1166:(Sanskrit: "conversation") are "improvised melody structures that reveal the musical characteristics of a raga". "Alapa ordinarily constitutes the first section of the performance of a raga. Vocal or instrumental, it is accompanied by a drone (sustained-tone) instrument and often also by a melodic instrument that repeats the soloist's phrases after a lag of a few seconds. The principal portion of alapa is not metric but rhythmically free; in Hindustani music it moves gradually to a section known as jor, which uses a rhythmic pulse though no tala (metric cycle). The performer of the alapa gradually introduces the essential notes and melodic turns of the raga to be performed. Only when the soloist is satisfied that he has set forth the full range of melodic possibilities of the raga and has established its unique mood and personality will he proceed, without interruption, to the metrically organized section of the piece. If a drummer is present, as is usual in formal concert, his first beats serve as a signal to the listener that the alapa is concluded."
1160:, a raga, also spelled rag (in northern India) or ragam (in southern India), (from Sanskrit, meaning "colour" or "passion"), in the classical music of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, is "a melodic framework for improvisation and composition. A raga is based on a scale with a given set of notes, a typical order in which they appear in melodies, and characteristic musical motifs. The basic components of a raga can be written down in the form of a scale (in some cases differing in ascent and descent). By using only these notes, by emphasizing certain degrees of the scale, and by going from note to note in ways characteristic to the raga, the performer sets out to create a mood or atmosphere (rasa) that is unique to the raga in question. There are several hundred ragas in present use, and thousands are possible in theory."
652:
improvisation is also found outside of jazz, it may be that no other music relies so much on the art of "composing in the moment", demanding that every musician rise to a certain level of creativity that may put the performer in touch with his or her unconscious as well as conscious states. The educational use of improvised jazz recordings is widely acknowledged. They offer a clear value as documentation of performances despite their perceived limitations. With these available, generations of jazz musicians are able to implicate styles and influences in their performed new improvisations. Many varied scales and their
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2318:. Venice: per Syluestro di Ganassi dal Fontego, Sonator dalla illustrissima signoria di Venetia hautor pprio. Facsimile reprints, Collezione di trattati e musiche antiche edite in fac-simile (Milan: Bollettino bibliografico musicale, 1934) and Bibliotheca musica Bononiensis, Sezione II, no. 18 (Bologna: Forni, 1969). German edition, translated and edited by Hildemarie Peter (Berlin-Lichterfeld:
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1061:) has been presenting a weekly concert series dedicated to promoting avant-garde improvised music and sound performance of the highest conceptual and performative standards (regardless of idiom, genre, or instrumentation). The Make It Up Club has become an institution in Australian improvised music and consistently features artists from all over the world.
967:, without preparation. Improvisers needed to know a wide range of musical styles and have the stamina to play for sequences of films which occasionally ran over three hours. In addition to the performances, some pianists also taught master classes for those who wanted to develop their skill in improvising for films. When
358:, the "monodic textures that originated about 1600 ... were ready-made, indeed in large measure intended, for improvisational enhancement, not only of the treble parts but also, almost by definition, of the bass, which was figured to suggest no more than a minimal chordal outline." Improvised accompaniment over a
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defines it as "the extemporaneous composition or free performance of a musical passage, usually in a manner conforming to certain stylistic norms but unfettered by the prescriptive features of a specific musical text." Improvisation is often done within (or based on) a pre-existing harmonic framework
490:
Beethoven and Mozart left excellent examples of what their improvisations were like, in the sets of variations and the sonatas which they published, and in their written out cadenzas (which illustrate what their improvisations would have sounded like). As a keyboard player, Mozart competed at least
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Libro llamado Arte de tañer fantasia: assi para tecla como para vihuela, y todo instrumento, en que se pudiere tañer a tres, y a quatro vozes, y a mas ... Elqual por mandado del muy alto
Consejo real fue examinado, y aprouado por el eminente musico de Su Magestad Antonio de Cabeçon, y por Iuan de
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With the notable exception of liturgical improvisation on the organ, the first half of the twentieth century is marked by an almost total absence of actual improvisation in contemporary classical music. Since the 1950s, some contemporary composers have placed fewer restrictions on the improvising
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involving both hands, to form brief phrases without any passing tones. Though such motifs were used sparingly by Mozart, they were taken up much more liberally by
Beethoven and Schubert. Such chords also appeared to some extent in baroque keyboard music, such as the 3rd movement theme in Bach's
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The kinds of improvisation practised during the
Renaissance—principally either the embellishing of an existing part or the creation of an entirely new part or parts—continued into the early Baroque, though important modifications were introduced. Ornamentation began to be brought more under the
253:
Although melodic improvisation was an important factor in
European music from the earliest times, the first detailed information on improvisation technique appears in ninth-century treatises instructing singers on how to add another melody to a pre-existent liturgical chant, in a style called
651:
Improvisation is one of the basic elements that sets jazz apart from other types of music. The unifying moments in improvisation that take place in live performance are understood to encompass the performer, the listener, and the physical space that the performance takes place in. Even if
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creative music. Current research in music education includes investigating how often improvisation is taught, how confident music majors and teachers are at teaching improvisation, neuroscience and psychological aspects of improvisation, and free-improvisation as a pedagogical approach.
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Following the invention of music printing at the beginning of the sixteenth century, there is more detailed documentation of improvisational practice, in the form of published instruction manuals, mainly in Italy. In addition to improvising counterpoint over a cantus firmus, singers and
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and the mood they convey are more important in defining a raga than the notes themselves. In the Indian musical tradition, rāgas are associated with different times of the day, or with seasons. Indian classical music is always set in a rāga. Non-classical music such as popular
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algorithms to analyze existing musical examples. The resulting patterns are then used to create new variations "in the style" of the original music, developing a notion of stylistic reinjection. This is different from other improvisation methods with computers that use
289:
control of composers, in some cases by writing out embellishments, and more broadly by introducing symbols or abbreviations for certain ornamental patterns. Two of the earliest important sources for vocal ornamentation of this sort are
Giovanni Battista Bovicelli's
2507:; Monumentos de la música española 75, edited by Luis Antonio González Marín, with the collaboration of Antonio Ezquerro Estaban, et al. (Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institución "Milà i Fontanals", Departamento de Musicología, 2007).
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on existing music materials. This is usually done by sophisticated recombination of musical phrases extracted from existing music, either live or pre-recorded. In order to achieve credible improvisation in particular style, machine improvisation uses
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was a composer who also performed improvisationally. Brand, along with
Guenter A. Buchwald, Philip Carli, Stephen Horne, Donald Sosin, John Sweeney, and Gabriel Thibaudeau, all performed at the annual conference on silent film in Pordenone, Italy,
155:(ninth century), indicate that added parts were improvised for centuries before the first notated examples. However, it was only in the fifteenth century that theorists began making a hard distinction between improvised and written music.
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performer, using techniques such as vague notation (for example, indicating only that a certain number of notes must sound within a defined period of time). New Music ensembles formed around improvisation were founded, such as the
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Eighteenth-century manuals make it clear that performers on the flute, oboe, violin, and other melodic instruments were expected not only to ornament previously composed pieces, but also spontaneously to improvise preludes.
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Extemporization, both in the form of introductions to pieces, and links between pieces, continued to be a feature of keyboard concertising until the early 20th-century. Amongst those who practised such improvisation were
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Opera
Intitulata Fontegara: Laquale insegna a sonare di flauto ch'o tutta l'arte opportuna a esso instrumento massime il diminuire ilquale sara utile ad ogni istrumeno di fiato et chorde: et anchora a chi si dileta di
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to some keyboard suites by Bach and Handel, which consist of elaborations of a progression of chords, which performers are to use as the basis for their improvisation. Handel and Bach frequently improvised on the
444:. But at that time such a chord often appeared only in one clef at a time, (or one hand on the keyboard) and did not form the independent phrases found more in later music. Adorno mentions this movement of the
362:
was a common practice during the
Baroque era, and to some extent the following periods. Improvisation remains a feature of organ playing in some church services and are regularly also performed at concerts.
266:(a practice found both in church music and in popular dance music) constituted a part of every musician's education, and is regarded as the most important kind of unwritten music before the Baroque period.
147:, and many other famous composers and musicians were known especially for their improvisational skills. Improvisation might have played an important role in the monophonic period. The earliest treatises on
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chord patterns, made elaborate embellishments of melodic lines, and invented music extemporaneously without any predetermined schemata. Keyboard players likewise performed extempore, freely formed pieces.
692:. ... , a jazz musician really has several options: he may reflect the chord progression exactly, he may "skim over" the progression and simply decorate with notes from the key of the piece (parent
565:
was the most obvious and enduring locus of soloistic discretion in nineteenth-century opera." He goes on to identify seven main types of vocal improvisation used by opera singers in this repertory:
65:
and many other kinds of music. One definition is a "performance given extempore without planning or preparation". Another definition is to "play or sing (music) extemporaneously, by inventing
2474:). 2 vols. Rome: Dorico. Facsimile reprint of the Italian edition, Archivum musicum 57 (Florence: Studio per edizioni scelte, 1984). Transcription, edition, and German translation by
963:. In improvising for silent film, performers have to play music that matches the mood, style and pacing of the films they accompany. In some cases, musicians had to accompany films
203:
performance became institutionalized in symphony orchestras, opera houses and ballets, improvisation has played a smaller role. At the same time, some contemporary
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It has been suggested that the opening chords of
Beethoven's Sonata Op. 78, "à Thérèse", communicate feelings for a young lady then in Beethoven's life, possibly
1953:
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as a more flexible, improvisatory form, in comparison to Mozart, suggesting the gradual diminishment of improvisation well before its decline became obvious.
455:, however, much like its baroque form, continues to appear at the beginning of high-classical and romantic piano pieces (and much other music) as in Haydn's
1895:
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2264:. 2 vols. Venice: Angelo Gardano. Facsimile reprint, in one volume, Bibliotheca musica Bononiensis, sezione 2, no. 23 (Bologna: Arnoldi Forni Editore).
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were regarded in the
Baroque period as highly skilled organ improvisers. During the 20th century, some musicians known as great improvisers such as
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Collins, Michael; Carter, Stewart A.; Garden, Greer; Seletsky, Robert E. (2001). "Improvisation II: Western Art Music 3: The Baroque Period". In
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players) whose improvised performances accompanying these film has been recognized as exceptional by critics, scholars, and audiences alike.
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based their career around improvised live performances, meaning that no two shows ever sounded the same. Improvisation was a key part of
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2557:(Second printing, 2001, ISBN 0-8256-7268-6) (2nd, revised ed.). New York; London: Schirmer Books; Prentice Hall International.
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with sound–were introduced, these talented improvising musicians had to find other jobs. In the 2010s, there are a small number of
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L'art de préluder: mis en pratique pour le piano par 120 examples de préludes, modulations, cadenses et fantaisien de tous genres
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2322:, 1956). English edition with translation by Dorothy Swainson of Peter's German text (Berlin-Lichterfeld: Robert Lienau, 1959).
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can be used in improvisation. They are often not written down in the process, but they help musicians practice the jazz idiom.
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2416:. Paris: Boivin. Facsimile reprints: recueillie par Michel Sanvoisin (Paris: A. Zurfluh, 1966), (Geneva: Minkoff, 1978)
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L'art de préluder: sur la flûte traversière, sur la flûte à bec, sur le hautbois et autres instruments de dessus, op. 7
2951:, edited by George Houle and Glenna Houle. Music—Scholarship and Performance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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1951:"Composition and Improvisation in Instrumental Methods Courses: Instrumental Music Teacher Educators' Perspectives",
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acts of the 1960s and 1970s used improvisations to express themselves in a musical language. The American Rock band
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1996:"The effects of group free improvisation instruction on improvisation achievement and improvisation confidence",
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El primo libro nel quale si tratta delle glose sopra le cadenze et altre sorte de punti in la musica del violone
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322:(accompaniment) was mainly improvised, the composer usually providing no more than a harmonic sketch called the
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Trattado de glosas sobre clausulas y otros generos depuntos en la musica de violones. Nuevamente puestos en Luz
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1797:""It All Rolls into One:" The Allure of Chaotic Synergy in Grateful Dead Improvisation and Musical Dialogue"
482:. In fact, it is perhaps because improvisation is spontaneous that it is akin to the communication of love.
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2726:
Duckles, Vincent (1957). "Florid Embellishment in English Song of the Late 16th and Early 17th Centuries".
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Fuller, Sarah (2002). "Organum, Discantus, Contrapunctus in the Middle Ages". In Thomas Christensen (ed.).
738:, the latter three funding themselves through concerts, tours, and grants. Significant pieces include Foss
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Ferand, Ernest T. (1956). "Improvised Vocal Counterpoint in the Late Renaissance and Early Baroque".
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Il vero modo di diminuir, con tutte le sorti di stromenti di fiato, & corda, & di voce humana
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700:, using his intuition and listening experience, which may clash at some points with the chords the
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2122:. Translated by Knut Tarnowski; Frederic Will. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
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from the 20th and 21st century have increasingly included improvisation in their creative work.
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Die Improvisation in der Musik; eine Entwicklungsgeschichtliche und Psychologische Untersuchung
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GELISP: A Framework to Represent Musical Constraint Satisfaction Problems and Search Strategies
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2495:. Valladolid: F. Fernandez de Cordova. Facsimile editions: with an introduction in English by
545:. Improvisation in the area of art music seems to have declined with the growth of recording.
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2698:. 2001. "Improvisation: II. Western Art Music: 5. The Nineteenth Century: (ii) Vocal music".
2014:
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Flemish Wind Bands in the Late Middle Ages: A Study of Improvisatory Instrumental Practices"
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which present vintage silent films, using live improvising musicians to accompany the film.
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2794:, 57–83. Music Theory Translation Series 3. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
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The Legacy of Genius: Improvisation, Romantic Imagination, and the Western Musical Canon
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Horsley, Imogene (2001). "Improvisation II: Western Art Music 2: History to 1600". In
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Kutschke, B. (1999). "Improvisation: An Always-Accessible Instrument of Innovation".
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1966:"A national survey of music education majors' confidence in teaching improvisation",
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1874:"British Silent Cinema – Broadway Cinema Nottingham UK – silent music and musicians"
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3077:: Karlheinz Essl and Jack Hauser talking about musical improvisation with computers
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214:, improvisation is a core component and an essential criterion of performances. In
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2164:. Translated by Robert Hullot-Kentor. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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48 Préludes in 24 Tonarten aus op. VII, 1719, für Altblockflöte (Querflöte, Oboe)
2424:, and Archivum musicum: L'art de la flûte traversière 55 (Florence: SPES, 1999).
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departs from baroque style in that sometimes several voices may move together as
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They're Just Making It Up—Whatever Happened to Improvisation in Classical Music?
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Worldwide there are many venues dedicated to supporting live improvisation. In
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2991:. Translated from the German by E. F. J. Payne, 2 vols. : Falcon's Wing Press.
2479:
1626:'s remarks in his edition of Beethoven's Sonatas, vol. 2, Dover Publications.)
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to generate new music without performing analysis of existing music examples.
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Improvisation Chamber Ensemble at the University of California, Los Angeles;
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Some classical music forms contained sections for improvisation, such as the
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80:. Improvisation is a major part of some types of 20th-century music, such as
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Rao, Suvarnalata; Van der Meer, Wim; Harvey, Jane (2002). Bor, Joep (ed.).
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since 1998, the Make It Up Club (held every Tuesday evening at Bar Open on
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defines a raga as "a melodic framework for improvisation and composition".
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is constructed. However, the way the notes are approached and rendered in
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Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher; New York: Distributed by St. Martin's Press.
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1126:, characterized ragas as separated by scale, line of ascent and descent,
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2520:(Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.: Latin American Literary Review Press, 1991)
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English translation by Warren E. Hultberg and Almonte C. Howell Jr, as
2349:(2001). "Improvisation §II: Western Art Music 6: The 20th Century". In
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Hearing and Writing Music: Professional Training for Today's Musician
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495:. Beethoven won many tough improvisatory battles over such rivals as
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Losing Control: Indeterminacy and Improvisation in Music Since 1950
2879:
2658:, revised edition. London: British Library National Sound Archive.
2238:
2223:(1983). "Vocal Ornamentation in Verdi: The Phonographic Evidence".
2100:. Translated by Stewart Spencer. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1268:
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874:
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276:
163:
50:
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730:'s New Music Ensemble at the University of California, Davis; the
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to the chords, but at all times a good improviser must follow the
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1939:
Silent Movies: The Birth of Film and the Triumph of Movie Culture
1111:
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A number of approaches to teaching improvisation have emerged in
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is the "tonal framework for composition and improvisation". The
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2141:. Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought. Translated by
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on a melody or creating new melodies, rhythms and harmonies".
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After the Golden Age: Romantic Pianism and Modern Performance
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later wrote his improvisations as compositions, for example
393:, a great improviser himself, transcribed improvisations by
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ideas in improvisation are spontaneous, but may be based on
5267:
5058:
3395:
3134:
2784:
Hucbald, Guido, and John on Music: Three Medieval Treatises
2331:(2nd ed.). Gardena, California: September Publishing.
2295:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 477–502.
2200:
2066:
Mauricio Toro, Carlos Agon, Camilo Rueda, Gerard Assayag. "
1677:
1653:
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1070:
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89:
2998:, PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
2533:
Bytes and Backbeats – Repurposing Music in the Digital Age
917:
195:
notation. However, in the 20th and early 21st century, as
37:) is the creative activity of immediate ("in the moment")
2619:
Winkler, Peter (1978). "Toward a Theory of Pop Harmony".
2458:. Mainz: B. Schott's Söhne; New York: Schott Music, 1972.
2186:. Early Music Series 1. London: Oxford University Press.
2072:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
1385:
1383:
1198:
Machine improvisation uses computer algorithms to create
258:. Throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, improvised
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2499:(Farnborough, UK: Gregg International Publishers, 1972)
1749:
1725:
1665:
1641:
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as "tonal framework for composition and improvisation".
3364:
2965:. PhD dissertation. Berkeley: University of California.
1954:
Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education
1552:
1540:
339:
2577:
Jazz 101: A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving Jazz
2145:; Shierry Weber. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1588:
1380:
466:
Beethoven and Mozart cultivated mood markings such as
385:
continued this form of music, in the tradition of the
2856:
Koenig, Wolf, and Roman Kroitor (prod./dir.). 1959b.
2835:. 2004. "Piano Improvisation Develops Musicianship".
2782:. 1978. "Micrologus" , translated by Warren Babb. In
1737:
1713:
1689:
1600:
1438:
The raga guide : a survey of 74 Hindustani ragas
1433:
2642:
Alperson, Philip. 1984. "On Musical Improvisation".
1496:
1223:
5122:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
2674:
Thinking in Jazz: The Infinite Art of Improvisation
1701:
1576:
749:Other composers working with improvisation include
41:, which combines performance with communication of
3007:Musical Improvisation: Art, Education, and Society
3133:
1508:
6870:
3054:Robert Levin on Improvisation in Classical Music
2375:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1894:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1876:. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007
1467:
1465:
1463:
2860:Film, 30 mins. : National Film Board of Canada.
2853:Film, 30 mins. : National Film Board of Canada.
2701:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2656:Improvisation: Its Nature and Practice in Music
2401:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2360:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2212:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1826:Grateful Dead and the Art of Rock Improvisation
708:
1415:
1413:
27:Spontaneous musical composition or performance
4822:
3380:
3119:
3086:A Jazz Improvisation Primer by Marc Sabatella
3081:How to Improvise Jazz Melodies, by Bob Keller
2970:Dog Ear: Tritone Substitution for Jazz Guitar
2293:The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory
1460:
1274:List of free improvising musicians and groups
912:
1093:
179:. In the Baroque era, performers improvised
3009:. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
2645:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
2486:
2219:
1852:. Taylor & Francis. 2022. p. 109.
1683:
1671:
1558:
1410:
1151:sometimes use rāgas in their compositions.
1021:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
600:Melodic variants (interpolated high notes,
123:periods, improvisation was a valued skill.
4829:
4815:
3387:
3373:
3126:
3112:
3100:Tutorial on music improvisation techniques
2593:
2408:
2256:
2009:
1755:
1594:
1535:
1169:
946:-music performance, there were musicians (
326:. The process of improvisation was called
275:instrumentalists improvised melodies over
5466:Music technology (electronic and digital)
3094:A column about improvisation by Art Lange
2604:. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press.
2345:
1743:
1041:Learn how and when to remove this message
425:
49:as well as spontaneous response to other
2916:Free Play: Improvisation in Life and Art
2676:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2367:
1969:International Journal of Music Education
1823:
1659:
734:at Ann Arbor; the Sonic Arts Group; and
4421:
2618:
2549:
2389:
2309:
2268:
1767:
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1582:
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1340:
1338:
918:Psychedelic- and progressive-rock music
485:
14:
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2530:
2290:
2159:
2136:
2114:
1908:
1804:California State University Stanislaus
1719:
1695:
1606:
1514:
680:. He is free to embellish by means of
304:
5645:
5004:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
4810:
3368:
3107:
2936:(pbk); New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
2825:, Its Evolution Circa 1450 to 1550".
2571:
2462:
2326:
2178:
2088:
1981:"The Neuroscience of Improvisation",
1930:
1707:
1635:
1546:
1531:
1502:
1429:
1427:
1344:
1194:Computer models of musical creativity
664:does could be expressed thus: as the
269:
3088:Information about jazz improvisation
2988:The World as Will and Representation
2900:Concerto No. 24 in C Minor for Piano
2184:Embellishing Sixteenth-Century Music
1850:The Routledge Handbook of Pink Floyd
1442:. Monmouth: Wystone Estate. p.
1355:
1353:
1335:
1019:adding citations to reliable sources
986:
937:
340:Organ improvisation and church music
1122:, chairman of UCLA's department of
684:and neighbor tones, and he may add
453:tonic, subdominant, dominant, tonic
414:
243:
24:
6680:Classical and art music traditions
5112:History of lute-family instruments
4929:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
2766:Glenn Gould: A Life and Variations
2635:
2404:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan.
2215:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan.
1424:
1064:
510:
248:
25:
6900:
4742:Album covers of Blue Note Records
3047:
2994:Sancho-Velazquez, Angeles. 2005.
2786:, edited, with introductions, by
2019:. Popular Prakashan. p. 45.
1936:
1471:
1350:
612:variation and the problem of the
313:
283:
6852:
6851:
6838:
6824:
6396:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5871:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5471:Sound recording and reproduction
4924:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
4790:
2535:. University of Michigan Press.
1226:
991:
553:After studying over 1,200 early
6700:Jazz and popular music glossary
2518:The Art of Playing the Fantasia
2060:
2033:
2003:
1990:
1975:
1960:
1945:
1902:
1866:
1842:
1817:
1789:
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1612:
1112:Rotterdam Conservatory of Music
635:
515:
6884:Musical performance techniques
5941:Federated States of Micronesia
4122:Institutions and organizations
2016:The Rāgs of North Indian music
1828:. Scarecrow Press. p. 3.
1520:
1253:Improvisation in music therapy
13:
1:
4984:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
4904:Afghan classical music—Klasik
3819:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
3228:Electroacoustic improvisation
1477:"Raga – Indian musical genre"
1302:Non-lexical vocables in music
696:), or he may fashion his own
676:, out of which he fashions a
660:A common view of what a jazz
6845:Record production portal
6690:Cultural and regional genres
4949:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
2949:The Music for Viola Bastarda
2851:Glenn Gould: Off the Record.
2704:, second edition, edited by
934:'s music from 1967 to 1972.
709:Contemporary classical music
491:once in improvisation, with
451:The introductory gesture of
187:keyboard players improvised
7:
5461:Music technology (electric)
4999:Thai classical music—Piphat
4954:Japanese court music—Gagaku
3098:Approaches to Improvisation
2972:. Amazon Digital Services,
2858:Glenn Gould: On the Record.
2792:Alejandro Enrique Planchart
2160:Adorno, Theodor W. (1997).
2137:Adorno, Theodor W. (1981).
1219:
1059:Brunswick Street, Melbourne
961:Le Giornate del Cinema Muto
293:(1594), and the preface to
99:Throughout the eras of the
10:
6905:
5107:History of the harpsichord
4994:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
2768:. New York: Random House.
2410:Hotteterre, Jacques-Martin
2120:The Jargon of Authenticity
2081:
2074:86, no. 2 (2016): 327–331.
1770:"Psychedelic rock – music"
1179:
1173:
913:Contemporary popular music
644:
606:, rising two-note "slide")
418:
348:Category:Organ improvisers
335:Realization (figured bass)
332:
291:Regole, passaggi di musica
6818:
6723:
6652:
5652:
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4934:Chinese traditional music
4894:
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4528:
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4174:
4148:See Template: Jazz theory
4109:
4031:
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3801:
3723:
3505:
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2867:Perspectives of New Music
2432:Musical pieces edited by
1094:In Indian classical music
982:
561:concludes that "The solo
103:tradition, including the
5816:Central African Republic
5359:Computational musicology
4909:Andalusi classical music
3394:
3035:. Paris: Neva Editions.
2907:. New York: G. Schirmer.
2895:Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
2722:. Paris: M. Schlesinger.
2648:43, no. 1 (Fall): 17–29.
2274:Late Renaissance Singing
1998:Music Education Research
1824:Malvinni, David (2013).
1328:
569:The Verdian "full-stop"
548:
457:Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/52
6705:Music genres and styles
5009:Western classical music
4979:Persian classical music
2833:Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra
2745:. Zürich: Rhein-Verlag.
2252:(subscription required)
2046:Encyclopædia Britannica
1984:Music Educators Journal
1775:Encyclopædia Britannica
1482:Encyclopædia Britannica
1396:Encyclopædia Britannica
1391:"Improvisation – music"
1214:algorithmic composition
1190:Artificial intelligence
1170:Artificial intelligence
1157:Encyclopædia Britannica
720:Musica Elettronica Viva
640:
356:Encyclopædia Britannica
238:Encyclopædia Britannica
72:Encyclopædia Britannica
35:musical extemporization
6685:Classical music genres
5761:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5302:Doctor of Musical Arts
5127:History of the trumpet
4939:Indian classical music
3033:Improvisation so piano
2911:Nachmanovitch, Stephen
2827:Annales musicologiques
2751:Annales musicologiques
2728:Annales musicologiques
2579:. New York: Hyperion.
2531:Savage, Steve (2011).
2041:"Alapa – Indian music"
1108:Indian classical music
1075:popular music pedagogy
706:
426:Keyboard improvisation
212:Indian classical music
47:instrumental technique
6879:Musical improvisation
6511:São Tomé and Príncipe
6386:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6366:Republic of the Congo
5132:History of the violin
3029:Thiollet, Jean-Pierre
2849:(prod./dir.). 1959a.
2790:; index of chants by
2488:Santa Maria, Tomás de
2470:(also in Italian, as
2011:Jairazbhoy, Nazir Ali
1176:Machine improvisation
922:British and American
863:Karlheinz Stockhausen
827:Stephen Nachmanovitch
658:
578:without "full-stop":
497:Johann Nepomuk Hummel
461:Sonata No. 24, Op. 78
371:Johann Sebastian Bach
31:Musical improvisation
6581:United Arab Emirates
5646:
5354:Cognitive musicology
4536:Bibliography of jazz
4316:Continental European
3158:Backdoor progression
3001:Solis, Gabriel, and
2983:Schopenhauer, Arthur
2947:Paras, Jason. 1986.
2712:. London: Macmillan.
2363:. London: Macmillan.
2258:Dalla Casa, Girolamo
1015:improve this section
622:, simplification of
597:of internal cadences
486:Mozart and Beethoven
6731:Aesthetics of music
6546:Trinidad and Tobago
5681:Antigua and Barbuda
5165:Band (rock and pop)
5089:Musical instruments
4964:Lao classical music
4777:Straight, No Chaser
4566:Straight-ahead jazz
4023:Winter & Winter
3472:French horn in jazz
3064:4 June 2011 at the
2961:Polk, Keith. 1966.
2805:Hall, Lucy. 2002. "
2493:Cabeçon, su hermano
2327:Gorow, Ron (2002).
2276:. Pro Music Press.
2180:Brown, Howard Mayer
1662:, pp. 101–138.
1638:, pp. 624–625.
1571:Collins et al. 2001
1366:The Free Dictionary
1079:the Dalcroze method
815:Hans-Joachim Hespos
387:French organ school
367:Dieterich Buxtehude
305:Melodic instruments
39:musical composition
6793:Musical instrument
6761:Music and politics
5891:Dominican Republic
5639:By sovereign state
4959:Korean court music
4919:Azerbaijani Mugham
4721:West African music
4546:British dance band
4336:European free jazz
4309:British dance band
3802:Musicians by genre
3582:Free improvisation
3287:Jazz improvisation
3233:Free improvisation
3218:Constant structure
3198:Chord-scale system
2311:Ganassi, Silvestro
2226:19th-Century Music
2116:Adorno, Theodor W.
1549:, pp. viii–x.
1289:Musical collective
1248:Free improvisation
1110:. Joep Bor of the
871:Richard Teitelbaum
668:go by, he selects
647:Jazz improvisation
399:Charles Tournemire
383:Pierre Pincemaille
270:Renaissance period
153:Musica enchiriadis
6866:
6865:
6751:Music and fashion
6746:Music and emotion
6648:
6647:
5916:Equatorial Guinea
5412:A-side and B-side
5317:Music archaeology
5292:Bachelor of Music
5140:
5139:
5074:Psychedelic music
5069:Progressive music
4989:Scottish Ceòl Mór
4804:
4803:
4677:New Orleans blues
4524:
4523:
4467:
4466:
4041:Beaches (Toronto)
3452:Swing performance
3362:
3361:
3193:Call and response
3072:Improvisation on
3041:978-2-35055-228-6
3023:978-0-252-07654-1
3015:978-0-252-03462-6
2788:Claude V. Palisca
2739:Ferand, Ernest T.
2696:Crutchfield, Will
2595:Von Gunden, Heidi
2514:978-84-00-08541-4
2382:978-0-195-17826-5
2369:Hamilton, Kenneth
2221:Crutchfield, Will
2107:978-0-300-07223-5
1987:103, no. 3, 2017.
1914:Silent Film Sound
1859:978-1-000-64956-7
1835:978-0-810-88348-2
1768:O'Brien, Lucy M.
1734:, pp. 16–18.
1650:, pp. 78–79.
1624:Heinrich Schenker
1279:Modular synthesis
1186:Machine listening
1145:Indian film songs
1051:
1050:
1043:
938:Silent-film music
716:Scratch Orchestra
527:Felix Mendelssohn
230:classical music,
101:Western art music
78:chord progression
16:(Redirected from
6896:
6855:
6854:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6831:Music portal
6829:
6828:
6827:
6783:Music technology
6771:Environmentalism
6724:Related articles
6331:Papua New Guinea
6196:Marshall Islands
5643:
5642:
5589:Central American
5327:Music psychology
5212:Backing vocalist
5049:Electronic music
4892:
4891:
4846:History of music
4831:
4824:
4817:
4808:
4807:
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4794:
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4454:Washington, D.C.
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4321:Czech and Slovak
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3963:India Navigation
3661:Progressive jazz
3515:Avant-garde jazz
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3349:Twelve-bar blues
3208:Coltrane changes
3128:
3121:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3092:A Fickle Sonance
3068:by Sabine Feisst
2968:R., Ken (2012).
2891:
2839:37, no. 1:11–14.
2821:. 1958–63. "The
2758:
2735:
2630:
2615:
2601:Pauline Oliveros
2590:
2568:
2551:Solomon, Maynard
2546:
2508:
2483:
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2405:
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2162:Aesthetic Theory
2156:
2133:
2111:
2075:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2007:
2001:
2000:18, no. 2, 2016.
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1972:34, no. 4, 2015.
1964:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:, pp. 5–13.
1684:Crutchfield 1983
1681:
1675:
1672:Crutchfield 1983
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1620:Therese Brunsvik
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1559:Santa Maria 1565
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1441:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1284:Music for People
1236:
1231:
1230:
1209:pattern matching
1205:machine learning
1182:Machine learning
1120:Nazir Jairazbhoy
1046:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1026:
995:
987:
942:In the realm of
924:psychedelic rock
855:William O. Smith
847:Frederic Rzewski
831:Pauline Oliveros
823:Priscilla McLean
799:Mohammed Fairouz
779:Douglas J. Cuomo
771:Cornelius Cardew
767:Sylvano Bussotti
559:Will Crutchfield
531:Anton Rubinstein
459:and Beethoven's
446:Italian Concerto
441:Italian Concerto
415:Classical period
379:Pierre Cochereau
299:Le nuove musiche
244:In Western music
21:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6889:Jazz techniques
6869:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6839:
6837:
6825:
6823:
6814:
6741:Fictional music
6719:
6644:
6451:Solomon Islands
6296:North Macedonia
5648:
5634:
5496:
5494:regional genres
5493:
5485:
5451:Record producer
5395:
5384:Sociomusicology
5369:Ethnomusicology
5297:Master of Music
5277:
5236:
5218:
5175:All-female band
5158:
5136:
5083:
5020:
5013:
4969:Mandé art music
4944:Byzantine music
4890:
4840:
4835:
4805:
4800:
4797:Jazz portal
4789:
4782:
4763:The Jazz Singer
4730:
4709:Novelty ragtime
4640:
4520:
4504:
4483:
4463:
4417:
4384:
4275:
4220:
4175:Regional scenes
4170:
4105:
4027:
3953:Groove Merchant
3943:Flying Dutchman
3891:
3853:
3797:
3719:
3651:Orchestral jazz
3631:Mainstream jazz
3619:Afro-Cuban jazz
3501:
3410:Outline of jazz
3398:
3393:
3363:
3358:
3354:Upper structure
3297:Melodic pattern
3144:
3132:
3066:Wayback Machine
3050:
3045:
2863:
2762:Friedrich, Otto
2748:
2725:
2638:
2636:Further reading
2633:
2612:
2587:
2565:
2543:
2447:
2445:Nikolaus Delius
2436:
2383:
2347:Griffiths, Paul
2339:
2303:
2284:
2270:Foreman, Edward
2251:
2194:
2172:
2153:
2130:
2108:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1907:
1903:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1766:
1762:
1756:Von Gunden 1983
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1595:Hotteterre 1719
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1536:Dalla Casa 1584
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:, p. viii.
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1307:Prepared guitar
1232:
1225:
1222:
1196:
1178:
1172:
1140:musical phrases
1124:ethnomusicology
1096:
1087:Satis Coleman's
1067:
1065:Music education
1047:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1012:
996:
985:
973:motion pictures
940:
920:
915:
883:Christian Wolff
859:Manfred Stahnke
811:Richard Grayson
787:Stuart Dempster
755:Benjamin Boretz
751:Richard Barrett
711:
649:
643:
638:
618:Facilitations (
551:
518:
513:
511:Romantic period
501:Daniel Steibelt
488:
431:Classical music
428:
423:
417:
391:Maurice Duruflé
342:
337:
316:
307:
297:'s collection,
286:
272:
251:
249:Medieval period
246:
197:common practice
63:classical music
33:(also known as
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6902:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6848:
6834:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6810:Women in music
6807:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6798:Classification
6790:
6785:
6780:
6778:Music festival
6775:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6758:
6756:Music industry
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6626:Western Sahara
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6586:United Kingdom
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5866:Czech Republic
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5601:North American
5598:
5597:
5596:
5594:South American
5591:
5584:Latin American
5581:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5550:Middle Eastern
5547:
5542:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5499:
5497:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5441:Audio engineer
5438:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:New musicology
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5180:Rhythm section
5177:
5172:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4770:Round Midnight
4766:
4759:
4751:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4500:Latin American
4497:
4491:
4489:
4488:South American
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:Baltimore jazz
4425:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4406:Latin American
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4389:North American
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:Percussionists
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3681:Spiritual jazz
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3403:General topics
3400:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Rhythm changes
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3163:Bar-line shift
3160:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3069:
3056:
3049:
3048:External links
3046:
3044:
3043:
3026:
3005:(eds.). 2009.
2999:
2992:
2980:
2966:
2959:
2945:
2908:
2892:
2880:10.2307/833513
2874:(2): 147–162.
2861:
2854:
2840:
2830:
2819:Heartz, Daniel
2816:
2803:
2780:Guido d'Arezzo
2777:
2759:
2746:
2736:
2723:
2713:
2693:
2670:Berliner, Paul
2667:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2622:In Theory Only
2616:
2610:
2591:
2585:
2573:Szwed, John F.
2569:
2563:
2547:
2541:
2528:
2484:
2460:
2406:
2387:
2381:
2365:
2343:
2337:
2324:
2307:
2301:
2288:
2282:
2266:
2254:
2239:10.2307/746545
2217:
2198:
2192:
2176:
2170:
2157:
2151:
2134:
2128:
2112:
2106:
2090:Abert, Hermann
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2059:
2032:
2025:
2002:
1989:
1974:
1959:
1944:
1937:Kobel, Peter.
1929:
1922:
1901:
1865:
1858:
1841:
1834:
1816:
1788:
1760:
1748:
1744:Griffiths 2001
1736:
1724:
1722:, p. 118.
1712:
1700:
1698:, p. 116.
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1611:
1609:, p. 221.
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1459:
1452:
1423:
1409:
1379:
1349:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:Prepared piano
1309:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:Bar-line shift
1239:
1238:
1237:
1221:
1218:
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1102:is one of the
1095:
1092:
1083:Orff-Schulwerk
1066:
1063:
1049:
1048:
999:
997:
990:
984:
981:
977:film societies
965:at first sight
939:
936:
919:
916:
914:
911:
895:La Monte Young
887:Iannis Xenakis
879:Michael Vetter
867:Tōru Takemitsu
835:Henri Pousseur
807:Vinko Globokar
795:Karlheinz Essl
710:
707:
702:rhythm section
645:Main article:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
616:
607:
598:
592:
573:
550:
547:
539:Percy Grainger
517:
514:
512:
509:
493:Muzio Clementi
487:
484:
427:
424:
416:
413:
352:
351:
341:
338:
333:Main article:
320:basso continuo
315:
314:Basso continuo
312:
306:
303:
295:Giulio Caccini
285:
284:Baroque period
282:
271:
268:
250:
247:
245:
242:
189:chord voicings
185:basso continuo
151:, such as the
26:
18:Musical improv
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6901:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6859:
6858:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6788:Music therapy
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6757:
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6708:
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6666:
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6642:
6639:
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6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6591:United States
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
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6509:
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6499:
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6422:
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6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
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6344:
6342:
6339:
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6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
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6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
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6259:
6257:
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6239:
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6232:
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6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
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6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6151:Liechtenstein
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
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6079:
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6059:
6057:
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6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Guinea-Bissau
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5492:Cultural and
5488:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5419:Extended play
5417:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5390:
5389:Zoomusicology
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:Ecomusicology
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:Biomusicology
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Music history
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Improvisation
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:Lead vocalist
5205:
5204:
5203:
5202:Military band
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:Hip hop music
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Country music
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:Ottoman music
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4726:Western swing
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:New York City
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4373:Flamenco jazz
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:South African
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:Discographies
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Vibraphonists
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3703:Swing revival
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Flamenco jazz
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3497:Women in jazz
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Jazz trombone
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Jazz drumming
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:Improvisation
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:improvisation
3139:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:Improvisation
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:0-253-38824-4
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:0-87477-631-7
2939:
2935:
2934:0-87477-631-7
2931:
2927:
2926:0-87477-578-7
2923:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:Roman Kroitor
2844:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:0-300-02040-6
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:0-394-57771-X
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:Stanley Sadie
2703:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:0-226-04381-9
2687:
2683:
2682:0-226-04380-0
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:0-7123-0506-8
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:Bailey, Derek
2650:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2611:0-8108-1600-8
2607:
2603:
2602:
2599:The Music of
2596:
2592:
2588:
2586:0-7868-8496-7
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2564:0-02-864717-3
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2542:9780472027736
2538:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:0-935480-52-8
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2505:0-576-28229-4
2502:
2498:
2497:Denis Stevens
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:Max Schneider
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2434:Erich Doflein
2431:
2430:88-7242-779-7
2427:
2423:
2422:2-8266-0672-7
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2392:Stanley Sadie
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2351:Stanley Sadie
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:0-9629496-7-1
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2320:Robert Lienau
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2302:0-521-62371-5
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2283:9781887117159
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2203:Stanley Sadie
2199:
2195:
2193:0-19-323175-1
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:0-8166-1799-6
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2152:0-262-51025-1
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2129:0-8101-0407-5
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2026:81-7154-395-2
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1923:9780231534000
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1758:, p. 32.
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1710:, p. 43.
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1660:Hamilton 2008
1656:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1453:0-9543976-0-6
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1347:, p. 212
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Side-slipping
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
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1270:
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1262:
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1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:improvisation
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:According to
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1134:upon which a
1133:
1132:musical notes
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:melodic modes
1101:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1031:December 2021
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:This section
998:
994:
989:
988:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
948:theatre organ
945:
935:
933:
929:
928:Grateful Dead
925:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:Yitzhak Yedid
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:Todd Reynolds
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:Barton McLean
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Rolf Gehlhaar
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Jani Christou
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Pierre Boulez
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
705:
703:
699:
698:voice-leading
695:
694:musical scale
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
657:
655:
648:
631:
628:
625:
621:
617:
615:
611:
608:
605:
604:
599:
596:
595:Ornamentation
593:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
574:
572:
568:
567:
566:
564:
560:
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
508:
506:
505:Joseph Woelfl
502:
498:
494:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
442:
436:
432:
422:
412:
410:
409:
404:
403:Olivier Latry
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:According to
350:
349:
344:
343:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
311:
302:
300:
296:
292:
281:
278:
267:
265:
264:cantus firmus
261:
257:
241:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
6850:
6836:
6822:
6611:Vatican City
6561:Turkmenistan
6461:South Africa
6431:Sierra Leone
6411:Saudi Arabia
5786:Burkina Faso
5446:Record label
5332:Music school
5257:
5192:Concert band
5102:Angular harp
5029:Circus music
4914:Arabic music
4788:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4757:(miniseries)
4754:
4746:
4716:Sophisti-pop
4146:
4137:Jazz royalty
4127:Jazz funeral
3923:Contemporary
3814:Chamber jazz
3768:Saxophonists
3738:Clarinetists
3710:Third stream
3547:Chamber jazz
3447:Scat singing
3429:
3342:Tadd Dameron
3173:Bird changes
3141:
3073:
3032:
3006:
2995:
2986:
2969:
2962:
2948:
2914:
2905:Franz Kullak
2903:, edited by
2898:
2871:
2865:
2857:
2850:
2843:Koenig, Wolf
2836:
2826:
2822:
2812:The Guardian
2810:
2783:
2765:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2716:Czerny, Carl
2710:John Tyrrell
2699:
2673:
2655:
2643:
2626:
2620:
2598:
2576:
2554:
2532:
2517:
2491:
2471:
2467:
2464:Ortiz, Diego
2455:
2413:
2399:
2396:John Tyrrell
2372:
2358:
2355:John Tyrrell
2328:
2314:
2292:
2273:
2261:
2230:
2224:
2210:
2207:John Tyrrell
2183:
2161:
2143:Samuel Weber
2138:
2119:
2098:W. A. Mozart
2097:
2071:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2015:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1956:, 205, 2015.
1952:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1913:
1910:Altman, Rick
1904:
1878:. Retrieved
1868:
1849:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1773:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1732:Winkler 1978
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1674:, p. 7.
1667:
1655:
1648:Solomon 1998
1643:
1631:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1583:Foreman 2001
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1528:Ganassi 1535
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1480:
1473:Nettl, Bruno
1437:
1420:Horsley 2001
1400:. Retrieved
1394:
1370:. Retrieved
1364:
1294:
1197:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1128:transilience
1115:
1114:has defined
1097:
1068:
1052:
1037:
1028:
1013:Please help
1001:
950:players and
941:
921:
851:Saman Samadi
783:Alvin Curran
763:Joseph Brent
748:
743:
739:
728:Larry Austin
718:in England;
712:
659:
650:
636:Contemporary
623:
619:
603:acciaccature
601:
587:
583:
579:
557:recordings,
552:
519:
516:Instrumental
489:
479:
475:
472:appassionato
471:
467:
465:
450:
445:
439:
429:
408:Salve Regina
406:
395:Louis Vierne
375:Marcel Dupré
365:
360:figured bass
355:
353:
345:
327:
324:figured bass
317:
308:
298:
290:
287:
273:
260:counterpoint
252:
237:
231:
209:
193:figured bass
157:
98:
70:
53:. Sometimes
34:
30:
29:
6715:Terminology
6695:Instruments
6501:Switzerland
6471:South Sudan
6466:South Korea
6391:Saint Lucia
6346:Philippines
6291:North Korea
6271:New Zealand
6266:Netherlands
6071:Ivory Coast
5911:El Salvador
5656:Afghanistan
5623:Micronesian
5424:Compilation
5337:Composition
5232:Composition
5197:Disc jockey
5170:Backup band
5097:Arched Harp
4854:Prehistoric
4699:Quiet storm
4662:Contradanza
4444:New Orleans
4439:Kansas City
4242:Jazz mugham
4237:Azerbaijani
4161:Second line
4156:Rare groove
4142:Jazz theory
4132:Jazz poetry
4117:Contrafacts
4101:Saint Lucia
4081:New Orleans
4013:Strata-East
3988:MPS Records
3918:Cobblestone
3839:Smooth jazz
3829:Jazz fusion
3773:Trombonists
3686:Sacred jazz
3671:Smooth jazz
3604:Jazz fusion
3487:Jazz violin
3467:Jazz guitar
3442:Jam session
3415:Jazz (word)
3327:Syncopation
3270:Jam session
3250:Harmolodics
3178:Block chord
3168:Bebop scale
3003:Bruno Nettl
2823:Basse Dance
2480:Bärenreiter
2448: [
2437: [
2233:(1): 3–54.
2094:Cliff Eisen
2052:26 December
1809:22 February
1781:26 December
1720:Savage 2011
1696:Savage 2011
1607:Adorno 1997
1515:Fuller 2002
1488:26 December
1402:26 December
1372:26 December
1361:"Improvise"
1264:Jam session
1258:Impro-Visor
1234:Jazz portal
944:silent film
903:Hans Zender
899:Frank Zappa
843:Terry Riley
791:Hugh Davies
742:(1960) and
740:Time Cycles
704:is playing.
523:Franz Liszt
328:realization
228:Bangladeshi
173:harpsichord
109:Renaissance
94:jazz fusion
61:changes in
6873:Categories
6601:Uzbekistan
6521:Tajikistan
6426:Seychelles
6406:San Marino
6241:Mozambique
6231:Montenegro
6201:Mauritania
6166:Madagascar
6161:Luxembourg
6116:Kyrgyzstan
6091:Kazakhstan
5896:East Timor
5846:Costa Rica
5811:Cape Verde
5721:Bangladesh
5706:Azerbaijan
5628:Polynesian
5618:Melanesian
5400:Production
5379:Organology
5344:Musicology
5079:Soul music
5034:Folk music
5019:Vernacular
4684:Brass band
4672:Jump blues
4516:Ethno jazz
4479:Australian
4459:West Coast
4216:Zimbabwean
4056:Copenhagen
3978:Mainstream
3788:Violinists
3778:Trumpeters
3748:Guitarists
3656:Organ trio
3641:Modal jazz
3614:Latin jazz
3594:Gypsy jazz
3492:Vocal jazz
3477:Jazz piano
3332:Turnaround
3307:Polyrhythm
3292:Lead sheet
3275:Jazz chord
3223:Contrafact
3153:Avoid note
2978:B008FRWNIW
2829:6:287–340.
2815:(12 June).
2757:: 129–174.
2734:: 329–345.
2629:(2): 3–26.
1708:Szwed 2000
1636:Abert 2007
1547:Brown 1976
1532:Ortiz 1553
1503:Brown 1976
1345:Gorow 2002
1297:(magazine)
1260:(software)
1180:See also:
1073:pedagogy,
956:Neil Brand
932:Pink Floyd
732:ONCE Group
724:Lukas Foss
722:in Italy;
686:extensions
672:from each
630:Recitative
535:Paderewski
480:expressivo
421:Partimento
419:See also:
177:pipe organ
125:J. S. Bach
86:rock music
67:variations
6736:Album era
6616:Venezuela
6481:Sri Lanka
6436:Singapore
6321:Palestine
6276:Nicaragua
6206:Mauritius
6156:Lithuania
6041:Indonesia
5996:Guatemala
5696:Australia
5686:Argentina
5606:Caribbean
5560:Southeast
5285:and study
5283:Education
5273:Technique
5154:Ensembles
5064:Pop music
4896:Art music
4874:Religious
4652:Acid jazz
4509:Worldwide
4495:Brazilian
4292:Bulgarian
4254:Indo jazz
4204:Cape jazz
4091:North Sea
4046:Cape Town
4033:Festivals
4008:Riverside
3983:Milestone
3908:Blue Note
3903:Bethlehem
3887:post-1950
3859:Standards
3844:Soul jazz
3793:Vocalists
3753:Organists
3725:Musicians
3715:Trad jazz
3676:Soul jazz
3599:Jazz-funk
3587:Punk jazz
3577:Free funk
3572:Free jazz
3567:Folk jazz
3557:Dixieland
3552:Cool jazz
3542:Cape jazz
3457:Jazz bass
3420:Jazz band
3203:Chordioid
3183:Blue note
2928:(cloth);
2837:Orff-Echo
2684:(cloth);
2555:Beethoven
2478:(Kassel:
1055:Melbourne
1002:does not
907:John Zorn
666:harmonies
624:fioratura
620:puntature
614:cabaletta
476:cantabile
468:con amore
301:(1601/2)
224:Pakistani
205:composers
201:art music
191:based on
181:ornaments
166:, or the
164:concertos
149:polyphony
137:Beethoven
117:Classical
51:musicians
6857:Category
6670:Timeline
6641:Zimbabwe
6531:Thailand
6526:Tanzania
6491:Suriname
6446:Slovenia
6441:Slovakia
6356:Portugal
6336:Paraguay
6311:Pakistan
6226:Mongolia
6181:Maldives
6176:Malaysia
6101:Kiribati
6021:Honduras
5936:Ethiopia
5931:Eswatini
5886:Dominica
5881:Djibouti
5836:Colombia
5801:Cameroon
5796:Cambodia
5781:Bulgaria
5766:Botswana
5726:Barbados
5613:Oceanian
5567:European
5523:Southern
5456:Sampling
5253:Notation
5187:Big band
5149:Musician
4879:Biblical
4657:Afrobeat
4571:Pre-1920
4556:Jazz Age
4472:Oceanian
4422:American
4396:Canadian
4280:European
4271:Japanese
4232:Armenian
4194:Malawian
4189:Ethiopia
4076:Montreux
4071:Montreal
4066:Monterey
4003:Prestige
3973:Landmark
3958:Impulse!
3938:ESP-Disk
3867:Pre-1920
3824:Hard bop
3763:Pianists
3743:Drummers
3733:Bassists
3666:Ska jazz
3609:Jazz rap
3535:Post-bop
3525:Hard bop
3425:Big band
3265:Jam band
3062:Archived
3031:. 2017.
3017:(cloth)
2985:. 1958.
2913:. 1990.
2897:. 1953.
2764:. 1989.
2718:. 1833.
2672:. 1994.
2654:. 1992.
2597:(1983).
2575:(2000).
2553:(1998).
2490:. 1565.
2482:, 1936).
2466:. 1553.
2412:. 1719.
2398:(eds.).
2371:(2008).
2357:(eds.).
2313:. 1535.
2272:(2001).
2260:. 1584.
2209:(eds.).
2182:(1976).
2118:(1973).
2092:(2007).
2013:(1995).
1912:(2004).
1890:cite web
1269:Jam band
1220:See also
1106:used in
875:Vangelis
746:(1963).
610:Strophic
563:cavatina
543:Pachmann
277:ostinato
199:Western
168:preludes
162:in solo
121:Romantic
105:Medieval
43:emotions
6766:Warfare
6665:Outline
6621:Vietnam
6606:Vanuatu
6596:Uruguay
6576:Ukraine
6551:Tunisia
6456:Somalia
6416:Senegal
6371:Romania
6286:Nigeria
6251:Namibia
6246:Myanmar
6236:Morocco
6216:Moldova
6141:Liberia
6136:Lesotho
6131:Lebanon
6076:Jamaica
6056:Ireland
6031:Iceland
6026:Hungary
5991:Grenada
5976:Germany
5971:Georgia
5951:Finland
5926:Estonia
5921:Eritrea
5901:Ecuador
5876:Denmark
5851:Croatia
5841:Comoros
5791:Burundi
5756:Bolivia
5736:Belgium
5731:Belarus
5716:Bahrain
5711:Bahamas
5701:Austria
5691:Armenia
5671:Andorra
5666:Algeria
5661:Albania
5540:Central
5508:Central
5503:African
4886:Secular
4869:Martial
4859:Ancient
4704:Ragtime
4689:Exotica
4645:Related
4551:Ragtime
4529:History
4434:Chicago
4401:Haitian
4380:Swedish
4368:Spanish
4351:Italian
4304:British
4299:Belgian
4266:Iranian
4182:African
4110:Culture
4086:Newport
4061:Jakarta
4051:Chicago
3948:Freedom
3646:Nu jazz
3530:Neo-bop
3302:Outside
3280:So What
3255:Harmony
3213:Comping
3188:Cadenza
2096:(ed.).
2082:Sources
1880:16 June
1322:S.P.I.T
1149:ghazals
1023:removed
1008:sources
969:talkies
690:changes
682:passing
662:soloist
626:, etc.)
589:romanze
584:canzoni
580:ballate
571:cadenza
262:over a
256:organum
160:cadenza
113:Baroque
55:musical
6675:Albums
6636:Zambia
6571:Uganda
6566:Tuvalu
6556:Turkey
6516:Taiwan
6496:Sweden
6421:Serbia
6381:Rwanda
6376:Russia
6351:Poland
6326:Panama
6301:Norway
6221:Monaco
6211:Mexico
6171:Malawi
6126:Latvia
6111:Kuwait
6106:Kosovo
6086:Jordan
6061:Israel
6011:Guyana
6001:Guinea
5986:Greece
5966:Gambia
5956:France
5861:Cyprus
5806:Canada
5776:Brunei
5771:Brazil
5751:Bhutan
5741:Belize
5676:Angola
5647:
5577:Nordic
5572:Balkan
5407:Single
5312:Method
5263:Lyrics
5227:Theory
4356:Polish
4346:German
4341:French
4326:Danish
4287:Balkan
4249:Indian
4209:Marabi
4166:Venues
3693:Stride
3636:Marabi
3626:M-Base
3507:Genres
3337:ii-V-I
3245:Groove
3138:theory
3039:
3021:
3013:
2976:
2955:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2888:833513
2886:
2845:, and
2798:
2772:
2741:1938.
2692:(pbk).
2688:
2680:
2662:
2608:
2583:
2561:
2539:
2524:
2512:
2503:
2428:
2420:
2379:
2335:
2299:
2280:
2247:746545
2245:
2190:
2168:
2149:
2139:Prisms
2126:
2104:
2023:
1920:
1856:
1832:
1622:. (In
1573:, (i).
1526:E.g.,
1450:
1295:Musics
1192:, and
1136:melody
1085:, and
983:Venues
905:, and
736:Sonics
678:melody
586:, and
503:, and
478:, and
435:chords
226:, and
220:Afghan
216:Indian
183:, and
141:Chopin
133:Mozart
129:Handel
119:, and
92:, and
6710:Songs
6660:Index
6653:Lists
6631:Yemen
6541:Tonga
6506:Syria
6486:Sudan
6476:Spain
6401:Samoa
6361:Qatar
6316:Palau
6281:Niger
6261:Nepal
6256:Nauru
6191:Malta
6146:Libya
6096:Kenya
6081:Japan
6066:Italy
6036:India
6016:Haiti
5981:Ghana
5961:Gabon
5906:Egypt
5831:China
5826:Chile
5746:Benin
5555:South
5535:Asian
5518:North
5481:Remix
5476:Cover
5434:Remix
5248:Genre
5117:Nafir
5039:Blues
5021:music
4864:Dance
4838:Music
4735:Media
4694:Plugg
4667:Blues
4621:2010s
4616:2000s
4611:1990s
4606:1980s
4601:1970s
4596:1960s
4591:1950s
4586:1940s
4581:1930s
4576:1920s
4541:Blues
4411:Cuban
4331:Dutch
4259:Sitar
4225:Asian
4018:Verve
3882:1940s
3877:1930s
3872:1920s
3849:Swing
3809:Bebop
3698:Swing
3520:Bebop
3322:Swing
3317:Scale
3025:(pbk)
2884:JSTOR
2452:]
2441:]
2316:canto
2243:JSTOR
1800:(PDF)
1329:Notes
1164:Alapa
952:piano
744:Echoi
674:chord
670:notes
654:modes
576:Arias
555:Verdi
549:Opera
145:Liszt
82:blues
59:chord
6803:Folk
6536:Togo
6341:Peru
6306:Oman
6186:Mali
6121:Laos
6051:Iraq
6046:Iran
5946:Fiji
5856:Cuba
5821:Chad
5545:East
5528:West
5513:East
5429:Live
5268:Song
5243:Form
5059:Jazz
4755:Jazz
4748:Bird
4636:2022
4631:2021
4626:2020
4361:Yass
4096:Pori
3998:Muse
3834:Scat
3435:Jazz
3396:Jazz
3260:Head
3238:List
3140:and
3135:Jazz
3037:ISBN
3019:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2974:ASIN
2953:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2930:ISBN
2922:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2708:and
2686:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2660:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2443:and
2426:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2377:ISBN
2333:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2054:2017
2021:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1896:link
1882:2008
1854:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1811:2024
1783:2017
1490:2017
1448:ISBN
1404:2017
1374:2017
1207:and
1147:and
1116:Raga
1100:raga
1071:jazz
1006:any
1004:cite
641:Jazz
541:and
397:and
381:and
369:and
346:see
318:The
233:raga
90:jazz
45:and
5307:PhD
3993:MPS
3968:JMT
3933:ECM
3928:CTI
3913:BYG
2876:doi
2454:as
2235:doi
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1444:181
1017:by
210:In
175:or
76:or
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2870:.
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1492:.
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1044:)
1038:(
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1029:(
1025:.
1011:.
971:–
20:)
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