs (BAR International Series 878)

3909: 3869: 3817:

ancestry on average and an approximately matching amount of Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry (

3791: 3719: 3714: 2822: 2577: 1914: 12633: 2670:

is not a separate god). Additional divinities that can be also found in later periods include

979:–1675 BC), and divides the whole Mycenaean time into three cultural periods: Early Mycenaean ( 22668: 22550: 22224: 22200: 22055: 21534: 21419: 21317: 21292: 20884: 20763: 20717: 20648: 20613: 19941: 19848: 19665: 19425: 19156: 18993: 18446: 18420: 18278: 18169: 18163: 18060: 18035: 18025: 17843: 17815: 17554: 17454: 17157: 17045: 17013: 16111: 15340: 15330: 15320: 15305: 14995: 14735: 14705: 14660: 14655: 14286: 14253: 14055: 13960: 13946: 13602: 13473: 13437: 10700: 10406: 8229: 6513: 3893: 3770: 3419: 3128: 2316:). These are recorded in the texts as working either for the palace or for specific deities. 2132:. A number of palaces and fortifications appear to be part of a wider kingdom. For instance, 1949:

coast. Nevertheless, other regions on the edge of the Mycenaean world prospered, such as the

1520:

At the end of the Shaft Grave era, a new and more imposing type of elite burial emerged, the

1478: 1169: 712:, after which the culture of this era is named. Other centers of power that emerged included 20849: 20357: 3659:, while a significant part of the Mycenaean vocabulary can also be found in modern English. 3491:, 13th century BC royal tholos tomb near Mycenae: exterior (left) and interior (right) view. 23014: 22944: 22644: 22517: 22457: 22310: 22244: 22087: 22075: 21919: 21728: 21487: 21482: 21384: 21344: 21148: 21044: 21034: 21027: 20581: 19895: 19887: 19878: 19858: 19544: 19204: 19194: 19161: 19095: 18675: 18585: 18484: 18396: 18299: 18283: 17926: 17894: 17754: 17653: 17628: 17475: 17121: 17067: 16953: 16638: 16525: 16475: 16399: 16389: 16333: 16328: 16303: 16223: 15583: 15577: 15563: 15047: 15005: 14977: 14862: 14675: 13905: 13701: 13082: 12920: 11508: 11447: 11428:; Stewardson, Kristin; Stockhammer, Philipp; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David; Krause, Johannes; 10253: 10241: 8179: 7723: 7414: 6290: 3900: 3783: 3671: 3290: 3051:

Mycenaean domestic architecture originates mainly from earlier Middle Helladic traditions (

2640:: Earth-shaker), but it seems that he also represented the river spirit of the underworld. 1886: 1791: 1704: 1688: 1397: 1322:

that ruled in the region of Argos, also used as an ethnonym for the Greek people by Homer.

1292:(r. 1479–1425 BC). This land is geographically defined in an inscription from the reign of 729: 593: 511: 457: 127: 21674: 17858: 12596:(in French). Vol. 54. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux. 12590: 12493:

Wright, James Clinton (2008). "Early Mycenaean Greece". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia W. (ed.).

12197: 9874:

Papagrigorakis, Manolis J.; Kousoulis, Antonis A.; Synodinos, Philippos N. (1 June 2014).

811:. Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of 8: 22939: 22869: 22829: 22809: 22706: 22634: 22462: 22452: 22423: 22291: 22124: 22065: 21635: 21544: 21444: 21434: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21354: 21349: 21334: 21329: 21250: 21106: 20984: 20929: 20854: 20278: 20242: 19936: 19820: 19133: 19056: 18961: 18272: 18204: 17958: 17944: 17805: 17648: 17546: 17521: 17485: 16705: 16418: 16379: 16243: 16238: 15714: 15684: 15072: 14967: 14962: 14399: 13714: 13627: 13597: 13551: 13314: 12670: 10284:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

3913: 3635: 3572: 3191: 3028: 2965: 2894: 2125: 2053: 1958: 1428: 1201: 1173: 1155: 701: 608: 408: 280: 258: 251: 170: 13207:. Bryn Mawr College Department of Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology. Archived from 13086: 12924: 12386:

Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (1600–1200 BC)

12036:. Trustees of Dartmouth College and the Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from 11582: 11529: 11512: 11495:"A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia" 11494: 11451: 10701:"Mykenische Keramik aus Bronzezeitlichen Siedlungsschichten von Montoro am Guadalquivir" 10257: 7418: 3083: 2335: 844:). Various theories have been proposed for the end of this civilization, among them the 23093: 23088: 22839: 22403: 22060: 21860: 21845: 21640: 21595: 21590: 21439: 20989: 20601: 19868: 19853: 19688: 19587: 19574: 19184: 19125: 19117: 19046: 18743: 18303: 18216: 18179: 18119: 17934: 17800: 17795: 17734: 17726: 17393: 16666: 16658: 16634: 16589: 16323: 16289: 15931: 15828: 15734: 15378: 15295: 15183: 14685: 14509: 14025: 14005: 13862: 13733: 13617: 13412: 13339: 13106: 13061: 12871: 12863: 12740: 12732: 12574:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 12481: 12427: 12333: 12304: 12201: 12193: 12139: 12108: 11840: 11706: 11702: 11656: 11643: 11608: 11595: 11476: 11433: 11098: 11030: 11022: 10982: 10974: 10884: 10849: 10734: 10615: 10580: 10473: 10269: 9599: 9167: 6418: 3667: 3504: 3488: 3104: 2573: 2557: 2469: 2416: 2393: 2121: 2073: 1987:

The site of Mycenae experienced a gradual loss of political and economic status, while

1889:

was not destroyed at this time but was abandoned, while the Boeotian fortifications of

1506: 804: 757: 689: 353: 10240:

Aydar, Erkan; ÇİNer, Attila; Ersoy, Orkun; ÉCochard, Emilie; Fouache, Eric G. (2021).

2817:

The Mycenaeans were capable of intricate designs on a very small scale: the so-called

23004: 22999: 22954: 22904: 22849: 22844: 22814: 22323: 21984: 21932: 21914: 21855: 21477: 21414: 21409: 21339: 21235: 21195: 21190: 21173: 21143: 20809: 20753: 20747: 20596: 20573: 20395: 20325: 20283: 19983: 19863: 19810: 19741: 19410: 19109: 19022: 18977: 18307: 18194: 18045: 18014: 17908: 17827: 17823: 17470: 17326: 17276: 17227: 17192: 16769: 16490: 16459: 16313: 16308: 16195: 16175: 16107: 16006: 15593: 15142: 14990: 14942: 14786: 14755: 14700: 14617: 14494: 14366: 14187: 14020: 13973: 13913: 13787: 13769: 13745: 13727: 13682: 13637: 13632: 13283: 13208: 13110: 13098: 13038: 13017: 12985: 12984:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Sociedad Española de Estudios Clásicos. pp. 355–364. 12954: 12890: 12875: 12823: 12802: 12772: 12744: 12701: 12680: 12656: 12618: 12597: 12575: 12554: 12508: 12455: 12434: 12411: 12390: 12337: 12308: 12273: 12252: 12231: 12205: 12158: 12112: 12100: 12062: 12055: 12018: 11997: 11976: 11966: 11929: 11908: 11859: 11844: 11778: 11748: 11725: 11710: 11675: 11660: 11648: 11630: 11599: 11587: 11569: 11552: 11534: 11499: 11481: 11463: 11409: 11388: 11357: 11315: 11294: 11273: 11229: 11206: 11185: 11163: 11138: 11117: 11102: 11047: 11034: 10986: 10966: 10935: 10905: 10870: 10835: 10814: 10788: 10773: 10749: 10669: 10648: 10620: 10602: 10565: 10522: 10501: 10480: 10457: 10436: 10417: 10391: 10372: 10351: 10330: 10288: 10273: 10209: 9903: 9895: 9856: 9848: 9810:"The Levites,*ra-wo,λᾶός/λαοί–A new proposal for lexical and historical relationship" 9634: 9171: 7430: 7289: 6933: 6277:

Females do not inherit Y chromosomes; hence the – symbol, indicating inapplicability.

3384:(their arms give the upper body a rounded shape). The Psi-type looks like the letter 3361: 3247: 3187: 3156:

Most of the finest Mycenaean art comes under the immediate suspicion of either being

2995: 2952: 2871: 2735:

expression, but in the Pylos tablets she is mentioned without any accompanying word.

2497: 2465: 2284:, who in later Greek society was the name of the king, refers to communal officials. 1826: 1656: 1482: 1380: 705: 484: 415: 210: 149: 13136: 12469: 9891: 9573: 3380:, and the Tau-type. The earliest are the Phi-type, which look like the Greek letter 2048:

the other hand, the collapse of Mycenaean Greece coincides with the activity of the

23078: 23073: 23019: 22984: 22934: 22884: 22864: 22854: 22819: 22804: 22629: 22364: 22080: 21824: 21733: 21454: 21449: 21257: 21200: 21183: 21084: 20859: 20638: 20516: 20443: 20263: 20139: 19873: 19745: 19673: 19406: 19378: 19179: 19141: 19087: 19061: 19050: 18981: 18872: 18821: 18575: 18388: 18368: 18104: 18090: 16575: 16414: 16374: 16364: 16294: 16233: 16218: 15936: 15468: 15433: 15250: 15107: 14985: 14872: 14867: 14192: 14147: 13978: 13885: 13501: 13334: 13309: 13090: 12928: 12855: 12786:

Podzuweit, Christian (1982). "Die mykenische Welt und Troja". In Hänsel, B. (ed.).

12724: 12500: 12325: 12296: 12185: 12131: 12092: 11832: 11698: 11638: 11622: 11577: 11561: 11524: 11516: 11471: 11455: 11438: 11378: 11252: 11090: 11014: 10958: 10795: 10730: 10610: 10594: 10558: 10311: 10261: 9887: 9817: 9157: 9146:"Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion" 7422: 6310: 3864: 3774: 3746: 3652: 3600: 3347: 3013: 2607: 2109: 1563:, common), a highly uniform culture that spread in mainland Greece and the Aegean. 1159: 853: 808: 613: 385: 344: 264: 231: 22316: 22185: 18713: 17874: 12504: 10315: 3035:

and large limestone slabs are found at Gla. In the Mycenaean settlements found in

2702:

also appears in the Mycenaean pantheon, but he was certainly not the chief deity.

2064:, a name that appears to be linked with the Ahhiyawa of the Hittite inscriptions. 1532: 1521: 23009: 22924: 22909: 22894: 22045: 21399: 21359: 21297: 20400: 20335: 20189: 19977: 19917: 19840: 19733: 19698: 19464: 19414: 19386: 19222: 19214: 19199: 19171: 19065: 18518: 18321: 17912: 17633: 17618: 17499: 17005: 16979: 16805: 16535: 16505: 16353: 16274: 15951: 15709: 15497: 15310: 15052: 14918: 14850: 14177: 13775: 13757: 13751: 13665: 13642: 13516: 13427: 13387: 13324: 13184:"The Mycenaeans and Italy: The Archaeological and Archaeometric Ceramic Evidence" 13032: 12969: 12948: 12884: 12817: 12796: 12766: 12695: 12674: 12650: 12612: 12569: 12548: 12528: 12449: 12405: 12384: 12346: 12267: 12246: 12225: 12214: 12152: 12076: 12012: 11991: 11970: 11955: 11944: 11923: 11902: 11853: 11804: 11793: 11772: 11740: 11719: 11669: 11403: 11351: 11309: 11288: 11265: 11222:"3 Finding haute cuisine: Identifying shifts in food styles from cooking vessels" 11200: 11157: 11132: 11111: 10995: 10929: 10899: 10864: 10829: 10808: 10767: 10743: 10663: 10642: 10516: 10495: 10430: 10366: 10345: 10324: 10282: 10203: 8276:"Bronze Age saw flourishing drug trade, opium discovered in ancient vase reveals" 8070: 7924:

Gilstrap, William; Day, Peter; Kaza, Konstantina; Kardamaki, Elina (9 May 2013).

7791: 7757: 6554: 3795: 3623: 3610: 3588: 3580: 3428: 3171: 3066: 2912: 2826: 2662:("cow-eyed") is a standard Homeric epithet of Hera. Ares appeared under the name 2591: 2512: 2113: 2077: 2036: 2008: 1714: 1664: 1424: 1409: 1405: 1392: 1193: 898: 894: 873: 857: 845: 833: 792: 753: 721: 538: 493: 378: 326: 188: 174: 123: 58: 22919: 22097: 19038: 16451: 15976: 15689: 11548:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe" 2948: 2811: 1263:, which presumably refers to a Mycenaean (Achaean) state on the Greek mainland. 909:. This period is divided into three subperiods: The Early Helladic (EH) period ( 23083: 23053: 23024: 22959: 22351: 22285: 22040: 21799: 21667: 21472: 21467: 21178: 21131: 21049: 20994: 20722: 20628: 20591: 20438: 20300: 20134: 19927: 19830: 19713: 19456: 19382: 19335: 19129: 19077: 19006: 19001: 18969: 18868: 18773: 18622: 18513: 18489: 18415: 18291: 18268: 18259: 18159: 18085: 18055: 18049: 17706: 17676: 17671: 17569: 17205: 17201: 17153: 16971: 16579: 16465: 16404: 16284: 16263: 15833: 15773: 15768: 15724: 15505: 15453: 15443: 15423: 15413: 15157: 15152: 15147: 14000: 13799: 13793: 13781: 13581: 13556: 13329: 13254: 13010: 12936: 12189: 11626: 11153: 10949:

French, Elizabeth (1971). "The Development of Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines".

10721:

Dickinson, Oliver (December 1999). "Invasion, Migration and the Shaft Graves".

10598: 10585: 10537: 8204: 3759: 3741: 3656: 3638:

undertook the first modern archaeological excavations in Greece at the site of

3592: 3450: 3274: 3219: 3133: 2427: 2364: 1950: 1882: 1684: 1607: 1556: 1455: 1451: 1370: 1311: 1204: 1197: 923:–1700/1675 BC) faced a slower pace of development, as well as the evolution of 837: 816: 800: 733: 685: 433: 335: 319: 178: 158: 143: 12694:

Gitin, Seymour; Mazar, Amihay; Stern, Ephraim; Dothan, Trude Krakauer (1998).

12329: 12300: 12096: 11609:"Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean" 11094: 10962: 9821: 3841:

at the Palace of Nestor. Another Mycenaean individual from Crete, dating from

23123: 23058: 22994: 22989: 22974: 22969: 22964: 22889: 22699: 22384: 22344: 22330: 21989: 21804: 21579: 21126: 21121: 21094: 21022: 20919: 20453: 20375: 20124: 20104: 20067: 19987: 19500: 19468: 19420: 19351: 19151: 19121: 19069: 19030: 19010: 18985: 18605: 18595: 18566: 18480: 18440: 18435: 18410: 18336: 17759: 17744: 17219: 16624: 16545: 16299: 16069: 15986: 15961: 15651: 15573: 15255: 15198: 15097: 15087: 15057: 15039: 14913: 14065: 13847: 13739: 13695: 13657: 13496: 13417: 13102: 12104: 11634: 11573: 11547: 11467: 11177: 10970: 10606: 10553: 10421: 9899: 9852: 7777: 7743: 7434: 3751: 3631: 3369: 3223: 3032: 3024: 3005: 2893:

have been only partially exposed. On the other hand, the palace built at the

2772: 2561: 2411:

The most famous project of the Mycenaean era was the network of roads in the

2060:

in c. 1175 BC. One of the ethnic groups that comprised these people were the

1787: 1536:

Fresco depicting a female figure in the acropolis of Mycenae, 13th century BC

1510: 1293: 1289: 788: 636: 22337: 20660: 12697:

Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE

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Destruction and Its Impact on Ancient Societies at the End of the Bronze Age

3392:(with folded arms at right angles to the body). Most figurines wear a large 2488:

is also well attested, while Mycenaean trade routes expanded further to the

1419:

Notwithstanding the above academic disputes, the mainstream consensus among

22788: 22445: 22135: 22129: 22035: 22030: 21969: 21850: 21205: 21079: 21054: 21006: 20999: 20924: 20839: 20475: 20410: 20268: 20206: 20129: 20087: 19815: 19472: 19444: 19307: 19271: 19227: 19081: 19042: 19026: 19014: 18930: 18906: 18844: 18765: 18665: 18657: 18528: 18354: 18212: 17297: 17285: 16943: 16845: 16736: 16409: 16338: 15886: 15838: 15704: 15558: 15428: 15067: 14903: 14409: 14371: 14070: 13052:

Vermeule, Emily Townsend (March 1960). "The Fall of the Mycenaean Empire".

12932: 12178:

Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens

11652: 11591: 11538: 11485: 11243:

Hughes-Brock, Helen (1999). "Mycenaean Beads: Gender and Social Contexts".

10763: 10624: 9907: 9836: 9222:, where the gods are shown intervening in battle and deciding the outcome." 8378: 6572:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Early Helladic I" 6315: 3899:

In a comment on the study by Lazaridis et al. (2022), Paul Heggarty of the

3508: 3499: 3432: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3166: 3144: 2553: 2504: 2405: 2057: 1855: 1770:, Hittite records mention the military activities of an Ahhiyawan warlord, 1181: 931:

grave burials. The last phase of Middle Helladic, the Middle Helladic III (

815:-centered states that developed rigid hierarchical, political, social, and 391: 22370: 11836: 11606: 10173: 10140: 10116: 10105: 9876:"Craniofacial morphology in ancient and modern Greeks through 4,000 years" 9860: 3705:

and integrate with the local population, preserving their own group name.

3642:

in 1876. Thus, Schliemann set out to prove the historical accuracy of the

2648:) is probably the precursor of the Greek physician of the gods in Homer's 2400:, next to Athens, that produced tableware, textiles, sails, and ropes for 2144:, which could plausibly be ruled by a member of Mycenae's ruling dynasty. 2088: 22879: 22684: 22267: 22206: 22025: 21979: 21964: 21892: 21620: 21099: 20904: 20799: 20606: 20342: 20273: 20179: 20097: 20082: 19781: 19728: 19612: 19460: 19331: 19327: 19283: 19279: 19267: 19247: 19239: 19235: 19073: 18886: 18848: 18791: 18781: 18653: 18649: 18645: 18538: 18364: 18344: 18124: 17916: 17637: 17293: 17289: 17093: 16672: 15906: 15798: 15778: 15606: 15114: 15092: 15082: 15077: 15000: 14957: 14504: 14414: 14404: 14291: 14281: 14045: 13422: 13397: 10685:"An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C." 9295:, Robin Hägg, "Official and Popular Cults in Mycenaean Greece", pp. 35–39 6295: 3728: 3682: 3663: 3385: 3351: 3278: 3120: 2641: 2412: 2385: 2340: 2230: 2049: 2044: 1981: 1803: 1672: 1450:

graves next to the acropolis of Mycenae, in particular the Grave Circles

1446: 849: 725: 547: 22722: 20779: 19373: 15611: 13065: 12533:. Ministry of Communications and Works, Department of Antiquities. 1973. 11545: 11459: 11383: 11226:

From Cooking Vessels to Cultural Practices in the Late Bronze Age Aegean

10978: 10799: 10156: 10069: 10039: 7402: 7399: 1973:, Crete, Cyprus, Egypt and Syria, as well as by the Late Helladic IIIC ( 1840: 23039: 22796: 22778: 22219: 22050: 21909: 21897: 21809: 21718: 21307: 21059: 20727: 20702: 20681: 20623: 20485: 20458: 20174: 20054: 19825: 19693: 19563: 19559: 19532: 19355: 19303: 19299: 19231: 19113: 18922: 18918: 18914: 18882: 18777: 18739: 18723: 18669: 18470: 18380: 17902: 17308: 17303: 17281: 17009: 16965: 16891: 16887: 16883: 16228: 15843: 15813: 15808: 15793: 15679: 15646: 15315: 15285: 14952: 14680: 14514: 14356: 14351: 14341: 14326: 14311: 14301: 14276: 13652: 13407: 13362: 13145: 13094: 11331:"The Kingdom of Mycenae: A Great Kingdom in the Late Bronze Age Aegean" 7426: 3936: 3627: 3282: 3157: 2756: 2671: 1970: 1830: 1818: 1779: 1619: 1590:), the palace of Knossos has yielded the earliest records of the Greek 1486: 1420: 1359: 1223: 861: 765: 761: 681: 238: 76: 62: 21974: 12867: 12736: 12527: 12485: 12266:

Taylour, Lord William; French, Elizabeth Bayard; Wardle, K.A. (2007).

12173: 12143: 11855:

Women in Mycenaean Greece: The Linear B Tablets from Pylos and Knossos

11026: 10326:

Mycenaean Greece, Mediterranean Commerce and the Formation of Identity

9988:"More than Myth: Ancient DNA Reveals Roots of 1st Greek Civilizations" 9962:"The Greeks really do have near-mythical origins, ancient DNA reveals" 9792:

The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age

8034: 1622:, indicate the existence of a Mycenaean settlement there already from 22229: 22142: 21158: 21116: 21089: 20899: 20844: 20828: 20686: 20526: 20480: 20405: 20380: 20347: 20201: 20144: 20119: 19540: 19528: 19504: 19434: 19398: 19363: 19323: 19315: 19295: 19255: 18997: 18950: 18942: 18902: 18894: 18840: 18815: 18751: 18709: 18697: 18548: 18523: 18430: 18400: 18295: 17559: 17105: 16999: 16983: 16903: 16869: 16801: 16793: 16777: 15818: 15744: 15729: 15699: 15694: 15626: 15550: 15535: 15520: 15463: 15363: 15015: 14947: 14519: 14499: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14424: 14419: 14389: 14336: 14296: 14075: 13941: 13895: 13875: 13506: 13377: 12752:

Güterbock, Hans G. (June 1984). "Hittites and Akhaeans: A New Look".

10636:. Los Angeles, CA: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. pp. 190–200. 10265: 9162: 9145: 3755: 3404: 3303: 3297: 2956: 2929: 2587: 2493: 2489: 2473: 2397: 2311: 2279: 2273: 2255: 2245: 2224: 2214: 2208: 2124:) and confirmed by discoveries made by modern archaeologists such as 2017:

Invasions, destructions and possible population movements during the

1899: 1885:

was burned to the ground, around that year or slightly later. Nearby

1771: 1527: 883: 878: 588: 100: 39: 19998: 11372: 11221: 10088: 9720: 1200:

from the second millennium BC into the eighth century BC when a new

23110: 22899: 22377: 20879: 20874: 20742: 20697: 20618: 20506: 20501: 20470: 20227: 20184: 20149: 20114: 20062: 19769: 19753: 19749: 19554: 19524: 19520: 19512: 19508: 19480: 19452: 19359: 19319: 19287: 19263: 19251: 18926: 18858: 18852: 18811: 18785: 18769: 18755: 18731: 18705: 18693: 18630: 18626: 18618: 18404: 18384: 18359: 18349: 17948: 17888: 17147: 17127: 17113: 16899: 16833: 15868: 15858: 15848: 15823: 15601: 15568: 15530: 15473: 15388: 15373: 15230: 15220: 15137: 15132: 14529: 14524: 14484: 14479: 14454: 14434: 14361: 14316: 14306: 14162: 14060: 13995: 13923: 13531: 13175: 12859: 12728: 12522: 12135: 11062: 11018: 10684: 7683:, Chapter 5: Social Structure and Administrative System, pp. 69–83. 3584: 3576: 3551: 3309: 3100: 3017: 2691: 2633: 2625: 2543: 2516: 2484:

lands in central Anatolia appears to have been limited. Trade with

2481: 2453: 1966: 1938: 1834: 1795: 1778:. Attarsiya attacked Hittite vassals in western Anatolia including 1700: 1595: 1591: 1462: 1413: 1342: 1330: 1326: 1304: 1230: 1185: 841: 796: 749: 154: 66: 20824: 19430: 15621: 12472:(January–March 1990). "Archaic Roof Tiles the First Generations". 11374:

Societies in Transition in Early Greece: An Archaeological History

11330: 11152:

Hatzopoulos, Miltiades (2011). "Macedonians and other Greeks". In

11067:

Sprachwissenschaft Innsbruck Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen

10931:

Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean

1729:

in western Anatolia is mentioned in various Hittite accounts from

1375: 1325:

In the official records of another Bronze Age empire, that of the

22662: 22109: 21605: 21497: 20894: 20864: 20819: 20804: 20789: 20784: 20737: 20707: 20430: 20237: 20232: 20169: 20109: 20072: 19805: 19789: 19777: 19773: 19765: 19761: 19536: 19516: 19476: 19339: 19275: 19259: 18934: 18833: 18825: 18747: 18735: 18701: 18681: 18661: 18614: 18507: 18475: 18465: 18372: 17764: 17109: 17101: 17025: 16991: 16987: 16923: 16915: 16857: 16849: 16827: 16785: 16773: 16011: 16001: 15946: 15941: 15926: 15916: 15901: 15896: 15783: 15671: 15661: 15540: 15515: 15510: 15483: 15478: 15458: 15448: 15438: 15403: 15393: 15383: 15335: 15325: 15300: 15265: 15260: 15235: 14888: 14670: 14331: 14321: 14080: 14050: 14040: 14035: 14015: 14010: 13890: 13837: 13546: 13536: 13526: 13521: 13511: 13223: 12316:

Taylour, Lord William (1970). "New Light on Mycenaean Religion".

12174:"The Combat Agate from the Grave of the Griffin Warrior at Pylos" 11272:. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 585–618. 10390:. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 3639: 3535: 3479: 3427:

The painting of the Mycenaean age was much influenced by that of

3343: 3326: 3313: 3001: 2973: 2925: 2917: 2906: 2740: 2724: 2679: 2675: 2655: 2615: 2547: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2457: 2141: 1992: 1926: 1878: 1680: 1645: 1634: 1548: 1502: 1490: 1439: 1401: 1286: 1253: 924: 887: 709: 700:

peoples who were likely stimulated by their contact with insular

105: 16132: 15956: 15270: 11422: 10578: 10011: 9923: 9873: 7486:"New opportunities in turbulent times: Attica in the 12th c. BC" 6377: 3182:

Several important pieces in gold and other metals come from the

2897:

has been almost completely destroyed. A substantial building at

1469:. Mycenaean presence appears to be also depicted in a fresco at 22713: 22358: 22179: 21163: 21069: 20914: 20869: 20814: 20774: 20758: 20732: 20676: 20521: 20448: 20352: 20320: 20310: 20258: 20159: 20092: 19597: 19492: 19367: 19347: 19343: 19311: 19291: 19243: 18946: 18938: 18910: 18898: 18890: 18829: 18807: 18685: 18637: 18460: 18392: 18376: 18264: 17920: 17223: 17117: 17083: 17079: 17075: 17057: 16949: 16931: 16927: 16895: 16837: 16797: 16789: 16781: 16732: 16163: 15981: 15911: 15891: 15853: 15719: 15525: 15418: 15355: 15345: 15290: 14908: 14893: 14489: 14474: 14449: 14444: 14429: 14090: 14085: 13852: 13832: 13576: 13566: 13561: 13432: 13392: 13382: 13367: 11270:

The Philistines and other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology

10518:

A Private Place: Death in Prehistoric Greece [SIMA 125]

10065: 10063: 10061: 10059: 7926:

Pottery Production at the Late Mycenaean site of Alimos, Attica

6932:. World of art (New rev. ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. 6305: 3702: 3690: 3666:, launching large-scale projects unmatched in Europe until the 3527: 3400: 3317: 3286: 3265: 3257: 3227: 3195: 3040: 3036: 2988: 2969: 2902: 2898: 2885: 2716: 2711: 2611: 2539: 2508: 2449: 2401: 2344: 2192: 2137: 1988: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1866: 1811: 1807: 1783: 1775: 1696: 1676: 1660: 1641: 1576: 1568: 1552: 1498: 1353: 1319: 1208: 906: 812: 807:

already included several deities that can also be found in the

773: 769: 745: 737: 717: 697: 693: 131: 119: 12568:

Barlow, Jane Atwood; Bolger, Diane L.; Kling, Barbara (1991).

12227:

Prehistory and History: Ethnicity, Class and Political Economy

12081:"Penser — et mal penser — les Indo-Européens1 (Note critique)" 10810:

Mycenaean Civilization: An Annotated Bibliography through 2002

8447:, an alternative name of Apollo, if not again a separate god." 1747:

is generally accepted as a Hittite term for Mycenaean Greece (

22747: 21074: 21064: 20909: 20889: 20834: 20794: 20768: 20712: 20211: 19795: 19785: 19757: 19723: 19718: 19660: 19548: 19484: 19448: 18795: 18641: 17209: 17087: 17071: 16975: 16939: 16919: 16907: 16877: 16873: 16865: 16861: 16853: 16841: 16811: 16677: 15991: 15966: 15863: 15803: 15788: 15656: 15616: 15368: 15280: 15275: 15245: 15240: 15215: 14898: 14439: 14394: 14346: 13918: 13870: 13571: 13541: 13488: 13463: 13402: 13372: 12634:"Potere politico et funzione del sacro nella società micenee" 11718:

Moore, A.D.; Taylour, W.D.; French, Elizabeth Bayard (1999).

10634:

Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II: Revised and Expanded Edition

7770: 7736: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 3798:-like) ancestry, with Mycenaean samples having approximately 3686: 3644: 3596: 3539: 3393: 3330: 3108: 2937: 2732: 2650: 2603: 2520: 2389: 2368: 2305: 2229:(te-me-no). There is also at least one instance of a person, 2188: 2158: 1931: 1668: 1630: 1580: 1572: 1474: 1466: 1218: 821: 777: 713: 115: 23150:

States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC

13186:. University of Glasgow School of Humanities. Archived from 12014:

Greece before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide

10056: 9834: 3609:

and later deciphered by English architect and cryptographer

2363:

The Mycenaean economy, given its pre-monetary nature, was a

1920: 1782:. Later, in c. 1315 BC, an anti-Hittite rebellion headed by 1371:

Early Mycenaean period and Shaft Grave era (c. 1750–1400 BC)

20671: 20330: 20315: 20295: 20196: 20077: 19496: 19488: 18801: 18761: 18727: 18689: 16995: 16935: 15996: 15971: 15921: 15408: 15398: 13205:"The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project: Internet Edition" 13137:"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Mycenaean Civilization" 12499:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–257. 12451:

Public Roles and Personal Status Men and Women in Antiquity

10405:

Beckman, Gary M.; Bryce, Trevor R.; Cline, Eric H. (2012).

10350:. illustrated by Giuseppe Rava. Oxford, UK: Osprey Pub Co. 9936:"Ancient DNA analysis reveals Minoan and Mycenaean origins" 9777:

Goliath's Legacy. Philistines and Hebrews in Biblical Times

3445: 2739:

appears to be an agricultural goddess, possibly related to

2699: 2485: 2203: 1709: 1494: 928: 12358:"The Components of Political Identity in Mycenaean Greece" 10581:"The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations" 6516:, "Mycenaeans and Philistines in the Levant", pp. 501–629. 6477: 6475: 6358: 1817:

Scholars have speculated that the mythic tradition of the

23145:

States and territories established in the 17th century BC

20305: 16911: 11964: 9315: 3944: 3531: 3389: 3381: 3062: 2977: 2302: 2219:("companions" or "followers"). The land possessed by the 2133: 1890: 772:, while Mycenaean-influenced settlements appeared in the 11293:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 11228:. Oxford and Philadelphia: Oxbow Books. pp. 15–26. 11184:. Harmondsworth: Penguin (Penguin/Yale History of Art). 8439:

suggested Homeric Paieon, which earlier would have been

7923: 3662:

The Mycenaean Greeks were also pioneers in the field of

2632:) seems to have occupied a place of privilege. He was a 13134: 12982:

Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico

12790:(in German). Berlin: Moreland Editions. pp. 65–88. 11907:. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd. and Archaeopress. 10239: 6472: 945:/1675–1050 BC) roughly coincide with Mycenaean Greece. 819:. At the head of this society was the king, known as a 12971:

Les Grands siècles de la peinture: La peinture Grecque

12230:. Montréal, Québec, Canada: Black Rose Books Limited. 11996:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 10828:

Fields, Nic; illustrated by Donato Spedaliere (2004).

10329:(1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. 9518:"Ancient Greeks Used Portable Grills at Their Picnics" 6771: 6574:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000. 3622:

In the 8th century BC, after the end of the so-called

2888:, map of the palace and the surrounding fortifications 2191:(about 1350 BC; left) and two female charioteers from 1802:. At that time, another anti-Hittite movement, led by 20562: 12693: 12447: 11747:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 253–256. 11113:

Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas

11000:. Stockholm: Victor Pettersons Bokindustriaktiebolag. 10407:"Writings from the Ancient World: The Ahhiyawa Texts" 9835:

Argyropoulos, E.; Sassouni, V.; Xeniotou, A. (1989).

8588: 7121: 7119: 7117: 6701: 6699: 3708: 3693:– were linguistically identified with the Greek term 3403:

on Aegina, at the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas above

3174:

and culture than it ever became in Mycenaean Greece.

1841:

Collapse or Postpalatial Bronze Age (c. 1200–1050 BC)

1188:

script, a writing system adapted for the use of the (

938:–1675 BC), along with the Late Helladic (LH) period ( 13030: 12589:

Boehm, Isabelle; Müller-Celka, Sylvie, eds. (2010).

11405:

Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery

10343: 10287:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 9103: 9079: 9067: 9019: 8976: 8457: 8455: 8453: 3806:

steppe/Yamnaya-like ancestry on average, comprising

3264:

at Mycenae, 16th century BC (Archaeological Museum,

832:

in the eastern Mediterranean, to be followed by the

12617:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing Limited. 12265: 11975:. London: British School of Archaeology at Athens. 11972:

The Archaeology of Cult: The Sanctuary at Phylakopi

11882:

Polemos: Warfare in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum)

11063:"Graeco-Anatolian Contacts in the Mycenaean Period" 9624: 9370: 8252:"Traces of opiates found in ancient Cypriot vessel" 8125:, "Eastern Sicily and the Aeolian Islands", p. 51; 3896:ancestry in some Minoan and Mycenaean individuals. 3731:study by Papagrigorakis et al. (2014) published in 13009: 12426: 12054: 11721:Well Built Mycenae (Volume 10): The Temple Complex 11717: 10997:The Mycenaean Pottery: Analysis and Classification 10557: 10472: 10432:In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon 9807: 9774: 9625:Gschnitzer, Fritz; Chaniotis, Angelos (May 2012). 9304: 8274: 8133:, Part IV: The Central Mediterranean, pp. 203–260. 7114: 6696: 6532:, Part IV: The Central Mediterranean, pp. 203–260. 3346:). The majority of these figurines are female and 2515:. Mycenaean products also penetrated further into 2496:. Mycenaean swords have been found as far away as 1902:, the main entrance into the Mycenaean acropolis. 1528:Koine era or Palatial Bronze Age (c. 1400–1200 BC) 13135:Hemingway, Seán; Hemingway, Colette (2000–2013). 12946: 12754:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12588: 12567: 12454:. Sävedalen: Paul Åströms Förlag. pp. 3–18. 11875:"Mycenaean Militarism from a Textual Perspective" 10934:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10456:(New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10404: 10301: 9919: 9917: 9721:"Did you Know you Speak Mycenaean Greek? You do!" 8647: 8450: 7509:EAA 2021, Widening Horizons, 8–11 September, Kiel 7490:EAA 2021, Widening Horizons, 8–11 September, Kiel 7307: 7305: 7267: 7265: 7125: 7049: 7047: 6705: 3162:Mycenaean palace amphora with octopus (NAMA 6725) 2240:appear to be in charge of the districts, such as 1833:, a possible Hittite rendering of the Greek name 1477:island, which possibly displays many warriors in 23121: 13157:. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Archived from 12571:Cypriot Ceramics: Reading the Prehistoric Record 12496:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age 12011:Runnels, Curtis Neil; Murray, Priscilla (2001). 11311:Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece 11268:. In Killebrew, Ann E.; Lehmann, Gunnar (eds.). 10535: 10479:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 9746: 9744: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 8509: 8400: 8398: 8396: 7407:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 6981: 6979: 6977: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 3595:. The Linear B tablets were first discovered in 3031:and Athens, while smaller boulders are found in 3016:who believed that only the mythical giants, the 2187:Two Mycenaean chariot warriors on a fresco from 13459: 12947:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise A. (1999). 12841:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 12382: 12287:Taylour, Lord William (1969). "Mycenae, 1968". 11688: 11434:"Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans" 11377:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. 11353:Mycenaean IIIC:1b and Related Pottery in Cyprus 10863:Fields, Nic; illustrated by Brian Delf (2006). 10813:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. 10515:Cavanagh, William G.; Mee, Christopher (1998). 8130: 7322: 7320: 6891: 6820: 6529: 6505: 6493: 3046: 2715:) are named in the Mycenaean scripts. As such, 2606:, Berbati, Malthi and Pylos, while a number of 791:was essential for the Mycenaean economy. Their 13031:Vermeule, Emily; Karageorghis, Vassos (1982). 10723:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 9914: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9542: 9540: 9538: 8533: 8531: 7302: 7262: 7044: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 3892:on average). Lazaridis et al. also identified 3648:by identifying the places described by Homer. 2236:A number of local officials positioned by the 1998: 1961:, oddly, appears to have avoided destruction. 1845: 1774:, possibly related to the mythic character of 1425:Early and Middle Bronze Age in mainland Greece 836:, a recordless transitional period leading to 22763: 20014: 16148: 13239: 12553:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 12348:Mycenaean Pottery in Italy and Adjacent Areas 12010: 11954:Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders (1894). 11900: 11798:. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. 11777:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 11314:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 11307: 11041: 10772:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 10668:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 10564:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10435:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 10365:Balmuth, Miriam S.; Tykot, Robert H. (1998). 10344:D'Amato, Raphaelo; Salimbeti, Andrea (2011). 9741: 9450: 9292: 9190: 9091: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8393: 8381:. Northridge, CA: California State University 8300: 8298: 8150: 8118: 8094: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7713: 7556: 7554: 7467: 7465: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 6974: 6670: 6668: 6388: 3214:, the Mycenaean elite did not apparently use 2378: 2151: 2092:Reconstruction of the political landscape in 1400:) and as late as 1600 BC (with the spread of 654: 13144:Horejs, Barbara; Pavúk, Peter, eds. (2007). 12801:. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 12424: 12272:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. 12171: 11949:. Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri. 11766:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 11724:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. 11308:Kagan, Donald; Viggiano, Gregory F. (2013). 11242: 10889:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10854:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10644:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean 10385: 10364: 9789: 9061: 8999: 8997: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8612: 8600: 8521:Kn V 52 (text 208 in Ventris and Chadwick); 8090: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7317: 7076: 7074: 6800: 6798: 6631: 6629: 6509: 1814:, which then passed into Ahhiyawan control. 1720: 1431:. Towards the end of the Middle Bronze Age ( 13143: 13037:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 12172:Stocker, Sharon R.; Davis, Jack L. (2017). 12017:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 11667: 11151: 11060: 10834:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 10514: 10416:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 9647: 9631:National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation 9535: 9422: 9358: 9143: 8528: 8178:(in German). Freising. 1999. Archived from 8035:International Archaeological Symposium 1973 7815: 7813: 7811: 7691: 7689: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7288:. Lockwood Press. pp. 74–75, 139–142. 7228: 7226: 6826: 6659: 6462: 3717:by Argyropoulos et al. (1989) published in 22770: 22756: 22556:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 22503:International Congress of Maritime Museums 22483:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 21775: 20021: 20007: 18110:Greece and the International Monetary Fund 16155: 16141: 14125: 13246: 13232: 13173: 12788:Südosteuropa zwischen 1600 und 1000 V. Chr 11492: 10951:The Annual of the British School at Athens 10698: 10540:(1963). "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". 10368:Studies in Sardinian Archaeology, Volume 5 10072:, pp. 1–13, Supplementary Materials: 10050: 10025: 8732: 8295: 8142: 8071:Boston University – The Historical Society 7900: 7842: 7840: 7595: 7593: 7551: 7462: 7332: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6665: 2987:Part of the galleries within the walls of 2705:A collection of "ladies" or "mistresses", 2658:used during later antiquity. For example, 799:, offers the first written records of the 661: 647: 146:administrative system, economy and culture 38: 22616: 22571:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 19670:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 12978: 12967: 12785: 12764: 12751: 12714: 12700:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. 12389:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 12251:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12212: 12157:. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. 12150: 11818:(3rd ed.). Munich: C.H. Beck Verlag. 11642: 11581: 11528: 11475: 11382: 11286: 11224:. In Hruby, Julie; Trusty, Debra (eds.). 11046:. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen. 10741: 10720: 10711: 10699:de la Cruz, José Clemente Martín (1988). 10665:1177 B.C. The Year Civilization Collapsed 10614: 10493: 9762: 9750: 9706: 9694: 9658: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9462: 9434: 9410: 9330: 9255: 9243: 9215: 9203: 9161: 9144:Wood, J. R.; Hsu, Y-T.; Bell, C. (2021). 9119: 9055: 9015: 8994: 8941: 8848: 8842: 8817: 8680: 8404: 8364: 8352: 8328: 8316: 8162: 8010: 7974: 7951: 7917: 7483: 7326: 7071: 7065: 6997: 6985: 6956: 6952: 6915: 6903: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6808: 6804: 6795: 6626: 6544:, "Greece: Dark Age Greece", pp. 253–256. 6481: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 3571:, the Mycenaean Greeks borrowed from the 3184:Gold grave goods at Grave Circles A and B 2083: 1953:, the northwestern Peloponnese, parts of 1921:Final collapse and differing trajectories 752:. Mycenaean settlements also appeared in 13051: 12903: 12882: 12631: 12468: 12403: 12351:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12248:Maritime Networks in the Mycenaean World 12244: 12219:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11791: 11004: 10993: 10552: 10280: 10229:The Journal of European Economic History 10222: 10086: 9718: 9486: 9231: 8919: 8715: 8573: 8549: 8522: 8497: 8473: 8461: 8432: 8272: 8122: 8093:, "The Mycenaeans in Sardinia", p. 400; 8082: 8030: 8022: 7894: 7858: 7825: 7808: 7719: 7686: 7680: 7665: 7572: 7560: 7471: 7387: 7357: 7223: 7026: 6968: 6620: 6584: 6125:Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese 6095:Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese 6065:Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese 5345:Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese 5315:Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese 5285:Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese 5255:Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese 4719:Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese 4337:Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese 3555: 3418: 3356: 3336: 3251: 3090: 3082: 3012:was derived by the latter Greeks of the 2982: 2947: 2911: 2909:, near the modern village of Xirokambi. 2880: 2802:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 2771: 2581: 2434: 2426: 2334: 2323: 2087: 2012: 1849: 1754: 1601: 1531: 1465:and the Minoan centers on the island of 1374: 1163: 993:–1200 BC), and Postpalatial Bronze Age ( 877: 22541:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 13016:. London: Thames & Hudson Limited. 13007: 12845: 12794: 12610: 12546: 12344: 12315: 12286: 12075: 12052: 12034:"Prehistoric Archaeology of the Aegean" 11989: 11942: 11872: 11813: 11802: 11770: 11761: 11493:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2022a). 11370: 11263: 11109: 11080: 10927: 10904:. New York, NY: New York Review Books. 10682: 10386:Bietak, Manfred; Czerny, Ernst (2007). 9959: 9682: 9627:Ιστορία της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής Κοινωνίας 9438: 9398: 9346: 9342: 9316:Renfrew, Mountjoy & Macfarlane 1985 8964: 8883: 8561: 8537: 8485: 8428: 8416: 8176:"Amber object bearing Linear B symbols" 8146: 8110: 8106: 7837: 7590: 7584: 7533: 7521: 7351: 7003: 6927: 6777: 6723: 6525: 6442: 6352: 2431:Gold earring, c. 1600 BC, Louvre Museum 1172:, from a Mycenaean chamber tomb in the 14: 23122: 22493:European Association of Archaeologists 15179: 13202: 13155:"Prehistoric Archeology of the Aegean" 13125: 12836: 12822:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 12815: 12669: 12655:. London: Thera and the Aegean World. 12648: 12492: 12355: 12031: 11953: 11809:. New York: Columbia University Press. 11738: 11401: 11328: 11205:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 11198: 11130: 11083:Annual of the British School at Athens 11042:Hägg, Robin; Marinatos, Nannó (1981). 10948: 10918: 10897: 10862: 10827: 10035: 10033: 10021: 10019: 9985: 9803: 9801: 9685:, "Greece in the Bronze Age", pp. 7–8. 9670: 9515: 9492: 9474: 9267: 9043: 9031: 9003: 8988: 8907: 8895: 8859: 8830: 8811: 8799: 8787: 8775: 8763: 8751: 8691: 8658: 8656: 8643: 8641: 8584: 8582: 8340: 8304: 8114: 7986: 7945: 7911: 7796: 7707: 7695: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7375: 7363: 7283: 7271: 7232: 7205: 7189: 7153: 7137: 7108: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7038: 7014: 6789: 6741: 6717: 6690: 6686: 6674: 6647: 6635: 6608: 6596: 6541: 6405: 6333: 3815:Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) 1837:, as brother of the king of Ahhiyawa. 22751: 22615: 21774: 21749:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 21707: 21577: 21576: 20959: 20561: 20040: 20028: 20002: 18239: 18012: 17391: 16703: 16193: 16136: 16036: 15178: 14607: 14111: 13458: 13278: 13227: 13174:Salimbetti, Andrea (September 2015). 13146:"The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Project" 13072: 12998: 12614:Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical 12429:Cities of Legend: The Mycenaean World 12223: 12119: 11921: 11851: 11822: 11349: 11219: 10806: 10786: 10762: 10714:The Origins of Mycenaean Civilization 10661: 10640: 10631: 10470: 10449: 10428: 10347:Bronze Age Greek Warrior 1600–1100 BC 10322: 10201: 9503: 9386: 9374: 9115: 8952: 8935: 8923: 8871: 8703: 8674: 8662: 8624: 8216: 8200: 8126: 8086: 8058: 8046: 8026: 7998: 7962: 7882: 7870: 7846: 7831: 7819: 7802: 7753:An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon 7545: 7502: 7456: 7311: 7256: 7244: 7217: 7201: 7177: 7165: 7149: 7053: 6765: 6753: 6729: 6466: 6446: 3087:Replicas of Mycenaean swords and cups 3004:on the outer edge and with hoop-like 2976:or on coastal plains, in the case of 2476:, which was a multi-purpose product. 1194:Greek language of the Late Bronze Age 787:, while trade over vast areas of the 15647:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 13279: 12425:Wardle, K.A.; Wardle, Diana (1997). 12085:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 11925:Tholoi, Tumuli et Cercles Funéraires 11816:Geschichte der Griechischen Religion 11764:Eleusis and the Eleusinian Mysteries 11176: 11061:Hajnal, Ivo; Posch, Claudia (2009). 10688:The Journal of Indo-European Studies 9326: 9184: 9131: 8618: 8606: 8377:Paul, Adams John (10 January 2010). 8376: 8254:. University of York. 3 October 2018 3681:There are scholars who identify the 2776:Mycenaean beads used for a necklace. 1957:and a number of Aegean islands. The 1248:. There is an isolated reference to 22488:Archaeological Institute of America 13148:. The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Team. 12953:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12433:. London: Bristol Classical Press. 12383:van Wijngaarden, Geert Jan (2002). 11858:. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. 11745:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology 11408:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10647:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10475:The Ancient Greeks: An Introduction 10030: 10016: 9979: 9953: 9928: 9808:Niesiołowski-Spano, Łukasz (2020). 9798: 9775:Niesiołowski-Spano, Łukasz (2016). 9187:, pp. 227–228 (p. 228 quoted). 8653: 8638: 8579: 6508:, Part II: The Levant, pp. 31–124; 3575:its syllabic writing system (i.e., 3526:With respect to Mycenaean cuisine, 3438: 2636:deity, connected with earthquakes ( 2201:The state was ruled by a king, the 1663:. Additional palaces were built in 1659:were erected at Mycenae and nearby 1340:to 1220 BC mention a country named 828:Mycenaean Greece perished with the 24: 14608: 13253: 13152: 12765:Hagg, Robin; Wells, Berit (1978). 12539: 11703:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1996.tb00087.x 10831:Mycenaean Citadels c. 1350–1200 BC 10735:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x 10500:. London and New York: Routledge. 8273:Cockburn, Harry (3 October 2018). 3709:Genetic and anthropometric studies 3560:Linear B tablets (Mycenaean Greek) 3151: 2751:) are mentioned in Pylos. Goddess 2439:Reconstruction of a Mycenaean ship 2103: 1810:, and later invaded the island of 1648:. Palaces proper are datable from 1618:Excavations at Miletus, southwest 901:" by modern archaeologists, after 27:Late Bronze Age Greek civilization 25: 23161: 22498:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 21888:Coastal defence and fortification 21263:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 20563:Navigation, and ports and harbors 16162: 13139:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 13119: 13034:Mycenaean Pictorial Vase Painting 12913:Journal of Archaeological Science 12889:. Göteborg: Paul Aströms Forlag. 12795:Higgins, Reynold Alleyne (1997). 12216:Mycenaean Pottery from the Levant 11771:Mylonas, George Emmanuel (1966). 11762:Mylonas, George Emmanuel (1961). 11290:Aegean Painting in the Bronze Age 10716:. Götenberg: Paul Aströms Förlag. 10521:. Jonsered: Paul Aströms Förlag. 10281:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). 9779:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 9371:Taylour, French & Wardle 2007 8716:Ταράντου, Σοφία (28 April 2009). 8283:from the original on 18 June 2022 7935:. Nottingham, UK. pp. 13–14. 6928:Higgins, Reynold Alleyne (1997). 4659:Peristeria Tryfilia, Peloponnese 3931:Haplogroups of Mycenaean samples 3226:believed that at the time of the 2943: 2099:–1250 BC mainland southern Greece 1980:–1040 BC) cemetery of Drivlia at 1941:. Mycenaean refugees migrated to 1196:, demonstrated the continuity of 22732: 22598: 22523:Society for American Archaeology 21757: 21690: 21559: 20942: 20544: 19982: 19973: 19972: 16116: 16106: 16097: 16096: 12523:https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.56.9 11814:Nilsson, Martin Persson (1967). 11803:Nilsson, Martin Persson (1940). 10167: 10150: 10134: 10110: 10099: 10080: 10044: 10005: 9867: 9828: 9783: 9768: 9756: 9712: 9700: 9688: 9676: 9664: 9618: 9592: 9566: 9516:Gannon, Megan (8 January 2014). 9509: 9480: 9468: 9456: 9444: 9428: 9416: 9404: 9392: 9380: 9364: 9352: 9336: 9320: 9309: 9305:Moore, Taylour & French 1999 9298: 9286: 9273: 9261: 9249: 9237: 9225: 9209: 9178: 9137: 9125: 9109: 9097: 9085: 9073: 9049: 9037: 9025: 9009: 8982: 8970: 8958: 8929: 8913: 8901: 8889: 8877: 8865: 8836: 8805: 8793: 8781: 8769: 8757: 8709: 8697: 8668: 8594: 8567: 8555: 8543: 8515: 8503: 8491: 8479: 8467: 8422: 8410: 8370: 8358: 8346: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8266: 8244: 8222: 8210: 8194: 8168: 8156: 8136: 8100: 8076: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7980: 7968: 7939: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7852: 6496:, Part III: Cyprus, pp. 125–202. 6271: 6262: 5165:Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese 5135:Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese 5105:Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese 5075:Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese 4479:Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese 4453:Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese 3478: 3469: 3293:) resembling champagne glasses. 2810: 2793: 2610:have been located near Mycenae, 2500:in the eastern Black Sea coast. 2177: 2168: 2032:of Mycenaean sites to invaders. 986:–1400 BC), Palatial Bronze Age ( 848:or activities connected to the " 630: 220: 21955:Phoenician discovery of America 18190:Thessaloniki International Fair 16117: 13008:Taylour, Lord William (1990) . 12904:Nur, Amos; Cline, Eric (2000). 12848:American Journal of Archaeology 12717:American Journal of Archaeology 12123:American Journal of Archaeology 11928:. Paris: Diffusion de Boccard. 11901:Papadimitriou, Nikolas (2001). 11668:Lewartowski, Kazimierz (2000). 11137:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 11134:Handbook of Classical Mythology 11116:. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. 11110:Hammond, Nicholas G.L. (1976). 11007:American Journal of Archaeology 10471:Budin, Stephanie Lynn (2009) . 10414:Writings from the Ancient World 9986:Gannon, Megan (3 August 2017). 8207:chieftain in southern England!" 7763: 7729: 7701: 7653: 7641: 7629: 7617: 7605: 7578: 7566: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7496: 7477: 7450: 7441: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7277: 7250: 7238: 7211: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7159: 7143: 7131: 7126:Beckman, Bryce & Cline 2012 7098: 7086: 7059: 7032: 7020: 6991: 6962: 6946: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6881: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6814: 6783: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6711: 6706:Beckman, Bryce & Cline 2012 6680: 6653: 6641: 6614: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6564: 6547: 6535: 6519: 2865: 2787:"Armed combat in Mountain Glen" 2723:) appears in an inscription at 2358: 1229:Homer interchangeably used the 22930:Liaoning bronze dagger culture 22777: 21647:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 17977:Municipalities and communities 12883:Mountjoy, Penelope A. (1986). 12345:Taylour, Lord William (1958). 11182:The Arts in Prehistoric Greece 10371:. Ann Arbor, MI: Oxbow Books. 9960:Gibbons, Ann (2 August 2017). 9606:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 9580:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 9554:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 9506:, "Souvlaki trays", pp. 23–25. 8230:"Ancient Drug Trade Unearthed" 6499: 6487: 6456: 6436: 6411: 6301:Archaeological Museum of Chora 4427:Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese 4307:Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese 4277:Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese 4217:Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese 4187:Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese 4157:Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese 4067:Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese 4037:Apatheia Galatas, Peloponnese 4007:Apatheia Galatas, Peloponnese 2901:in Thessaly, possibly ancient 2596:Archaeological Museum of Milos 1594:script, based on the previous 1485:reaching the western coast of 830:collapse of Bronze Age culture 13: 1: 22566:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 21241:Phoenician maritime expansion 17992:Decentralized administrations 16704: 16516:History of Greece (1923–1940) 13718: 13705: 13686: 13669: 12771:. Lund: Paul Astroms Forlag. 12505:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.011 11969:; Macfarlane, Callum (1985). 11795:The First Myceneans in Cyprus 11774:Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age 11691:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 11245:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 11202:Bronze Age Military Equipment 10919:Fisher, Elizabeth A. (1998). 10316:10.1080/00497878.1981.9978529 10246:Journal of Quaternary Science 10176:, Supplementary information: 8648:Billigmeier & Turner 1981 6599:, pp. 159, 165, 208–209. 6380:, Supplementary Information: 6321: 6229: 6199: 6169: 6139: 6109: 6079: 6049: 6019: 5989: 5959: 5929: 5899: 5869: 5839: 5809: 5779: 5749: 5719: 5689: 5659: 5629: 5599: 5569: 5539: 5509: 5479: 5449: 5419: 5389: 5359: 5329: 5299: 5269: 5239: 5209: 5179: 5149: 5119: 5089: 5063: 5033: 5003: 4989:Tiryns, Argolid, Peloponnese 4973: 4943: 4913: 4883: 4853: 4823: 4793: 4779:Tiryns, Argolid, Peloponnese 4763: 4733: 4703: 4673: 4643: 4613: 4583: 4553: 4539:Tiryns, Argolid, Peloponnese 4523: 4493: 4467: 4441: 4411: 4381: 4351: 4321: 4291: 4261: 4231: 4201: 4171: 4141: 4111: 4081: 4051: 4021: 3991: 3961: 3917: 3880:on average), with additional 3842: 3603: 3565: 3512: 3232: 3137: 3111:, every rural community (the 3052: 2844: 2819:Armed combat in Mountain Glen 2767: 2348: 2093: 2022: 1974: 1907: 1874: 1859: 1764: 1737: 1730: 1649: 1623: 1611: 1584: 1541: 1432: 1334: 1297: 1279: 1257: 1105: 1059: 1005: 994: 987: 980: 973: 963: 956: 949: 939: 932: 917: 910: 867: 764:, on the south-west coast of 301: 285: 269: 86: 22980:South-Western Iberian Bronze 22508:Nautical Archaeology Society 17565:Parliamentary constituencies 17392: 16344:Foundation of Constantinople 16181:Alphabetical index of topics 14846:Funeral and burial practices 14031:Military of Mycenaean Greece 13128:"Les citadelles mycéniennes" 12676:Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital 12245:Tartaron, Thomas F. (2013). 12213:Stubbings, Frank H. (1951). 11743:. In Fagan, Brian M. (ed.). 11614:Nature Ecology and Evolution 10641:Cline, Eric H., ed. (2012). 10225:"A Model of Social Progress" 10202:Alden, Maureen Joan (2000). 9413:, pp. 33–34, 53, 59–60. 9104:D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011 9080:D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011 9068:D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011 9020:D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011 8977:D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011 8510:Chadwick & Baumbach 1963 6807:, pp. 32, 53, 107–108; 6326: 3894:Levant Pre-Pottery Neolithic 3304: 3298: 3210:also found in elite graves. 3177: 3079:Military of Mycenaean Greece 3047:Other architectural features 2755:mentioned may be related to 2560:being traded in the eastern 2312: 2280: 2274: 2256: 2246: 2225: 2215: 2209: 1610:, found in Dendra, Argolid, 897:is generally termed as the " 680:) was the last phase of the 7: 22561:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 21938:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 21744:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 21601:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 20960: 20041: 18240: 18223:Water supply and sanitation 18013: 17780:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 17413:Constitutional amendments ( 16683:Population exchange of 1923 16620:Greek countries and regions 16319:Wars of Alexander the Great 16194: 13003:. London: de la More Press. 12950:Aegean Art and Architecture 11960:. London: Methuen & Co. 11792:Nikolaou, Kyriakos (1973). 11426:Stamatoyannopoulos, John A. 11356:. Lund: P. Aströms Förlag. 11287:Immerwahr, Sara A. (1990). 11131:Hansen, William F. (2004). 10923:. Jonsered, Sweden: Astrom. 10807:Feuer, Bryan Avery (2004). 10748:. New York, NY: Routledge. 10453:The Kingdom of the Hittites 10159:, Supplementary Materials: 9892:10.1127/0003-5548/2014/0277 9790:Yasur-Landau, Asaf (2010). 9283:Oxford: Archaeopress, 2007. 8718:"Βρήκαν μυκηναϊκό ανάκτορο" 6892:Littauer & Crouwel 1996 6821:Littauer & Crouwel 1996 6284: 3423:Fresco of a Mycenaean woman 3414: 2567: 1999:Hypotheses for the collapse 1846:Initial decline and revival 1266:Egyptian records mention a 1252:in the Linear B records in 1149: 1132:Late Helladic IIIC (Middle) 955:/1675–1420 BC), and LHIII ( 10: 23166: 23030:Wilburton-Wallington Phase 22417:Phoenician Ship Expedition 21708: 21258:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 21251:Circumnavigation of Africa 16644:Inventions and discoveries 16471:Modern Greek Enlightenment 14770:Greek Revival architecture 14112: 13001:The Dorians in Archaeology 12968:Robertson, Martin (1959). 12547:Anthony, David W. (2007). 12198:10.2972/hesperia.86.4.0583 12190:10.2972/hesperia.86.4.0583 12151:Schofield, Louise (2006). 12057:Ancient Greek Civilization 12032:Rutter, Jeremy B. (1996). 11946:Mycenaeans in Early Latium 11852:Olsen, Barbara A. (2014). 11627:10.1038/s41559-022-01952-3 11430:Stamatoyannopoulos, George 11329:Kelder, Jorrit M. (2010). 10742:Dickinson, Oliver (2006). 10712:Dickinson, Oliver (1977). 10599:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.039 10494:Castleden, Rodney (2005). 10194: 9880:Anthropologischer Anzeiger 9719:Vallance, Richard (2015). 8589:Whittaker von Hofsten 2007 7771: 7737: 6423:World History Encyclopedia 5495:Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis 5465:Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis 5435:Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis 5225:Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis 5195:Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis 5049:Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis 5019:Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis 4959:Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis 3734:Anthropologischer Anzeiger 3729:craniofacial morphological 3579:) and developed their own 3549: 3545: 3521: 3378:Psi and phi type figurines 3245: 3241: 3212:Though they collected them 3186:at Mycenae, including the 3076: 3072: 2876: 2869: 2571: 2379:Large-scale infrastructure 2343:found in the acropolis of 2319: 2306: 2152:Society and administration 2019:collapse of the Bronze Age 2002: 1365: 1333:, various references from 1278:) land for the first time 1153: 1124:Late Helladic IIIC (Early) 871: 23107: 23038: 22915:Indus Valley Civilisation 22825:Armorican Tumulus culture 22795: 22785: 22730: 22622: 22611: 22596: 22531: 22473: 22276: 22260: 22008: 21943:Samothrace temple complex 21878: 21833: 21792: 21785: 21781: 21770: 21755: 21714: 21703: 21688: 21586: 21572: 21557: 21510: 21463: 21316: 21283: 21276: 21214: 21015: 20972: 20968: 20955: 20940: 20659: 20572: 20568: 20557: 20542: 20494: 20429: 20366: 20251: 20220: 20053: 20049: 20036: 19968: 19910: 19839: 19573: 19213: 19170: 18960: 18604: 18547: 18426:Greek East and Latin West 18335: 18250: 18246: 18235: 18021: 18008: 17967: 17867: 17788: 17725: 17662: 17611: 17583: 17545: 17509: 17463: 17404: 17400: 17387: 17317: 17252: 17175: 16756: 16716: 16712: 16699: 16615:Geographical name changes 16559: 16436: 16352: 16262: 16206: 16202: 16189: 16171: 16092: 16043: 16037: 16032: 15877: 15754: 15743: 15670: 15592: 15549: 15496: 15354: 15206: 15197: 15193: 15174: 15123: 15038: 14976: 14938: 14931: 14881: 14841: 14832: 14754: 14631: 14627: 14603: 14569: 14538: 14380: 14267: 14211: 14178:Attalid kings of Pergamon 14133: 14124: 14120: 14107: 13986:Antigonid Macedonian army 13959: 13932: 13904: 13861: 13818: 13809: 13651: 13590: 13487: 13483: 13454: 13353: 13302: 13298: 13274: 13261: 13203:Wright, James C. (2002). 13176:"The Greek Age of Bronze" 12649:Doumas, Christos (1980). 12611:Burkert, Walter (1987) . 12404:Vianello, Andrea (2005). 12371:: 349–354. Archived from 12356:Thomas, Carol G. (1995). 12330:10.1017/S0003598X00041740 12301:10.1017/S0003598X00040187 12097:10.3406/ahess.1982.282879 11741:"Greece: Dark Age Greece" 11371:Knodell, Alex R. (2021). 11095:10.1017/S006824540001409X 10963:10.1017/S0068245400019146 10928:Freeman, Charles (2014). 10898:Finley, Moses I. (1954). 10787:Evans, Arthur J. (1930). 10769:The End of the Bronze Age 10683:Coleman, John E. (2000). 10429:Borza, Eugene N. (1992). 10223:Alexakha, Andrey (2016). 9822:10.2143/BIB.101.3.3288731 9293:Hägg & Marinatos 1981 9092:Kagan & Viggiano 2013 8431:, Volume I, pp. 500–504; 8232:. CBS News. 7 August 2002 8151:Runnels & Murray 2001 8119:Runnels & Murray 2001 8095:Runnels & Murray 2001 8001:, pp. 300, 387, 787. 7484:Salavoura, Eleni (2021). 7447:Millek 2023, pp. 147–156. 3617: 3599:by English archaeologist 3530:trays were discovered in 2592:late Helladic IIIA period 2347:, Eastern Mediterranean ( 1854:Marching soldiers on the 1721:Involvement in Asia Minor 1583:. From that time period ( 1560: 1379:Death mask, known as the 1315: 1140:Late Helladic IIIC (Late) 1104:Postpalatial Bronze Age ( 392:Frankish and Latin states 184: 166: 137: 111: 99: 82: 72: 54: 46: 37: 21231:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 17969:Administrative divisions 17692:Macedonia naming dispute 17532:Parliamentary Committees 17517:Conference of Presidents 12798:Minoan and Mycenaean Art 12768:Opuscula Atheniensia XII 12671:French, Elizabeth Bayard 12410:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 12224:Tandy, David W. (2001). 11993:The First Western Greeks 11943:Peruzzi, Emilio (1980). 11674:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 11402:Latacz, Joachim (2004). 10323:Burns, Bryan E. (2010). 10174:Skourtanioti et al. 2023 10141:Skourtanioti et al. 2023 10117:Skourtanioti et al. 2023 10106:Skourtanioti et al. 2023 9134:, pp. 17–18, 23–24. 8613:Stocker & Davis 2017 8488:, Volume I, pp. 565–568. 8091:Balmuth & Tykot 1998 6930:Minoan and Mycenaean art 6510:Bietak & Czerny 2007 6419:"Mycenaean Civilization" 4509:Kolikrepi-Spata, Attica 4397:Kolikrepi-Spata, Attica 4367:Kolikrepi-Spata, Attica 4247:Kolikrepi-Spata, Attica 3882:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer 3296:Stirrup jars (Linear B: 2762: 2422: 2329:Mycenaean palace amphora 2005:Late Bronze Age collapse 1713:(Linear B: wa-na-ka) in 1657:Cyclopean fortifications 1416:was deciphered in 1952. 1004:Early Mycenaean period ( 503:Second Hellenic Republic 22875:Deverel–Rimbury culture 22513:RPM Nautical Foundation 22250:Surviving ancient ships 22169:Marsala Punic shipwreck 19618:Eastern Orthodox Church 17696:Language naming dispute 16456:Venetian Ionian islands 16370:Persecution of paganism 13126:Godart, Louis (2013) . 12638:Mélanges Pierre Lévêque 12053:Sansone, David (2004). 11990:Ridgway, David (1992). 11922:Pelon, Olivier (1976). 11566:10.1126/science.abm4247 11521:10.1126/science.abq0755 11350:Kling, Barbara (1989). 11264:Iacovou, Maria (2013). 11257:10.1111/1468-0092.00084 10994:Furumark, Arne (1941). 10866:Bronze Age War Chariots 10662:Cline, Eric H. (2014). 10208:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 10087:Heggarty, Paul (2022). 9816:. 101, 3 (3): 444–452. 9604:Encyclopædia Britannica 9578:Encyclopædia Britannica 9552:Encyclopædia Britannica 9548:"Linear A and Linear B" 9359:Cavanagh & Mee 1998 7787:A Greek–English Lexicon 7638:, pp. 45, 86, 107. 6660:Hajnal & Posch 2009 3855:BC (Crete Armenoi) had 2856:Priestess of Key-Bearer 2384:drainage system of the 2041:Ancient Greek tradition 1176:, 14th–13th century BC. 785:military infrastructure 557:Third Hellenic Republic 525:Collaborationist regime 476:First Hellenic Republic 425:Venetian Ionian Islands 22546:Giza Solar boat museum 22000:Underwater exploration 21995:Underwater archaeology 21960:Pre-Columbian theories 21815:John Sinclair Morrison 21776:Research and education 21226:Austronesian Expansion 19947:Orders and decorations 19684:Greek Old Calendarists 18155:Science and technology 18115:Greek economic miracle 17982:Administrative regions 16428:Fall of Constantinople 16423:Despotate of the Morea 16395:Macedonian Renaissance 14212:Artists & scholars 14127:List of ancient Greeks 13764:Second Athenian League 13613:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 13438:Ancient Greek colonies 12974:. Genève-Paris: Skira. 12933:10.1006/jasc.1999.0431 12632:De Fidio, Pia (1990). 11806:Greek Popular Religion 10450:Bryce, Trevor (2005). 10157:Lazaridis et al. 2022b 10070:Lazaridis et al. 2022b 10040:Lazaridis et al. 2022b 9841:The Angle Orthodontist 8379:"Mycenaean Divinities" 7284:Millek, Jesse (2023). 4689:Agia Kyriaki, Salamis 3720:The Angle Orthodontist 3715:cephalometric analysis 3676:cradle of civilization 3561: 3424: 3373: 3269: 3260:with gold horns, from 3096: 3088: 2991: 2960: 2921: 2889: 2823:Mycenaean civilization 2777: 2598: 2578:List of Mycenaean gods 2519:, as well as southern 2492:and the shores of the 2468:. The 14th century BC 2440: 2432: 2355: 2332: 2331:, found in the Argolid 2100: 2084:Political organization 2028: 1870: 1760: 1615: 1537: 1384: 1285:, during the reign of 1177: 890: 678:Mycenaean civilization 488:(1832-1924, 1935-1973) 157:script records of the 50:Mycenaean civilization 22617:Legend and literature 22575:Viking ship museums: 22551:Grand Egyptian Museum 22311:Austronesian replicas 22286:Heyerdahl expeditions 22196:Caligula's Giant Ship 22056:Dover Bronze Age Boat 20718:Berenice Troglodytica 19666:Greek Orthodox Church 18036:Athens Stock Exchange 17455:Supreme Special Court 16234:Cycladic civilization 15331:Sybaris on the Traeis 14056:Sacred Band of Thebes 13796:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 13310:Cycladic civilization 12942:on 21 September 2006. 12837:Huxley, G.L. (1960). 12816:Hooker, J.T. (1976). 12378:on 29 September 2013. 11967:Mountjoy, Penelope A. 11873:Palaima, Tom (1999). 11837:10.1353/are.2015.0007 11220:Hruby, Julie (2017). 10901:The World of Odysseus 10794:. London: Macmillan. 10705:Madrider Mitteilungen 10593:(10): 2565–2586.e21. 10185:Supplementary Table 2 9924:Lazaridis et al. 2017 7778:Liddell, Henry George 7744:Liddell, Henry George 7503:Zeman, Piotr (2021). 6559:The World of Odysseus 6514:Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy 6378:Lazaridis et al. 2017 6355:, Table 1, pp. 7, 65. 4127:Proskynas, Phthiotis 3870:Early European Farmer 3780:Pontic–Caspian steppe 3559: 3422: 3360: 3337:Figures and figurines 3289:and stemmed cups (or 3255: 3094: 3086: 2986: 2951: 2915: 2884: 2775: 2731:, similar to a later 2585: 2438: 2430: 2338: 2327: 2195:(1200 BC; right) 2091: 2016: 1853: 1758: 1605: 1535: 1427:with influences from 1398:spread of agriculture 1378: 1167: 1058:Palatial Bronze Age ( 905:, the Greek name for 881: 842:extensive use of iron 22945:Mumun pottery period 22518:Sea Research Society 21920:Maritime archaeology 21729:Ameinias the Phocian 21724:Mediterranean piracy 19952:World Heritage Sites 18534:Units of measurement 17927:New Social Movements 17490:Presidential Mansion 17347:Environmental issues 17068:North Aegean islands 16630:Renaissance scholars 16526:4th of August Regime 16476:Septinsular Republic 16329:Wars of the Diadochi 16304:Peloponnesian League 14856:mythological figures 14577:Ancient Greek tribes 13702:Peloponnesian League 13190:on 27 September 2013 12999:Skeat, T.C. (1934). 11739:Morris, Ian (1996). 11199:Howard, Dan (2011). 10012:Clemente et al. 2021 9437:, pp. 53, 107; 9150:Internet Archaeology 8131:van Wijngaarden 2002 8129:, pp. 155–157; 8089:, pp. 155–157; 7247:, pp. 361, 364. 7168:, pp. 129, 368. 6890:, pp. 53, 107; 6611:, pp. 159, 165. 6530:van Wijngaarden 2002 6506:van Wijngaarden 2002 6494:van Wijngaarden 2002 6291:Aegean civilizations 6245:Koukounaries, Paros 6215:Koukounaries, Paros 6185:Koukounaries, Paros 6155:Koukounaries, Paros 3901:Max Planck Institute 3784:Proto-Greek language 3364:female figurines of 2260:, "deputy") and the 2035:The hypothesis of a 1421:modern Mycenologists 1222:in reference to the 1127:1210/1200–1170/1160 1097:1330/1315–1210/1200 1089:1390/1370–1330/1315 1081:1420/1410–1390/1370 1051:1480/1470–1420/1410 1043:1635/1600–1480/1470 1035:1700/1675–1635/1600 1027:1750/1720–1700/1675 927:-type dwellings and 760:, on islands in the 512:4th of August Regime 458:Septinsular Republic 65:islands and Western 22940:Minoan civilization 22870:Deer stones culture 22830:Atlantic Bronze Age 22810:Aegean civilization 21611:Maritime Jade Route 20764:Kaveri Poompattinam 19441:Musical instruments 19057:Greek Sign Language 18360:Concept of kingship 18209:Rio–Antirrio bridge 18175:Subdivisions by GDP 17839:Human rights abuses 17522:Hellenic Parliament 16481:War of Independence 16419:Despotate of Epirus 16385:Arab–Byzantine wars 16380:Plague of Justinian 16280:Iron Age migrations 16254:Bronze Age collapse 16239:Minoan civilization 14968:Tunnel of Eupalinos 14963:Theatre of Dionysus 14587:Ancient Macedonians 14203:Tyrants of Syracuse 13715:Amphictyonic League 13315:Minoan civilization 13087:1982ClCh....4..173W 12925:2000JArSc..27...43N 12839:Achaeans and Greeks 11513:2022Sci...377..940L 11460:10.1038/nature23310 11452:2017Natur.548..214L 11384:10.1525/luminos.101 10800:10.11588/DIGLIT.811 10560:The Mycenaean World 10258:2021JQS....36..586A 9489:, pp. 403–440. 9349:, pp. 270–280. 9270:, pp. 101–187. 9246:, pp. 56, 166. 8967:, pp. 367–368. 8665:, pp. 107–138. 8615:, pp. 588–589. 8603:, pp. 277–296. 7575:, pp. 164–169. 7536:, pp. 231–232. 7524:, pp. 227–228. 7419:2018BuSSA.108.1046H 7208:, pp. 119–120. 7140:, pp. 119–120. 7095:, pp. 108–109. 6894:, pp. 297–305. 4629:Glyka Nera, Attica 4569:Glyka Nera, Attica 3932: 3744:study published in 3636:Heinrich Schliemann 3573:Minoan civilization 3192:Silver Siege Rhyton 2966:Acropolis of Athens 2895:acropolis of Athens 2594:, 14th century BC, 2126:Heinrich Schliemann 2039:, known as such in 1959:acropolis of Athens 1479:boar's tusk helmets 1318:), the name of the 1174:Acropolis of Athens 1156:Names of the Greeks 1112: 1086:Late Helladic IIIA2 1078:Late Helladic IIIA1 1066: 1024:Middle Helladic III 1012: 467:War of Independence 409:Early modern Greece 259:Helladic chronology 171:Minoan civilization 34: 23089:Leyla-Tepe culture 23046:and Transcaucasia) 22860:Chinese Bronze Age 22840:Bronze Age Britain 22159:Bajo de la Campana 21861:Peter Throckmorton 21846:Jean-Yves Empereur 21820:William L. Rodgers 21641:Maritime Silk Road 19738:Primordial deities 19642:Early 20th century 19106:Minority languages 18304:Aromanian question 18217:Thessaloniki Metro 18185:Telecommunications 17854:Political scandals 17769:Presidential Guard 17624:Capital punishment 17480:Government Gazette 17183:Canyons and gorges 16635:Hellenic languages 16324:Hellenistic period 16290:Greco-Persian Wars 15642:Menestheus's Limin 15296:Pandosia (Lucania) 15184:Greek colonisation 14546:Athenian statesmen 14307:Diogenes of Sinope 14168:Kings of Macedonia 14158:Kings of Commagene 14026:Macedonian phalanx 14006:Hellenistic armies 13754:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 13618:Indo-Greek Kingdom 13340:Hellenistic Greece 13153:Rutter, Jeremy B. 13130:(in French). Clio. 13095:10.1007/bf00140587 12679:. Stroud: Tempus. 11560:(6609): eabm4247. 10869:. Oxford: Osprey. 9574:"Sir Arthur Evans" 9451:Papadimitriou 2001 9345:, pp. 91–97; 9329:, pp. 77–83; 8476:, pp. 95, 99. 8145:, pp. 77–92; 7427:10.1785/0120170348 7041:, pp. 50, 52. 6811:, pp. 97–107. 6689:, pp. 37–38; 4749:Lazarides, Aegina 4599:Lazarides, Aegina 4097:Lazarides, Aegina 3930: 3672:relieving triangle 3562: 3505:Treasury of Atreus 3489:Treasury of Atreus 3425: 3374: 3270: 3148:their lower edge. 3129:boar's tusk helmet 3097: 3089: 2992: 2961: 2955:, backside of the 2922: 2916:The hearth of the 2890: 2778: 2599: 2574:Mycenaean religion 2470:Uluburun shipwreck 2441: 2433: 2417:Isthmus of Corinth 2356: 2333: 2122:Catalogue of Ships 2101: 2029: 1871: 1761: 1616: 1575:in the Near East, 1538: 1402:chariot technology 1385: 1202:Phoenician-derived 1178: 1170:boar's tusk helmet 1168:Warrior wearing a 1103: 1094:Late Helladic IIIB 1057: 1003: 893:The Bronze Age in 891: 690:Greek civilization 354:Hellenistic Greece 55:Geographical range 32: 23130:2nd millennium BC 23117: 23116: 23000:Terramare culture 22955:Nordic Bronze Age 22905:Hallstatt culture 22850:Canegrate culture 22845:Bronze Age Europe 22815:Andronovo culture 22745: 22744: 22741: 22740: 22607: 22606: 22594: 22593: 22214:Madrague de Giens 21933:Temple of Isthmia 21929:Maritime temples 21915:Marine navigation 21874: 21873: 21866:Shelley Wachsmann 21856:J. Richard Steffy 21766: 21765: 21699: 21698: 21568: 21567: 21555: 21554: 21506: 21505: 21236:Ocean exploration 20951: 20950: 20938: 20937: 20597:Rutter (nautical) 20553: 20552: 20540: 20539: 20396:Mortise and tenon 20030:Ancient seafaring 19996: 19995: 19964: 19963: 19960: 19959: 19646:Late 20th century 19626:Early Middle Ages 19110:Albanian language 18308:Megleno-Romanians 18231: 18230: 18004: 18003: 18000: 17999: 17682:Council of Europe 17664:Foreign relations 17644:Life imprisonment 17575:Political parties 17383: 17382: 17379: 17378: 17332:Natural disasters 17277:Mediterranean Sea 16770:Aetolia-Acarnania 16695: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16649:Language question 16511:Greco-Turkish War 16460:Kingdom of Candia 16314:League of Corinth 16309:Peloponnesian War 16130: 16129: 16088: 16087: 16028: 16027: 16024: 16023: 16020: 16019: 15594:Iberian Peninsula 15526:Lipara/Meligounis 15492: 15491: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15165: 15143:Cypriot syllabary 15034: 15033: 14943:Athenian Treasury 14927: 14926: 14599: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14188:Ptolemaic dynasty 14148:Archons of Athens 14103: 14102: 14099: 14098: 13974:Athenian military 13955: 13954: 13788:League of Corinth 13770:Thessalian League 13746:Chalcidian League 13728:Acarnanian League 13638:Ptolemaic Kingdom 13450: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13161:on 1 January 2009 13044:978-0-67-459650-4 13023:978-0-50-027586-3 12991:978-84-697-8214-9 12960:978-0-19-284208-4 12896:978-9-18-609832-2 12808:978-0-50-020303-3 12778:978-9-18-508612-2 12707:978-9-65-221036-4 12686:978-0-7524-1951-0 12662:978-0-95-061332-1 12624:978-1-11-872499-6 12603:978-2-35668-012-9 12581:978-0-92-417110-9 12560:978-0-691-05887-0 12440:978-1-85-399355-8 12417:978-1-84-171875-0 12396:978-9-05-356482-0 12279:978-1-84-217295-7 12237:978-1-55164-188-1 12068:978-0-631-23236-0 12040:on 1 January 2009 12024:978-0-8047-4050-0 12003:978-0-52-142164-5 11982:978-0-50-096021-9 11914:978-1-84-171170-6 11865:978-1-31-774795-6 11731:978-1-84-217000-7 11681:978-1-84-171079-2 11507:(6609): 940–951. 11446:(7666): 214–218. 11394:978-0-520-38054-7 11363:978-9-18-609893-3 11300:978-0-27-100628-4 11279:978-1-58-983721-8 11169:978-90-04-20650-2 11144:978-1-57-607226-4 11123:978-0-8155-5047-1 11053:978-9-18-508643-6 10911:978-1-59-017017-5 10820:978-0-78-641748-3 10779:978-0-69-102591-9 10755:978-0-20-396836-9 10675:978-1-40-084998-7 10654:978-0-19-987360-9 10571:978-0-521-29037-1 10528:978-9-17-081178-4 10507:978-0-415-36336-5 10486:978-0-19-537984-6 10442:978-0-691-00880-6 10397:978-3-7001-3527-2 10294:978-0-691-13589-2 10215:978-1-84-217018-2 9794:. Cambridge: CUP. 9600:"Michael Ventris" 8601:Hughes-Brock 1999 8552:, pp. 92–93. 8182:on 30 August 2016 7650:, pp. 86–87. 7413:(3A): 1046–1070. 6988:, pp. 71–72. 6939:978-0-500-20303-3 6918:, pp. 64–68. 6677:, pp. 46–47. 6408:, pp. 10–11. 6258: 6257: 3833:at Kastrouli, or 3653:Olympian Pantheon 3589:Mycenaean dialect 3248:Mycenaean pottery 3188:Mask of Agamemnon 2959:, Mycenae, Greece 2953:Cyclopean masonry 2872:Cyclopean masonry 2737:Si-to po-ti-ni-ja 2608:sacred enclosures 1483:Mycenaean pottery 1381:Mask of Agamemnon 1256:, Crete dated to 1205:alphabetic script 1184:of the Mycenaean 1147: 1146: 1101: 1100: 1055: 1054: 1048:Late Helladic IIB 1040:Late Helladic IIA 862:Trojan Epic Cycle 671: 670: 637:Greece portal 561: 552: 543: 534: 516: 507: 498: 489: 485:Kingdom of Greece 480: 471: 462: 438: 429: 420: 396: 367: 358: 349: 340: 331: 308: 292: 276: 194: 193: 150:Cyclopean masonry 47:Alternative names 16:(Redirected from 23157: 23140:Mycenaean Greece 23047: 23020:Urnfield culture 22985:Srubnaya culture 22950:Mycenaean Greece 22935:Lusatian culture 22885:Ewart Park Phase 22865:Cycladic culture 22855:Catacomb culture 22820:Apennine culture 22805:Abashevo culture 22772: 22765: 22758: 22749: 22748: 22736: 22735: 22630:Ark of bulrushes 22613: 22612: 22602: 22601: 22240:Oldest surviving 21950:Nusantao network 21825:Chester G. Starr 21790: 21789: 21783: 21782: 21772: 21771: 21761: 21760: 21734:Cilician pirates 21705: 21704: 21694: 21693: 21631:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 21626:Iron Age Britain 21574: 21573: 21563: 21562: 21281: 21280: 20970: 20969: 20957: 20956: 20946: 20945: 20860:Ptolemais Theron 20570: 20569: 20559: 20558: 20548: 20547: 20140:Single-outrigger 20051: 20050: 20038: 20037: 20023: 20016: 20009: 20000: 19999: 19986: 19976: 19975: 19932:national colours 19849:Ancient Olympics 19746:Twelve Olympians 19674:Church of Greece 19634:Early Modern Era 19630:Late Middle Ages 19584:Ancient religion 19138:Megleno-Romanian 19035:Greco-Australian 18571:Heptanese school 18504:Independence Day 18248: 18247: 18237: 18236: 18010: 18009: 17931:Environmentalism 17593:Council of State 17402: 17401: 17389: 17388: 16714: 16713: 16701: 16700: 16585:Christianization 16445: 16415:Empire of Nicaea 16400:East–West Schism 16375:Migration period 16365:Byzantine period 16358: 16334:Roman–Greek wars 16295:Classical period 16268: 16267:(1100 BC-330 AD) 16249:Mycenaean period 16212: 16204: 16203: 16191: 16190: 16157: 16150: 16143: 16134: 16133: 16120: 16119: 16110: 16100: 16099: 16034: 16033: 15752: 15751: 15251:Heraclea Lucania 15204: 15203: 15195: 15194: 15176: 15175: 14936: 14935: 14868:Twelve Olympians 14839: 14838: 14629: 14628: 14605: 14604: 14193:Seleucid dynasty 14173:Kings of Paionia 14122: 14121: 14109: 14108: 13979:Scythian archers 13886:Graphe paranomon 13816: 13815: 13723: 13720: 13710: 13707: 13691: 13688: 13678: 13674: 13671: 13485: 13484: 13456: 13455: 13335:Classical Greece 13320:Mycenaean Greece 13300: 13299: 13276: 13275: 13248: 13241: 13234: 13225: 13224: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13211:on 31 March 2007 13199: 13197: 13195: 13179: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13149: 13140: 13131: 13114: 13069: 13048: 13027: 13015: 13004: 12995: 12975: 12964: 12943: 12941: 12935:. Archived from 12910: 12900: 12879: 12842: 12833: 12819:Mycenaean Greece 12812: 12791: 12782: 12761: 12748: 12711: 12690: 12666: 12645: 12628: 12607: 12585: 12564: 12534: 12518: 12489: 12465: 12444: 12432: 12421: 12400: 12379: 12377: 12362: 12352: 12341: 12324:(176): 270–280. 12312: 12283: 12262: 12241: 12220: 12209: 12168: 12147: 12116: 12077:Sergent, Bernard 12072: 12060: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12028: 12007: 11986: 11965:Renfrew, Colin; 11961: 11950: 11939: 11918: 11897: 11895: 11893: 11879: 11869: 11848: 11819: 11810: 11799: 11788: 11767: 11758: 11735: 11714: 11685: 11664: 11646: 11603: 11585: 11542: 11532: 11489: 11479: 11419: 11398: 11386: 11367: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11325: 11304: 11283: 11260: 11239: 11216: 11195: 11173: 11148: 11127: 11106: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11057: 11038: 11001: 10990: 10945: 10924: 10915: 10894: 10888: 10880: 10859: 10853: 10845: 10824: 10803: 10783: 10759: 10738: 10717: 10708: 10695: 10679: 10658: 10637: 10628: 10618: 10575: 10563: 10549: 10536:Chadwick, John; 10532: 10511: 10490: 10478: 10467: 10446: 10425: 10411: 10401: 10382: 10361: 10340: 10319: 10298: 10277: 10266:10.1002/jqs.3314 10236: 10219: 10188: 10187: 10181: 10179:pp. 11–31, 39–61 10171: 10165: 10164: 10154: 10148: 10146: 10138: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10114: 10108: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10067: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10037: 10028: 10023: 10014: 10009: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9966:Science Magazine 9957: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9932: 9926: 9921: 9912: 9911: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9805: 9796: 9795: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9731: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9645: 9644: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9544: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9432: 9426: 9423:Lewartowski 2000 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9378: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9340: 9334: 9324: 9318: 9313: 9307: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9165: 9163:10.11141/ia.56.9 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9047: 9041: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8846: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8678: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8651: 8650:, pp. 3–20. 8645: 8636: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8591:, pp. 3–18. 8586: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8526: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8448: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8278: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8140: 8134: 8104: 8098: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7774: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7740: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7684: 7678: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7330: 7324: 7315: 7309: 7300: 7299: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7112: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6802: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6694: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6562: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6523: 6517: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6470: 6463:Hatzopoulos 2011 6460: 6454: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6386: 6385: 6375: 6356: 6350: 6311:Palace of Nestor 6278: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5005: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3891: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3865:Palace of Nestor 3862: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3824: 3822: 3813: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3697:(in later Greek 3608: 3605: 3601:Sir Arthur Evans 3570: 3567: 3517: 3514: 3482: 3473: 3439:Burial practices 3366:Psi and Phi type 3333:are also known. 3307: 3301: 3256:Silver repoussé 3237: 3234: 3208:carved gemstones 3142: 3139: 3057: 3054: 2814: 2800:The ring in the 2797: 2353: 2350: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2283: 2277: 2259: 2250:, '"governor"), 2249: 2228: 2218: 2212: 2181: 2172: 2110:Greek literature 2098: 2095: 2027: 2024: 1979: 1976: 1912: 1909: 1876: 1864: 1861: 1823:historical basis 1769: 1766: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1725:The presence of 1654: 1651: 1628: 1625: 1613: 1589: 1586: 1562: 1547:, the palace of 1546: 1543: 1437: 1434: 1339: 1336: 1320:mythical dynasty 1317: 1302: 1299: 1284: 1281: 1262: 1259: 1160:Achaeans (Homer) 1113: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1056: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1002: 999: 996: 992: 989: 985: 982: 978: 975: 968: 965: 961: 958: 954: 951: 944: 941: 937: 934: 922: 919: 915: 912: 860:, including the 854:Greek literature 817:economic systems 809:Olympic pantheon 674:Mycenaean Greece 663: 656: 649: 635: 634: 633: 573:History by topic 559: 550: 541: 532: 514: 505: 496: 487: 478: 469: 460: 436: 427: 418: 394: 386:Byzantine Greece 365: 356: 347: 345:Classical Greece 338: 330:(1100 BC–750 BC) 329: 306: 305: 1750–1050 303: 299: 290: 289: 3100–1100 287: 283: 274: 273: 3100–1000 271: 267: 252:Greek Bronze Age 232:Neolithic Greece 224: 214: 196: 195: 95: 91: 88: 42: 35: 33:Mycenaean Greece 31: 21: 18:Mycenean culture 23165: 23164: 23160: 23159: 23158: 23156: 23155: 23154: 23135:Historical eras 23120: 23119: 23118: 23113: 23103: 23099:Khojaly–Gadabay 23069:Shulaveri-Shomu 23045: 23044:(North Caucasus 23043: 23042: 23034: 23015:Únětice culture 23010:Tumulus culture 22925:Karasuk culture 22910:Helladic period 22900:Argaric culture 22895:Glazkov culture 22791: 22781: 22776: 22746: 22737: 22733: 22728: 22618: 22603: 22599: 22590: 22533: 22527: 22475: 22474:Institutes and 22469: 22424:Viking replicas 22365:Balangay Voyage 22278: 22272: 22256: 22011: 22004: 21880: 21870: 21829: 21777: 21762: 21758: 21753: 21710: 21695: 21691: 21686: 21582: 21564: 21560: 21551: 21502: 21459: 21312: 21272: 21217: 21210: 21011: 20964: 20947: 20943: 20934: 20810:Mueang Phra Rot 20664: 20655: 20564: 20549: 20545: 20536: 20490: 20464:Triangular sail 20425: 20362: 20336:Sail components 20247: 20216: 20190:Tessarakonteres 20045: 20032: 20027: 19997: 19992: 19956: 19906: 19884:Modern Olympics 19835: 19569: 19209: 19166: 19066:Mycenaean Greek 18956: 18600: 18543: 18519:Souliotic songs 18500:Public holidays 18331: 18327:Life expectancy 18288:Muslim minority 18269:names of Greece 18242: 18227: 18164:Merchant Marine 18135:Public pensions 18017: 17996: 17963: 17913:Hellenocentrism 17863: 17784: 17721: 17658: 17607: 17585:Judicial system 17579: 17555:Nationality law 17541: 17505: 17500:Maximos Mansion 17459: 17396: 17375: 17371:Protected areas 17313: 17248: 17171: 16806:Saronic Islands 16752: 16708: 16687: 16567:Ancient regions 16555: 16546:Democratization 16521:Second Republic 16506:National Schism 16443: 16438: 16432: 16356: 16348: 16275:Greek Dark Ages 16266: 16258: 16244:Helladic period 16210: 16198: 16185: 16167: 16161: 16131: 16126: 16084: 16039: 16016: 15879: 15873: 15756: 15747: 15739: 15710:Melaina Korkyra 15666: 15588: 15545: 15498:Aeolian Islands 15488: 15350: 15208: 15189: 15188: 15162: 15119: 15030: 14972: 14923: 14877: 14828: 14750: 14741:Wedding customs 14623: 14622: 14591: 14582:Thracian Greeks 14565: 14556:Olympic victors 14534: 14376: 14263: 14207: 14198:Kings of Sparta 14183:Kings of Pontus 14153:Kings of Athens 14129: 14116: 14095: 13991:Army of Macedon 13951: 13928: 13900: 13857: 13805: 13778:(370–c. 230 BC) 13776:Arcadian League 13760:(c. 400–188 BC) 13758:Aetolian League 13752:Boeotian League 13734:Hellenic League 13721: 13708: 13698:(c. 650–404 BC) 13689: 13683:Italiote League 13676: 13672: 13666:Doric Hexapolis 13656: 13647: 13643:Seleucid Empire 13586: 13479: 13478: 13442: 13349: 13325:Greek Dark Ages 13294: 13293: 13270: 13257: 13252: 13214: 13212: 13193: 13191: 13182: 13164: 13162: 13122: 13117: 13075:Climatic Change 13045: 13024: 12992: 12961: 12939: 12908: 12897: 12830: 12809: 12779: 12708: 12687: 12663: 12625: 12604: 12582: 12561: 12542: 12540:Further reading 12537: 12515: 12470:Wikander, Örjan 12462: 12441: 12418: 12397: 12375: 12360: 12280: 12259: 12238: 12165: 12069: 12043: 12041: 12025: 12004: 11983: 11936: 11915: 11891: 11889: 11877: 11866: 11785: 11755: 11732: 11682: 11416: 11395: 11364: 11340: 11338: 11322: 11301: 11280: 11236: 11213: 11192: 11170: 11154:Fox, Robin Lane 11145: 11124: 11071: 11069: 11054: 10942: 10912: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10847: 10846: 10842: 10821: 10780: 10756: 10694:(1–2): 101–153. 10676: 10655: 10572: 10548:(3/4): 157–271. 10538:Baumbach, Lydia 10529: 10508: 10487: 10464: 10443: 10409: 10398: 10379: 10358: 10337: 10304:Women's Studies 10295: 10216: 10197: 10192: 10191: 10183: 10177: 10172: 10168: 10160: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10139: 10135: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10115: 10111: 10104: 10100: 10085: 10081: 10073: 10068: 10057: 10051:Lazaridis 2022a 10049: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10026:Lazaridis 2022a 10024: 10017: 10010: 10006: 9996: 9994: 9984: 9980: 9970: 9968: 9958: 9954: 9944: 9942: 9934: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9872: 9868: 9833: 9829: 9806: 9799: 9788: 9784: 9773: 9769: 9761: 9757: 9749: 9742: 9729: 9727: 9717: 9713: 9705: 9701: 9693: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9669: 9665: 9657: 9648: 9641: 9623: 9619: 9609: 9607: 9598: 9597: 9593: 9583: 9581: 9572: 9571: 9567: 9557: 9555: 9546: 9545: 9536: 9526: 9524: 9514: 9510: 9502: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9461: 9457: 9449: 9445: 9433: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9409: 9405: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9369: 9365: 9357: 9353: 9341: 9337: 9325: 9321: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9299: 9291: 9287: 9278: 9274: 9266: 9262: 9254: 9250: 9242: 9238: 9230: 9226: 9214: 9210: 9202: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118:, p. 312; 9114: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9078: 9074: 9066: 9062: 9054: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9018:, p. 306; 9014: 9010: 9002: 8995: 8987: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8951: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8922:, p. 288; 8918: 8914: 8906: 8902: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8858: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8829: 8818: 8810: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8750: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8714: 8710: 8702: 8698: 8690: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8639: 8623: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8560: 8556: 8548: 8544: 8536: 8529: 8520: 8516: 8512:, p. 176f. 8508: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8460: 8451: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8394: 8384: 8382: 8375: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8327: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8303: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8279:. Independent. 8271: 8267: 8257: 8255: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8235: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8143:de la Cruz 1988 8141: 8137: 8105: 8101: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8021: 8017: 8009: 8005: 7997: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7922: 7918: 7910: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7845: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7792:Perseus Project 7768: 7764: 7758:Perseus Project 7734: 7730: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7687: 7679: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7626:, pp. 8–9. 7622: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7598: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7559: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7501: 7497: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7398: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7350: 7333: 7325: 7318: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7115: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6776: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6697: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6666: 6662:, pp. 1–2. 6658: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6555:Moses I. Finley 6552: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6524: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6473: 6461: 6457: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6389: 6381: 6376: 6359: 6351: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6029: 6026: 6022: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5069: 5066: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5013: 5010: 5006: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4473: 4470: 4447: 4444: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3923: 3920: 3887: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3763: 3711: 3624:Greek Dark Ages 3620: 3611:Michael Ventris 3606: 3581:syllabic script 3568: 3554: 3548: 3524: 3515: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3441: 3429:Minoan painting 3417: 3362:Mycenaean Greek 3348:anthropomorphic 3339: 3281:, large bowls, 3250: 3244: 3235: 3220:charm bracelets 3180: 3172:Minoan religion 3154: 3152:Art and pottery 3145:hoplite panoply 3140: 3081: 3075: 3055: 3049: 2946: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2847: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2827:Late Bronze Age 2815: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2789: 2788: 2770: 2765: 2729:mistress Athena 2666:(assuming that 2638:E-ne-si-da-o-ne 2580: 2570: 2554:Anthropologists 2513:Aeolian Islands 2425: 2381: 2361: 2351: 2322: 2272:(cf. γερουσία, 2223:is usually the 2199: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2154: 2106: 2104:Palatial states 2096: 2086: 2078:Greek Dark Ages 2070:natural factors 2037:Dorian invasion 2025: 2011: 2009:Dorian invasion 2001: 1977: 1923: 1910: 1862: 1848: 1843: 1767: 1740: 1733: 1723: 1715:Mycenaean Greek 1652: 1626: 1587: 1544: 1530: 1435: 1410:Minoan language 1406:Bernard Sergent 1393:Eurasian steppe 1373: 1368: 1337: 1300: 1282: 1260: 1209:the populations 1162: 1152: 1143:1100–1070/1040 1135:1170/1160–1100 1108: 1062: 1032:Late Helladic I 1008: 997: 990: 983: 976: 966: 959: 952: 942: 935: 920: 913: 899:Helladic period 895:mainland Greece 876: 874:Helladic period 870: 846:Dorian invasion 834:Greek Dark Ages 793:syllabic script 667: 631: 629: 624: 623: 574: 566: 565: 562: 553: 544: 535: 521:Axis occupation 517: 508: 499: 494:National Schism 490: 481: 472: 463: 453: 443: 442: 439: 430: 421: 411: 401: 400: 397: 388: 381: 379:Medieval Greece 371: 370: 366:(146 BC–330 AD) 359: 350: 348:(500 BC–323 BC) 341: 339:(800 BC–480 BC) 332: 327:Greek Dark Ages 322: 312: 311: 304: 293: 288: 277: 272: 261: 254: 244: 243: 234: 212: 205: 189:Greek Dark Ages 175:Korakou culture 138:Characteristics 93: 89: 59:Mainland Greece 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23163: 23153: 23152: 23147: 23142: 23137: 23132: 23115: 23114: 23108: 23105: 23104: 23102: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23084:Maykop culture 23081: 23076: 23071: 23066: 23061: 23056: 23050: 23048: 23036: 23035: 23033: 23032: 23027: 23025:Wessex culture 23022: 23017: 23012: 23007: 23002: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22982: 22977: 22972: 22967: 22962: 22960:Okunev culture 22957: 22952: 22947: 22942: 22937: 22932: 22927: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22902: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22867: 22862: 22857: 22852: 22847: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22801: 22799: 22793: 22792: 22786: 22783: 22782: 22775: 22774: 22767: 22760: 22752: 22743: 22742: 22739: 22738: 22731: 22729: 22727: 22726: 22719: 22718: 22717: 22710: 22703: 22696: 22688: 22681: 22674: 22666: 22656: 22655: 22654: 22653: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22632: 22623: 22620: 22619: 22609: 22608: 22605: 22604: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22591: 22589: 22588: 22587: 22586: 22581: 22573: 22568: 22563: 22558: 22553: 22548: 22543: 22537: 22535: 22529: 22528: 22526: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22479: 22477: 22471: 22470: 22468: 22467: 22466: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22443: 22435: 22434: 22433: 22421: 22420: 22419: 22414: 22407: 22399:Mediterranean 22397: 22396: 22395: 22388: 22381: 22374: 22367: 22362: 22355: 22352:Alingano Maisu 22348: 22341: 22334: 22327: 22320: 22308: 22307: 22306: 22295: 22282: 22280: 22274: 22273: 22271: 22270: 22264: 22262: 22258: 22257: 22255: 22254: 22253: 22252: 22247: 22242: 22234: 22233: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22210: 22203: 22201:De Meern ships 22198: 22193: 22188: 22183: 22173: 22172: 22171: 22163: 22162: 22161: 22156: 22148: 22147: 22146: 22139: 22132: 22127: 22119: 22114: 22113: 22112: 22102: 22101: 22100: 22095: 22085: 22084: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22071:Cape Gelidonya 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22028: 22016: 22014: 22006: 22005: 22003: 22002: 21997: 21992: 21987: 21982: 21977: 21972: 21967: 21962: 21957: 21952: 21947: 21946: 21945: 21940: 21935: 21927: 21922: 21917: 21912: 21907: 21906: 21905: 21895: 21890: 21884: 21882: 21876: 21875: 21872: 21871: 21869: 21868: 21863: 21858: 21853: 21848: 21843: 21837: 21835: 21834:Archaeologists 21831: 21830: 21828: 21827: 21822: 21817: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21800:David Blackman 21796: 21794: 21787: 21779: 21778: 21768: 21767: 21764: 21763: 21756: 21754: 21752: 21751: 21746: 21741: 21739:Jewish pirates 21736: 21731: 21726: 21721: 21715: 21712: 21711: 21701: 21700: 21697: 21696: 21689: 21687: 21685: 21684: 21683: 21682: 21672: 21671: 21670: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21587: 21584: 21583: 21570: 21569: 21566: 21565: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21552: 21550: 21549: 21548: 21547: 21537: 21532: 21527: 21526: 21525: 21514: 21512: 21508: 21507: 21504: 21503: 21501: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21464: 21461: 21460: 21458: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21425:Lake Trasimene 21422: 21417: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21326:Mediterranean: 21322: 21320: 21314: 21313: 21311: 21310: 21305: 21300: 21295: 21289: 21287: 21278: 21274: 21273: 21271: 21270: 21265: 21260: 21255: 21254: 21253: 21248: 21238: 21233: 21228: 21222: 21220: 21212: 21211: 21209: 21208: 21203: 21198: 21193: 21188: 21187: 21186: 21181: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21135: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21103: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21032: 21031: 21030: 21019: 21017: 21013: 21012: 21010: 21009: 21004: 21003: 21002: 20997: 20987: 20982: 20976: 20974: 20966: 20965: 20953: 20952: 20949: 20948: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20935: 20933: 20932: 20927: 20922: 20917: 20912: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20684: 20679: 20674: 20668: 20666: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20653: 20652: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20633: 20632: 20631: 20629:Maritime pilot 20626: 20616: 20611: 20610: 20609: 20599: 20594: 20592:Portolan chart 20589: 20584: 20578: 20576: 20566: 20565: 20555: 20554: 20551: 20550: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20537: 20535: 20534: 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20498: 20496: 20492: 20491: 20489: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20467: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20441: 20435: 20433: 20427: 20426: 20424: 20423: 20422: 20421: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20388: 20383: 20378: 20372: 20370: 20364: 20363: 20361: 20360: 20355: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20339: 20338: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20292: 20291: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20266: 20261: 20255: 20253: 20249: 20248: 20246: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20224: 20222: 20218: 20217: 20215: 20214: 20209: 20204: 20199: 20194: 20193: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20165:Oared warships 20162: 20154: 20153: 20152: 20147: 20142: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20101: 20100: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20059: 20057: 20047: 20046: 20034: 20033: 20026: 20025: 20018: 20011: 20003: 19994: 19993: 19991: 19990: 19980: 19969: 19966: 19965: 19962: 19961: 19958: 19957: 19955: 19954: 19949: 19944: 19939: 19934: 19925: 19920: 19914: 19912: 19908: 19907: 19905: 19904: 19899: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19845: 19843: 19837: 19836: 19834: 19833: 19831:Wayside shrine 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19714:Kallikantzaros 19711: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19592:Modern Revival 19580: 19578: 19571: 19570: 19568: 19567: 19557: 19552: 19457:Byzantine lyra 19438: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19376: 19371: 19336:Rougatsiarikos 19225: 19219: 19217: 19211: 19210: 19208: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19176: 19174: 19168: 19167: 19165: 19164: 19162:Words for love 19159: 19154: 19145: 19103: 19085: 19078:Medieval Greek 19059: 19054: 19007:Greek language 19004: 18970:Greek alphabet 18966: 18964: 18958: 18957: 18955: 18954: 18880: 18861: 18856: 18837: 18819: 18804: 18799: 18789: 18774:Galaktoboureko 18759: 18717: 18678: 18676:List of dishes 18673: 18634: 18610: 18608: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18598: 18593: 18583: 18573: 18564: 18553: 18551: 18545: 18544: 18542: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18514:Rouketopolemos 18511: 18497: 18492: 18490:Plate smashing 18487: 18478: 18473: 18471:Naming customs 18468: 18463: 18458: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18341: 18339: 18333: 18332: 18330: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18281: 18276: 18262: 18256: 18254: 18244: 18243: 18233: 18232: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18225: 18220: 18205:Transportation 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18088: 18083: 18073: 18070:electric power 18063: 18058: 18053: 18043: 18033: 18028: 18022: 18019: 18018: 18006: 18005: 18002: 18001: 17998: 17997: 17995: 17994: 17989: 17987:Regional units 17984: 17979: 17973: 17971: 17965: 17964: 17962: 17961: 17956: 17942: 17924: 17906: 17892: 17882: 17871: 17869: 17865: 17864: 17862: 17861: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17813: 17803: 17798: 17792: 17790: 17786: 17785: 17783: 17782: 17777: 17775:National Guard 17772: 17762: 17757: 17755:Military ranks 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17731: 17729: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17719: 17717:United Nations 17714: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17689: 17687:European Union 17684: 17679: 17677:Cyprus dispute 17674: 17672:Aegean dispute 17668: 17666: 17660: 17659: 17657: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17615: 17613: 17609: 17608: 17606: 17605: 17600: 17598:Court of Audit 17595: 17589: 17587: 17581: 17580: 17578: 17577: 17572: 17570:Pasokification 17567: 17562: 17557: 17551: 17549: 17543: 17542: 17540: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17519: 17513: 17511: 17507: 17506: 17504: 17503: 17496:Prime Minister 17493: 17483: 17473: 17467: 17465: 17461: 17460: 17458: 17457: 17452: 17426: 17410: 17408: 17398: 17397: 17385: 17384: 17381: 17380: 17377: 17376: 17374: 17373: 17368: 17366:National Parks 17363: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17329: 17323: 17321: 17315: 17314: 17312: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17258: 17256: 17250: 17249: 17247: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17213: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17179: 17177: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17169: 17151: 17125: 17091: 17065: 17003: 16972:Ionian Islands 16969: 16947: 16881: 16831: 16809: 16766:Central Greece 16762: 16760: 16754: 16753: 16751: 16750: 16745: 16743:Extreme points 16740: 16726: 16720: 16718: 16710: 16709: 16697: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16689: 16688: 16686: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16580:Ottoman Greeks 16573: 16563: 16561: 16557: 16556: 16554: 16553: 16551:Third Republic 16548: 16543: 16541:Military junta 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16486:First Republic 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16466:Ottoman Greece 16463: 16448: 16446: 16434: 16433: 16431: 16430: 16425: 16412: 16407: 16405:Fourth Crusade 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16361: 16359: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16285:Archaic period 16282: 16277: 16271: 16269: 16260: 16259: 16257: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16215: 16213: 16200: 16199: 16187: 16186: 16184: 16183: 16178: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16160: 16159: 16152: 16145: 16137: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16124: 16114: 16104: 16093: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16085: 16083: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16030: 16029: 16026: 16025: 16022: 16021: 16018: 16017: 16015: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15883: 15881: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15760: 15758: 15749: 15741: 15740: 15738: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15676: 15674: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15598: 15596: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15586: 15581: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15555: 15553: 15547: 15546: 15544: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15502: 15500: 15494: 15493: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15444:Megara Hyblaea 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15424:Hybla Gereatis 15421: 15416: 15414:Heraclea Minoa 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15360: 15358: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15212: 15210: 15201: 15191: 15190: 15187: 15186: 15180: 15172: 15171: 15168: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15160: 15158:Attic numerals 15155: 15153:Greek numerals 15150: 15148:Greek alphabet 15145: 15140: 15135: 15129: 15127: 15121: 15120: 15118: 15117: 15112: 15111: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15044: 15042: 15036: 15035: 15032: 15031: 15029: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14982: 14980: 14974: 14973: 14971: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14939: 14933: 14929: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14885: 14883: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14859: 14858: 14848: 14842: 14836: 14830: 14829: 14827: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14805: 14804: 14802:Musical system 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14773: 14772: 14761: 14759: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14637: 14635: 14625: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14615: 14609: 14601: 14600: 14597: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14573: 14571: 14567: 14566: 14564: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14542: 14540: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14386: 14384: 14378: 14377: 14375: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14273: 14271: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14234:Mathematicians 14231: 14226: 14221: 14215: 14213: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14143:Kings of Argos 14139: 14137: 14131: 14130: 14118: 14117: 14105: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 14001:Cretan archers 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13971: 13965: 13963: 13957: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13949: 13944: 13938: 13936: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13910: 13908: 13902: 13901: 13899: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13867: 13865: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13819: 13813: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13803: 13800:Achaean League 13797: 13794:Euboean League 13791: 13785: 13782:Epirote League 13779: 13773: 13767: 13761: 13755: 13749: 13743: 13737: 13731: 13730:(c. 500–31 BC) 13725: 13712: 13699: 13693: 13680: 13662: 13660: 13658:Confederations 13649: 13648: 13646: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13594: 13592: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13582:Lissus (Crete) 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13493: 13491: 13481: 13480: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13460: 13452: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13359: 13357: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13330:Archaic Greece 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13306: 13304: 13296: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13286: 13280: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13268: 13262: 13259: 13258: 13255:Ancient Greece 13251: 13250: 13243: 13236: 13228: 13222: 13221: 13200: 13180: 13171: 13150: 13141: 13132: 13121: 13120:External links 13118: 13116: 13115: 13081:(2): 173–198. 13070: 13049: 13043: 13028: 13022: 13012:The Mycenaeans 13005: 12996: 12990: 12976: 12965: 12959: 12944: 12901: 12895: 12880: 12860:10.2307/504929 12854:(2): 138–141. 12843: 12834: 12828: 12813: 12807: 12792: 12783: 12777: 12762: 12749: 12729:10.2307/504928 12723:(2): 133–138. 12712: 12706: 12691: 12685: 12667: 12661: 12646: 12629: 12623: 12608: 12602: 12586: 12580: 12565: 12559: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12535: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12490: 12480:(1): 285–290. 12466: 12460: 12445: 12439: 12422: 12416: 12401: 12395: 12380: 12353: 12342: 12313: 12295:(170): 91–97. 12284: 12278: 12263: 12257: 12242: 12236: 12221: 12210: 12184:(4): 583–605. 12169: 12163: 12154:The Mycenaeans 12148: 12136:10.2307/506802 12130:(1): 133–134. 12117: 12091:(4): 669–681. 12073: 12067: 12050: 12029: 12023: 12008: 12002: 11987: 11981: 11962: 11957:Tell el-Amarna 11951: 11940: 11934: 11919: 11913: 11898: 11870: 11864: 11849: 11831:(2): 107–138. 11820: 11811: 11800: 11789: 11783: 11768: 11759: 11753: 11736: 11730: 11715: 11697:(3): 297–305. 11686: 11680: 11665: 11621:(2): 290–303. 11604: 11543: 11490: 11420: 11414: 11399: 11393: 11368: 11362: 11347: 11337:. Bethesda, MD 11326: 11320: 11305: 11299: 11284: 11278: 11261: 11251:(3): 277–296. 11240: 11234: 11217: 11211: 11196: 11190: 11178:Hood, Sinclair 11174: 11168: 11149: 11143: 11128: 11122: 11107: 11078: 11058: 11052: 11039: 11019:10.2307/505489 11013:(3): 403–440. 11002: 10991: 10946: 10940: 10925: 10916: 10910: 10895: 10875: 10860: 10840: 10825: 10819: 10804: 10784: 10778: 10760: 10754: 10739: 10718: 10709: 10696: 10680: 10674: 10659: 10653: 10638: 10629: 10576: 10570: 10554:Chadwick, John 10550: 10533: 10527: 10512: 10506: 10497:The Mycenaeans 10491: 10485: 10468: 10462: 10447: 10441: 10426: 10402: 10396: 10383: 10377: 10362: 10356: 10341: 10335: 10320: 10299: 10293: 10278: 10252:(4): 586–597. 10237: 10220: 10214: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10166: 10149: 10133: 10109: 10098: 10079: 10055: 10043: 10029: 10015: 10004: 9978: 9952: 9927: 9913: 9886:(3): 237–257. 9866: 9847:(3): 195–204. 9827: 9797: 9782: 9767: 9765:, p. 230. 9763:Castleden 2005 9755: 9751:Castleden 2005 9740: 9711: 9709:, p. 228. 9707:Castleden 2005 9699: 9697:, p. 235. 9695:Castleden 2005 9687: 9675: 9663: 9659:Castleden 2005 9646: 9639: 9633:. p. 43. 9617: 9591: 9565: 9534: 9508: 9491: 9479: 9467: 9463:Castleden 2005 9455: 9443: 9435:Dickinson 1977 9427: 9415: 9411:Dickinson 1977 9403: 9391: 9379: 9363: 9351: 9335: 9331:Immerwahr 1990 9319: 9308: 9297: 9285: 9272: 9260: 9258:, p. 107. 9256:Schofield 2006 9248: 9244:Castleden 2005 9236: 9224: 9216:Castleden 2005 9208: 9206:, p. 135. 9204:Castleden 2005 9189: 9177: 9136: 9124: 9122:, p. 123. 9120:Schofield 2006 9108: 9096: 9084: 9072: 9060: 9058:, p. 119. 9056:Schofield 2006 9048: 9036: 9024: 9016:Schofield 2006 9008: 8993: 8981: 8969: 8957: 8955:, p. 313. 8940: 8938:, p. 305. 8928: 8926:, p. 134. 8912: 8900: 8898:, p. 127. 8888: 8876: 8864: 8847: 8843:Schofield 2006 8835: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8780: 8768: 8756: 8731: 8708: 8696: 8679: 8667: 8652: 8637: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8578: 8566: 8554: 8542: 8540:, p. 159. 8527: 8514: 8502: 8490: 8478: 8466: 8449: 8421: 8409: 8407:, p. 143. 8405:Castleden 2005 8392: 8369: 8367:, p. 160. 8365:Castleden 2005 8357: 8355:, p. 144. 8353:Castleden 2005 8345: 8343:, p. 114. 8333: 8331:, p. 157. 8329:Castleden 2005 8321: 8319:, p. 146. 8317:Castleden 2005 8309: 8307:, p. 115. 8294: 8265: 8243: 8221: 8219:, p. 259. 8209: 8193: 8167: 8163:Castleden 2005 8155: 8135: 8121:, p. 15; 8099: 8085:, p. 22; 8075: 8063: 8061:, p. 196. 8051: 8049:, p. 197. 8039: 8025:, p. 29; 8015: 8011:Castleden 2005 8003: 7991: 7979: 7975:Stubbings 1951 7967: 7965:, p. 200. 7950: 7948:, p. 117. 7938: 7916: 7914:, p. 116. 7899: 7887: 7875: 7863: 7861:, p. 152. 7851: 7836: 7834:, p. 242. 7824: 7822:, p. 145. 7807: 7795: 7762: 7728: 7712: 7700: 7685: 7664: 7662:, p. 350. 7652: 7640: 7628: 7616: 7604: 7589: 7587:, p. 127. 7577: 7565: 7550: 7538: 7526: 7514: 7495: 7476: 7461: 7459:, p. 129. 7449: 7440: 7392: 7380: 7368: 7356: 7354:, p. 126. 7331: 7329:, p. 219. 7327:Castleden 2005 7316: 7314:, p. 130. 7301: 7294: 7276: 7261: 7259:, p. 290. 7249: 7237: 7222: 7220:, p. 224. 7210: 7204:, p. 58; 7194: 7182: 7180:, p. 193. 7170: 7158: 7152:, p. 59; 7142: 7130: 7113: 7107:, p. 11; 7097: 7085: 7083:, p. 107. 7070: 7066:Castleden 2005 7058: 7056:, p. 361. 7043: 7031: 7019: 7002: 6998:Schofield 2006 6990: 6986:Schofield 2006 6973: 6961: 6957:Schofield 2006 6955:, p. 97; 6953:Castleden 2005 6945: 6938: 6920: 6916:Schofield 2006 6908: 6904:Schofield 2006 6896: 6888:Dickinson 1977 6880: 6876:Schofield 2006 6868: 6864:Schofield 2006 6856: 6852:Schofield 2006 6844: 6840:Schofield 2006 6825: 6813: 6809:Dickinson 1999 6805:Dickinson 1977 6794: 6782: 6780:, p. 672. 6770: 6758: 6756:, p. 357. 6746: 6744:, p. 122. 6734: 6722: 6720:, p. 123. 6710: 6695: 6693:, p. 159. 6679: 6664: 6652: 6650:, p. 138. 6640: 6638:, p. 120. 6625: 6613: 6601: 6589: 6587:, p. 617. 6577: 6563: 6546: 6534: 6518: 6498: 6486: 6484:, p. 192. 6482:Castleden 2005 6471: 6455: 6453:(Figure 2-A)." 6435: 6410: 6387: 6357: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6270: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6106: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6035:Chania, Crete 6033: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6005:Chania, Crete 6003: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5975:Chania, Crete 5973: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5945:Chania, Crete 5943: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5915:Chania, Crete 5913: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5885:Chania, Crete 5883: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5855:Chania, Crete 5853: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5825:Chania, Crete 5823: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5795:Chania, Crete 5793: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5765:Chania, Crete 5763: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5735:Chania, Crete 5733: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5705:Chania, Crete 5703: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5675:Chania, Crete 5673: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5645:Chania, Crete 5643: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5615:Chania, Crete 5613: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5585:Chania, Crete 5583: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5555:Chania, Crete 5553: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5525:Chania, Crete 5523: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5405:Chania, Crete 5403: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5375:Chania, Crete 5373: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5060: 5059: 5058:J2a1a2b2a2b2~ 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4929:Chania, Crete 4927: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4899:Chania, Crete 4897: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4869:Chania, Crete 4867: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4839:Chania, Crete 4837: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4809:Chania, Crete 4807: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4520: 4519: 4518:J2a1a2b2a2b2~ 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3977:Chania, Crete 3975: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3910:western steppe 3792:western steppe 3761: 3742:archaeogenetic 3710: 3707: 3619: 3616: 3593:Greek language 3569: 1600 BC 3550:Main article: 3547: 3544: 3523: 3520: 3487: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3451:Kurgan culture 3440: 3437: 3416: 3413: 3338: 3335: 3275:Minoan pottery 3262:Grave Circle A 3246:Main article: 3243: 3240: 3179: 3176: 3153: 3150: 3134:Dendra panoply 3077:Main article: 3074: 3071: 3048: 3045: 2945: 2944:Fortifications 2942: 2878: 2875: 2870:Main article: 2867: 2864: 2860:ki-ri-te-wi-ja 2846: 2843: 2816: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2799: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2602:identified in 2569: 2566: 2505:southern Italy 2424: 2421: 2380: 2377: 2365:palace economy 2360: 2357: 2321: 2318: 2252:po-ro-ko-re-te 2186: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2153: 2150: 2105: 2102: 2085: 2082: 2026: 1200 BC 2000: 1997: 1991:, also in the 1951:Ionian islands 1922: 1919: 1911: 1220 BC 1863: 1200 BC 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1827:correspondence 1768: 1400 BC 1741: 1220 BC 1722: 1719: 1693:Central Greece 1653: 1400 BC 1627: 1450 BC 1588: 1400 BC 1545: 1450 BC 1529: 1526: 1389:Indo-Europeans 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1338: 1400 BC 1283: 1437 BC 1261: 1400 BC 1151: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116:Ceramic period 1099: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070:Ceramic period 1053: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016:Ceramic period 872:Main article: 869: 866: 838:Archaic Greece 805:their religion 801:Greek language 742:Central Greece 686:ancient Greece 669: 668: 666: 665: 658: 651: 643: 640: 639: 626: 625: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 554: 548:Military Junta 545: 536: 518: 509: 500: 497:(1914/15-1917) 491: 482: 473: 464: 454: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 434:Ottoman Greece 431: 422: 416:Venetian Crete 412: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 389: 382: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 360: 357:(323 BC–31 BC) 351: 342: 336:Archaic Greece 333: 323: 320:Ancient Greece 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 294: 278: 262: 255: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 235: 230: 229: 226: 225: 217: 216: 207: 206: 199: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 179:Tiryns culture 168: 164: 163: 162: 161: 159:Greek language 152: 147: 144:Palace-centric 139: 135: 134: 113: 109: 108: 103: 97: 96: 94: 1050 BC 84: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23162: 23151: 23148: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23136: 23133: 23131: 23128: 23127: 23125: 23112: 23106: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23051: 23049: 23041: 23037: 23031: 23028: 23026: 23023: 23021: 23018: 23016: 23013: 23011: 23008: 23006: 23003: 23001: 22998: 22996: 22993: 22991: 22990:Tagar culture 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22976: 22975:Samus culture 22973: 22971: 22970:Penard Period 22968: 22966: 22965:Ordos culture 22963: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22936: 22933: 22931: 22928: 22926: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22891: 22890:Ezero culture 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22871: 22868: 22866: 22863: 22861: 22858: 22856: 22853: 22851: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22802: 22800: 22798: 22794: 22790: 22784: 22780: 22773: 22768: 22766: 22761: 22759: 22754: 22753: 22750: 22725: 22724: 22720: 22716: 22715: 22711: 22709: 22708: 22704: 22702: 22701: 22700:Metamorphoses 22697: 22695: 22693: 22692:The Histories 22689: 22687: 22686: 22682: 22680: 22679: 22675: 22673: 22671: 22670:The Histories 22667: 22665: 22664: 22660: 22659: 22657: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22637: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22627: 22625: 22624: 22621: 22614: 22610: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22576: 22574: 22572: 22569: 22567: 22564: 22562: 22559: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22538: 22536: 22530: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22480: 22478: 22472: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22448: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22438: 22436: 22432: 22431: 22427: 22426: 22425: 22422: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22412: 22408: 22406: 22405: 22401: 22400: 22398: 22394: 22393: 22389: 22387: 22386: 22385:Marumaru Atua 22382: 22380: 22379: 22375: 22373: 22372: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22360: 22356: 22354: 22353: 22349: 22347: 22346: 22345:Samudra Raksa 22342: 22340: 22339: 22335: 22333: 22332: 22331:Te Au o Tonga 22328: 22326: 22325: 22321: 22319: 22318: 22314: 22313: 22312: 22309: 22305: 22304: 22300: 22296: 22294: 22293: 22289: 22288: 22287: 22284: 22283: 22281: 22275: 22269: 22266: 22265: 22263: 22259: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22237: 22235: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22215: 22211: 22209: 22208: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22197: 22194: 22192: 22191:Blackfriars I 22189: 22187: 22186:Arles Rhône 3 22184: 22182: 22181: 22177: 22176: 22174: 22170: 22167: 22166: 22164: 22160: 22157: 22155: 22152: 22151: 22149: 22145: 22144: 22140: 22138: 22137: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22122: 22120: 22118: 22115: 22111: 22108: 22107: 22106: 22103: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22090: 22089: 22086: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22023: 22021: 22018: 22017: 22015: 22013: 22007: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21993: 21991: 21990:Thalassocracy 21988: 21986: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21976: 21975:Shell middens 21973: 21971: 21968: 21966: 21963: 21961: 21958: 21956: 21953: 21951: 21948: 21944: 21941: 21939: 21936: 21934: 21931: 21930: 21928: 21926: 21925:Naval warfare 21923: 21921: 21918: 21916: 21913: 21911: 21908: 21904: 21901: 21900: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21885: 21883: 21877: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21838: 21836: 21832: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21805:Lionel Casson 21803: 21801: 21798: 21797: 21795: 21791: 21788: 21784: 21780: 21773: 21769: 21750: 21747: 21745: 21742: 21740: 21737: 21735: 21732: 21730: 21727: 21725: 21722: 21720: 21717: 21716: 21713: 21706: 21702: 21681: 21678: 21677: 21676: 21673: 21669: 21666: 21665: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21648: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21636:Incense trade 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21588: 21585: 21581: 21575: 21571: 21546: 21543: 21542: 21541: 21540:South America 21538: 21536: 21533: 21531: 21528: 21524: 21521: 21520: 21519: 21516: 21515: 21513: 21509: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21488:Sailing ships 21486: 21484: 21483:Oared vessels 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21465: 21462: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21405:Cape Hermaeum 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21327: 21324: 21323: 21321: 21319: 21315: 21309: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21290: 21288: 21286: 21282: 21279: 21275: 21269: 21266: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21243: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21227: 21224: 21223: 21221: 21219: 21216:Migration and 21213: 21207: 21204: 21202: 21199: 21197: 21194: 21192: 21189: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21176: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21119: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21037: 21036: 21033: 21029: 21026: 21025: 21024: 21023:Ancient Egypt 21021: 21020: 21018: 21016:Civilizations 21014: 21008: 21005: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20992: 20991: 20988: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20977: 20975: 20971: 20967: 20963: 20958: 20954: 20931: 20928: 20926: 20923: 20921: 20918: 20916: 20913: 20911: 20908: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20830: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20675: 20673: 20670: 20669: 20667: 20662: 20658: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20636: 20634: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20621: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20608: 20605: 20604: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20579: 20577: 20575: 20571: 20567: 20560: 20556: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20499: 20497: 20493: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20446: 20445: 20442: 20440: 20437: 20436: 20434: 20432: 20428: 20420: 20417: 20416: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20391:Clinker built 20389: 20387: 20384: 20382: 20379: 20377: 20376:Boat building 20374: 20373: 20371: 20369: 20365: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20337: 20334: 20333: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20290: 20287: 20286: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20265: 20262: 20260: 20257: 20256: 20254: 20250: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20225: 20223: 20219: 20213: 20210: 20208: 20205: 20203: 20200: 20198: 20195: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20157: 20155: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20137: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20125:Navis lusoria 20123: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20099: 20096: 20095: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20060: 20058: 20056: 20052: 20048: 20044: 20039: 20035: 20031: 20024: 20019: 20017: 20012: 20010: 20005: 20004: 20001: 19989: 19985: 19981: 19979: 19971: 19970: 19967: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19915: 19913: 19909: 19903: 19900: 19897: 19893: 19889: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19844: 19842: 19838: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19801:Protestantism 19799: 19797: 19794: 19791: 19787: 19783: 19779: 19775: 19771: 19767: 19763: 19759: 19755: 19751: 19747: 19743: 19739: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19709: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19679: 19675: 19671: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19651: 19647: 19643: 19639: 19635: 19631: 19627: 19623: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19593: 19589: 19585: 19582: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19572: 19565: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19550: 19546: 19542: 19538: 19534: 19530: 19526: 19522: 19518: 19514: 19510: 19506: 19502: 19498: 19494: 19490: 19486: 19482: 19478: 19474: 19470: 19466: 19462: 19458: 19454: 19450: 19446: 19442: 19439: 19436: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19426:Ionian School 19424: 19422: 19419: 19416: 19412: 19408: 19404: 19403:Peloponnesian 19400: 19396: 19392: 19388: 19384: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19369: 19365: 19361: 19357: 19353: 19349: 19345: 19341: 19337: 19333: 19329: 19325: 19321: 19317: 19313: 19309: 19305: 19301: 19297: 19293: 19289: 19285: 19281: 19277: 19273: 19269: 19265: 19261: 19257: 19253: 19249: 19245: 19241: 19237: 19233: 19229: 19226: 19224: 19221: 19220: 19218: 19216: 19212: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19200:Media freedom 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19177: 19175: 19173: 19169: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19149: 19146: 19143: 19139: 19135: 19131: 19127: 19123: 19122:Balkan Romani 19119: 19115: 19111: 19107: 19104: 19101: 19097: 19093: 19089: 19086: 19083: 19079: 19075: 19071: 19070:Ancient Greek 19067: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19052: 19048: 19044: 19040: 19036: 19032: 19028: 19024: 19020: 19016: 19012: 19008: 19005: 19003: 18999: 18995: 18991: 18990:Cyrillization 18987: 18983: 18979: 18975: 18971: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18963: 18959: 18952: 18948: 18944: 18940: 18936: 18932: 18928: 18924: 18920: 18916: 18912: 18908: 18904: 18900: 18896: 18892: 18888: 18884: 18881: 18878: 18874: 18870: 18866: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18854: 18850: 18846: 18842: 18838: 18835: 18831: 18827: 18823: 18820: 18817: 18813: 18809: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18797: 18793: 18790: 18787: 18783: 18779: 18775: 18771: 18767: 18763: 18760: 18757: 18753: 18749: 18745: 18741: 18737: 18733: 18729: 18725: 18721: 18718: 18715: 18714:Frappé coffee 18711: 18707: 18703: 18699: 18695: 18691: 18687: 18683: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18671: 18667: 18663: 18659: 18655: 18651: 18647: 18643: 18639: 18635: 18632: 18628: 18624: 18620: 18616: 18612: 18611: 18609: 18607: 18603: 18597: 18596:Religious art 18594: 18591: 18587: 18584: 18581: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18568: 18565: 18562: 18558: 18555: 18554: 18552: 18550: 18546: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18509: 18505: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18485:Hellenophobia 18482: 18481:Philhellenism 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18456: 18452: 18448: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18436:Hellenization 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18411:Eastern Party 18409: 18406: 18402: 18398: 18394: 18390: 18389:Mariner's cap 18386: 18382: 18378: 18374: 18370: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18342: 18340: 18338: 18334: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18317: 18313: 18309: 18305: 18301: 18297: 18293: 18289: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18274: 18270: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18253: 18249: 18245: 18238: 18234: 18224: 18221: 18218: 18214: 18210: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18165: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18145: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18100: 18096: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18081: 18077: 18074: 18071: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18051: 18047: 18044: 18041: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18023: 18020: 18016: 18011: 18007: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17974: 17972: 17970: 17966: 17960: 17957: 17954: 17950: 17946: 17943: 17940: 17936: 17932: 17928: 17925: 17922: 17918: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17904: 17900: 17899:Republicanism 17896: 17893: 17890: 17886: 17883: 17880: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17866: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17829: 17825: 17821: 17817: 17814: 17811: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17793: 17791: 17789:Social issues 17787: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17770: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17732: 17730: 17728: 17724: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17697: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17669: 17667: 17665: 17661: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17639: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17616: 17614: 17610: 17604: 17603:Supreme Court 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17590: 17588: 17586: 17582: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17552: 17550: 17548: 17544: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17527: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17514: 17512: 17508: 17501: 17497: 17494: 17491: 17487: 17484: 17481: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17468: 17466: 17462: 17456: 17453: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17438: 17434: 17430: 17429:Constitutions 17427: 17424: 17420: 17416: 17412: 17411: 17409: 17407: 17403: 17399: 17395: 17390: 17386: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17337: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17324: 17322: 17320: 17316: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17259: 17257: 17255: 17251: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17229: 17225: 17221: 17217: 17214: 17211: 17207: 17203: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17180: 17178: 17174: 17167: 17163: 17159: 17155: 17152: 17149: 17145: 17141: 17137: 17133: 17129: 17126: 17123: 17119: 17115: 17111: 17107: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17092: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17069: 17066: 17063: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17035: 17031: 17027: 17023: 17019: 17015: 17011: 17007: 17004: 17001: 16997: 16993: 16989: 16985: 16981: 16977: 16973: 16970: 16967: 16963: 16959: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16945: 16941: 16937: 16933: 16929: 16925: 16921: 16917: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16901: 16897: 16893: 16889: 16885: 16882: 16879: 16875: 16871: 16867: 16863: 16859: 16855: 16851: 16847: 16843: 16839: 16835: 16832: 16829: 16825: 16821: 16817: 16813: 16810: 16807: 16803: 16799: 16795: 16791: 16787: 16783: 16779: 16775: 16771: 16767: 16764: 16763: 16761: 16759: 16755: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16738: 16734: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16721: 16719: 16715: 16711: 16707: 16702: 16698: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16668: 16664: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16625:Greek Muslims 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16605: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16568: 16565: 16564: 16562: 16558: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16461: 16457: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16442: 16435: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16360: 16355: 16351: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16265: 16261: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16219:Neolithic Age 16217: 16216: 16214: 16211:(pre-1100 BC) 16209: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16192: 16188: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16173: 16170: 16165: 16158: 16153: 16151: 16146: 16144: 16139: 16138: 16135: 16123: 16115: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16103: 16095: 16094: 16091: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16054: 16051: 16050: 16049: 16046: 16045: 16042: 16035: 16031: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15876: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15753: 15750: 15746: 15742: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15677: 15675: 15673: 15669: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15622:Hemeroscopion 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15599: 15597: 15595: 15591: 15585: 15582: 15579: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15556: 15554: 15552: 15548: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15503: 15501: 15499: 15495: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15357: 15353: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15211: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15199:Magna Graecia 15196: 15192: 15185: 15182: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15128: 15126: 15122: 15116: 15113: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15073:Arcadocypriot 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15041: 15037: 15027: 15026:Zeus, Olympia 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15011:Hera, Olympia 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14983: 14981: 14979: 14975: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14940: 14937: 14934: 14930: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14914:Mount Olympus 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14882:Sacred places 14880: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14857: 14854: 14853: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14831: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14803: 14800: 14799: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14753: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14706:Olympic Games 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14696:Homosexuality 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14634: 14630: 14626: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14606: 14602: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14574: 14572: 14568: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14543: 14541: 14537: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14383: 14379: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14210: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14123: 14119: 14115: 14110: 14106: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14066:Seleucid army 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13958: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13937: 13935: 13931: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13911: 13909: 13907: 13903: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13864: 13860: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13808: 13801: 13798: 13795: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13741: 13740:Delian League 13738: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13716: 13713: 13703: 13700: 13697: 13696:Ionian League 13694: 13684: 13681: 13677: 560 BC 13667: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13659: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13486: 13482: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13418:Magna Graecia 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13267: 13264: 13263: 13260: 13256: 13249: 13244: 13242: 13237: 13235: 13230: 13229: 13226: 13210: 13206: 13201: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13172: 13160: 13156: 13151: 13147: 13142: 13138: 13133: 13129: 13124: 13123: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13076: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13055: 13050: 13046: 13040: 13036: 13035: 13029: 13025: 13019: 13014: 13013: 13006: 13002: 12997: 12993: 12987: 12983: 12977: 12973: 12972: 12966: 12962: 12956: 12952: 12951: 12945: 12938: 12934: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12907: 12902: 12898: 12892: 12888: 12887: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12844: 12840: 12835: 12831: 12829:9780710083791 12825: 12821: 12820: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12793: 12789: 12784: 12780: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12763: 12760:(2): 114–122. 12759: 12755: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12713: 12709: 12703: 12699: 12698: 12692: 12688: 12682: 12678: 12677: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12658: 12654: 12653: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12630: 12626: 12620: 12616: 12615: 12609: 12605: 12599: 12595: 12594: 12587: 12583: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12552: 12551: 12545: 12544: 12532: 12531: 12526: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12514:9781139001892 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12497: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12461:9789170812378 12457: 12453: 12452: 12446: 12442: 12436: 12431: 12430: 12423: 12419: 12413: 12409: 12408: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12388: 12387: 12381: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12359: 12354: 12350: 12349: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12285: 12281: 12275: 12271: 12270: 12264: 12260: 12258:9781107067134 12254: 12250: 12249: 12243: 12239: 12233: 12229: 12228: 12222: 12218: 12217: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12170: 12166: 12164:9780892368679 12160: 12156: 12155: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12124: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12064: 12059: 12058: 12051: 12039: 12035: 12030: 12026: 12020: 12016: 12015: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11995: 11994: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11974: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11959: 11958: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11941: 11937: 11935:9782869583702 11931: 11927: 11926: 11920: 11916: 11910: 11906: 11905: 11899: 11887: 11883: 11876: 11871: 11867: 11861: 11857: 11856: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11821: 11817: 11812: 11808: 11807: 11801: 11797: 11796: 11790: 11786: 11784:9780691035239 11780: 11776: 11775: 11769: 11765: 11760: 11756: 11754:9780195076189 11750: 11746: 11742: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11723: 11722: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11673: 11672: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11421: 11417: 11415:9780199263080 11411: 11407: 11406: 11400: 11396: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11376: 11375: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11355: 11354: 11348: 11336: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11321:9781400846306 11317: 11313: 11312: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11292: 11291: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11241: 11237: 11235:9781785706325 11231: 11227: 11223: 11218: 11214: 11212:9781848842939 11208: 11204: 11203: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11165: 11161: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11136: 11135: 11129: 11125: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11079: 11068: 11064: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11045: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11003: 10999: 10998: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10947: 10943: 10941:9780199651924 10937: 10933: 10932: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10896: 10892: 10886: 10878: 10876:9781841769448 10872: 10868: 10867: 10861: 10857: 10851: 10843: 10841:9781841767628 10837: 10833: 10832: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10811: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10764:Drews, Robert 10761: 10757: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10729:(1): 97–107. 10728: 10724: 10719: 10715: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10686: 10681: 10677: 10671: 10667: 10666: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10646: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10573: 10567: 10562: 10561: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10499: 10498: 10492: 10488: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10469: 10465: 10463:9780199279081 10459: 10455: 10454: 10448: 10444: 10438: 10434: 10433: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10408: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10378:9781900188821 10374: 10370: 10369: 10363: 10359: 10357:9781849081955 10353: 10349: 10348: 10342: 10338: 10336:9780521119542 10332: 10328: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10310:(1–2): 3–20. 10309: 10305: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10286: 10285: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10207: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10186: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10142: 10137: 10118: 10113: 10107: 10102: 10094: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10052: 10047: 10041: 10036: 10034: 10027: 10022: 10020: 10013: 10008: 9993: 9989: 9982: 9967: 9963: 9956: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9920: 9918: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9802: 9793: 9786: 9778: 9771: 9764: 9759: 9753:, p. 231 9752: 9747: 9745: 9737: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9703: 9696: 9691: 9684: 9679: 9672: 9667: 9660: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9642: 9640:9789602504802 9636: 9632: 9628: 9621: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9553: 9549: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9488: 9487:Graziado 1991 9483: 9477:, p. 95. 9476: 9471: 9465:, p. 97. 9464: 9459: 9452: 9447: 9441:, p. 48. 9440: 9436: 9431: 9424: 9419: 9412: 9407: 9401:, p. 90. 9400: 9395: 9388: 9383: 9376: 9372: 9367: 9360: 9355: 9348: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9317: 9312: 9306: 9301: 9294: 9289: 9282: 9276: 9269: 9264: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9240: 9233: 9232:Furumark 1941 9228: 9221: 9217: 9212: 9205: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9186: 9181: 9173: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9128: 9121: 9117: 9112: 9106:, p. 20. 9105: 9100: 9093: 9088: 9082:, p. 27. 9081: 9076: 9070:, p. 23. 9069: 9064: 9057: 9052: 9046:, p. 22. 9045: 9040: 9034:, p. 63. 9033: 9028: 9022:, p. 13. 9021: 9017: 9012: 9006:, p. 50. 9005: 9000: 8998: 8990: 8985: 8979:, p. 10. 8978: 8973: 8966: 8961: 8954: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8937: 8932: 8925: 8921: 8920:Wikander 1990 8916: 8910:, p. 44. 8909: 8904: 8897: 8892: 8885: 8880: 8873: 8868: 8862:, p. 11. 8861: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8845:, p. 78. 8844: 8839: 8833:, p. 10. 8832: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8813: 8808: 8801: 8796: 8790:, p. 20. 8789: 8784: 8778:, p. 110 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8754:, p. 109 8753: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8719: 8712: 8706:, p. 485 8705: 8700: 8693: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8676: 8671: 8664: 8659: 8657: 8649: 8644: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8590: 8585: 8583: 8576:, p. 76. 8575: 8574:Chadwick 1976 8570: 8563: 8558: 8551: 8550:Chadwick 1976 8546: 8539: 8534: 8532: 8525:, p. 88. 8524: 8523:Chadwick 1976 8518: 8511: 8506: 8500:, p. 99. 8499: 8498:Chadwick 1976 8494: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8474:Chadwick 1976 8470: 8463: 8462:Chadwick 1976 8458: 8456: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8433:Chadwick 1976 8430: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8361: 8354: 8349: 8342: 8337: 8330: 8325: 8318: 8313: 8306: 8301: 8299: 8282: 8277: 8269: 8253: 8247: 8231: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8206: 8202: 8197: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8164: 8159: 8153:, p. 15. 8152: 8149:, p. 3; 8148: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8123:Vianello 2005 8120: 8116: 8112: 8109:, p. 4; 8108: 8103: 8097:, p. 15. 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8083:Tartaron 2013 8079: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8032: 8031:Nikolaou 1973 8028: 8024: 8023:Tartaron 2013 8019: 8012: 8007: 8000: 7995: 7988: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7947: 7942: 7931: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7897:, p. 24. 7896: 7895:Tartaron 2013 7891: 7885:, p. 96. 7884: 7879: 7872: 7867: 7860: 7859:Chadwick 1976 7855: 7849:, p. 94. 7848: 7843: 7841: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7782:Scott, Robert 7779: 7775: 7766: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7748:Scott, Robert 7745: 7741: 7732: 7725: 7721: 7720:Chadwick 1976 7716: 7710:, p. 57. 7709: 7704: 7698:, p. 11. 7697: 7692: 7690: 7682: 7681:Chadwick 1976 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7661: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7637: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7614:, p. 97. 7613: 7608: 7601: 7596: 7594: 7586: 7581: 7574: 7573:Alexakha 2016 7569: 7563:, p. 19. 7562: 7561:Tartaron 2013 7557: 7555: 7548:, p. 49. 7547: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7480: 7474:, p. 18. 7473: 7472:Tartaron 2013 7468: 7466: 7458: 7453: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7396: 7390:, p. 20. 7389: 7388:Tartaron 2013 7384: 7378:, p. 32. 7377: 7372: 7366:, p. 33. 7365: 7360: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7328: 7323: 7321: 7313: 7308: 7306: 7297: 7295:9781948488846 7291: 7287: 7280: 7274:, p. 34. 7273: 7268: 7266: 7258: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7235:, p. 27. 7234: 7229: 7227: 7219: 7214: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7192:, p. 26. 7191: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7156:, p. 23. 7155: 7151: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7127: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7111:, p. 53. 7110: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7048: 7040: 7035: 7029:, p. 21. 7028: 7027:Tartaron 2013 7023: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7000:, p. 75. 6999: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6971:, p. 28. 6970: 6969:Tartaron 2013 6965: 6959:, p. 55. 6958: 6954: 6949: 6941: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6906:, p. 67. 6905: 6900: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6878:, p. 32. 6877: 6872: 6866:, p. 48. 6865: 6860: 6854:, p. 51. 6853: 6848: 6842:, p. 31. 6841: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6822: 6817: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6791: 6786: 6779: 6774: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6732:, p. 58. 6731: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6702: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6671: 6669: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6637: 6632: 6630: 6623:, p. 43. 6622: 6621:Beckwith 2009 6617: 6610: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6585:Chadwick 1976 6581: 6573: 6567: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6543: 6538: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6407: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6354: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6274: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5448: 5447: 5444:G2a2b2b1a1a2 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5298: 5297: 5294:G2a2a1a2a1a1 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4522: 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3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3632:Homer's Epics 3629: 3625: 3615: 3612: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3558: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3370:Benaki Museum 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3239: 3229: 3225: 3224:Sinclair Hood 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194:, Bulls-head 3193: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3146: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3085: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014:Classical era 3011: 3007: 3006:crenellations 3003: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2941: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2824: 2821:signet seal, 2820: 2813: 2803: 2796: 2782: 2774: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2562:Mediterranean 2559: 2558:opium poppies 2555: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2437: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2314: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2160: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1903: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1868: 1857: 1852: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821:could have a 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788:Hattusili III 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1621: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1582: 1579:in Italy and 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1377: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1295: 1294:Amenhotep III 1291: 1290:Thutmoses III 1288: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1250:a-ka-wi-ja-de 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1213:Indo-European 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190:Indo-European 1187: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1001: 970: 946: 930: 926: 908: 904: 900: 896: 889: 885: 880: 875: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 823: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 789:Mediterranean 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 706:Mediterranean 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 664: 659: 657: 652: 650: 645: 644: 642: 641: 638: 628: 627: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 570: 569: 558: 555: 549: 546: 540: 537: 530: 526: 522: 519: 513: 510: 504: 501: 495: 492: 486: 483: 477: 474: 468: 465: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451:Modern Greece 447: 446: 435: 432: 426: 423: 417: 414: 413: 410: 405: 404: 393: 390: 387: 384: 383: 380: 375: 374: 364: 361: 355: 352: 346: 343: 337: 334: 328: 325: 324: 321: 316: 315: 298: 295: 282: 279: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 253: 248: 247: 240: 237: 236: 233: 228: 227: 223: 219: 218: 215: 209: 208: 203: 198: 197: 190: 187: 183: 180: 176: 172: 169: 165: 160: 156: 153: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 140: 136: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 104: 102: 98: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 68: 64: 60: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 22949: 22789:Chalcolithic 22721: 22712: 22705: 22698: 22691: 22683: 22678:On the Ocean 22676: 22669: 22661: 22658:Literature: 22446: 22428: 22409: 22402: 22392:Aotearoa One 22390: 22383: 22376: 22369: 22357: 22350: 22343: 22336: 22329: 22322: 22315: 22302: 22298: 22290: 22277:Experimental 22245:Museum ships 22212: 22205: 22178: 22150:Phoenician: 22141: 22136:Leontophoros 22134: 22098:Butuan boats 22093:Pontian boat 22031:Dufuna canoe 21970:Shipbuilding 21881:and theories 21851:Boris Rankov 21645: 21578:Economy and 21478:Incendiaries 21325: 21153: 21112:Indus Valley 21080:Tarumanagara 21007:Ubaid period 20925:Wadi al-Jarf 20840:Ostia Antica 20444:Fore-and-aft 20411:Shipbuilding 20386:Carvel built 20368:Construction 20326:Steering oar 20207:Sailing ship 20130:Obelisk ship 20088:Dugout canoe 19923:Coat of arms 19902:Rugby league 19816:Thymiaterion 19650:Contemporary 19638:19th century 19445:Askomandoura 19308:Metsovitikos 19272:Kalamatianos 19223:Church music 19082:Modern Greek 19015:Katharevousa 18994:Romanization 18931:Moschofilero 18845:Taramosalata 18766:Amygdalopita 18666:Spoon sweets 18658:Melomakarona 18580:19th century 18557:Architecture 18529:Tsiknopempti 18355:Clean Monday 18252:Demographics 18213:Athens Metro 18200:Trade unions 18170:Space Agency 18056:Central bank 18050:Central bank 17875:Conservatism 17849:Prostitution 17834:Human rights 17810:universities 17750:Conscription 17406:Constitution 17298:Thracian Sea 17286:Sea of Crete 17062:Thessaloniki 16944:Kastellorizo 16667:royal family 16595:Coups d'état 16590:Colonization 16531:World War II 16452:Stato da Màr 16437:Early modern 16410:Frankokratia 16248: 16176:Basic topics 15917:Dionysopolis 15887:Abonoteichos 15839:Pantikapaion 15429:Hybla Heraea 14765:Architecture 14721:Prostitution 14410:Aristophanes 14269:Philosophers 14239:Philosophers 14071:Spartan army 13802:(280–146 BC) 13790:(338–322 BC) 13784:(370–168 BC) 13772:(374–196 BC) 13766:(378–355 BC) 13748:(430–348 BC) 13742:(478–404 BC) 13736:(499–449 BC) 13423:Peloponnesus 13345:Roman Greece 13319: 13213:. Retrieved 13209:the original 13194:26 September 13192:. Retrieved 13188:the original 13163:. Retrieved 13159:the original 13078: 13074: 13060:(1): 66–76. 13057: 13053: 13033: 13011: 13000: 12981: 12970: 12949: 12937:the original 12919:(1): 43–63. 12916: 12912: 12885: 12851: 12847: 12838: 12818: 12797: 12787: 12767: 12757: 12753: 12720: 12716: 12696: 12675: 12651: 12641: 12637: 12613: 12591: 12570: 12549: 12529: 12495: 12477: 12473: 12450: 12428: 12406: 12385: 12373:the original 12368: 12364: 12347: 12321: 12317: 12292: 12288: 12268: 12247: 12226: 12215: 12181: 12177: 12153: 12127: 12121: 12088: 12084: 12056: 12042:. Retrieved 12038:the original 12013: 11992: 11971: 11956: 11945: 11924: 11903: 11890:. Retrieved 11885: 11881: 11854: 11828: 11824: 11815: 11805: 11794: 11773: 11763: 11744: 11720: 11694: 11690: 11670: 11618: 11612: 11557: 11551: 11504: 11498: 11443: 11437: 11404: 11373: 11352: 11339:. 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Retrieved 9522:Live Science 9521: 9511: 9482: 9470: 9458: 9446: 9439:Anthony 2007 9430: 9418: 9406: 9399:Hammond 1967 9394: 9382: 9366: 9354: 9347:Taylour 1970 9343:Taylour 1969 9338: 9322: 9311: 9300: 9288: 9280: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9239: 9227: 9219: 9211: 9180: 9153: 9149: 9139: 9127: 9111: 9099: 9087: 9075: 9063: 9051: 9039: 9027: 9011: 8991:, p. 7. 8984: 8972: 8965:Palaima 1999 8960: 8931: 8915: 8903: 8891: 8884:Iacovou 2013 8879: 8867: 8838: 8814:, p. 46 8807: 8802:, p. 45 8795: 8783: 8771: 8766:, p. 21 8759: 8724:25 September 8722:. Retrieved 8711: 8699: 8694:, p. 19 8670: 8620: 8608: 8596: 8569: 8562:Mylonas 1966 8557: 8545: 8538:Mylonas 1966 8517: 8505: 8493: 8486:Nilsson 1967 8481: 8469: 8464:, p. 95 8444: 8440: 8436: 8429:Nilsson 1967 8424: 8417:Nilsson 1940 8412: 8385:25 September 8383:. Retrieved 8372: 8360: 8348: 8336: 8324: 8312: 8285:. Retrieved 8268: 8256:. Retrieved 8246: 8234:. Retrieved 8224: 8212: 8196: 8184:. Retrieved 8180:the original 8170: 8158: 8147:Ridgway 1992 8138: 8111:Taylour 1958 8107:Ridgway 1992 8102: 8078: 8066: 8054: 8042: 8018: 8006: 7994: 7982: 7970: 7941: 7925: 7919: 7890: 7878: 7873:, p. 6. 7866: 7854: 7827: 7805:, p. 7. 7798: 7785: 7765: 7751: 7731: 7715: 7703: 7655: 7643: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7602:, p. 9. 7585:Freeman 2014 7580: 7568: 7541: 7534:Mylonas 1966 7529: 7522:Mylonas 1966 7517: 7508: 7498: 7489: 7479: 7452: 7443: 7410: 7406: 7395: 7383: 7371: 7359: 7352:Freeman 2014 7285: 7279: 7252: 7240: 7213: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7161: 7145: 7133: 7128:, p. 6. 7100: 7088: 7061: 7034: 7022: 7017:, p. 8. 6993: 6964: 6948: 6929: 6923: 6911: 6899: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6816: 6785: 6778:Sergent 1982 6773: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6713: 6708:, p. 4. 6682: 6655: 6643: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6566: 6558: 6549: 6537: 6526:Peruzzi 1980 6521: 6501: 6489: 6458: 6451:Glykys Limin 6450: 6443:Hammond 1976 6438: 6426:. Retrieved 6422: 6413: 6353:Knodell 2021 6316:Submycenaean 6273: 6264: 5951:HV4a1+16291 3906: 3898: 3788: 3768: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3718: 3712: 3698: 3694: 3680: 3668:Roman period 3661: 3650: 3643: 3621: 3563: 3525: 3496: 3442: 3433:bull leaping 3426: 3409: 3398: 3375: 3340: 3322: 3295: 3279:stirrup jars 3271: 3216:Minoan seals 3204:Theseus Ring 3200:Nestor's Cup 3181: 3167:bull-leaping 3155: 3126: 3117: 3112: 3098: 3060: 3050: 3022: 3009: 2994: 2993: 2962: 2934: 2923: 2891: 2866:Architecture 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2839: 2835: 2818: 2779: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2728: 2720: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2600: 2552: 2525: 2502: 2478: 2446: 2442: 2410: 2406:shipbuilding 2382: 2373: 2362: 2359:Organization 2341:stirrup vase 2298: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2220: 2202: 2200: 2155: 2146: 2129: 2117: 2107: 2066: 2061: 2058:Ramesses III 2034: 2030: 1986: 1963: 1936: 1924: 1904: 1896: 1872: 1869:from Mycenae 1856:Warrior Vase 1816: 1762: 1748: 1744: 1726: 1724: 1708: 1639: 1617: 1565: 1539: 1519: 1515: 1489:, including 1460: 1444: 1429:Minoan Crete 1418: 1386: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1324: 1307: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1217: 1198:Greek speech 1182:decipherment 1179: 971: 947: 902: 892: 827: 820: 782: 702:Minoan Crete 692:in mainland 677: 673: 672: 599:Constitution 363:Roman Greece 296: 29: 23064:Kura–Araxes 22995:Tarim Basin 22880:Elp culture 22685:Argonautica 22672:(Herodotus) 22635:Flood myths 22532:Museums and 22476:conferences 22441:Vital Alsar 22279:archaeology 22088:Austronesia 22081:Hjortspring 22076:Rochelongue 22026:Pesse canoe 21980:Ship burial 21965:Sea Peoples 21898:Lighthouses 21893:Grave goods 21841:George Bass 21621:Spice trade 21218:exploration 21040:Philippines 21035:Austronesia 21028:Old Kingdom 20905:Trincomalee 20855:Prosphorion 20800:Myos Hormos 20644:Micronesian 20635:By region: 20607:Lighthouses 20415:By region: 20180:Quinquereme 20105:Kunlun ship 20098:Penteconter 20083:Dragon boat 19782:Bellerephon 19729:Mount Athos 19656:Fairy tales 19620:(Timeline: 19613:Drosoulites 19608:Catholicism 19391:Heptanesian 19332:Pyrrhichios 19328:Proskinitos 19284:Kerkiraikos 19280:Kastorianos 19268:Ikariotikos 19248:Dionysiakos 19240:Antikristos 19236:Angaliastos 19148:Place names 19074:Koine Greek 19023:Cappadocian 18978:Orthography 18887:Agiorgitiko 18865:Heptanesean 18863:Varieties ( 18849:Tirokafteri 18822:Restaurants 18792:Greek salad 18782:Spanakopita 18654:Loukoumades 18650:Kourabiedes 18646:Koulourakia 18539:Worry beads 18455:Theophany's 18441:Hospitality 18345:Anastenaria 18312:Slavophones 18279:Immigration 18125:Laiki agora 18076:Debt crisis 18026:Agriculture 17917:Megali Idea 17909:Nationalism 17844:LGBT rights 17654:Coast Guard 17638:Greek mafia 17510:Legislature 17336:earthquakes 17319:Environment 17294:Myrtoan Sea 17290:Icarian Sea 17094:Peloponnese 16748:Place names 16673:Phanariotes 16639:Proto-Greek 16600:Demographic 16501:World War I 16496:Balkan Wars 16444:(post-1453) 16354:Middle Ages 16065:Place names 15977:Salmydessus 15799:Kalos Limen 15779:Chersonesus 15769:Borysthenes 15474:Tauromenion 15286:Metapontion 15048:Proto-Greek 15001:Erechtheion 14996:Athena Nike 14958:Philippeion 14787:Mathematics 14758:and science 14641:Agriculture 14505:Stesichorus 14415:Bacchylides 14405:Archilochus 14292:Antisthenes 14282:Anaximander 14254:Seven Sages 14244:Playwrights 14224:Geographers 14219:Astronomers 14046:Pezhetairos 13673: 1100 13653:Federations 13552:Megalopolis 13489:City states 13464:City states 13054:Archaeology 10957:: 101–187. 10075:pp. 233–241 9992:LiveScience 9671:Hansen 2004 9475:Kelder 2010 9268:French 1971 9044:Fields 2004 9032:Howard 2011 9004:Howard 2011 8989:Howard 2011 8908:Fields 2004 8896:Kelder 2010 8860:Fields 2004 8831:Fields 2004 8812:Fields 2004 8800:Fields 2004 8788:Fields 2004 8776:Kelder 2010 8764:Fields 2004 8752:Kelder 2010 8720:. Ethnos.gr 8692:Fields 2004 8341:Kelder 2010 8305:Kelder 2010 8115:Fisher 1998 7987:Petrie 1894 7946:Kelder 2010 7912:Kelder 2010 7708:Fields 2004 7696:Kelder 2010 7660:Thomas 1995 7648:Kelder 2010 7636:Kelder 2010 7624:Kelder 2010 7612:Kelder 2010 7600:Kelder 2010 7376:Kelder 2010 7364:Kelder 2010 7272:Kelder 2010 7233:Kelder 2010 7206:Kelder 2010 7190:Kelder 2010 7154:Kelder 2010 7138:Kelder 2010 7109:Fields 2004 7105:Kelder 2010 7093:Kelder 2010 7081:Kelder 2010 7039:Kelder 2010 7015:Kelder 2010 6790:Wright 2008 6742:Latacz 2004 6718:Latacz 2004 6691:Latacz 2004 6687:Kelder 2010 6675:Kelder 2010 6648:Latacz 2004 6636:Latacz 2004 6609:Latacz 2004 6597:Latacz 2004 6542:Morris 1996 6406:Fields 2004 6296:Alice Kober 6237: 1150 6233: 1175 6207: 1150 6203: 1175 6177: 1150 6173: 1175 6147: 1150 6143: 1175 6117: 1070 6113: 1200 6087: 1070 6083: 1200 6057: 1070 6053: 1200 6027: 1200 6023: 1300 5997: 1200 5993: 1300 5967: 1200 5963: 1300 5937: 1200 5933: 1300 5907: 1200 5903: 1300 5877: 1200 5873: 1300 5847: 1200 5843: 1300 5817: 1200 5813: 1300 5787: 1200 5783: 1300 5757: 1250 5753: 1300 5727: 1250 5723: 1300 5697: 1250 5693: 1300 5667: 1250 5663: 1300 5654:J2a/J2a1a~ 5637: 1250 5633: 1300 5607: 1250 5603: 1300 5577: 1250 5573: 1300 5547: 1250 5543: 1300 5517: 1250 5513: 1300 5487: 1150 5483: 1350 5457: 1150 5453: 1350 5427: 1150 5423: 1350 5397: 1250 5393: 1350 5367: 1250 5363: 1350 5337: 1070 5333: 1360 5307: 1295 5303: 1360 5277: 1295 5273: 1360 5247: 1295 5243: 1360 5217: 1112 5213: 1367 5187: 1123 5183: 1371 5157: 1200 5153: 1375 5127: 1200 5123: 1375 5097: 1200 5093: 1375 5067: 1375 5041: 1134 5037: 1382 5011: 1217 5007: 1386 4981: 1222 4977: 1394 4951: 1222 4947: 1397 4921: 1300 4917: 1400 4891: 1300 4887: 1400 4861: 1300 4857: 1400 4831: 1300 4827: 1400 4801: 1300 4797: 1400 4771: 1229 4767: 1403 4741: 1233 4737: 1403 4711: 1360 4707: 1410 4681: 1262 4677: 1411 4651: 1280 4647: 1416 4621: 1313 4617: 1421 4591: 1293 4587: 1424 4561: 1293 4557: 1429 4531: 1299 4527: 1440 4501: 1316 4497: 1497 4471: 1500 4445: 1500 4419: 1425 4415: 1504 4389: 1429 4385: 1505 4359: 1436 4355: 1516 4329: 1440 4325: 1520 4299: 1438 4295: 1596 4269: 1446 4265: 1609 4239: 1448 4235: 1610 4209: 1452 4205: 1611 4179: 1457 4175: 1611 4149: 1452 4145: 1612 4119: 1503 4115: 1613 4089: 1508 4085: 1626 4059: 1518 4055: 1626 4029: 1200 4025: 1700 3999: 1200 3995: 1700 3969: 1450 3965: 1700 3921: 1300 3914:Corded Ware 3850: 1340 3846: 1370 3683:Sea Peoples 3664:engineering 3607: 1900 3516: 1400 3236: 1450 3198:, and gold 3141: 1450 3056: 2000 3008:. The term 2749:wa-na-ka-te 2707:Po-ti-ni-ja 2696:Di-wo-nu-so 2628:(Linear B: 2413:Peloponnese 2352: 1400 2270:ke-ro-si-ja 2262:da-mo-ko-ro 2231:Enkhelyawon 2097: 1400 2056:by Pharaoh 2050:Sea Peoples 1982:Porto Rafti 1978: 1210 1804:Piyama-Radu 1734: 1400 1705:throne room 1673:Peloponnese 1447:shaft grave 1436: 1700 1301: 1390 1109: 1200 1063: 1400 1009: 1750 1000:–1050 BC). 998: 1200 991: 1400 984: 1750 977: 1750 969:–1000 BC). 967: 1050 960: 1420 953: 1700 943: 1700 936: 1750 921: 2000 914: 3200 850:Sea Peoples 726:Peloponnese 579:Agriculture 551:(1967-1974) 542:(1946-1949) 533:(1941-1944) 529:Free Greece 515:(1936-1941) 506:(1924-1935) 479:(1822-1832) 470:(1821-1829) 461:(1800-1807) 437:(1371-1912) 428:(1363-1797) 419:(1205-1667) 395:(1204-1579) 211:History of 185:Followed by 167:Preceded by 112:Major sites 90: 1750 23124:Categories 23094:Jar-Burial 23040:Bronze Age 22920:Late Jomon 22797:Bronze Age 22779:Bronze Age 22694:(Polybius) 22338:Hawaiʻiloa 22220:Nemi ships 22105:Black Sea‎ 22051:Khufu ship 22012:and relics 21910:Marine art 21903:Alexandria 21810:Fik Meijer 21793:Historians 21680:Indo-Roman 21493:Greek navy 21395:Salamis II 21385:Hellespont 21345:Artemisium 21335:Nile Delta 21298:Achaemenid 21191:Achaemenid 21060:Langkasuka 21055:Micronesia 20973:Prehistory 20900:Sounagoura 20728:Chittagong 20703:Barbarikon 20682:Alexandria 20624:Pilot boat 20574:Navigation 20406:Sewn-plank 20401:Lashed-lug 20279:Figurehead 20252:Components 20221:Propulsion 20175:Quadrireme 20156:Polyremes 20135:Outriggers 19879:Ice hockey 19859:Basketball 19826:Vrykolakas 19694:Hypertimos 19533:Tambourine 19465:Macedonian 19411:Thessalian 19395:Macedonian 19379:Folk music 19356:Tsakonikos 19304:Maniatikos 19300:Leventikos 19232:Ai Georgis 19205:Corruption 19195:Television 19190:Newspapers 19134:Macedonian 19114:Arvanitika 19088:Literature 18982:Diacritics 18923:Malagousia 18919:Mandilaria 18915:Mavrodafni 18877:Macedonian 18778:Karydopita 18740:Kefalotyri 18724:Anthotyros 18670:Vasilopita 18636:Desserts ( 18576:Modern art 18495:Philosophy 18451:New Year's 18381:Fustanella 18300:Aromanians 18284:Minorities 18273:the Greeks 18105:Euro coins 17953:Trotskyism 17903:Venizelism 17895:Liberalism 17879:Monarchism 17868:Ideologies 17816:Healthcare 17629:Corruption 17476:Government 17342:Ecoregions 17309:Libyan Sea 17304:Ionian Sea 17282:Aegean Sea 17234:Peninsulas 17010:Chalkidiki 16966:Thesprotia 16892:Astypalaia 16888:Agathonisi 16884:Dodecanese 16737:co-capital 16441:Modern era 16390:Iconoclasm 16357:(330–1453) 16229:Pelasgians 16224:Bronze Age 16208:Prehistory 15967:Polemonion 15844:Phanagoria 15814:Kimmerikon 15809:Kerkinitis 15794:Hermonassa 15784:Dioscurias 15680:Aspalathos 15627:Kalathousa 15602:Akra Leuke 15531:Phoenicusa 15316:Scylletium 15301:Poseidonia 15221:Brentesion 15108:Pamphylian 15103:Macedonian 15021:Samothrace 15006:Hephaestus 14953:Long Walls 14932:Structures 14873:Underworld 14819:Technology 14782:Literature 14716:Philosophy 14681:Euergetism 14570:By culture 14515:Thucydides 14357:Pythagoras 14352:Protagoras 14342:Parmenides 14327:Heraclitus 14312:Empedocles 14302:Democritus 14287:Anaximenes 14277:Anaxagoras 14229:Historians 13722: 595 13709: 550 13690: 800 13675: – c. 13603:Cappadocia 13408:Ionian Sea 13398:Hellespont 13363:Aegean Sea 13215:2 December 13165:19 October 12644:: 151–171. 11892:14 October 11191:0140561420 11089:: 77–105. 10235:: 137–209. 10123:... Fig. 4 9527:5 February 9504:Hruby 2017 9387:Pelon 1976 9375:Alden 2000 9116:Cline 2012 8953:Cline 2012 8936:Cline 2012 8924:Shear 2000 8872:Tandy 2001 8704:Cline 2012 8675:Olsen 2014 8663:Olsen 2015 8625:Evans 1930 8435:, p. 88: " 8287:19 January 8258:19 January 8236:19 January 8217:Feuer 2004 8201:Budin 2009 8186:9 February 8127:Feuer 2004 8087:Feuer 2004 8059:Cline 2007 8047:Cline 2007 8027:Kling 1989 7999:Cline 2012 7963:Cline 2007 7883:Budin 2009 7871:Olsen 2014 7847:Budin 2009 7832:Cline 2012 7820:Cline 2012 7803:Olsen 2014 7546:Drews 1993 7457:Cline 2014 7312:Cline 2014 7257:Bryce 2005 7245:Bryce 2005 7218:Bryce 2005 7202:Bryce 2005 7178:Bryce 2005 7166:Bryce 2005 7150:Bryce 2005 7054:Bryce 2005 6766:Burns 2010 6754:Bryce 2005 6730:Bryce 2005 6467:Borza 1992 6447:Tandy 2001 6322:References 6235: – c. 6205: – c. 6175: – c. 6145: – c. 6115: – c. 6085: – c. 6074:R1b1a1b2a 6055: – c. 6025: – c. 5995: – c. 5965: – c. 5935: – c. 5905: – c. 5875: – c. 5845: – c. 5815: – c. 5785: – c. 5755: – c. 5725: – c. 5695: – c. 5665: – c. 5635: – c. 5605: – c. 5575: – c. 5564:E1b1b1a1b 5545: – c. 5515: – c. 5485: – c. 5455: – c. 5425: – c. 5395: – c. 5365: – c. 5335: – c. 5321:J1c+16261 5305: – c. 5275: – c. 5245: – c. 5215: – c. 5185: – c. 5155: – c. 5125: – c. 5095: – c. 5039: – c. 5009: – c. 4979: – c. 4949: – c. 4919: – c. 4889: – c. 4859: – c. 4829: – c. 4799: – c. 4769: – c. 4739: – c. 4709: – c. 4679: – c. 4649: – c. 4619: – c. 4589: – c. 4559: – c. 4529: – c. 4499: – c. 4417: – c. 4387: – c. 4357: – c. 4327: – c. 4297: – c. 4267: – c. 4237: – c. 4207: – c. 4177: – c. 4147: – c. 4117: – c. 4087: – c. 4057: – c. 4027: – c. 3997: – c. 3967: – c. 3884:ancestry ( 3872:ancestry ( 3848: – c. 3756:Phoenician 3628:Epic Cycle 3352:zoomorphic 3299:ka-ra-re-u 3283:alabastron 3158:Minoan art 2852:Key-bearer 2829:(drawing). 2768:Daily life 2757:Persephone 2745:wa-na-ssoi 2688:a-ti-mi-te 2684:a-te-mi-to 2672:Hephaestus 2630:Po-se-da-o 2572:See also: 2450:Canaanites 2339:Mycenaean 2257:prokoreter 2003:See also: 1971:Dodecanese 1887:Orchomenos 1831:Tawagalawa 1819:Trojan War 1780:Madduwatta 1689:Orchomenos 1620:Asia Minor 1606:Mycenaean 1487:Asia Minor 1360:Sea People 1351:ethnonym, 1224:Trojan War 1154:See also: 1111:–1050 BC) 1065:–1200 BC) 1011:–1400 BC) 868:Chronology 768:, and on 766:Asia Minor 762:Aegean Sea 730:Orchomenos 704:and other 682:Bronze Age 239:Pelasgians 128:Orchomenos 92: – c. 77:Bronze Age 23005:Trzciniec 22707:Geography 22645:Gilgamesh 22534:memorials 22458:Viracocha 22371:Faʻafaite 22324:Sarimanok 22230:Yassi Ada 22143:Syracusia 22066:Canaanite 22041:Moor Sand 21511:By region 21473:Grappling 21445:Naulochus 21435:Myonessus 21390:Echinades 21375:Arginusae 21370:Cynossema 21355:Naupactus 21350:Eurymedon 21184:Classical 21159:Phoenicia 21154:Mycenaean 21117:Tamilakam 21100:Polynesia 21090:Srivijaya 20885:Satingpra 20845:Palembang 20829:Cattigara 20771:(Kadaram) 20754:Jambukola 20748:Guangzhou 20689:(Podouke) 20687:Arikamedu 20649:Polynesia 20582:Celestial 20495:Armaments 20481:Spritsail 20439:Crab claw 20381:Careening 20348:Sternpost 20202:Reed boat 20145:Catamaran 20120:Multihull 19821:Name days 19734:Mythology 19622:Antiquity 19541:Tsampouna 19529:Tambouras 19505:Pan flute 19435:Skyladiko 19399:Nisiotika 19364:Zeibekiko 19324:Pentozali 19316:Palamakia 19296:Pidikhtos 19256:Gaitanaki 19126:Bulgarian 19118:Aromanian 19047:Tsakonian 18998:Greeklish 18962:Languages 18951:Xinomavro 18943:Savatiano 18903:Kotsifali 18895:Assyrtiko 18841:Skordalia 18816:Hilopites 18752:Metsovone 18710:Tsikoudia 18698:Sideritis 18524:Theophany 18447:Christmas 18431:Greektown 18416:Festivals 18401:Tsarouchi 18296:Arvanites 18095:renewable 18066:Companies 18040:companies 17959:Anarchism 17945:Socialism 17820:hospitals 17806:Education 17740:Alliances 17735:Air Force 17649:Terrorism 17560:Parataxis 17547:Elections 17537:Presidium 17486:President 17464:Executive 17244:Volcanoes 17216:Mountains 17106:Corinthia 17006:Macedonia 17000:Zakynthos 16984:Kefalonia 16904:Karpathos 16870:Santorini 16820:Heraklion 16802:Phthiotis 16794:Evrytania 16778:Acarnania 16706:Geography 16576:Byzantine 16536:Civil war 16339:Roman era 16264:Antiquity 16053:in Epirus 16002:Trapezous 15947:Mesambria 15932:Eupatoria 15902:Apollonia 15897:Anchialos 15859:Theodosia 15829:Nymphaion 15819:Myrmekion 15789:Gorgippia 15745:Black Sea 15730:Tragurion 15715:Nymphaion 15700:Epidauros 15695:Epidamnos 15685:Apollonia 15662:Zacynthos 15584:Ptolemais 15578:Apollonia 15551:Cyrenaica 15541:Therassía 15536:Strongyle 15516:Ereikousa 15439:Leontinoi 15379:Apollonia 15256:Hipponion 15053:Mycenaean 15016:Parthenon 14948:Lion Gate 14851:Mythology 14814:Sculpture 14777:Astronomy 14711:Pederasty 14686:Festivals 14671:Education 14551:Lawgivers 14520:Timocreon 14500:Sophocles 14495:Simonides 14470:Philocles 14465:Panyassis 14460:Mimnermus 14425:Herodotus 14420:Euripides 14390:Aeschylus 14337:Leucippus 14297:Aristotle 14076:Strategos 13942:Synedrion 13896:Ostracism 13876:Areopagus 13828:Free city 13623:Macedonia 13507:Byzantion 13413:Macedonia 13378:Cyrenaica 13355:Geography 13289:Geography 13111:154059624 13103:0165-0009 12876:194070218 12745:191376388 12338:163471174 12318:Antiquity 12309:246044998 12289:Antiquity 12206:165510271 12113:162244841 12105:0395-2649 11888:: 367–378 11845:161197955 11711:154807613 11661:255941038 11635:2397-334X 11600:251843620 11574:0036-8075 11468:0028-0836 11335:CDL Press 11162:. BRILL. 11103:163130464 11035:191350824 10987:194064357 10971:0068-2454 10885:cite book 10850:cite book 10607:0092-8674 10422:1570-7008 10274:235554972 10053:, Fig. 1D 9900:0003-5548 9853:0003-3219 9327:Hood 1978 9185:Hood 1978 9172:236973111 9132:Hood 1978 7724:pp. 71–72 7435:0037-1106 6327:Citations 6071:N1a1a1a3 5714:J2a1a1a2 5621:HV1a'b'c 4848:J2a1a1a2 4548:J2a1a1a2 4253:T2c1+146 3941:Location 3583:known as 3405:Epidauros 3178:Metalwork 3105:logistics 3010:Cyclopean 2996:Cyclopean 2957:Lion Gate 2753:Pe-re-swa 2588:Phylakopi 2494:Black Sea 2490:Bosphorus 2474:olive oil 2466:Egyptians 2462:Assyrians 2398:Euonymeia 2354:–1300 BC) 2266:damokoros 2210:lāwāgetas 2114:mythology 1947:Levantine 1900:Lion Gate 1796:Babylonia 1772:Attarsiya 1507:Palestine 1391:from the 1231:ethnonyms 1119:Dates BC 1073:Dates BC 1019:Dates BC 884:Lion Gate 858:mythology 758:Macedonia 609:Ethnonyms 539:Civil War 101:Type site 23111:Iron Age 23079:Trialeti 23074:Colchian 22723:Tākitimu 22626:Legend: 22584:Roskilde 22463:Tangaroa 22404:Olympias 22378:Gaualofa 22317:Hōkūleʻa 22292:Kon-Tiki 22125:Ashkelon 22061:Uluburun 22020:Earliest 21786:Scholars 21668:shipping 21468:Boarding 21380:Mytilene 21365:Syracuse 21330:Alashiya 21293:Egyptian 21277:Military 21268:Timeline 21246:Sardinia 21169:Carthage 21085:Kalingga 21045:Sa Huỳnh 20980:Timeline 20930:Zanzibar 20880:Sarapion 20875:Rhacotis 20805:Martaban 20750:(Canton) 20743:Godavaya 20738:Giao Chỉ 20708:Barygaza 20698:Avalites 20619:Piloting 20507:Catapult 20502:Ballista 20476:Mast-aft 20289:Planking 20228:Paddling 20185:Hexareme 20150:Trimaran 20115:Longship 20063:Balangay 19978:Category 19869:Football 19854:Baseball 19770:Daedalus 19754:Odysseus 19750:Heracles 19689:Hinduism 19603:Buddhism 19577:and lore 19575:Religion 19555:Rebetiko 19525:Souravli 19521:Santouri 19513:Psaltery 19509:Phorminx 19481:Floghera 19469:Politiki 19453:Bouzouki 19415:Thracian 19374:Éntekhno 19360:Tsamikos 19320:Partalos 19288:Kleistos 19264:Hasapiko 19252:Fisounis 19185:Internet 19157:Proverbs 19096:Medieval 19019:dialects 19002:numerals 18927:Malvasia 18859:Souvlaki 18853:Tzatziki 18839:Sauces ( 18812:Flomaria 18786:Tiropita 18770:Bougatsa 18756:Mizithra 18744:Ladotyri 18732:Graviera 18706:Tsipouro 18694:Rakomelo 18680:Drinks ( 18631:Tsoureki 18627:Paximadi 18619:Kritsini 18613:Breads ( 18445:Carols ( 18421:Folklore 18397:Perizoma 18385:Himation 18350:Caryatid 18260:Diaspora 18180:Taxation 18160:Shipping 18150:Rankings 18140:Railways 18120:Highways 18031:Airports 17949:Laocracy 17939:Pacifism 17935:Feminism 17889:Metaxism 17801:Cannabis 17796:Abortion 17727:Military 17712:Treaties 17707:Passport 17612:Security 17394:Politics 17228:Rhodopes 17148:Sporades 17140:Magnesia 17132:Karditsa 17128:Thessaly 17114:Messenia 17030:Kastoria 16958:Ioannina 16900:Kalymnos 16834:Cyclades 16824:Rethymno 16717:Overview 16659:Monarchy 16654:Military 16610:Economic 16560:By topic 16102:Category 16080:Theatres 16007:Tripolis 15942:Kerasous 15937:Heraclea 15869:Tyritake 15824:Nikonion 15735:Thronion 15657:Salauris 15612:Emporion 15569:Berenice 15559:Balagrae 15511:Euonymos 15484:Tyndaris 15469:Syracuse 15464:Selinous 15434:Kamarina 15389:Casmenae 15374:Akrillai 15291:Neápolis 15226:Caulonia 15207:Mainland 15138:Linear B 15133:Linear A 15063:Dialects 15040:Language 14834:Religion 14792:Medicine 14726:Religion 14691:Folklore 14676:Emporium 14651:Clothing 14646:Calendar 14530:Xenophon 14525:Tyrtaeus 14510:Theognis 14485:Polybius 14480:Plutarch 14455:Menander 14435:Hipponax 14362:Socrates 14317:Epicurus 14163:Diadochi 14061:Sciritae 14021:Hetairoi 13996:Ballista 13961:Military 13924:Gerousia 13914:Ekklesia 13881:Ecclesia 13863:Athenian 13811:Politics 13724:–279 BC) 13711:–366 BC) 13692:–389 BC) 13628:Pergamon 13598:Bithynia 13591:Kingdoms 13532:Pergamon 13474:Military 13469:Politics 13266:Timeline 13066:41663738 12673:(2002). 12474:Hesperia 12079:(1982). 12044:15 April 11825:Arethusa 11653:36646948 11592:36007055 11583:10064553 11539:36007020 11530:10019558 11486:28783727 11432:(2017). 11341:18 March 11180:(1978). 10979:30103231 10766:(1993). 10625:33930288 10556:(1976). 9997:5 August 9971:5 August 9940:phys.org 9908:25065118 9730:30 March 8443:, later 8437:Pa-ja-wo 8281:Archived 6285:See also 6251:H+16291 6134:R1b1a1b 6104:R1b1a1b 5804:G2a2b2a 5684:R1b1a1b 5174:R1b1a1b 5081:U5a1d2b 4845:K1a+195 4578:R1b1a1b 4433:U8b1a2b 4283:U8b1a2b 3775:Cycladic 3771:Helladic 3752:Egyptian 3585:Linear B 3577:Linear A 3552:Linear B 3500:"tholos" 3415:Frescoes 3372:, Athens 3305:khlareus 3121:chariots 3101:Linear B 3018:Cyclopes 2930:propylon 2920:of Pylos 2845:Religion 2692:Dionysos 2668:Enyalios 2664:Enyalios 2660:Qo-wi-ja 2656:epithets 2646:Pa-ja-wo 2634:chthonic 2626:Poseidon 2568:Religion 2544:Cornwall 2517:Sardinia 2511:and the 2454:Kassites 2394:Uluburun 2281:basileus 2275:gerousía 2242:ko-re-te 2142:Nauplion 2074:Harappan 2054:defeated 1967:Cyclades 1945:and the 1939:Messenia 1915:Assyrian 1835:Eteocles 1749:Achaeans 1745:Ahhiyawa 1727:Ahhiyawa 1701:Thessaly 1596:Linear A 1592:Linear B 1471:Akrotiri 1463:Cyclades 1414:Linear B 1348:Ahhiyawa 1343:Ahhiyawa 1331:Anatolia 1327:Hittites 1305:ethnonym 1268:T(D)-n-j 1234:Achaeans 1186:Linear B 1150:Identity 797:Linear B 750:Thessaly 676:(or the 619:Military 614:Language 584:Alphabet 297:Mycenean 265:Cycladic 202:a series 200:Part of 155:Linear B 67:Anatolia 22663:Odyssey 22640:Genesis 22437:Others 22236:Lists: 22225:Marausa 22175:Roman: 22165:Punic: 22130:Kyrenia 22121:Greek: 22117:Marsala 22110:Sinop D 21985:Tacking 21719:History 21606:Meluhha 21596:Fishing 21591:Whaling 21498:Ramming 21420:Aegates 21415:Drepana 21410:Ecnomus 21340:Salamis 21328: 21318:Battles 21196:Nabatea 21179:Archaic 21149:Nuragic 21139:Somalia 20990:Oceania 20985:Britain 20962:History 20895:Socotra 20865:Qandala 20850:Piraeus 20820:Muziris 20790:Madurai 20785:Manthai 20723:Canopus 20693:Arsinoe 20665:harbors 20614:History 20602:Coastal 20532:Sambuca 20517:Dolphin 20431:Rigging 20243:Poling 20233:Sailing 20170:Trireme 20110:Liburna 20073:Coracle 20043:Vessels 19911:Symbols 19864:Cricket 19811:Sikhism 19806:Psychai 19790:Centaur 19778:Theseus 19774:Orpheus 19766:Perseus 19762:Oedipus 19708:History 19704:Judaism 19588:Origins 19545:Tympano 19537:Trigono 19517:Salpinx 19477:Crotala 19421:Hip Hop 19387:Epirote 19340:Sirtaki 19276:Kangeli 19260:Geranos 19152:exonyms 19142:Turkish 19092:Ancient 19062:History 19051:Yevanic 19031:Cypriot 19011:Demotic 18986:Braille 18974:History 18935:Retsina 18907:Lesbian 18873:Epirote 18834:Taverna 18826:Kafenio 18806:Pasta ( 18748:Manouri 18736:Kasseri 18720:Cheeses 18702:Tentura 18682:Mastika 18662:Pasteli 18615:Daktyla 18606:Cuisine 18590:Ancient 18586:Theatre 18561:Castles 18508:Ohi Day 18476:Paideia 18466:Mountza 18373:Chlamys 18337:Culture 18241:Society 18195:Tourism 18144:history 18099:nuclear 18086:Drachma 18046:Banking 18015:Economy 17885:Fascism 17828:smoking 17824:obesity 17765:Evzones 17526:Speaker 17471:Cabinet 17425:, 2019) 17357:Mammals 17352:Forests 17327:Climate 17220:Olympus 17198:Islands 17193:Geology 17176:Terrain 17162:Rhodope 17144:Trikala 17136:Larissa 17110:Laconia 17102:Argolis 17098:Arcadia 17026:Imathia 17022:Grevena 17018:Florina 16992:Lefkada 16988:Kythira 16962:Preveza 16924:Nisyros 16916:Leipsoi 16858:Mykonos 16850:Kythnos 16828:Lasithi 16786:Boeotia 16774:Aetolia 16758:Regions 16733:capital 16724:Borders 16491:Kingdom 16196:History 16122:Outline 16075:Temples 16012:Zaliche 15992:Thèrmae 15982:Sesamus 15952:Odessos 15927:Cytorus 15922:Cotyora 15672:Illyria 15637:Mainake 15632:Kypsela 15521:Hycesia 15479:Thermae 15459:Segesta 15449:Messana 15404:Helorus 15384:Calacte 15364:Akragas 15326:Sybaris 15311:Rhegion 15266:Krimisa 15216:Alision 15125:Writing 15098:Locrian 15088:Epirote 15058:Homeric 14991:Artemis 14978:Temples 14919:Olympia 14889:Eleusis 14824:Theatre 14809:Pottery 14736:Warfare 14731:Slavery 14666:Economy 14661:Cuisine 14656:Coinage 14633:Society 14618:Culture 14613:Society 14561:Tyrants 14400:Alcaeus 14382:Authors 14332:Hypatia 14322:Gorgias 14259:Writers 14081:Toxotai 14051:Sarissa 14041:Peltast 14036:Phalanx 14016:Hoplite 14011:Hippeis 13934:Macedon 13906:Spartan 13891:Heliaia 13838:Proxeny 13547:Larissa 13542:Kerkyra 13537:Eretria 13527:Miletus 13522:Ephesus 13517:Corinth 13512:Chalcis 13433:Taurica 13303:Periods 13284:History 13083:Bibcode 12921:Bibcode 12365:Aegaeum 11644:9911347 11553:Science 11509:Bibcode 11500:Science 11477:5565772 11448:Bibcode 11156:(ed.). 11072:4 April 10616:8127963 10254:Bibcode 10195:Sources 10162:Data S1 10093:Science 9945:28 July 9861:2672905 9814:Biblica 9610:3 March 9584:3 March 9558:3 March 8441:Paiawon 7790:at the 7756:at the 7415:Bibcode 6561:, 1954. 6428:29 July 6383:pp. 2–3 6248:Female 6221:J2b1b1 6218:Female 6194:J1/J1b 6158:Female 6008:Female 5948:Female 5918:Female 5888:Female 5858:Female 5828:Female 5768:Female 5738:Female 5711:K1a4b1 5618:Female 5588:Female 5528:Female 5498:Female 5468:Female 5441:T2c1d1 5378:Female 5348:Female 5318:Female 5228:Female 5141:N1b1a2 5111:N1b1a2 5078:Female 4992:Female 4962:Female 4932:Female 4872:Female 4812:Female 4785:H13a2a 4752:Female 4722:Female 4692:Female 4662:Female 4482:Female 4436:J2b2a1 4400:Female 4370:Female 4310:Female 4286:G2a2a1 4250:Female 4226:J2b2a1 4196:J2b2a1 4166:J2b2a1 4100:Female 4070:Female 4040:Female 3796:Yamnaya 3691:Levites 3640:Mycenae 3591:of the 3546:Writing 3536:Mycenae 3522:Cuisine 3344:Methana 3327:faience 3314:octopus 3291:kylikes 3242:Vessels 3073:Warfare 3002:parapet 2974:Mycenae 2926:megaron 2918:megaron 2907:Laconia 2877:Palaces 2741:Demeter 2733:Homeric 2725:Knossos 2721:A-ta-na 2680:Artemis 2616:Amyclae 2548:England 2538:and in 2536:Ireland 2532:Germany 2528:Bavaria 2498:Georgia 2482:Hittite 2458:Mitanni 2320:Economy 2299:do-e-ro 2278:). The 2247:koreter 2226:témenos 2116:(e.g., 1993:Argolid 1927:Mycenae 1879:Boeotia 1800:Assyria 1681:Eleusis 1655:, when 1646:Lakonia 1635:Ephesus 1614:1400 BC 1608:panoply 1549:Knossos 1503:Lebanon 1491:Miletus 1440:megaron 1412:before 1366:History 1287:Pharaoh 1254:Knossos 1242:Argives 1238:Danaans 925:megaron 888:Mycenae 724:in the 710:Mycenae 604:Economy 560:(1974-) 106:Mycenae 23054:Kurgan 22714:Aeneid 22430:Viking 22411:Regina 22180:Alkedo 22036:Abydos 22010:Wrecks 21879:Topics 21709:Piracy 21663:Greece 21523:Odisha 21455:Actium 21450:Mycale 21285:Navies 21174:Greece 21164:Olmecs 21132:Pandya 21107:Minoan 21070:Champa 21050:Lapita 20995:Remote 20915:Tyndis 20870:Quilon 20815:Muscat 20780:Lothal 20775:Korkai 20759:Jeddah 20733:Essina 20677:Adulis 20587:Charts 20522:Harpax 20512:Corvus 20486:Square 20454:Settee 20449:Lateen 20358:Tiller 20353:Strake 20321:Rudder 20311:Paddle 20259:Anchor 20238:Towing 20160:Bireme 20093:Galley 20068:Bangka 19988:Portal 19918:Anthem 19874:Hockey 19742:Titans 19598:Aerico 19501:Organo 19493:Laouto 19473:Pontic 19461:Cretan 19407:Pontic 19383:Cretan 19368:Zervos 19348:Syrtos 19344:Sousta 19312:Ntames 19292:Koftos 19244:Ballos 19228:Dances 19180:Cinema 19130:Ladino 19100:Modern 19043:Pontic 19039:Maniot 19027:Cretan 19017:) and 19000:) and 18947:Vilana 18939:Robola 18911:Limnio 18899:Athiri 18891:Aidini 18869:Cretan 18830:Ouzeri 18808:Gogges 18686:Metaxa 18638:Diples 18623:Lagana 18567:Cretan 18461:Mangas 18393:Peplos 18377:Exomis 18369:Chiton 18265:Greeks 18091:Energy 18080:Grexit 18061:Brands 17921:Enosis 17859:Racism 17619:Police 17272:Rivers 17262:Coasts 17239:Plains 17224:Pindus 17206:Ionian 17202:Aegean 17166:Xanthi 17154:Thrace 17118:Achaea 17084:Lesbos 17080:Lemnos 17076:Ikaria 17058:Thasos 17054:Serres 17050:Pieria 17042:Kozani 17038:Kilkis 17034:Kavala 16980:Ithaca 16950:Epirus 16932:Rhodes 16928:Patmos 16896:Chalki 16838:Andros 16816:Chania 16798:Phocis 16790:Euboea 16782:Attica 16729:Cities 16604:Modern 16571:tribes 16300:Delian 16166:topics 16164:Greece 16112:Portal 16060:People 16048:Cities 15987:Sinope 15972:Rhizos 15962:Phasis 15912:Bathus 15907:Athina 15892:Amisos 15854:Tanais 15849:Pityus 15774:Charax 15725:Pharos 15720:Orikon 15617:Helike 15607:Alonis 15574:Cyrene 15506:Didyme 15419:Himera 15394:Catana 15356:Sicily 15346:Thurii 15341:Terina 15306:Pixous 15261:Hydrus 15236:Croton 15068:Aeolic 14986:Aphaea 14909:Dodona 14894:Delphi 14863:Temple 14539:Others 14490:Sappho 14475:Pindar 14450:Lucian 14445:Ibycus 14430:Hesiod 14367:Thales 14135:Rulers 14114:People 14091:Xyston 14086:Xiphos 13947:Koinon 13853:Tyrant 13843:Stasis 13833:Koinon 13633:Pontus 13608:Epirus 13577:Sparta 13567:Rhodes 13562:Megara 13557:Thebes 13502:Athens 13428:Pontus 13393:Epirus 13383:Cyprus 13368:Aeolis 13109: 13101: 13064: 13041: 13020: 12988: 12957: 12893: 12874: 12868:504929 12866: 12826: 12805: 12775: 12743: 12737:504928 12735: 12704: 12683: 12659: 12621: 12600: 12578: 12557: 12511: 12486:148143 12484: 12458: 12437: 12414: 12393: 12336: 12307: 12276: 12255: 12234: 12204: 12196: 12161: 12144:506802 12142: 12111: 12103: 12065: 12021: 12000: 11979: 11932: 11911: 11862: 11843: 11781: 11751: 11728: 11709: 11678: 11659: 11651: 11641: 11633: 11598: 11590: 11580: 11572: 11537: 11527: 11484: 11474: 11466: 11439:Nature 11412: 11391: 11360: 11318: 11297: 11276: 11232: 11209: 11188: 11166: 11141: 11120: 11101: 11050: 11033: 11027:505489 11025: 10985: 10977: 10969: 10938: 10908: 10873: 10838: 10817: 10791:Palace 10776: 10752: 10672: 10651: 10623: 10613: 10605: 10568: 10542:Glotta 10525: 10504: 10483: 10460: 10439: 10420: 10394: 10375: 10354: 10333: 10291: 10272: 10212: 10145: 10129: 10125: 10121: 9906: 9898: 9859: 9851: 9637: 9170: 8627:, pp. 8205:Wessex 7772:δοῦλος 7433: 7292: 6936: 6306:Cadmea 6240: 6210: 6191:U1a1a 6180: 6150: 6120: 6090: 6060: 6030: 6000: 5970: 5940: 5910: 5880: 5850: 5820: 5790: 5760: 5730: 5700: 5670: 5640: 5610: 5580: 5550: 5520: 5490: 5460: 5430: 5400: 5370: 5340: 5310: 5280: 5250: 5231:U3b1b 5220: 5190: 5160: 5144:J2a2~ 5130: 5100: 5070: 5044: 5028:G2a2b 5014: 4984: 4954: 4924: 4894: 4875:N1a1b 4864: 4834: 4804: 4774: 4755:K2a2a 4744: 4714: 4684: 4654: 4638:J2a1a 4624: 4594: 4564: 4534: 4504: 4485:K1a2c 4474: 4459:R0a1a 4448: 4422: 4392: 4362: 4332: 4302: 4272: 4242: 4212: 4182: 4152: 4122: 4092: 4062: 4032: 4002: 3972: 3924: 3853: 3773:, and 3747:Nature 3740:In an 3703:Canaan 3695:*la-wo 3689:– the 3618:Legacy 3538:, and 3528:skewer 3509:tholos 3401:Aphaea 3318:flower 3287:krater 3266:Athens 3258:rhyton 3228:Vaphio 3196:rhyton 3041:Cyprus 3037:Epirus 2989:Tiryns 2970:Tiryns 2903:Iolcos 2899:Dimini 2886:Tiryns 2717:Athena 2712:Potnia 2690:) and 2676:Erinya 2612:Delphi 2540:Wessex 2509:Sicily 2464:, and 2402:export 2386:Kopais 2345:Ugarit 2313:doúlos 2307:δοῦλος 2193:Tiryns 2138:Tiryns 2062:Eqwesh 1989:Tiryns 1955:Attica 1943:Cyprus 1883:Thebes 1867:krater 1812:Lesbos 1808:Wilusa 1784:Arzawa 1776:Atreus 1697:Iolcos 1685:Thebes 1677:Athens 1661:Tiryns 1642:Sparta 1577:Apulia 1569:Cyprus 1553:Rhodes 1522:tholos 1499:Cyprus 1354:Ekwesh 1316:Δαναοί 1308:Danaoi 1276:Tanaju 1272:Danaya 1240:, and 907:Greece 903:Hellas 813:palace 803:, and 774:Levant 770:Cyprus 754:Epirus 746:Iolcos 744:, and 738:Athens 736:, and 734:Thebes 720:, and 718:Tiryns 694:Greece 594:Church 281:Minoan 213:Greece 204:on the 132:Iolcos 120:Tiryns 73:Period 63:Aegean 23059:Koban 22650:Greek 22453:Abora 22447:Ivlia 22359:Saina 22303:Ra II 22261:Sites 22046:Dokos 21658:Egypt 21580:trade 21545:Rafts 21530:Japan 21518:India 21430:Chios 21400:Mylae 21360:Olpae 21308:Roman 21303:Greek 21201:Aksum 21127:Chera 21122:Chola 21095:Sunda 21075:Kutai 21065:Kedah 20910:Tulum 20890:Sidon 20835:Opone 20825:Óc Eo 20795:Malao 20769:Kedah 20713:Basra 20661:Ports 20639:Inuit 20459:Tanja 20419:Egypt 20269:Cabin 20212:Tomol 20055:Types 19942:Motto 19937:Flags 19841:Sport 19796:Nymph 19786:Satyr 19758:Jason 19724:Mormo 19719:Lamia 19699:Islam 19661:Gello 19549:Zilia 19485:Gaida 19449:Aulos 19431:Laïko 19352:Trata 19215:Music 19172:Media 18796:Dakos 18642:Halva 18405:Vraka 18365:Dress 18322:Women 18130:Ports 17634:Crime 17361:birds 17267:Lakes 17254:Water 17210:Crete 17188:Caves 17158:Evros 17088:Samos 17072:Chios 17046:Pella 17014:Drama 16976:Corfu 16940:Tilos 16920:Leros 16908:Kasos 16878:Tinos 16874:Syros 16866:Paros 16862:Naxos 16854:Milos 16842:Delos 16812:Crete 16678:Polis 16663:Kings 16070:Stoae 16038:Lists 15957:Oinòe 15880:coast 15878:South 15864:Tyras 15834:Olbia 15804:Kepoi 15757:coast 15755:North 15748:basin 15690:Aulon 15652:Rhode 15564:Barca 15454:Naxos 15409:Henna 15369:Akrai 15336:Taras 15321:Siris 15281:Medma 15276:Locri 15241:Cumae 15231:Chone 15209:Italy 15115:Koine 15093:Ionic 15083:Doric 15078:Attic 14899:Delos 14797:Music 14440:Homer 14395:Aesop 14347:Plato 14249:Poets 13919:Ephor 13871:Agora 13848:Tagus 13823:Boule 13572:Samos 13497:Argos 13403:Ionia 13388:Doris 13373:Crete 13107:S2CID 13062:JSTOR 12940:(PDF) 12909:(PDF) 12872:S2CID 12864:JSTOR 12741:S2CID 12733:JSTOR 12482:JSTOR 12376:(PDF) 12361:(PDF) 12334:S2CID 12305:S2CID 12202:S2CID 12194:JSTOR 12140:JSTOR 12109:S2CID 11878:(PDF) 11841:S2CID 11707:S2CID 11657:S2CID 11596:S2CID 11099:S2CID 11031:S2CID 11023:JSTOR 10983:S2CID 10975:JSTOR 10410:(PDF) 10270:S2CID 9220:Iliad 9168:S2CID 9156:(9). 8445:Paidn 7933:(PDF) 7738:δῆμος 6188:Male 6161:H5a2 6128:Male 6098:Male 6068:Male 6041:J2b1 6038:Male 5978:Male 5891:H1az 5798:Male 5741:N1'5 5708:Male 5681:J2b1 5678:Male 5648:Male 5591:H1bm 5561:H4a1 5558:Male 5501:U3b1 5438:Male 5408:Male 5381:W1h1 5351:K1c1 5288:Male 5258:Male 5198:Male 5168:Male 5138:Male 5108:Male 5052:Male 5022:Male 4965:K1a2 4935:H4a1 4902:Male 4842:Male 4815:H41a 4782:Male 4725:J1c1 4632:Male 4602:Male 4572:Male 4545:W1h1 4542:Male 4512:Male 4462:C1a2 4456:Male 4430:Male 4403:HV0a 4340:Male 4280:Male 4220:Male 4190:Male 4163:T1a4 4160:Male 4130:Male 4103:T1a5 4073:H26b 4016:J2a1 4010:Male 3980:Male 3955:Y-DNA 3950:mtDNA 3687:Bible 3657:Greek 3645:Iliad 3597:Crete 3540:Pylos 3394:polos 3331:ivory 3323:Iliad 3316:or a 3312:, an 3310:shell 3113:damos 3109:Pylos 3067:Midea 3033:Midea 3029:Crisa 3025:Argos 2938:Pylos 2763:Women 2651:Iliad 2642:Paean 2604:Asine 2521:Spain 2423:Trade 2390:Nemea 2369:Crete 2295:da-mo 2290:da-mo 2238:wanax 2221:wanax 2216:eqeta 2204:wanax 2189:Pylos 2159:Pylos 2130:damoi 2118:Iliad 2045:Doric 1932:Pylos 1792:Egypt 1710:wanax 1699:, in 1669:Pylos 1665:Midea 1631:Iasus 1581:Spain 1573:Amman 1561:Κοινή 1557:Greek 1511:Egypt 1475:Thera 1473:, on 1467:Crete 1312:Greek 1246:Iliad 1219:Iliad 822:wanax 778:Italy 722:Midea 714:Pylos 698:Greek 124:Midea 116:Pylos 83:Dates 22835:BMAC 22579:Oslo 22301:and 22207:Isis 22154:Gozo 21675:Rome 21653:Maya 21535:Rome 21440:Nile 21206:Rome 21144:Maya 21000:Near 20920:Tyre 20672:Aden 20471:Junk 20343:Stem 20331:Sail 20316:Rope 20301:Mast 20296:Keel 20284:Hull 20274:Deck 20197:Raft 20078:Dhow 19930:and 19928:Flag 19896:2004 19892:1906 19888:1896 19678:Flag 19564:Punk 19560:Rock 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