2742:
whose culture was under threat". Also, Muslims gradually converted to
Christianity, the Normans replaced Orthodox clergy with Latin clerics. Despite the presence of an Arab-speaking Christian population, Greek churchmen attracted Muslim peasants to receive a baptism and even adopted Greek Christian names; in several instances, Christian serfs with Greek names listed in the Monreale registers had living Muslim parents. The Norman rulers followed a policy of steady Latinization by bringing in thousands of Italian settlers from the northwest and south of Italy, and some others from southeast France. To this day, there are communities in central Sicily which speak the Gallo-Italic dialect. Some Muslims chose to feign conversion, but such a remedy could only provide individual protection and could not sustain a community.
2703:
485:
2401:-allied Ibn Thumna attacked Ibn al-Hawwàs only to be defeated. When he left Sicily to recruit more troops, this briefly left Ibn al-Hawwàs in control of most of the island. In waging his war on his rivals, Ibn Thumna had collaborated closely with the Normans, each using the other to further their goal of ruling the entire island, and though Ibn Thumna's death in a 1062 ambush led the Normans to draw back and consolidate, Ibn Thumna's former allies appear to have continued the alliance, such that Muslim troops constituted the majority of the Hauteville "Norman" army in Sicily.
2330:
513:
2566:). Under Arab rule there were different categories of Jizya payers, but their common denominator was the payment of the Jizya as a mark of subjection to Muslim rule in exchange for protection against foreign and internal aggression. The conquered population could avoid this subservient status by converting to Islam. About half the population was Muslim at the time of the Norman Conquest. The co-existence with the conquered population fell apart after the reconquest of Sicily starting in the 1160s and particularly following the death of King
2638:
2449:
553:
2634:), following the rules of Islamic law. However, this rule was not always respected and in many areas such as that of Agrigento the new owners would not have had the right. But it must be said that this distribution of the lands brought about the end of the large estates and the possibility of better exploitation of the lands. New crops were thus introduced where only wheat had been grown for centuries. Sugarcane, vegetables, citrus fruits, dates and mulberry trees appeared and mining exploitation began.
2424:
Calabria shortly after. However, Roger besieged
Syracuse in 1086, and Ibn Abbad tried to break the siege with naval battle, in which he died accidentally. Syracuse surrendered after this defeat. His wife and son fled to Noto and Butera. Meanwhile, the city of Qas'r Ianni (Castrogiovanni, modern Enna) was ruled by a Hammud, who surrendered and converted to Christianity only in 1087. After his conversion, Hammud subsequently became part of the Christian nobility and retired with his family to an estate in
273:
3015:
2746:
127:
25:
3039:
3027:
66:
2420:, and the Zirids returned to North Africa, leaving Sicily in disarray. Catania fell to the Normans in 1071. Palermo, ruled since the Zirid withdrawal by Ibn al-Ba'ba, a man apparently of Spanish Jewish descent from the city's merchant class who led the city with the support of its sheikhs, would in turn fall on 10 January 1072 after a five-month siege. Trapani capitulated the same year.
2854:) gradually "Latinized" Sicily over the course of two centuries, and this social process laid the groundwork for the introduction of Latin (as opposed to Byzantine) Catholicism. The process of Latinization was fostered largely by the Roman Church and its liturgy. The removal of Islam in Sicily was completed by the late 1240s, when the final deportations to
2397:. There followed a period of squabbles among the qadits that likely represented kin-groups jockeying for power. Ibn Thumna killed Ibn al-Maklatí, took Catania and married the dead qadi's widow who was the sister of Ibn al-Hawwàs. He also took ibn Mankut's qadit, but when his wife was prevented from returning from a visit to her brother, the
2393:, or small fiefdoms: Trapani, Marsala, Mazara and Sciacca led by Abdallah ibn Mankut; that of Girgenti, Castrogiovanni and Castronuovo under Ibn al-Hawwàs; Catania held by Ibn al-Maklatí; and that of Syracuse under Ibn Thumna, while al-Samsam retained control of Palermo longer, before it adopted self-rule under a council of
4437:
At the end of the twelfth century ... While in Apulia Greeks were in a majority–and indeed present in any numbers at all–only in the
Salento peninsula in the extreme south, at the time of the conquest they had an overwhelming preponderance in Lucaina and central and southern Calabria, as well as
2181:
troops. The
Iberian Muslims defeated the Byzantine commander Teodotus between July and August of that year, but again a plague forced them to return to Mazara and later Ifriqiya. However, Ifriqiyan units sent to besiege the Sicilian capital of Palermo managed to capture it after a year-long siege in
2773:
against
Muslims started in the 1160s. Muslim and Christian communities in Sicily became increasingly geographically separated. Though likely still a majority, the island's Muslim communities were mainly isolated beyond an internal frontier that divided the south and western half of the island from
4099:
Until the arrival of the Arabs, the most widely spoken language in Sicily was a medieval dialect of Greek. Under the Arabs, Sicily became a polyglot community; some localities were more Greek-speaking while others were predominantly Arabic-speaking." pages 141-142 "Mosques were constructed, often
2741:
However, the island's
Muslims were faced with the choice of voluntary departure or subjection to Christian rule. Many Muslims chose to leave, provided they had the means to do so. "The transformation of Sicily into a Christian island", remarks Abulafia, "was also, paradoxically, the work of those
2539:
The local population conquered by the
Muslims were Greek-speaking and Latin-speaking Byzantine Christians, but there were also a significant number of Jews. The Orthodox and Catholic populations were members of one Church until the events of 1054 began to separate them, the sack of 1204 being the
2531:
The capital is endowed with two gifts, splendor and wealth. It contains all the real and imagined beauty that anyone could wish. Splendor and grace adorn the piazzas and the countryside; the streets and highways are wide, and the eye is dazzled by the beauty of its situation. It is a city full of
2807:
declared a crusade against
Markward, alleging that he had made an unholy alliance with the Saracens of Sicily. Nevertheless, in 1206 Innocent III had attempted to convince Muslim leaders to remain loyal. By this time, the Muslim rebellion was in full swing. They were in control of Jato, Entella,
2423:
The loss of the main port cities dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. The last pocket of active resistance was
Syracuse governed by Ibn Abbad (known as Benavert in western chronicles). He defeated Jordan, son of Roger of Sicily in 1075, and occupied Catania again in 1081 and raided
2279:
Throughout this period, Sunni
Muslims formed the majority of the Muslim community in Sicily, with most (if not all) of the people of Palermo being Sunni, leading to their hostility to the Shia Kalbids. The Sunni population of the island was replenished following sectarian rebellions across north
1950:
that combined elements of its Islamic Arab and Berber migrants with those of the local Latin, Greek, and Jewish communities. Lucrative new crops were introduced, advanced irrigation systems were built, and urban centers were beautified with gardens and public works; the resulting wealth led to a
3150:
Arab period 827/902-1060/1093; The Arab and Norman conquests of Sicily were drawn-out affairs. The dates given above represent the first arrival of the new rulers and the fall of the last stronghold resisting them. It's important also to bear in mind that these dates reflect military/political
2827:
in Apulia. A year later, expeditions were sent against Malta and Djerba, to establish royal control and prevent their Muslim populations from helping the rebels. Paradoxically, Saracen archers remained a common component of these "Christian" armies and the presence of Muslim contingents in the
2360:. After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040, Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his conquest of the latter, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines. The Norman
2412:, and these troops progressively brought the qadits under their control, killing al-Hawwàs and effectively making Ayyub emir of Muslim Sicily. However, they lost two decisive battles against the Normans. The Sicilians and North Africans were defeated in 1063 by a small Norman force at the
2244:
appointed the Kalbid commander al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi as governor of the island. He became the first emir of the Kalbid dynasty, which effectively ruled the island for the next century on behalf of the Fatimids. Al-Hasan returned to Ifriqiya upon the death of al-Mansur, leaving his son
2500:) contained the Sultan's palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a private prison. Ibn Hawqual reckoned 7,000 individual butchers trading in 150 shops. The population of the city during this period is uncertain, as figures given by Arab writers during the era were unreliable.
2532:
marvels, with buildings similar to those of Córdoba, built of limestone. A permanent stream of water from four springs runs through the city. There are so many mosques that they are impossible to count. Most of them also serve as schools. The eye is dazzled by all this splendor.
2280:
Africa from 943–947 against the Fatimids' harsh religious policies, leading to several waves of refugees fleeing to Sicily in an attempt to escape Fatimid retaliation. The Byzantines took advantage of temporary discord to occupy the eastern end of the island for several years.
2229:. The first years of Fatimid rule after 909 were difficult, as the Sicilian Muslims had already begun to acquire a distinct identity and they resisted attempts by new outsiders to assert themselves. The first Fatimid governor was expelled in 912 and the second one,
2117:
caught wind of the matter and ordered that General Constantine end the marriage and cut off Euphemius' nose. Euphemius rose up, killed Constantine and then occupied Syracuse; he in turn was defeated and driven out to North Africa. He offered rule of Sicily over to
3168:(Jan. 9, 2021). "The prosperity this generated led to Sicily, and especially Palermo, becoming a rich hub in the trading networks of the Mediterranean, the meeting place for merchants from the Middle East, north Africa and the young Italian trading republics."
2189:
The conquest was an incremental, see-saw affair. With considerable resistance and many internal struggles, it took over a century for Byzantine Sicily to be fully conquered. Messina was besieged and captured in 842 or 843, possibly with the support of some
2786:
died in 1189, royal protection was lifted, and the door was opened for widespread attacks against the island's Muslims. This destroyed any lingering hope of coexistence, however unequal the respective populations might have been. The death of
4100:
with the help of Byzantine craftsmen, and in Sicily the Church, formally under the Patriarchate of Constantinople from 732, remained solidly Greek Orthodox into the early years of Norman rule, when the beginnings of Latinization took place.
2233:, rebelled until 916. Fatimid authority was only established more securely with the defeat of rebels and the surrender of Palermo in 917. Salim ibn Abi Rashid served as Fatimid governor from 917 to 936. He was related by marriage to the
4264:
J. Johns, The Greek church and the conversion of Muslims in Norman Sicily?, "Byzantinische Forschungen", 21, 1995; for Greek Christianity in Sicily see also V. von Falkenhausen, "Il monachesimo greco in Sicilia", in C.D. Fonseca (ed.),
2076:, and it was only discord among the Muslims that prevented an attempted invasion of Sicily at that time. Instead, trading agreements were arranged with the Byzantines, and Muslim merchants were allowed to trade goods at Sicilian ports.
2311:(986–998) a period of steady decline began. Under al-Akhal (1017–1037) the dynastic conflict intensified, with factions within the ruling family allying themselves variously with the Byzantine Empire and the Zirids. After this period,
2808:
Platani, Celso, Calatrasi, Corleone (taken in 1208), Guastanella and Cinisi. Muslim revolt extended throughout a whole stretch of western Sicily. The rebels were led by Muhammad Ibn Abbād. He called himself the "
2440:, the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians with ease. After the conquest of Sicily, the Normans removed the local emir, Yusuf Ibn Abdallah from power, while respecting the customs of the resident Arabs.
2738:
today. Muslims also maintained their domination of industry, retailing, and production, while Muslim craftsmanship, masonry, and expertise in government and administration were highly sought after.
2582:
in Palermo, the emir held authority over most affairs of state, including the army, administration, justice, and the treasury. He appointed the governors of major cities, high ranking judges (
3304:
2269:
as their viceroys in Ifriqiya. It was only after this move to Egypt that the Fatimid caliphs implicitly recognized the Kalbids as hereditary rulers, who thenceforth governed the island as
2823:
forces rooted out the defenders of Jato, Entella, and the other fortresses. Rather than exterminate the Muslims. who numbered about 60,000, in 1223, Frederick II began deporting them to
2416:, cementing Norman control over the north-east of the island. The sizeable Christian population rose up against the ruling Muslims. Then in 1068, Roger and his men defeated Ayyub at the
2134:), in return for a place as a general and safety; the Emir agreed, offering to give Euphemius the island in exchange for a yearly tribute. The conquest was entrusted to the 70-year-old
2046:, the first major Muslim state to emerge following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632. Over a period of twenty five years, the caliphate succeeded in annexing much of the
2460:, which in turn increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a dent to the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further improved irrigation systems through
2782:
and Christian, even during Islamic rule. As a subject people, Sicilian Muslims became dependent on the mercy of their Christian masters and, ultimately, on royal protection. After
1985:. But by the mid thirteenth century, Muslims who had not already left or converted to Christianity were expelled, ending roughly four hundred years of Islamic presence in Sicily.
2609:
Muslim sovereignty was never absolute across the island, and the creation of three subdivisions served to distinguish different approaches to government. Western Sicily was more
1867:
4583:
1977:
As the first Count of Sicily, Roger maintained a relative degree of tolerance and multiculturalism; Sicilian Muslims remained citizens of the County and the subsequent
2606:
an official workshop that produced valuable fabrics such as silk, which were granted as a sign of appreciation to their subject or as a gift to foreign dignitaries.
5859:
5839:
3348:
Bondioli, Lorenzo M. (2018). "Islamic Bari between the Aghlabids and the Two Empires". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
1981:. Until the late twelfth century, and probably as late as the 1220s, Muslims formed a majority of the island's population, and even occupied positions in the
2799:
still an infant in papal custody, Sicily became a battleground for rival German and papal forces. The island's Muslim rebels sided with German warlords like
2079:
The first true attempt at conquest was launched in 740; in that year the Muslim prince Habib, who had participated in the 728 attack, successfully captured
2906:
2536:
Throughout this reign, revolts by Byzantine Sicilians occurred, especially in the east, and part of the lands were even re-occupied before being quashed.
2912:
1860:
3135:
4576:
2409:
2384:
2496:(the palace) is the center of Palermo until today, with the great Friday Mosque on the site of the later Roman cathedral. The suburb of Al-Khalisa (
5854:
2918:
2900:
2308:
2953:
4501:
3301:
2315:
attempted to annex the island for the Zirids, while intervening in the affairs of the feuding Muslims; however, the attempt ultimately failed.
2237:, a high-ranking family loyal to the Fatimids. Another major revolt for independence shook the island in 937 and was only suppressed in 941.
1853:
2210:. Even after this, however, some patches of local Byzantine/Christian resistance continued until 967, after the end of the Aghlabid period.
5904:
5874:
4569:
3512:
Metcalfe, Alex (2021). "Italy, Islam in premodern". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
3200:
4168:
4031:
J. Bradford De Long and Andrei Shleifer (October 1993), "Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution",
4438:
comprising anything up to a third of the population of Sicily, concentrated especially in the north-east of the island, the Val Demone.
484:
2249:
as governor of the island, though he returned later to assist in campaigns against the Byzantines. Under Ahmad's tenure, Taormina was
2166:. A sudden outbreak of plague killed many of the Muslim troops, as well as Asad himself, forcing the Muslims to retreat to the castle
5849:
1954:
Beginning in the early eleventh century, political authority began to fracture from internal strife and dynastic disputes. Christian
2894:
2304:
2617:
remained majority Christian and often resistant to Muslim rule, prompting a focus on tax collection and maintaining public order.
4934:
2283:
Raids into Southern Italy continued under the Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a joint Christian army under the Emperor
272:
3955:
2602:
role, albeit sometimes making important decisions in lieu of the emir. It is also very likely that the authorities operated a
4430:
4396:
4371:
4346:
4300:
4212:
4092:
4015:
3990:
3939:
3875:
3843:
3818:
3793:
3762:
3737:
3548:
3468:
3413:
3384:
3357:
3332:
3241:
3186:
2722:
has been characterized as "multi-ethnic in nature and religiously tolerant". Normans, Jews, Muslim Arabs, Byzantine Greeks,
191:
5236:
4954:
163:
5894:
5749:
5492:
5440:
3616:
5631:
5302:
4464:
4449:
4278:
4248:
4227:
4111:
3438:
2993:
2730:
remained a language of government and administration for at least a century into Norman rule, and traces remain in the
2147:, where the first battle against loyalist Byzantine troops occurred on July 15, 827, resulting in an Aghlabid victory.
2100:
3536:
3401:
5743:
5351:
4185:
4127:
3712:
3685:
3655:
3575:
3274:
2365:
2054:, an invasion captured most of the island, but Muslims occupation was short-lived, as they left following his death.
1963:
228:
210:
170:
108:
52:
2143:, who led a force 10,000 infantry, 700 cavalry and 100 ships. Reinforced by the Muslims, Euphemius' ships landed at
1888:
rule from the late ninth to late eleventh centuries. It became a prosperous and influential commercial power in the
5889:
4592:
4033:
2816:
2796:
2058:
3289:
2613:
and heavily populated by Arabs, allowing for full and direct administration; by contrast, the northeast region of
5761:
2199:
2155:
819:
1988:
Over two centuries of Islamic rule has left some traces in modern Sicily. Minor Arabic influence remains in the
5737:
5641:
5585:
4743:
3493:
1499:
177:
148:
144:
90:
38:
5626:
5560:
5359:
5091:
5014:
4865:
2697:
1947:
3595:
1064:
3142:
2788:
2457:
2119:
159:
5899:
5884:
5755:
5707:
5398:
4885:
4042:
2882:
2819:, no longer a child, responded by launching a series of campaigns against the Muslim rebels in 1221. The
2284:
2246:
994:
5844:
5701:
5695:
5646:
5636:
5066:
5051:
4914:
4552:
3005:
2106:
2024:
2174:(modern Enna) where Euphemius was killed, forcing them to retreat back to their stronghold at Mazara.
5813:
5096:
4505:
3599:
2262:
2096:
2065:, allowing them to build shipyards and a permanent base from which to launch more sustained attacks.
1916:
388:
81:
4051:
2812:", struck his own coins, and attempted to find Muslim support from other parts of the Muslim world.
2702:
2000:. Other cultural remnants can be found in the island's agricultural methods and crops, cuisine, and
5879:
5869:
5719:
5071:
4924:
4860:
3429:
Mazot, Sibylle (2011). "The History of the Aghlabids". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
2959:
Alí ibn Nima (Ibn al-Hawwàs) – Agrigento and Castrogiovanni (1053–about 1065), all Taifas from 1062
2520:
put the figure above 100,000 but below 250,000. Around 1330, Palermo's population stood at 51,000.
2163:
1919:
from 827 to 902 resulted in the gradual conquest of the entire island, with only the stronghold of
1743:
3752:
3162:
5864:
5807:
5482:
5374:
5336:
4831:
4761:
2844:
2829:
2288:
2250:
2207:
2018:
1489:
137:
3785:
3779:
3374:
2177:
In 830, the remaining Muslims of Sicily received a strong reinforcement of 30,000 Ifriqiyan and
5767:
5713:
5661:
5651:
5487:
5430:
5101:
4046:
3095:
2795:
a year later plunged Sicily into political turmoil. With the loss of royal protection and with
2753:
2312:
1594:
1539:
348:
2527:
visited the area in the end of the 12th century and described Al-Kasr and Al-Khalisa (Kalsa):
5731:
5575:
5527:
5513:
5341:
5081:
4994:
4944:
4623:
4606:
4165:
3730:
Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad
2840:
2800:
2292:
1584:
1554:
4323:
3458:
3322:
5779:
5656:
5595:
5580:
5503:
5467:
5423:
5413:
5191:
5163:
4969:
4813:
4711:
4655:
3781:
Arts of the City Victorious: Islamic Art and Architecture in Fatimid North Africa and Egypt
2783:
2757:
2579:
2567:
2517:
2504:
estimated Palermo's population at 350,000 in the 11th century, while other historians like
2001:
1943:
1728:
1609:
184:
4205:
Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said Badawi
3757:. Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, Divisione studi e pubblicazioni. p. 145.
2383:
The Emirate of Sicily began to fragment amid intra-dynastic quarrels. In 1044, under emir
8:
5801:
5532:
5435:
5418:
5408:
5263:
5186:
5009:
5004:
4939:
4839:
4749:
3350:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
2809:
2792:
2749:
2599:
2417:
1818:
829:
2083:. Ready to conquer the whole island, they were however forced to return to Tunisia by a
1134:
5725:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5590:
5555:
5550:
5508:
5472:
5331:
5226:
5148:
5121:
5061:
4964:
4949:
4787:
4767:
4064:
3019:
2851:
2723:
2505:
2043:
1524:
1289:
1174:
1034:
759:
694:
44:
2637:
2222:
Aghlabid dynasty in Ifriqiya until 909, when they were overthrown and replaced by the
1114:
5570:
5565:
5498:
5457:
5451:
5292:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
4999:
4979:
4929:
4919:
4900:
4426:
4392:
4367:
4342:
4296:
4208:
4123:
4088:
4011:
4008:
Medieval Manuscript Production in the Latin West: Explorations with a Global Database
3986:
3935:
3871:
3864:
3839:
3814:
3789:
3758:
3733:
3708:
3681:
3651:
3626:
3571:
3544:
3517:
3489:
3464:
3434:
3409:
3380:
3353:
3328:
3270:
3237:
3182:
2998:
2876:
2804:
2731:
2715:
2707:
2373:
2349:
2333:
2324:
2195:
2140:
2042:
waned in the West, a new and expansionist power was emerging in the Middle East: the
1989:
1978:
1959:
1928:
1889:
1634:
1479:
1084:
724:
714:
704:
589:
298:
76:
4068:
3959:
2862:
in 1282, there were no Muslims in Sicily, and the society was completely Latinized.
5787:
5369:
5364:
5287:
5221:
5216:
5086:
5056:
5024:
4880:
4825:
4804:
4782:
4561:
4056:
3260:
3229:
2859:
2735:
2448:
2413:
2258:
2241:
2151:
2144:
2080:
2051:
2039:
1993:
1967:
1931:
replaced Aghlabid rule after 909. From 948 onwards, the island was governed by the
1924:
1912:
1900:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1754:
1419:
1399:
1379:
1299:
1094:
974:
899:
889:
839:
769:
669:
619:
506:
344:
290:
4317:
2570:
in 1189. The policy of oppression visited upon Christians was applied to Muslims.
2050:
Empire and former Roman territories in the Levant and North Africa. In 652, under
5310:
5278:
5273:
5253:
5116:
5076:
5046:
5029:
4989:
4974:
4959:
4890:
4875:
4792:
4772:
4645:
4172:
4082:
3702:
3675:
3645:
3565:
3308:
3086:
2988:
2956:(Ibn Thumna) – Syracuse (1053–1062) and in later years Catania and Trapani/Mazara
2848:
2779:
2727:
2361:
2353:
2329:
2296:
2158:, and an attempted mutiny, his troops were able to defeat a large army sent from
2047:
1724:
1694:
1459:
1449:
1359:
1339:
1229:
1164:
1124:
1104:
1014:
939:
929:
919:
879:
849:
789:
779:
659:
609:
340:
336:
256:
5168:
5793:
5689:
5683:
5283:
5258:
5131:
5126:
5111:
5106:
5041:
5036:
5019:
4984:
4777:
4755:
4699:
4638:
4526:
3611:
3607:
2668:
2465:
2150:
Asad subsequently conquered the southern shore of the island and laid siege to
2110:
2035:
1932:
1799:
1709:
1653:
1429:
1319:
1249:
949:
490:
365:
5833:
5477:
4819:
4693:
4665:
4120:
Religion, ritual and mythology : aspects of identity formation in Europe
3630:
3603:
3521:
2774:
the Christian north and eastern half; in particular, the northeast region of
2429:
2405:
2357:
2084:
1997:
1955:
1679:
1184:
393:
552:
4850:
4705:
4685:
3753:
Commissione mista per la storia e la cultura degli ebrei in Italia (1995).
3043:
3031:
3014:
2820:
2745:
2610:
2501:
2202:
in 878. The conquest of the island was not fully completed until 902, when
2031:
1683:
1154:
909:
3233:
2549:
but were subject to some restrictions; they were also required to pay the
2186:("The City"), and it became the base for further conquests on the island.
5403:
5268:
4450:
Charles Dalli, From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily, p. 160-161
2968:
2352:, that captured Sicily from the Muslims. In 1038, a Byzantine army under
2219:
2069:
2027:
1982:
1543:
1309:
1219:
1004:
859:
809:
414:
371:
4030:
3980:
2775:
2642:
2614:
2524:
2509:
2485:
2230:
2223:
2178:
2114:
1974:, fell in 1091, marking the end of independent Islamic rule in Sicily.
1829:
1469:
1439:
1269:
1074:
639:
376:
3406:
Routledge Revivals: Medieval Italy (2004): An Encyclopedia – Volume II
2628:) and one fifth was reserved for the state or the local governor (the
2182:
September 831. Palermo was made the Muslim capital of Sicily, renamed
1896:
serving as a major cultural and political center of the Muslim world.
4670:
4465:
Charles Dalli, From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily, p. 161
4279:
Charles Dalli, From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily, p. 160
4228:
Charles Dalli, From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily, p. 159
4141:
2888:
2513:
2477:
2473:
1814:
1769:
1739:
1664:
1649:
1054:
1024:
869:
629:
569:
126:
5388:
4870:
4675:
4618:
4060:
3376:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
2975:
2833:
2762:
2719:
2562:
or land tax, but were exempt from the tax that Muslims had to pay (
2425:
2300:
2203:
2127:
2123:
2062:
1904:
1598:
1369:
1329:
1279:
1239:
1144:
799:
749:
649:
3677:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
3460:
Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean
3324:
Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean
2340:
By the 11th century, mainland southern Italian powers were hiring
4650:
4611:
4295:(illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 142.
2666:
was silver and weighed 2.97 grams. The Aghlabites introduced the
2489:
2481:
2398:
2377:
2345:
2341:
2254:
2234:
2226:
2159:
2131:
2073:
1920:
1908:
1893:
1758:
1668:
1638:
1573:
1409:
1389:
1349:
1259:
1194:
984:
599:
380:
326:
306:
452:
5158:
3064:
2855:
2824:
2770:
2684:
2674:
2662:
2563:
2558:
2544:
2492:
merchant who visited Sicily in 950. A walled suburb called the
2394:
2369:
2266:
2191:
1881:
1833:
1713:
1569:
579:
456:
3811:
Africa in Europe: Antiquity into the Age of Global Exploration
3201:"'Sicilians have affinity for the Islamic world in their DNA'"
2678:
in copper. While following the conquest of Palermo in 886 the
2540:
last straw as far as the Byzantine "Orthodox" were concerned.
16:
Period of Sicilian history under Islamic rule from 831 to 1091
5136:
4660:
4633:
2931:
2656:
2630:
2590:
2551:
2497:
2469:
2461:
2437:
2270:
2167:
1936:
1885:
1803:
1558:
1528:
535:
531:
361:
2170:. They later renewed their offensive, but failed to conquer
1992:
and in local place names; a much larger influence is in the
4628:
4361:
4267:
La Sicilia rupestre nel contesto delle civiltà mediterranee
3983:
A History of the Crusades, Volume 1 The First Hundred Years
2588:), and arbitrators for minor disputes between individuals (
2584:
2433:
2388:
2348:; it was the Normans under Roger de Hauteville, who became
2171:
2136:
2087:. A second attack in 752 aimed only to sack the same city.
1971:
1698:
3537:"Byzantium and Islam in Southern Italy (7th–11th Century)"
3488:. Translated by Bonner, Michael. E.J. Brill. p. 107.
3151:
transitions; culturally, the transitions were much slower.
3141:. Archaeology.Stanford.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from
3838:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 696.
3707:. Edinburgh: Edinbugh University Press. pp. 77–84.
2543:
Christians and Jews were tolerated under Muslim rule as
1911:) began launching raids in 652. During the reign of the
4389:
Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily: The Royal Diwan
3894:, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 2009, pp. 84-85
3784:(illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p.
2624:
in conquering the lands obtained four-fifths as booty (
2356:
crossed the strait of Messina, and included a corps of
2318:
277:
Italy in 1000. The Emirate of Sicily is in light green.
2408:
of North Africa sent an army to Sicily led by Ali and
2194:, and became a base for subsequent campaigns into the
3834:
Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, eds. (2004).
3003:
4591:
3985:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 57–58.
3650:. Edinburgh: Edinbugh University Press. p. 57.
3570:. Edinburgh: Edinbugh University Press. p. 41.
3100:
3068:
3958:. In Italy Magazine. 7 October 2007. Archived from
3833:
2344:mercenaries, who were Christian descendants of the
2061:, the Muslims had captured the nearby port city of
151:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3981:Marshall W. Baldwin; Kenneth Meyer Setton (2016).
3863:
2464:and introduced new and lucrative crops, including
4203:Badawi, El-Said M.; Elgibali, Alaa, eds. (1996).
3777:
3674:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Kalbids".
3486:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
2947:Abdallah ibn Mankut – Trapani and Mazara (1053–?)
2012:
5831:
4491:A.Lowe: The Barrier and the bridge, op cit;p.92.
3732:(illustrated ed.). Macmillan. p. 142.
3379:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 26.
2726:and native Sicilians lived in relative harmony.
2436:in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of
1939:while formally acknowledging Fatimid authority.
5777:
4479:Roger Ii De Sicile - Un Normand En Méditerranée
4460:
4458:
4336:
4239:Abulafia, The end of Muslim Sicily cit., p. 109
3934:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 98.
3727:
5860:States and territories established in the 830s
4251:From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily
4202:
4116:From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily
3808:
3463:. Cornell University Press. pp. 77, 535.
3327:. Cornell University Press. pp. 77, 535.
2508:estimated it to be closer to 60,000. Based on
2113:of Sicily, forced a nun to marry him. Emperor
5840:States and territories disestablished in 1091
4577:
4546:
4315:
4290:
4084:The Peoples of Sicily: A Multicultural Legacy
3266:A History of Sicily: Medieval Sicily 800—1713
1970:in 1071; the last Muslim city on the island,
1861:
4980:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
4455:
4386:
4366:(illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 289.
4362:Graham A. Loud; Alex Metcalfe (1 Jan 2002).
4207:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 33.
3956:"Chronological - Historical Table Of Sicily"
3456:
3320:
3223:
2828:imperial army remained a reality even under
2057:By the end of the seventh century, with the
493:(Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty)
248:
4425:. Cambridge University Press. p. 494.
4420:
4391:. Cambridge University Press. p. 284.
4142:"Gli arabi in Sicilia / Alberto Costantino"
4080:
3163:William Dalrymple on Sicily’s Islamic past.
2752:art and architecture combined European and
2265:and moved to Egypt in 972–973, leaving the
2038:. As the power of what is now known as the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4584:
4570:
4139:
4005:
3948:
3932:Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century
3680:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 33.
3617:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3507:
3505:
3259:
2971:– Agrigento and Castrogiovanni (1068–1087)
2512:'s statement that Palermo was larger than
1868:
1854:
271:
4183:
4081:Mendola, Louis; Alio, Jacqueline (2014).
4050:
3861:
3625:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 496–497.
3593:
3399:
2962:Ayyub ibn Tamim (Zirid) (about 1065–1068)
2654:The coin introduced by the Arabs was the
2162:, backed by a Venetian fleet led by Doge
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4525:
3857:
3855:
3673:
3511:
3347:
3228:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
2744:
2701:
2636:
2447:
2328:
1946:and multilingual, developing a distinct
5855:11th-century disestablishments in Italy
4935:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
4339:Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West
3502:
3452:
3450:
3255:
3253:
2660:, in gold and weighing 4.25 grams. The
2218:In succession, Sicily was ruled by the
5832:
4549:The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History
3929:
3372:
3295:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
4565:
4186:"Tracing the Norman Rulers of Sicily"
3852:
3700:
3694:
3669:
3667:
3643:
3637:
3589:
3587:
3563:
3557:
3428:
2895:Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
4476:
4122:/ edited by Joaquim Carvalho, 2006,
4024:
3528:
3483:
3447:
3422:
3250:
3198:
2978:) – Syracuse and Catania (1071–1086)
2682:was coined which was worth 1/6 of a
2523:Arab traveler, geographer, and poet
546:Historical Arab states and dynasties
149:adding citations to reliable sources
120:
59:
18:
5905:9th-century establishments in Italy
5875:Former Islamic monarchies in Europe
4502:"Saracen Archers in Southern Italy"
4184:Inturrisi, Louis (April 26, 1987).
4087:. Trinacria Editions. p. 168.
3534:
3341:
3314:
3117:
3090:
3074:
2307:was killed in battle and with Emir
249:
13:
4166:Roger II - Encyclopædia Britannica
4140:Costantino, Alberto (2021-04-05).
3836:The New Cambridge Medieval History
3664:
3584:
3477:
3366:
3224:Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017-12-31).
2994:History of Islam in southern Italy
2594:). An assembly of notables called
2101:History of Islam in southern Italy
2090:
1899:Sicily was peripheral part of the
14:
5916:
5744:United Provinces of Central Italy
2965:Ibn al-Ba'ba, Palermo (1068–1072)
2950:Ibn al-Maklatí – Catania (1053–?)
2865:
2706:Depiction of Norman ruler in the
1951:flourishing of art and science.
1942:Under Muslim rule, Sicily became
34:This article has multiple issues.
5850:1091 disestablishments in Europe
4593:List of historic states of Italy
4531:Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor
4423:The Latin Church in Norman Italy
4034:The Journal of Law and Economics
3037:
3025:
3013:
2387:, the island devolved into four
2372:and Calabria, while his brother
2059:Umayyad conquest of North Africa
967:Western dynasties and caliphates
551:
511:
483:
125:
64:
23:
5726:Provisional Government of Milan
4519:
4494:
4485:
4470:
4443:
4414:
4405:
4380:
4355:
4337:Roberto Tottoli (19 Sep 2014).
4330:
4319:Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia
4309:
4284:
4272:
4258:
4242:
4233:
4221:
4196:
4177:
4159:
4133:
4105:
4074:
3999:
3974:
3923:
3910:
3897:
3884:
3827:
3813:. Lexington Books. p. 83.
3802:
3771:
3746:
3728:Brian A. Catlos (26 Aug 2014).
3721:
3400:Kleinhenz, Christopher (2017).
3393:
3269:. Chatto & Windus, London.
3177:Of Italy, Touring Club (2005).
2941:
2858:took place. By the time of the
2034:, which by then was ruled from
136:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
4925:City of Fiume and its District
4411:Metcalfe (2009), pp. 34–36, 40
4118:, Charles Dalli, page 153. In
3866:Sicily: An Illustrated History
3541:A Companion to Byzantine Italy
3283:
3217:
3192:
3171:
3156:
3080:
3057:
2428:provided by Roger I. In 1091,
2213:
2013:Early Muslim attacks on Sicily
1:
5360:County of Apulia and Calabria
4866:Campagna e Marittima Province
4547:Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971).
4293:The Muslims of Medieval Italy
3918:The Muslims of Medieval Italy
3905:The Muslims of Medieval Italy
3892:The Muslims of Medieval Italy
3809:Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 1955).
3514:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
3111:
2698:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
2573:
2380:with an army of 700 knights.
2336:receiving the keys of Palermo
1917:prolonged series of conflicts
305:Autonomous emirate under the
4504:. 2007-11-28. Archived from
3457:Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017).
3433:. h.f.ullmann. p. 131.
3321:Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017).
2691:
2261:. The Fatimids subsequently
313:Various emirates in conflict
7:
5762:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
5756:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
5708:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
4886:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
4387:Jeremy Johns (7 Oct 2002).
4364:The Society of Norman Italy
4043:University of Chicago Press
3431:Islam: Art and Architecture
3373:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1991).
3352:. Brill. pp. 470–490.
3101:
3069:
2982:
2937:Hasan as-Samsam (1040–1053)
2883:Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
2778:had remained predominantly
2240:In 948, the Fatimid caliph
2030:reconquered Sicily for the
687:Arab empires and caliphates
84:. The specific problem is:
10:
5921:
5895:History of Malta by period
5702:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
5696:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
5097:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
5067:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
5052:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
4553:Cambridge University Press
4540:
3862:Privitera, Joseph (2002).
3778:Jonathan M. Bloom (2007).
3067:, the island was known as
2924:Ja'far al-Kalbi (998–1019)
2870:
2734:and evidently more in the
2695:
2649:
2578:Seated in what is now the
2443:
2322:
2319:Decline and "Taifa" period
2094:
2068:Around 700, the island of
2016:
2007:
1935:, who ruled as autonomous
5814:Free Territory of Trieste
5674:
5604:
5543:
5526:
5450:
5387:
5350:
5332:Principality of Benevento
5324:
5301:
5246:
5235:
5177:
5147:
4899:
4849:
4803:
4734:
4721:
4684:
4599:
4341:. Routledge. p. 56.
4322:. F. Le Monnier. p.
3136:"Brief history of Sicily"
2710:in Palermo (12th century)
2452:Arab musicians in Palermo
2097:Muslim conquest of Sicily
1966:the island, founding the
527:
462:
448:
444:
434:
424:
420:
410:
402:
389:Chalcedonian Christianity
354:
332:
322:
282:
270:
265:
243:
5720:Italian United Provinces
5072:Principality of Piombino
4861:Patrimony of Saint Peter
3930:Rogers, Randall (1997).
3755:Italia judaica, Volume 5
3050:
2164:Giustiniano Participazio
1923:, in the far northeast,
1903:when Muslim forces from
995:Umayyad state of Córdoba
5808:Italian Social Republic
5483:Principality of Taranto
5375:Principality of Taranto
5337:Principality of Salerno
5092:Bishopric of Tarantasia
4915:Bishopric of Bressanone
4832:Duchy of the Pentapolis
3701:Brett, Michael (2017).
3644:Brett, Michael (2017).
3564:Brett, Michael (2017).
3292:(1971), vol. 1, pg. 370
2845:Capetian House of Anjou
2364:, son of Tancred, then
2109:, the commander of the
5714:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
5488:Terra Sancti Benedicti
5392:(from the 9th century)
5102:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4316:Michele Amari (1854).
4291:Alex Metcalfe (2009).
3594:Rizzitano, U. (1978).
3543:. Brill. p. 207.
3535:Nef, Annliese (2021).
3226:Where Three Worlds Met
2930:Abdallah (1037–1040),
2843:and their successors (
2766:
2711:
2646:
2534:
2458:initiated land reforms
2453:
2337:
1948:Arab-Byzantine culture
1892:, with its capital of
436:• Disestablished
5732:Republic of San Marco
5514:Crown Colony of Malta
5342:Principality of Capua
5082:Marquisate of Saluzzo
4945:County of Santa Fiora
4607:Etruscan civilization
4533:. London: Allen Lane.
4477:Aubé, Pierre (2001).
4269:, vol. 1, Lecce 1986.
4010:. Brill. p. 73.
3234:10.7591/9781501712593
2841:House of Hohenstaufen
2801:Markward von Anweiler
2784:King William the Good
2758:Islamic architectural
2748:
2705:
2645:minted in Sicily, 879
2640:
2556:or head tax, and the
2529:
2451:
2368:in 1060 after taking
2332:
2017:Further information:
1925:holding out until 965
1907:(roughly present-day
1585:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1500:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
333:Common languages
5528:French Revolutionary
5468:State of the Presidi
5192:Republic of Florence
5164:Domini di Terraferma
4814:Exarchate of Ravenna
4712:Western Roman Empire
4656:Nuragic civilization
4421:Loud, G. A. (2007).
3870:. Hippocrene Books.
3484:Halm, Heinz (1996).
2954:Muhammed ibn Ibrahim
2927:al-Akhal (1019–1037)
2568:William II of Sicily
2518:Kenneth Meyer Setton
2456:The new Arab rulers
2259:conquered soon after
2130:(around present-day
145:improve this article
91:improve this article
80:to meet Knowledge's
5890:Arab–Byzantine wars
5802:Free State of Fiume
5750:Kingdom of Sardinia
5493:Neapolitan Republic
5441:Kingdom of Sardinia
5436:Republic of Sassari
5264:Catepanate of Italy
5187:Republic of Cospaia
5010:Duchy of Montferrat
5005:March of Montferrat
4940:County of Guastalla
4840:Exarchate of Africa
4006:E. Buringh (2011).
3181:. Touring Editore.
2810:prince of believers
2480:. A description of
2418:Battle of Misilmeri
2374:Roger de Hauteville
2313:Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis
2019:Arab–Byzantine wars
562:Ancient Arab states
426:• Established
5900:831 establishments
5885:Former Arab states
5632:Lucca and Piombino
5509:Malta Protectorate
5473:Duke of San Donato
5227:Republic of Ancona
5149:Republic of Venice
5062:Duchy of Mirandola
4950:Duchy of Guastalla
4788:Duchy of Tridentum
4768:Duchy of Benevento
4735:Barbarian kingdoms
4190:The New York Times
4171:2007-05-23 at the
3704:The Fatimid Empire
3647:The Fatimid Empire
3567:The Fatimid Empire
3307:2011-07-14 at the
2891:(969–970), usurper
2852:House of Barcelona
2767:
2732:language of Sicily
2712:
2647:
2506:Stephan R. Epstein
2454:
2338:
2044:Rashidun Caliphate
1996:that derives from
1958:mercenaries under
1627:Current monarchies
1290:Sharifate of Mecca
760:Emirate of Tbilisi
750:Emirate of Armenia
600:Kingdom of Osroene
5845:Emirate of Sicily
5827:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5670:
5669:
5637:Massa and Carrara
5522:
5521:
5499:Hospitaller Malta
5458:Kingdom of Naples
5452:Kingdom of Sicily
5383:
5382:
5293:Duchy of Sorrento
5212:Republic of Genoa
5207:Republic of Siena
5202:Republic of Massa
5197:Republic of Lucca
4930:County of Gorizia
4920:Corsican Republic
4901:Holy Roman Empire
4432:978-0-521-25551-6
4398:978-1-139-44019-6
4373:978-90-04-12541-4
4348:978-1-317-74402-3
4302:978-0-7486-2008-1
4214:978-977-424-372-1
4094:978-0-6157-9694-9
4017:978-90-04-17519-8
3992:978-1-5128-1864-2
3941:978-0-19-159181-5
3877:978-0-7818-0909-2
3845:978-0-521-41411-1
3820:978-0-7391-2994-4
3795:978-0-300-13542-8
3764:978-88-7125-102-8
3739:978-0-374-71205-1
3550:978-90-04-30770-4
3470:978-1-5017-1258-6
3415:978-1-351-66442-4
3386:978-0-8122-0543-5
3359:978-90-04-35566-8
3334:978-1-5017-1258-6
3261:Mack Smith, Denis
3243:978-1-5017-1259-3
3199:Mattozzi, Savin.
3187:978-88-365-3403-6
3148:on June 9, 2007.
3099:
2999:History of Sicily
2913:Abdallah al-Kalbi
2877:al-Hasan al-Kalbi
2805:Pope Innocent III
2760:features such as
2736:language of Malta
2716:Kingdom of Sicily
2641:Aghlabid quarter
2350:Roger I of Sicily
2334:Roger I of Sicily
2325:Kingdom of Sicily
2287:and the brothers
2276:on their behalf.
2141:Asad ibn al-Furat
1990:Sicilian language
1979:Kingdom of Sicily
1944:multiconfessional
1929:Fatimid Caliphate
1878:
1877:
1843:
1842:
1618:
1617:
1610:Tippu Tip's State
1508:
1507:
1480:Emirate of Beihan
1212:Arabian Peninsula
1203:
1202:
958:
957:
742:Eastern dynasties
733:
732:
678:
677:
590:Nabataean Kingdom
580:Kingdom of Lihyan
541:
540:
523:
522:
519:
518:
499:
498:
299:Fatimid Caliphate
239:
238:
231:
221:
220:
213:
195:
119:
118:
111:
86:poor translation.
82:quality standards
73:This article may
57:
5912:
5788:Kingdom of Italy
5775:
5774:
5541:
5540:
5370:County of Sicily
5365:County of Aversa
5288:Byzantine Sicily
5274:Theme of Lucania
5244:
5243:
5222:Republic of Pisa
5217:Republic of Noli
5087:Duchy of Spoleto
5057:Duchy of Merania
4955:Kingdom of Italy
4881:Duchy of Ferrara
4826:Duchy of Perugia
4805:Byzantine Empire
4783:Duchy of Spoleto
4750:Ostrogothic rule
4732:
4731:
4600:Pre-Roman period
4586:
4579:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4535:
4534:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4262:
4256:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4181:
4175:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4137:
4131:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4054:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3908:
3901:
3895:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3869:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3318:
3312:
3311:, by Alwi Alatas
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3179:Authentic Sicily
3175:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3061:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3009:
2860:Sicilian Vespers
2708:Capella Palatina
2672:in gold and the
2620:The fighters or
2414:Battle of Cerami
2366:conquered Sicily
2299:near Crotone in
2295:was defeated at
2196:Italian mainland
2145:Mazara del Vallo
2072:was captured by
2048:Persian Sasanian
2040:Byzantine Empire
1994:Maltese language
1968:County of Sicily
1913:Aghlabid dynasty
1901:Byzantine Empire
1870:
1863:
1856:
1631:
1630:
1595:Nabahani dynasty
1540:Nabahani dynasty
1525:Makhzumi dynasty
1521:
1520:
1216:
1215:
971:
970:
770:Emirate of Crete
746:
745:
691:
690:
670:Kingdom of Kinda
620:Kingdom of Hatra
570:Kingdom of Qedar
566:
565:
555:
543:
542:
515:
514:
507:County of Sicily
503:
502:
494:
491:Theme of Sicily
487:
480:
479:
464:
463:
345:Berber languages
297:Province of the
291:Aghlabid Emirate
289:Province of the
275:
260:
252:
251:
241:
240:
234:
227:
216:
209:
205:
202:
196:
194:
153:
129:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5880:Former emirates
5870:Spread of Islam
5830:
5829:
5828:
5819:
5773:
5676:
5675:Post-Napoleonic
5666:
5600:
5536:
5530:
5518:
5460:
5456:
5455:(1130–1816) and
5454:
5446:
5391:
5379:
5346:
5320:
5311:Emirate of Bari
5297:
5284:Theme of Sicily
5279:Duchy of Naples
5254:Duchy of Amalfi
5239:
5231:
5179:
5178:Other Republics
5173:
5151:
5143:
5137:County of Tenda
5117:County of Savoy
5077:Duchy of Reggio
5047:Duchy of Mantua
4975:March of Friuli
4907:
4905:
4903:
4895:
4891:Duchy of Urbino
4876:Duchy of Castro
4853:
4845:
4799:
4793:Duchy of Tuscia
4773:Duchy of Friuli
4736:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4696:(753 BC–509 BC)
4680:
4595:
4590:
4543:
4538:
4527:Abulafia, David
4524:
4520:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4475:
4471:
4467:(archived link)
4463:
4456:
4452:(archived link)
4448:
4444:
4433:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4335:
4331:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4289:
4285:
4281:(archived link)
4277:
4273:
4263:
4259:
4255:(archived link)
4249:Charles Dalli,
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:(archived link)
4226:
4222:
4215:
4201:
4197:
4182:
4178:
4173:Wayback Machine
4164:
4160:
4151:
4149:
4138:
4134:
4110:
4106:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4052:10.1.1.164.4092
4029:
4025:
4018:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3962:on 9 April 2019
3954:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3898:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3642:
3638:
3612:Bosworth, C. E.
3592:
3585:
3578:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3533:
3529:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3319:
3315:
3309:Wayback Machine
3302:Islam in Sicily
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3197:
3193:
3176:
3172:
3166:Financial Times
3161:
3157:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3085:
3081:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3012:
3004:
2989:Emirate of Bari
2985:
2944:
2907:Ja'far al-Kalbi
2873:
2868:
2803:. In response,
2780:Byzantine Greek
2700:
2694:
2652:
2576:
2446:
2410:Ayyub ibn Tamin
2385:Hasan al-Samsam
2362:Robert Guiscard
2354:George Maniaces
2327:
2321:
2251:conquered again
2216:
2198:. Syracuse was
2156:year-long siege
2111:Byzantine fleet
2103:
2095:Main articles:
2093:
2091:Muslim conquest
2021:
2015:
2010:
1915:in Ifriqiya, a
1874:
1845:
1844:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1555:Mahdali dynasty
1518:
1510:
1509:
1450:Muscat and Oman
1220:Imamate of Oman
1213:
1205:
1204:
968:
960:
959:
743:
735:
734:
688:
680:
679:
610:Emesene Dynasty
563:
534:
512:
492:
437:
427:
398:
341:Byzantine Greek
337:Sicilian Arabic
318:
314:
309:
301:
293:
278:
261:
254:
246:
235:
224:
223:
222:
217:
206:
200:
197:
160:"Muslim Sicily"
154:
152:
142:
130:
115:
104:
98:
95:
88:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5918:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5865:Shia dynasties
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:Italian Empire
5784:
5782:
5772:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5738:Roman Republic
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5690:Duchy of Lucca
5687:
5684:Duchy of Genoa
5680:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5538:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:Duchy of Gaeta
5256:
5250:
5248:
5241:
5237:Southern Italy
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5180:(c. 1000–1797)
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5132:County of Nice
5129:
5127:Duchy of Aosta
5124:
5119:
5114:
5107:Savoyard state
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5042:Duchy of Milan
5039:
5037:Duchy of Ivrea
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4810:
4808:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4778:Duchy of Ivrea
4775:
4770:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4744:Odoacer's rule
4740:
4738:
4729:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4708:(27 BC–395 AD)
4703:
4702:(509 BC–27 BC)
4700:Roman Republic
4697:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4639:Cisalpine Gaul
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4518:
4493:
4484:
4469:
4454:
4442:
4431:
4413:
4404:
4397:
4379:
4372:
4354:
4347:
4329:
4308:
4301:
4283:
4271:
4257:
4241:
4232:
4220:
4213:
4195:
4176:
4158:
4132:
4104:
4093:
4073:
4061:10.1086/467294
4023:
4016:
3998:
3991:
3973:
3947:
3940:
3922:
3909:
3896:
3890:Alex Metcalf,
3883:
3876:
3851:
3844:
3826:
3819:
3801:
3794:
3770:
3763:
3745:
3738:
3720:
3713:
3693:
3686:
3663:
3656:
3636:
3600:van Donzel, E.
3583:
3576:
3556:
3549:
3527:
3501:
3494:
3476:
3469:
3446:
3440:978-3848003808
3439:
3421:
3414:
3392:
3385:
3365:
3358:
3340:
3333:
3313:
3294:
3282:
3275:
3249:
3242:
3216:
3191:
3170:
3155:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3079:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:Yusuf al-Kalbi
2916:
2910:
2904:
2901:Jabir al-Kalbi
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:List of rulers
2864:
2756:features with
2693:
2690:
2651:
2648:
2575:
2572:
2445:
2442:
2320:
2317:
2309:Yusuf al-Kalbi
2215:
2212:
2172:Castrogiovanni
2092:
2089:
2036:Constantinople
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
1933:Kalbid dynasty
1880:The island of
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:Ras al Khaymah
1646:
1645:
1642:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1570:Mazrui dynasty
1566:
1565:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
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1465:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1355:
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1346:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1001:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
987:
985:Fihrid Emirate
981:
980:
977:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
956:
955:
952:
946:
945:
942:
936:
935:
932:
926:
925:
922:
916:
915:
912:
906:
905:
902:
896:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
876:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
846:
845:
842:
836:
835:
832:
826:
825:
822:
816:
815:
812:
806:
805:
802:
796:
795:
792:
786:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
766:
765:
762:
756:
755:
752:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
731:
730:
727:
721:
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:
701:
700:
697:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
676:
675:
672:
666:
665:
662:
656:
655:
652:
646:
645:
642:
636:
635:
632:
626:
625:
622:
616:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
596:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
576:
575:
572:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
548:
547:
539:
538:
529:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
509:
500:
497:
496:
488:
476:
475:
470:
460:
459:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
412:
411:Historical era
408:
407:
404:
400:
399:
397:
396:
391:
386:
385:
384:
374:
358:
356:
352:
351:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:
317:
316:
311:
303:
295:
286:
284:
280:
279:
276:
268:
267:
263:
262:
247:
244:
237:
236:
219:
218:
133:
131:
124:
117:
116:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5917:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5673:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:Duchy of Sora
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5316:Muslim Sicily
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
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4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4820:Duchy of Rome
4818:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
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4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4694:Roman Kingdom
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:Magna Graecia
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:. Cambridge:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4508:on 2007-11-28
4507:
4503:
4497:
4488:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4446:
4439:
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4428:
4424:
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4408:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4245:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4128:88-8492-404-9
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4112:Archived link
4108:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4048:
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4036:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3961:
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3933:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3906:
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3893:
3887:
3879:
3873:
3868:
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3858:
3856:
3847:
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3822:
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3812:
3805:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3760:
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3749:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3714:9781474421522
3710:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3687:9780748696482
3683:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3657:9781474421522
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3640:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3613:
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3590:
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3577:9781474421522
3573:
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3472:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3408:. Routledge.
3407:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3290:Previte-Orton
3286:
3278:
3276:0-7011-1347-2
3272:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3206:
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3144:
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3121:
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3103:
3097:
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3023:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3000:
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2990:
2987:
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2977:
2973:
2970:
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2933:
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2926:
2923:
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2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
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2875:
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2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:and his wife
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
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2721:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2699:
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2671:
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2665:
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2644:
2639:
2635:
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2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:was given by
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
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2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
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2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
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2326:
2316:
2314:
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2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:Ziyadat Allah
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2085:Berber revolt
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2052:Caliph Uthman
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:Siculo-Arabic
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:Mediterranean
1887:
1883:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:Umm al-Quwain
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
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1457:
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1447:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
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1428:
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1423:
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1413:
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1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
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1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:Muslim Sicily
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
972:
964:
963:
953:
951:
948:
947:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
841:
838:
837:
833:
831:
828:
827:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
811:
808:
807:
803:
801:
798:
797:
793:
791:
788:
787:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
751:
748:
747:
739:
738:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:
693:
692:
684:
683:
674:450 AD–550 AD
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:64 BC–300s AD
613:
611:
608:
607:
604:132 BC–244 AD
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:400 BC–106 AD
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:600 BC–100 BC
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:800 BC–300 BC
573:
571:
568:
567:
559:
558:
554:
550:
549:
545:
544:
537:
533:
530:
528:Today part of
526:
510:
508:
505:
504:
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245:Muslim Sicily
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162: –
161:
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156:Find sources:
150:
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139:
134:This article
132:
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35:
30:
21:
20:
5790:(1861–1946)
5768:Papal States
5596:Transpadania
5315:
5169:Stato da Màr
4851:Papal States
4762:Lombard rule
4726:Early Modern
4714:(395–476 AD)
4706:Roman Empire
4686:Ancient Rome
4559:
4548:
4530:
4521:
4510:. Retrieved
4506:the original
4496:
4487:
4478:
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4250:
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4198:
4189:
4179:
4161:
4150:. Retrieved
4148:(in Italian)
4145:
4135:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4098:
4083:
4076:
4045:: 671–702 ,
4038:
4032:
4026:
4007:
4001:
3982:
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3960:the original
3950:
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3925:
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3899:
3891:
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3285:
3267:
3264:
3225:
3219:
3208:. Retrieved
3204:
3194:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3158:
3149:
3143:the original
3082:
3059:
2942:Taifa period
2838:
2821:Hohenstaufen
2817:Frederick II
2814:
2797:Frederick II
2768:
2761:
2740:
2713:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2629:
2625:
2621:
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2608:
2603:
2600:consultative
2595:
2589:
2583:
2580:Royal Palace
2577:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2502:Paul Bairoch
2493:
2455:
2422:
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2282:
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2271:
2239:
2217:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2149:
2135:
2104:
2078:
2067:
2056:
2032:Roman Empire
2022:
2002:architecture
1987:
1976:
1953:
1941:
1898:
1879:
1839:1921–present
1824:1900–present
1809:1868–present
1794:1833–present
1779:1810–present
1764:1783–present
1749:1775–present
1734:1761–present
1719:1752–present
1704:1749–present
1689:1744–present
1684:Saudi Arabia
1674:1727–present
1659:1727–present
1644:1631–present
1044:
654:300s–500s AD
473:Succeeded by
472:
467:
349:Judeo-Arabic
315:(After 1044)
225:
207:
198:
188:
181:
174:
167:
155:
143:Please help
138:verification
135:
105:
99:January 2022
96:
89:Please help
85:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
5816:(1947–1954)
5810:(1943–1945)
5804:(1920–1924)
5796:(1882–1960)
5780:unification
5770:(1814–1870)
5764:(1815–1866)
5758:(1816–1861)
5752:(1814–1860)
5746:(1859–1860)
5740:(1849–1850)
5734:(1848–1849)
5716:(1815–1859)
5710:(1814–1859)
5704:(1814–1859)
5698:(1814–1829)
5692:(1815–1847)
5686:(1815–1848)
5576:Parthenopea
5537:(1792–1815)
5495:(1647–1648)
5461:(1282–1816)
5443:(1324–1861)
5404:Agugliastra
5269:Longobardia
4906:independent
4756:Vandal rule
4146:opac.sbn.it
3966:12 February
3920:, pp. 97-98
3907:, pp. 94-95
3608:Pellat, Ch.
3020:Middle Ages
2974:Ibn Abbad (
2750:Arab-Norman
2714:The Norman
2305:Abu'l-Qasim
2303:. But Emir
2253:in 962 and
2214:Muslim rule
2192:Neapolitans
2070:Pantelleria
2028:Justinian I
1983:royal court
1962:ultimately
1544:Pate Island
1517:East Africa
1310:Sulaymanids
1250:Ukhaidhirds
1035:Sulaymanids
1005:Muhallabids
910:Munqidhites
810:Shirvanshah
664:300s–602 AD
634:196–1100 AD
624:100s–241 AD
468:Preceded by
415:Middle Ages
372:Sunni Islam
93:if you can.
5834:Categories
5647:Pontecorvo
5605:Monarchies
5591:Subalpinia
5556:Cispadania
5551:Cisalpinia
5533:Napoleonic
5240:(774–1139)
5152:(697–1797)
4854:(754–1870)
4816:(584–751)
4764:(568–774)
4512:2021-04-12
4152:2021-04-12
3621:Volume IV:
3495:9004100563
3210:2024-06-07
3205:Al Jazeera
3112:References
3075:صِقِلِّيَة
2776:Val Demone
2769:"Lombard"
2696:See also:
2615:Val Demone
2574:Government
2525:Ibn Jubair
2510:al-Maqdisi
2486:Ibn Hawqal
2323:See also:
2231:Ibn Qurhub
2184:al-Madinah
2115:Michael II
1884:was under
1830:Hashemites
1785:Al Maktoum
1755:Al Khalifa
1440:Upper Yafa
1430:Ya'arubids
1270:Qarmatians
1155:Sumadihids
644:220–638 AD
640:Ghassanids
403:Government
377:Shia Islam
310:(948–1044)
250:صِقِلِّيَة
171:newspapers
39:improve it
5622:Guastalla
5612:Benevento
5544:Republics
5399:Judicates
5247:Byzantine
4904:and other
4842:(585–698)
4834:(554–752)
4828:(554–752)
4822:(533–751)
4807:(584–751)
4758:(435–534)
4752:(493–553)
4746:(476–493)
4737:(476–774)
4671:Iapygians
4047:CiteSeerX
3916:Metcalf,
3903:Metcalf,
3631:758278456
3604:Lewis, B.
3596:"Kalbids"
3522:1873-9830
3516:. Brill.
3402:"Messina"
3096:romanized
3073:(Arabic:
3070:Ṣiqilliya
2921:(990–998)
2915:(985–990)
2909:(983–985)
2903:(982–983)
2897:(970–982)
2885:(954–969)
2879:(948–953)
2849:Aragonese
2815:However,
2793:Constance
2754:Classical
2692:Aftermath
2611:Islamized
2598:played a
2514:Old Cairo
2478:sugarcane
2474:pistachio
2376:occupied
2263:conquered
2242:al-Mansur
2208:conquered
2107:Euphemius
1964:conquered
1815:Al Sharqi
1770:Al Nuaimi
1740:Al Mualla
1729:Abu Dhabi
1725:Al Nahyan
1665:Al Qasimi
1650:Al Qasimi
1614:1860–1887
1604:1858–1895
1589:1856–1964
1579:1746–1828
1564:1277–1495
1549:1203–1894
1504:1926–1970
1494:1906–1934
1484:1903–1967
1474:1858–1967
1470:Qu'aitids
1464:1836–1921
1460:Rashidids
1454:1820–1970
1444:1800–1967
1434:1624–1742
1424:1597–1872
1414:1463–1521
1404:1454–1526
1394:1395–1967
1390:Kathirids
1384:1305–1487
1380:Jarwanids
1374:1253–1320
1364:1229–1454
1354:1159–1174
1344:1154–1624
1340:Nabhanids
1334:1083–1174
1324:1076–1253
1314:1063–1174
1304:1047–1138
1300:Sulayhids
1199:1837–1969
1195:Senussids
1189:1554–1659
1179:1230–1492
1169:1049–1078
1159:1041–1091
1149:1039–1110
1139:1031–1091
1135:Jawharids
1129:1027–1063
1125:Muzaynids
1119:1026–1057
1115:Hammudids
1109:1023–1062
1105:Yahsubids
1099:1023–1091
1089:1020–1086
1079:1013–1039
1069:1012–1051
1059:1004–1412
1025:Aghlabids
954:1697–1842
944:1517–1865
934:1480–1677
924:1517–1697
914:1025–1157
904:1024–1080
900:Mirdasids
890:Numayrids
870:Jarrahids
860:Mazyadids
840:Hamdanids
830:Hashimids
790:Habbarids
780:Dulafids
630:Tanukhids
355:Religion
302:(909–948)
294:(831–909)
201:July 2022
45:talk page
5581:Piedmont
5431:Oristano
5424:Logudoro
5414:Cagliari
5389:Sardinia
5122:Piedmont
4871:Holy See
4722:Medieval
4676:Picentes
4619:Samnites
4529:(1988).
4481:. Payot.
4326:Vol III.
4253:, p. 159
4169:Archived
4069:13961320
3623:Iran–Kha
3614:(eds.).
3305:Archived
3263:(1968).
2983:See also
2976:Benavert
2834:Conradin
2789:Henry VI
2763:muqarnas
2724:Lombards
2720:Roger II
2680:kharruba
2426:Calabria
2301:Calabria
2227:Fatimids
2204:Taormina
2200:captured
2179:Andalusi
2154:. After
2152:Syracuse
2128:Ifriqiya
2126:emir of
2124:Aghlabid
2105:In 826,
2081:Syracuse
2074:Umayyads
2063:Carthage
2023:In 535,
1905:Ifriqiya
1819:Fujairah
1800:Al Thani
1710:Al Sabah
1599:Wituland
1534:896–1279
1490:Idrisids
1420:Qasimids
1400:Tahirids
1370:Usfurids
1360:Rasulids
1330:Zurayids
1294:968–1925
1280:Wajihids
1274:899–1077
1264:897–1962
1254:865–1066
1240:Yufirids
1234:819–1138
1230:Ziyadids
1224:751–1970
1165:Tahirids
1095:Abbadids
1075:Tujibids
1049:831–1091
1015:Idrisids
999:756–1031
979:710–1019
975:Salihids
940:Harfushs
930:Turabays
894:990–1081
884:990–1096
880:Uqaylids
874:970–1107
864:961–1150
854:955–1071
850:Rawadids
844:890–1004
834:869–1075
814:861–1538
800:Kaysites
794:854–1011
764:736–1122
729:909–1171
725:Fatimids
719:750–1258
715:Abbasids
705:Umayyads
695:Rashidun
660:Lakhmids
650:Salihids
449:Currency
406:Monarchy
366:official
266:831–1091
75:require
5662:Corsica
5652:Tuscany
5617:Etruria
5566:Liguria
5419:Gallura
5409:Arborea
5325:Lombard
5025:Tuscany
5015:Trieste
4651:Ligures
4612:Etruria
4541:Sources
3098::
3091:بَلَرْم
3006:Portals
2934:usurper
2871:Kalbids
2830:Manfred
2771:pogroms
2669:solidus
2650:Coinage
2596:giamà'a
2546:dhimmis
2490:Baghdad
2482:Palermo
2466:oranges
2444:Society
2399:Fatimid
2395:sheikhs
2378:Messina
2358:Normans
2346:Vikings
2293:Pandulf
2289:Landulf
2285:Otto II
2255:Rometta
2235:Kalbids
2160:Palermo
2132:Tunisia
2025:Emperor
2008:History
1960:Roger I
1921:Rometta
1909:Tunisia
1894:Palermo
1886:Islamic
1759:Bahrain
1695:Al Said
1680:Al Saud
1669:Sharjah
1639:Morocco
1635:'Alawis
1574:Mombasa
1410:Jabrids
1350:Mahdids
1320:Uyunids
1284:926–965
1260:Rassids
1244:847–997
1185:Saadids
1175:Nasrids
1085:Amirids
1065:Bakrids
1055:Kanzids
1039:814–922
1029:800–909
1019:788–974
1009:771–793
989:745-757
950:Shihabs
920:Ma'nids
824:864–928
820:Alavids
804:860–964
784:840–897
774:824–961
754:654–884
709:661–750
699:632–661
394:Judaism
381:Kalbids
327:Palermo
323:Capital
307:Kalbids
185:scholar
77:cleanup
5728:(1848)
5722:(1831)
5677:states
5642:Naples
5352:Norman
5159:Dogado
5030:Verona
4995:Mantua
4990:Istria
4970:Finale
4960:Ancona
4908:states
4728:states
4646:Veneti
4624:Latins
4429:
4395:
4370:
4345:
4299:
4211:
4126:
4091:
4067:
4049:
4014:
3989:
3938:
3874:
3842:
3817:
3792:
3761:
3736:
3711:
3684:
3654:
3629:
3610:&
3574:
3547:
3520:
3492:
3467:
3437:
3412:
3383:
3356:
3331:
3273:
3240:
3185:
3102:balarm
3087:Arabic
3065:Arabic
2969:Hammad
2889:Ya'ish
2856:Lucera
2825:Lucera
2728:Arabic
2718:under
2685:dirhem
2675:follis
2663:dirhem
2604:tiraz,
2564:Zakaat
2559:kharaj
2470:lemons
2462:Qanats
2430:Butera
2406:Zirids
2390:qadits
2370:Apulia
2342:Norman
2267:Zirids
2224:Shiite
2122:, the
1956:Norman
1927:. The
1882:Sicily
1834:Jordan
1714:Kuwait
1145:Hudids
457:dirham
283:Status
257:Arabic
253:
187:
180:
173:
166:
158:
5778:Post-
5627:Italy
5571:Lucca
5561:Italy
5112:Savoy
5020:Turin
5000:Milan
4985:Ivrea
4661:Umbri
4634:Celts
4065:S2CID
4041:(2),
3598:. In
3146:(PDF)
3139:(PDF)
3051:Notes
3044:Italy
3032:Islam
2932:Zirid
2657:dinar
2643:dinar
2631:khums
2622:junud
2591:hakam
2552:jizya
2498:Kalsa
2438:Malta
2297:Stilo
2247:Ahmad
2220:Sunni
2168:Mineo
1937:emirs
1804:Qatar
1789:Dubai
1774:Ajman
1559:Kilwa
1529:Shewa
536:Malta
532:Italy
362:Islam
192:JSTOR
178:books
5657:Elba
5586:Rome
5535:eras
5531:and
5504:Gozo
5303:Arab
5286:and
4965:Ceva
4629:Osci
4427:ISBN
4393:ISBN
4368:ISBN
4343:ISBN
4297:ISBN
4209:ISBN
4124:ISBN
4089:ISBN
4012:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3968:2008
3936:ISBN
3872:ISBN
3840:ISBN
3815:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3759:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3682:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3627:OCLC
3572:ISBN
3545:ISBN
3518:ISSN
3490:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3354:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3271:ISBN
3238:ISBN
3183:ISBN
2847:and
2839:The
2832:and
2585:qāḍī
2494:Kasr
2488:, a
2476:and
2434:Noto
2432:and
2404:The
2291:and
2272:amir
2257:was
2206:was
2137:qadi
2099:and
1972:Noto
1699:Oman
453:Tarì
440:1091
164:news
4724:and
4324:302
4057:doi
3786:190
3230:doi
3063:In
2626:fai
430:831
147:by
5836::
4457:^
4435:.
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4114::
4097:.
4063:,
4055:,
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3666:^
3619:.
3606:;
3602:;
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