Classical music - Knowledge

476: 467: 458: 3670:: "researchers... have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter." Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $ 105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. One of the co-authors of the original studies of the Mozart effect commented "I don't think it can hurt. I'm all for exposing children to wonderful cultural experiences. But I do think the money could be better spent on 2301: 2114: 2975: 3403: 1784: 11916: 11995: 3124: 40: 2603: 10612: 8531: 3999:, p. 1009 note that "We may well wonder whether the term "Western music" is still appropriate when Western culture has spread around the world, and some of the most practices performers and interesting new composers come from China, Japan and Korea. Given its global reach, it may be time to rename this tradition, but as eclectic and diverse as it has become, its roots are still in Western culture reaching back through Europe to ancient Greece". 8541: 578:; however, this meaning only gradually developed, and was for a while subordinate to the broader classical ideals of formality and excellence. Literature and visual arts—for which substantial Ancient Greek and Roman examples existed—did eventually adopt the term "classical" as relating to classical antiquity, but virtually no music of that time was available to Renaissance musicians, limiting the connection between classical music and the 8521: 11978: 12012: 11961: 8551: 11944: 11880: 11904: 1500: 11868: 10599: 11892: 10585: 4051:. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist." As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's 2430:, woodwinds, brass, and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers." 2682:

instrumentation, and structure. Some music historians regard musical modernism as an era extending from about 1890 to 1930. Others consider that modernism ended with one or the other of the two world wars. Still other authorities claim that modernism is not associated with any historical era, but rather is "an

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that started around 1908. It was a period of diverse reactions in challenging and reinterpreting older categories of music, innovations that lead to new ways of organizing and approaching harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music, and changes in aesthetic worldviews in close relation to

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The families of instruments used, especially in orchestras, grew larger; a process that climaxed in the early 20th century with very large orchestras used by late romantic and modernist composers. A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear. Brass instruments took on larger roles, as the

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Some other authorities have more or less equated postmodern music with the "contemporary music" composed well after 1930, from the late 20th century through to the early 21st century. Some of the diverse movements of the postmodern/contemporary era include the neoromantic, neomedieval, minimalist,

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Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be re-created in order to perform music on period instruments. As in the modern day,

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at the beginning of the 21st century was often considered to include all post-1945 musical forms. A generation later, this term now properly refers to the music of today written by composers who are still alive; music that came into prominence in the mid-1970s. It includes different variations of

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In the 19th century, musical institutions emerged from the control of wealthy patrons, as composers and musicians could construct lives independent of the nobility. Increasing interest in music by the growing middle classes throughout western Europe spurred the creation of organizations for the

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began giving popular public concerts at a London tavern; his popularity rapidly inaugurated the prominence of public concerts in the London. The conception of "classical"—or more often "ancient music"—emerged, which was still built on the principles of formality and excellence, and according to

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The orchestra continued to grow during the early years modernist era, peaking in the first two decades of the 20th century. Saxophones that appeared only rarely during the 19th century became more commonly used as supplementary instruments, but never became core members of the orchestra. While

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Modernist classical music encompasses many styles of composition that can be characterised as post romantic, impressionist, expressionist, and neoclassical. Modernism marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period, such as traditional tonality, melody,

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One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in Baroque ensembles were much less standardized. A Baroque ensemble could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ or harpsichord),

710:, and conversely, in many academic histories the term "Western music" excludes non-classical Western music. Another complication lies in that "classical music" is sometimes used to describe non-Western art music exhibiting similar long-lasting and complex characteristics; examples include 677:, sometimes called the "Viennese classics", a coupling that remains problematic by reason of none of the three being born in Vienna and the minimal time Haydn and Mozart spent in the city. While this was an often expressed characterization, it was not a strict one. In 1879 the composer 705:

The contemporary understanding of the term "classical music" remains vague and multifaceted. Other terms such as "art music", "canonic music", "cultivated music" and "serious music" are largely synonymous. The term "classical music" is often indicated or implied to concern solely the

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being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The

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Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g., the oboe, bassoon, cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm,

3048:. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: 2686:

of the composer; a living construct that can evolve with the times". Despite its decline in the last third of the 20th century, there remained at the end of the century an active core of composers who continued to advance the ideas and forms of modernism, such as

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who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may come from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a

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intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed not to be notable as composers. In the

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style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the

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additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute), bowed strings, woodwinds, and brass instruments, and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo,(e.g., a cello, contrabass, viola, bassoon, serpent, etc.).

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regularly misinterpreted or misunderstood the writings of their Greek and Roman predecessors. This was due to the complete absence of surviving Greco-Roman musical works available to medieval musicians, to the extent that Isidore of Seville

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became increasingly popular, and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today. Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms, and vocal forms like the

2392:) became widely popular with the middle class, whose demands for the instrument spurred many piano builders. Many symphony orchestras date their founding to this era. Some musicians and composers were the stars of the day; some, like 3256:, where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice, has seen the gender balance of traditionally male-dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift." 3906:, who said "This is the place I should come to every Sunday when I wished to hear classical music correctly and judiciously performed". However, this is predated by at least 9 years from the title of the English writer 1639:

existed, but were largely confined to churches, although there were portable varieties. Printing enabled the standardization of descriptions and specifications of instruments, as well as instruction in their use.

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notes, however, that many Greco-Roman texts can still be credited as influential to Western classical music, since medieval musicians regularly read their works—regardless of whether they were doing so correctly.

2185:) and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse e.g. the theorbo and rackett, many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the 1234:

notes that attempting to create a direct evolutionary connection from the ancient music to early medieval is baseless, as it was almost solely influenced by Greco-Roman music theory, not performance or practice.

2347:, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling 2128:

Though the term "classical music" includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to the early 2010s, the Classical Era was the period of Western art music from the 1750s to the early 1820s—the era of

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had developed a prominent public concert music scene, unprecedented and unmatched by other European cities. The royal court had gradually lost its monopoly on music, in large part from instability that the

650:, the abandonment of defining "classical" as analogous to the Greco-Roman World was slower, primarily because the formation of canonical repertoires was either minimal or exclusive to the upper classes. 4934: 4660: 395:. By the 20th century, stylistic unification gradually dissipated while the prominence of popular music greatly increased. Many composers actively avoided past techniques and genres in the lens of 2152:

became somewhat standardized (though they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed). Chamber music grew to include ensembles with as many as 8-10 performers for

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The Western classical tradition formally begins with music created by and for the early Christian Church. It is probable that the early Church wished to disassociate itself from the predominant

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From all available evidence, it appears that no, or few, significant musical developments can be credited to Ancient Rome, who largely adopted the practices of their Ancient Greek predecessors.

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is one of the only female composers mentioned." Abbey Philips states that "uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts."

2426:, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained ( 770:

and more specifically, "of or relating to formal European music of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by harmony, balance, and adherence to established compositional forms".

697:. More broadly, some writers used the term "classical" to generally praise well-regarded outputs from various composers, particularly those who produced many works in an established genre. 2181:

Classical era musicians continued to use many of the instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano (the precursor to the modern

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Similarly, movies and television often use standard, clichéd excerpts of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include

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notes that neither term is ideal, as they create an "intriguing complication" when considering "certain practitioners of Western-art music genres who come from non-Western cultures".

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music theorists and commentators. Just as in Greco-Roman society, music was considered central to education; along with arithmetic, geometry and astronomy, music was included in the

8394: 5760: 6192: 4279: 3067:, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise 4336: 6220: 1523:

instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind. Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of

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works, a preference which has been catered to by the emergence and widespread availability of commercial recordings. Trends of the mid-20th century to the present day include

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Steele, Kenneth M.; Bella, Simone Dalla; Peretz, Isabelle; Dunlop, Tracey; Dawe, Lloyd A.; Humphrey, G. Keith; Shannon, Roberta A.; Kirby, Johnny L.; Olmstead, C. G. (1999).

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degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate level" is required.

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and the dominance of text in musical settings are prominent in both early medieval and music of nearly all ancient civilizations. Greek influences in particular include the

3025:(e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto). 1275: 8152: 2403:

European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow colonial expansion into other parts of the world. There was also a rise, especially toward the end of the era, of

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Heartz "civic ritual, religion and moral activism figured significantly in this novel construction of musical taste". The performance of such music was specialized by the

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Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become

1305:, was the dominant form until about 1100. Christian monks developed the first forms of European musical notation in order to standardize liturgy throughout the Church. 6796: 3157:

so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received '

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in the arts of the time. The operative word most associated with it is "innovation". Its leading feature is a "linguistic plurality", which is to say that no single

1472:. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize. It is in this time that the notation of music on a 6336: 5666: 11790: 7681: 6822: 570:

summarizes this into two definitions: 1) a "formal discipline" and 2) a "model of excellence". Like Gellius, later Renaissance scholars who wrote in Latin used

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The Classical era established many of the norms of composition, presentation, and style, and when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument. The

1103:. As such, it remains unclear as to what extent the music of the Christian Church, and thus Western classical music as a whole, was influenced by preceding 735:

for instance). Thus in the later 20th century terms such as "Western classical music" and "Western art music" came in use to address this. The musicologist

11780: 2523:, and others Cornets appear regularly in 19th century scores, alongside trumpets which were regarded as less agile, at least until the end of the century. 3650:

tests as a result of listening to Mozart's music. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in

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came into its own as a musical form, and the concerto was developed as a vehicle for displays of virtuoso playing skill. Orchestras no longer required a

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in style with its expressive melodies, complex harmonies, and expansive forms. This era was marked by the works of several composers who pushed forward

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teaching, performance, and preservation of music. The piano, which achieved its modern construction in this era (in part due to industrial advances in

7870: 7566: 7474: 7379: 3223:) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of 2438:

made it possible for them to play a wider range of notes. The size of the orchestra (typically around 40 in the Classical era) grew to be over 100.

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was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use at the end of the century. Brass instruments included the

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Many European commentators of the early 19th century found new unification in their definition of classical music: to juxtapose the older composers

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appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards, usually featured as a solo instrument rather than as in integral part of the orchestra.

2193:) and Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet. During the Classical era, the stringed instruments used in orchestra and 8035: 6436: 6395: 3197:, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by 11795: 3252:, brass, and percussion sections of major orchestras "...are still predominantly male". A 2014 BBC article stated that the "...introduction of 1421: 1096: 6024: 5981: 2351:

in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like

11820: 10448: 9629: 9250: 3821: 3060:. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. 1412:

note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into

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were considered to have surpassed the achievements of classical antiquity. They were thus characterized as "classical", as was the music of

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was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the

2446:, for example, has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400. New woodwind instruments were added, such as the 9699: 8196: 5179: 1869:

began to be put in wider practice, as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments. Although

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Seebass, Tilman (2000). "Notation and Transmission in European Music History". In Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (eds.).

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Almost all of the composers who are described in music textbooks on classical music and whose works are widely performed as part of the

10438: 8484: 8273: 4256: 1822:, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the simple songs of all previous periods. The beginnings of the 1044: 79: 7305: 5828:

Robert P. Morgan (1991). Twentieth-century Music: A History of Musical Style in Modern Europe and America. Norton. ISBN 9780393952728.

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notes that even by the 20th century there were only fragments and a few more sizable examples of such Greco-Roman music that survive.

5494: 5341: 3334: 11009: 8507: 7842:(2000). "The Role of History in Contemporary European Art-Music Culture". In Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (eds.). 5218: 4687: 2923: 2919: 2659:

began in this tradition but soon ventured into modernist territories. At the same time, the impressionist movement, spearheaded by

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in 2008, the first woman to hold that position. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president

2610:. Many early 20th century composers such as Mahler, Sibelius and Vaughan Williams were heavily influenced by the forces of nature. 10649: 8637: 7972: 7844: 7746: 7651: 485: 3374:(music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained, often from a purely oral tradition). Some composers, like 11097: 8587: 6301: 6168: 3332:

Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which

2793:, two or more saxophones of different sizes are used to create an entire section like the other sections of the orchestra. The 585:

It was in 18th-century England that the term 'classical' "first came to stand for a particular canon of works in performance."

10269: 11675: 9574: 8554: 8315: 8047: 7897: 7829: 7734: 7696: 7593: 7505: 7406: 7355: 7332: 7294: 7264: 7192: 7126: 7103: 7058: 7002: 6972: 6946: 6924: 6890: 6606: 6581: 6449: 6408: 6091: 5434: 5289: 5228: 5189: 4857: 4803: 4714: 4330: 4273: 1037: 4812: 4562: 4394: 778:, a specific stylistic era of European music from the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century. 8327: 7076: 1377: 1269: 6494: 6332: 5526: 11932: 6274: 10458: 10124: 8870: 7932: 5644: 2594:

are commonly regarded as transitional composers whose music combines both late romantic and early modernist elements.

1763:. The term usually spans roughly two-and-a-half centuries, encompassing the Baroque, Classical, and Romantic periods. 11840: 10556: 10339: 9347: 9281: 8512: 8013: 7986: 7960: 7947: 7858: 7790: 7760: 7665: 7649:

Schulenberg, David (2000). "History of European Art Music". In Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (eds.).

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symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise

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of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello, and double bass. Baroque-era stringed instruments such as fretted, bowed

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Vancour, Shawn (March 2009). "Popularizing the Classics: Radio's Role in the Music Appreciation Movement 1922–34".

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The Ancient Roman citizenship classes in question were derived from the guidelines set forth by the legendary king

3534: 3476: 2896:, along with the aforementioned Mahler and Strauss as transitional figures who carried over from the 19th century. 1688: 1652:) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the 1294: 1265: 1171: 1155: 198: 31: 6939:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music: From Rock, Pop, Jazz, Blue, and Hip-Hop to Classical, Folk, World, and More

4501: 3939:, all of which include the term "Western music" but essentially exclude non-classical music in the Western world. 11770: 11705: 10750: 10463: 9649: 9519: 9359: 9352: 6138: 4044: 2775: 2108: 7527: 5578: 839: 10961: 10443: 10144: 9364: 8502: 7821: 7813: 6635: 6112: 4779: 4619: 2931:

is a period of music that began as early as 1930 according to some authorities. It shares characteristics with

2295: 2121: 767:"of, relating to, or characteristic of a formal musical tradition, as distinguished from popular or folk music" 5837:

Eero Tarasti, 1979. Myth and Music: A Semiotic Approach to the Aesthetics of Myth in Music. Mouton, The Hague.

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Walkling, Andrew R. (February 1996). "Masque and Politics at the Restoration Court: John Crowne's "Calisto"".

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continued to develop the western classical tradition with expansive symphonies and operas, while the likes of

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stated that while "any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership—women outnumber men in the

1488:; without written music, transmission was oral, and subject to change every time it was transmitted. With a 1408:) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a 12001: 11725: 11710: 11605: 10304: 9439: 9313: 8263: 8243: 8238: 8233: 6526: 6472: 4845: 3442: 2946: 2909: 2802: 2623: 2619: 1021: 1016: 999: 662: 408: 3763:

movement of the mid 18th-century was widespread in fields such as architecture and painting but not music.

1420:(quieter, more intimate instruments). A number of instrument have roots in Eastern predecessors that were 566:], orderlie, in due or fit ranke; also, approved, authenticall, chiefe, principall". The musicologist 528:. In Roman usage, the term later became a means to distinguish revered literary figures; the Roman author 11131: 10642: 10524: 10453: 10344: 9624: 9303: 9219: 7141: 7096:

The Future of Modern Music: A Philosophical Exploration of Modernist Music in the 20th Century and Beyond

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Weber, William (Autumn 1994). "The Intellectual Origins of Musical Canon in Eighteenth-Century England".

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was particularly noted for his complex improvisations. During the Classical era, the composer-performer

1492:, a work of music could be performed without the composer's presence. The invention of the movable-type 11967: 11858: 11002: 10725: 10428: 10349: 9729: 9674: 8865: 8580: 8524: 8295: 7118: 4585: 4322: 3860: 3599: 3490: 3279: 2700: 1603:, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double-reed 1261: 1159: 718: 678: 94:. Since at least the ninth century it has been primarily a written tradition, spawning a sophisticated 7744:

Bryant, Wanda (2000). "Ancient Greek Music". In Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (eds.).

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Gampel, Alan (2012). "Papyrological Evidence of Musical Notation From the 6th to the 8th Centuries".

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to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable made possible his

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For further information on the development of a classical music canon in 18th-century England, see

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Before the beginning of the 18th-century, there was a brief flowering of court music following the

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Bowles, Edmund A. (1954). "Haut and Bas: The Grouping of Musical Instruments in the Middle Ages".

4881: 3624:". Shawn Vancour argues the commercialization of classical music in the 1920s may have harmed the 2787:

and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. In some compositions such as Ravel's

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was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral, chamber, and concerto settings.

2030:. Secular music was less common, and was typically characterized only by instrumental music. Like 1345:, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century. Notable Medieval composers include 11528: 11436: 10735: 10730: 10418: 10384: 9318: 8310: 8300: 7952: 7881: 7805: 7770: 7688: 7577: 7489: 7390: 7324: 7286: 7012: 4791: 4698: 4656: 4265: 4030:

The entirety of early medieval Europe may not have been without a notional system for music, see

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During the 1990s, several research papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called the "

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in the 15th century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of music.

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This article is about Western art music from the Middle Ages to the present. For other uses, see

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Modern British Music: The Second British Musical Renaissance – From Elgar to P. Maxwell Davies

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David Grayson. Mozart: Piano Concertos Nos. 20 and 21. Cambridge University Press, 1998. p. 95

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have been mostly or entirely composed of musicians who are men. Some of the earliest cases of

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is typically defined as the era between the formation and the dissolution of common-practice

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The musical Renaissance era lasted from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of

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exemplified the Baroque tendency for complexity, and as a reaction the simpler and song-like

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continued to develop, with regional styles in Italy, France, and German-speaking lands. The

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sentiments. After World War II, for the first time audience members valued older music over

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phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In

3289: 3100: 3022: 2963: 2535: 2527: 2404: 2336: 2250: 2138: 2082: 2078: 1972: 1831: 1572: 1362: 686: 666: 475: 348: 245:, a stylistic movement of extreme rhythmic diversity. Beginning in the early 15th century, 186: 7906: 7602: 7514: 7415: 5304: 3713: 1341:

vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the

8: 11830: 11695: 11565: 11355: 11284: 11041: 11014: 10997: 10985: 10807: 10763: 10489: 10359: 10279: 10184: 10164: 9999: 9989: 9959: 9924: 9919: 9874: 9849: 9724: 9654: 9604: 9569: 9479: 9464: 9381: 8990: 8923: 8722: 6900: 5486: 5331: 4900: 3660:

by 8 to 9 points. This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by the

3580: 3273:

of the composer's time. Examples include occasional music such as Brahms' use of student

3204: 3194: 2974: 2893: 2837: 2770: 2739: 2735: 2113: 2086: 1862:

became more common. For the first time, vocalists began adding ornamentals to the music.

1643:

Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate

1481: 1346: 639: 631: 595: 575: 388: 294: 255: 201:. By the mid-12th century France became the major European musical center: The religious 182: 115: 6737: 3382:, have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work, while others like 3301:, exemplified by the movement entitled "Blues" in his sonata for violin and piano. Some 2869: 2397: 2324: 169:

influencing its thought and theory. The earliest extant music manuscripts date from the

11550: 11466: 11456: 11289: 11252: 11182: 11121: 11104: 11058: 10968: 10882: 10696: 10551: 10519: 10374: 10239: 10194: 10079: 10034: 9964: 9914: 9799: 9754: 9454: 9444: 9386: 9376: 9095: 8847: 8717: 8442: 7914: 7876: 7775: 7637: 7629: 7572: 7552: 7544: 7480: 7457: 7434: 7385: 7017: 6831: 6805: 6757: 6697: 6554: 6467: 6240: 6213: 5649: 4908: 4784: 4611: 4448: 3984: 3889: 3838: 3773: 3662: 3407: 2853: 2655:

infused their compositions with nationalistic elements and influences from folk songs.

2607: 2571: 2066: 2058: 1207: 1135: 647: 170: 130:, whose compositions, personalities and beliefs have fundamentally shaped its history. 123: 11984: 3379: 2090: 1230:) eventually led to several modern-day instruments of a symphonic orchestra. However, 227:

traditions led by poet-musician nobles. This culminated in the court sponsored French

11680: 11582: 11570: 11555: 11535: 11446: 11393: 11365: 11347: 11150: 11026: 11019: 10832: 10780: 10758: 10686: 10509: 10504: 10399: 10289: 10284: 10249: 10204: 10199: 10114: 10094: 10069: 9984: 9939: 9934: 9859: 9779: 9694: 9689: 9644: 9639: 9594: 9559: 9554: 9539: 9524: 9484: 9335: 9182: 9170: 9075: 9050: 9031: 8832: 8827: 8612: 8540: 8457: 8427: 8228: 8147: 8009: 7982: 7956: 7928: 7893: 7854: 7825: 7786: 7756: 7730: 7692: 7661: 7641: 7589: 7556: 7501: 7448: 7402: 7351: 7328: 7290: 7260: 7238: 7215: 7188: 7145: 7122: 7099: 7080: 7068: 7054: 7028: 6998: 6987: 6968: 6942: 6920: 6908: 6886: 6863: 6749: 6701: 6660: 6631: 6602: 6577: 6558: 6546: 6445: 6404: 6087: 6076: 5430: 5285: 5224: 5185: 4853: 4799: 4761: 4754: 4710: 4326: 4269: 4056: 3944: 3614: 3604: 3563: 3494: 3481: 3387: 3355: 3343: 3339: 3329:. The composition combines elements of classical music with jazz-influenced effects. 3203:

in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the

3057: 2995: 2951: 2877: 2857: 2845: 2760: 2708: 2676: 2583: 2551: 2332: 2328: 2074: 1866: 1720: 1700: 1696: 1512: 1453: 1389: 1366: 1358: 1322: 983: 849: 579: 525: 510: 396: 297:, which grew into ensembles of considerable size. Italy remained dominant, being the 246: 202: 11825: 6309: 516: 11441: 11431: 11257: 11205: 11109: 10973: 10862: 10812: 10790: 10785: 10716: 10541: 10423: 10379: 10364: 10354: 10334: 10309: 10214: 10174: 10129: 10044: 10009: 10004: 9994: 9974: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9834: 9789: 9784: 9749: 9734: 9709: 9684: 9679: 9659: 9634: 9609: 9599: 9549: 9514: 9494: 9489: 9474: 9459: 9449: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9214: 9085: 9011: 8970: 8912: 8807: 8777: 8604: 8472: 8406: 8208: 7885: 7621: 7612: 7581: 7536: 7493: 7485: 7394: 7274: 6982: 6904: 6761: 6741: 6724: 6689: 6538: 5658: 4702: 4603: 4440: 4304: 4018: 3830: 3652: 3383: 3321: 3306: 3302: 3245: 3084: 3041: 3010: 2955: 2928: 2905: 2889: 2849: 2841: 2780: 2692: 2656: 2652: 2633: 2520: 2356: 2050: 1908: 1744: 1740: 1704: 1684: 1620: 1580: 1477: 1370: 1342: 1231: 958: 787: 428: 298: 138: 4735: 2519:

and is also used in several late romantic and modernist works by Richard Strauss,

1783: 611:

series, where the work of select 16th and 17th composers was featured, especially

11920: 11815: 11755: 11640: 11488: 11483: 11461: 11381: 11335: 11046: 10944: 10921: 10904: 10877: 10662: 10561: 10499: 10433: 10394: 10329: 10324: 10314: 10274: 10254: 10179: 10139: 10134: 10109: 10084: 10059: 9979: 9969: 9929: 9884: 9869: 9864: 9844: 9819: 9769: 9759: 9744: 9714: 9619: 9564: 9534: 9529: 9509: 9499: 9434: 9261: 9209: 9142: 9127: 9055: 9041: 8933: 8702: 8632: 7918: 7720: 7716: 7138:

Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture

6826: 6800: 6656: 6627: 6529:(October 1992). "Eruptions: heavy metal appropriations of classical virtuosity". 6289: 6278: 6251: 6224: 6175: 4839: 4756:

An Introduction to the Elementary Principles of Thorough Bass and Classical Music

4362: 4358: 3903: 3868: 3864: 3696: 3671: 3637: 3594: 3468: 3431: 3351: 3326: 3316: 3224: 3127: 3068: 2999: 2881: 2829: 2821: 2816: 2720: 2644: 2591: 2575: 2567: 2547: 2479: 2407:(echoing, in some cases, political sentiments of the time), as composers such as 2360: 2312: 2304: 2210: 2062: 2042: 1968: 1835: 1736: 1708: 1676: 1653: 1330: 1302: 1219: 1203: 747: 549: 504: 178: 119: 103: 44: 8762: 8030: 3943:

was first published in 1960, and it was not until the fifth edition prepared by

1873:

did not use equal temperament, changes in the temperaments from the then-common

1154:

were crucial in the development of medieval musical thought. However, scholars,

11915: 11908: 11845: 11765: 11720: 11660: 11625: 11417: 11330: 11235: 11143: 10934: 10768: 10691: 10615: 10568: 10536: 10514: 10468: 10389: 10299: 10264: 10244: 10234: 10159: 10119: 10074: 10039: 10019: 10014: 9949: 9904: 9854: 9839: 9824: 9794: 9774: 9739: 9719: 9664: 9589: 9584: 9504: 9199: 9165: 9132: 9070: 8938: 8203: 8142: 7522: 7042: 6956: 5516: 4444: 4314: 4060: 4034:, who argues against the traditional conclusion of Isidore of Seville's remark. 3965: 3872: 3800:'s concerts quickly gained popularity, allowing him to later move his venue to 3625: 3529: 3502: 3465: 3362:, modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical-era instrumental music. 3347: 3310: 3274: 3253: 3186: 3175: 3154: 3118: 2979: 2932: 2915: 2873: 2833: 2798: 2704: 2696: 2660: 2629: 2563: 2559: 2543: 2539: 2512: 2502: 2427: 2377: 2316: 2289: 2202: 2198: 1936: 1928: 1896: 1819: 1808: 1804: 1724: 1692: 1493: 1433: 1255: 1092: 942: 823: 736: 670: 432: 424: 416: 412: 392: 376: 364: 360: 352: 150: 146: 99: 95: 7610:

Morgan, Robert P. (1984). "Secret Languages: The Roots of Musical Modernism".

6542: 5662: 5571: 4765: 4706: 3912:

Introduction to the Elementary Principles of Thorough Bass and Classical Music

3511: 3402: 3028:

The key characteristic of European classical music that distinguishes it from

1895:, and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the 12031: 11800: 11685: 11600: 11545: 11405: 11325: 11220: 11070: 11063: 10956: 10909: 10802: 10658: 10546: 10294: 10099: 10064: 9944: 9879: 9809: 9804: 9704: 9614: 9579: 9293: 9234: 9177: 9147: 9122: 9107: 9080: 8965: 8960: 8812: 8802: 8752: 8732: 8682: 8644: 8627: 8617: 8452: 8172: 7942: 7676: 7469: 7374: 7347: 7312: 7176: 7168: 6934: 6693: 6550: 6427: 6386: 6271: 6071: 4052: 4043:

In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a tour" by the

3952: 3876: 3781: 3760: 3731: 3723: 3643: 3548: 3524: 3419: 3414:, live classical music performances have been compiled into compilation CDs ( 3298: 3270: 3158: 3150: 3142: 3076: 3029: 3006: 2756: 2716: 2688: 2664: 2648: 2640: 2587: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2194: 2175: 2054: 1992: 1984: 1944: 1772: 1732: 1712: 1596: 1528: 1473: 1409: 1397: 1191: 1183: 1175: 1108: 1104: 1070: 890: 707: 567: 529: 420: 368: 283: 240: 206: 194: 107: 71: 59: 10627: 7540: 7181:

Music in the Middle Ages: With an Introduction on the Music of Ancient Times

6480: 3123: 82:. Classical music is often characterized by formality and complexity in its 11896: 11884: 11835: 11635: 11540: 11386: 11360: 11269: 10951: 10939: 10887: 10847: 10842: 10706: 10701: 10589: 9330: 9204: 9090: 9001: 8985: 8950: 8860: 8787: 8672: 8479: 8177: 7316: 7252: 6753: 5583: 4410: 3558: 3553: 3472: 3359: 3208: 3135: 3080: 3053: 3018: 2861: 2806: 2728: 2712: 2579: 2487: 2483: 2435: 2408: 2344: 2258: 2134: 2117: 1964: 1948: 1839: 1815: 1728: 1716: 1469: 1195: 1112: 906: 743: 658: 521: 457: 344: 326: 271:

engaged in highly sophisticated methods of polyphony in genres such as the

268: 260: 154: 122:, classical music is frequently seen from the perspective of individual or 83: 8067: 5548: 2034:, themes were generally sacred and for the purpose of a catholic setting. 760:) offers three definitions for the word "classical" in relation to music: 39: 11775: 11523: 11518: 11510: 11495: 11320: 11225: 11036: 10872: 10837: 10817: 10797: 10775: 10740: 9192: 9006: 8955: 8928: 8855: 8622: 8447: 8432: 8134: 7839: 6476: 6282: 6083: 6003: 4835: 3538: 3498: 3411: 3249: 3072: 3063:

Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for

3045: 2811: 2748: 2602: 2555: 2498: 2393: 2373: 2348: 2320: 2308: 2277: 2265: 2238: 2214: 2171: 2162: 2031: 1988: 1846: 1823: 1792: 1788: 1661: 1584: 1556: 1504: 1489: 1314: 1310: 1309:(multi-voiced) music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late 1244: 1211: 1199: 1131: 1127: 812: 694: 635: 545: 533: 436: 306: 142: 7548: 7461: 7438: 4912: 4841:

Heartland Excursions: Ethnomusicological Reflections on Schools of Music

3879:

included Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, but only their instrumental music.

1480:

began to take shape. This invention made possible the separation of the

223: 11306: 11294: 11264: 11230: 11170: 10852: 9137: 9102: 8837: 8792: 8467: 8462: 8401: 8220: 8062: 7633: 6963:. Western Music in Context: A Norton History (1st ed.). New York: 4651: 4645: 4615: 4452: 3842: 3371: 3284: 3207:. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, 3033: 2990: 2865: 2755:

appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example

2615: 2463: 2389: 2246: 2234: 2230: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1980: 1916: 1850: 1657: 1636: 1600: 1588: 1468:, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of earlier forms of 1380:

still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the

1286: 1143: 1117: 972: 267:. Northern Italy soon emerged as the central musical region, where the 218: 174: 111: 67: 7279: 7233:. Sociocriticism: Literature, Society and History Series 4. New York: 3394:, but also other ethnic groups of the Middle East and Eastern Europe. 3386:

have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins.

1354: 627: 11740: 11577: 11312: 11274: 10867: 10681: 10494: 8822: 8654: 8411: 8112: 7978: 7850: 7752: 7657: 7049:. The Norton Introduction to Music History (1st ed.). New York: 6882: 6218:"Even Legends Adjust To Time and Trend, Even the Vienna Philharmonic" 6196: 3461: 3451: 3447: 3182: 2936: 2885: 2794: 2744: 2491: 2459: 2226: 2149: 2012: 1999:(an early version of the piano). Percussion instruments included the 1870: 1796: 1644: 1612: 1576: 1338: 1334: 1306: 1298: 1187: 1147: 1142:, whose transmission and expansion on the perspectives of music from 646:), being designated as "l'opéra française classique". In the rest of 616: 400: 210: 158: 134: 91: 55: 6131: 4607: 4589: 3867:

excluded Beethoven from the school entirely, while the musicologist

3834: 3427: 3005:

Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in

2789: 1350: 1182:

However, there are some indisputable musical continuations from the

11730: 11426: 11247: 11075: 10990: 10929: 10892: 8945: 8907: 8742: 7625: 7231:

The Beatles with Lacan: Rock 'n' Roll as Requiem for the Modern Age

3166: 3162: 2734:

Two musical movements that were dominant during this time were the

2636: 2419:

echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions.

2365: 2352: 2273: 2222: 2167: 2023: 1976: 1932: 1874: 1859: 1760: 1649: 1632: 1283: 1139: 384: 372: 356: 310: 302: 290: 272: 229: 127: 12018: 9187: 6745: 6653:

A Basic Classical and Operatic Recordings Collection for Libraries

6302:"The Vienna Philharmonic's Letter of Response to the Gen-Mus List" 3656:

suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students'

3217:

that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (

626:) saw a cultural renaissance, by the end of which writers such as 11645: 11500: 11412: 8747: 8707: 8687: 8389: 7525:(2012). "On Exoticism, Western Art Music, and the Words We Use". 4464: 4462: 3969: 3735: 3415: 3391: 3269:

Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from

3248:, and the Minnesota Orchestra, are led by women violinists", the 3096: 3014: 2467: 2455: 2269: 2264:

Wind instruments became more refined in the Classical era. While

2229:, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the 2027: 2000: 1960: 1956: 1924: 1892: 1888: 1855: 1827: 1628: 1616: 1568: 1540: 1536: 1326: 726: 548:, the adjective had acquired a more general meaning: an entry in 314: 214: 87: 5181:

Making Music and Having a Blast!: A Guide for All Music Students

4688:"Danneley, John Feltham (bap. 1785, d. 1834x6), writer on music" 4159: 4157: 4144: 4142: 3784:

found considerable success, particularly with the popular court

3240:'s violin section—and several renowned ensembles, including the 1130:. This high regard for music was first promoted by the scholars 11665: 9021: 8757: 8712: 8677: 8662: 5803: 5261: 3980:"Asian Composers Reflect on Careers in Western Classical Music" 3785: 3743: 3739: 3727: 3390:

widely incorporated into his work the folk music of his native

2983: 2242: 2186: 1564: 1532: 1441: 1405: 1401: 1279: 598:

enacted on court musicians. In 1672, the former court musician

586: 537: 492:

and among the first composers to be referred to as "Classical".

484:(from left to right) Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven from the 1904 387:

was celebrated, immensity was encouraged, while philosophy and

8042: 4518: 4459: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 2628:

At the turn of the century, music was characteristically late

1499: 1293:

Medieval music includes Western European music from after the

729:

music, and various styles of the court of Imperial China (see

11926: 11630: 11620: 11615: 11087: 11082: 9239: 8875: 8797: 8727: 8596: 7802:

Who Needs Classical Music?: Cultural Choice and Musical Value

6267: 5734: 4154: 4139: 4127: 3808:; at its peak, his ensemble consisted of nearly 50 musicians. 3049: 2423: 2182: 2157: 1912: 1904: 1671: 1666: 1604: 1548: 1524: 1508: 1437: 1425: 1381: 1318: 1215: 1151: 731: 690: 380: 318: 264: 11879: 6385:

Kelly, Barbara L. (2001). "Ravel, Maurice, §3: 1918–37". In

4117: 4115: 4113: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 3537:

matched the action to classical music. Notable examples are

2805:

works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including

673:. These three composers in particular were grouped into the 11760: 9026: 8817: 4871: 4869: 4371: 4217: 4100: 4098: 3948: 3855:

Some critics, from the 19th to 21st centuries, defined the

3294: 3190: 2471: 2254: 2206: 2190: 2174:, and were often led by the lead violinist (now called the 1940: 1920: 1900: 1814:

Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal

1800: 1608: 1560: 1552: 1544: 1393: 1227: 1223: 682: 259:, bringing choral music to new standards, particularly the 63: 6475:

in the early 1980s and the classical crossover violinists

5945: 5899: 5897: 4205: 3972:

as an example, and notes the title of a 2004 publication,

2372:) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of 1107:. The general attitude towards music was adopted from the 391:

were embedded—all aspects that converged in the operas of

7722:

Classical Music: Contemporary Perspectives and Challenges

7115:

Musical Modernism at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century

4193: 4181: 4169: 4110: 4076: 3313:

classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music.

3259: 2201:

were standardized as the four instruments which form the

2022:

Vocal oeuvres of the Baroque era included suites such as

1274: 562: 403:, while others found new inspiration in folk melodies or 8565: 5933: 5710: 5455: 5403: 5379: 5177: 5099: 4866: 4095: 3712:

In 1690, many decades after Cotgrave's 1611 definition,

3149:

throughout the history of classical music. Musicologist

11745: 6714: 6596: 6574:

Piano Music of the Czech Romantics: A Performer's Guide

6193:"Vienna opera appoints first ever female concertmaster" 5894: 5870: 5681: 5443: 5329: 5123: 5022: 5010: 4924: 4922: 3657: 3646:": an observed temporary, small elevation of scores on 1680:, the first opera to have survived to the present day. 78:, as the term "classical music" can also be applied to 6899: 5921: 5391: 5367: 4998: 4976: 4974: 4319:

Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon

3996: 2828:

Prominent composers of the early 20th century include

1122:

the four subjects of the upper division of a standard

556:

is among the earliest extant definitions, translating

11856: 5882: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5046: 4961: 4959: 4957: 3040:, is that the repertoire tends to be written down in 3021:(to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of 2458:

and new percussion instruments were added, including

1845:

During the Baroque era, keyboard music played on the

1174:

of Ancient Greece centuries before. The musicologist

7366: 6333:"Here's Why You Seldom See Women Leading a Symphony" 5909: 5782:

Pitcher, John (January 2013). "Nashville Symphony".

5757:"Romantic music: a beginner's guide – Music Periods" 5722: 5624: 5467: 5249: 5178:

Blanchard, Bonnie; Blanchard Acree, Cynthia (2009).

5034: 4986: 4919: 4474: 3370:

Composers of classical music have often made use of

3036:, and some other classical music traditions such as 2606:

Concept art for the 1913 production of Stravinsky's

774:

The last definition concerns what is now termed the

309:

as well as the large scale vocal-centered genres of

8881:

Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries

7714: 6794:"Classical View; Listening To Prozac... Er, Mozart" 6651:Rosenberg, Kenyon C. (1987). "Khachaturian, Aram". 6360:"Culture – Why aren't there more women conductors?" 6008:

Musical Improvisation: Art, Education, and Society.

5355: 5159: 5135: 5111: 4971: 2935:– that is, art that comes after and reacts against 2779:, the saxophone is included in other works such as 2501:, a modified member of the horn family, appears in 1337:, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. 7869: 7680: 7565: 7473: 7378: 7278: 6075: 5541: 5147: 5087: 5058: 4954: 4783: 4686: 4644: 4308: 4255: 3888:The earliest use of the term "classical music" in 3297:on early and mid-20th-century composers including 3145:are male composers, even though there have been a 335:styles were developed. In the shorter but pivotal 5509: 4515:, "1. The Viennese 'Classical' idiom": § para. 1. 3099:sections of a concerto. During the Romantic era, 2272:became somewhat standardized in the Baroque, the 2166:, a form of comic opera, rose in popularity. The 253:built off the harmonic principles in the English 12029: 7117:. Music in the Twentieth Century 26. Cambridge: 6169:"Vienna Philharmonic Lets Women Join in Harmony" 6113:"The history of women and gender roles in music" 5751: 5749: 2311:at the piano surrounded by (from left to right) 383:genres were important vessels. During this time 286:(1580–1750) saw the relative standardization of 193:, while the 11th century saw the development of 8036:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 6437:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 6396:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 4899: 4364:A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues 554:A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues 6270:, "Musikalische Misogynie", 13 February 1996, 5700: 5698: 5696: 3338:has been put since the 1970s, and the musical 3165:for performance in small recitals rather than 681:defined the following composers as classical: 98:system, as well as accompanying literature in 10657: 10643: 8581: 8083: 6717:"Prelude or requiem for the 'Mozart effect'?" 6110: 5746: 3822:Journal of the American Musicological Society 1045: 700: 669:as "classical" against the emerging style of 442: 74:traditions. It is sometimes distinguished as 7820:. Simpson Book in the Humanities. Berkeley: 7675:Owens, Tom C. (2008). "Classical Music". In 6856:Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources 6426:Siôn, Pwyll Ap (2001). "Nyman, Michael". In 6330: 5642: 4595:The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular 4262:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature 3218: 3187:women being hired in professional orchestras 399:, with some abandoning tonality in place of 8097: 8000:The Development of Western Music: A History 7683:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World 7648: 7206:The Development of Western Music: A History 6809:, 28 August 1994. Retrieved on 16 May 2008. 6626:(Reprint ed.). Westport, Connecticut: 6590: 6106: 6104: 5845: 5843: 5693: 4524: 4249: 4247: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4148: 4133: 4121: 4104: 3902:) is in the 1829 diary of English musician 3106: 2899: 1198:(which were descendants of developments by 750:are typical traits of classical music. The 520:, which originally referred to the highest 238: 10650: 10636: 8588: 8574: 8090: 8076: 6876: 6835:, 3 August 1999. Retrieved on 16 May 2008. 6066: 6064: 6058:. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 160 6010:University of Illinois Press, 2009. p. 150 5951: 5420: 5418: 5297: 4059:said the VPO now uses completely screened 3613:(as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and 2597: 1226:(a stringed instrument similar to a small 1052: 1038: 351:created widely admired representatives of 293:, as well as the increasing importance of 9225:Music technology (electronic and digital) 6650: 6597:Stevens, Haley; Gillies, Malcolm (1993). 6565: 5184:. Indiana University Press. p. 173. 4697:. Revised by Anne Pimlott Baker. Oxford: 4299: 4297: 4049:International Alliance for Women in Music 1750: 1317:, including the more complex voicings of 173:(800–888), around the time which Western 7373: 7273: 7251: 7228: 6933: 6853: 6601:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 129. 6207: 6101: 5964: 5939: 5903: 5876: 5840: 5704: 5687: 5273: 4887: 4748: 4498:, "2. Earlier 'classicisms'": § para. 1. 4428: 4416: 4357: 4253: 4244: 3924: 3859:in different ways. Commentators such as 3401: 3122: 2973: 2924:List of 21st-century classical composers 2920:List of 20th-century classical composers 2601: 2526:Prominent composers of this era include 2299: 2209:were phased out. Woodwinds included the 2112: 2037:Important composers of this era include 1943:and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the 1782: 1660:are seen. Around 1597, Italian composer 1498: 1416:(loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and 1273: 1214:. Ancient Greek instruments such as the 792:List of classical music composers by era 38: 7973:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 7890:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476 7845:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 7747:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 7652:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 7586:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16904 7563: 7498:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05889 7399:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40625 7098:(3rd ed.). Livonia: Iconic Press. 7067: 7011: 6955: 6679: 6576:. Indiana University Press. p. 2. 6571: 6493:Carew, Francis Wayne (1 January 2018). 6061: 5860: 5858: 5849: 5781: 5424: 5415: 5081: 5052: 4890:, "Introduction: The History of What?". 4778: 4694:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4584: 4468: 3974:Locating East Asia in Western Art Music 3932: 1422:adopted from the medieval Islamic world 118:practices. A foundational component of 14: 12030: 7812: 7609: 7468: 7445: 7422: 7341: 7201: 7112: 7093: 7041: 6820:"Mozart for Baby? Some Say, Maybe Not" 6525: 6357: 6245:"Berlin in Lights: The Woman Question" 6070: 5927: 5915: 5888: 5267: 5255: 5216: 5040: 5028: 5016: 4992: 4684: 4639: 4637: 4512: 4495: 4388: 4303: 4294: 4238: 4031: 3977: 3936: 3260:Relationship to other music traditions 2663:, was being developed in France, with 1683:Notable Renaissance composers include 1583:instruments with strings included the 447: 177:gradually unified into what is termed 10631: 9404: 8763:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc 8569: 8071: 8048:Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart 7674: 7521: 7303: 7175: 7158: 7135: 6981: 6877:Beard, David; Gloag, Kenneth (2005). 6622:Bakst, James (1977). "Khachaturyan". 6621: 6492: 6384: 6366:from the original on 23 November 2015 6339:from the original on 24 November 2015 6027:from the original on 27 November 2015 5864: 5810:from the original on 10 February 2014 5763:from the original on 30 November 2015 5740: 5728: 5716: 5669:from the original on 24 December 2019 5643:Ward Kingdon, Martha (1 April 1947). 5630: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5311:from the original on 17 December 2013 5279: 5237:from the original on 17 February 2022 5198:from the original on 17 February 2022 5165: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5069: 5004: 4980: 4965: 4940: 4928: 4875: 4834: 4818: 4790:(New ed.). Oxford and New York: 4663:from the original on 17 February 2022 4622:from the original on 17 February 2022 4568: 4550:from the original on 17 November 2021 4480: 4400: 4211: 4199: 4089: 3940: 3928: 3818: 1838:as means for managing dissonance and 1830:, as did a more formalized notion of 1591:. Percussion instruments include the 1210:, as well as the central function of 514:, itself derived from the Latin word 11933: 7346:(1st ed.). Upper Saddle River: 7257:The Vintage Guide to Classical Music 7077:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 6771:from the original on 30 October 2021 6425: 6358:Burton, Clemency (21 October 2014). 6149:from the original on 4 December 2019 5855: 5579:"TheSacredBaroqueintheCatholicWorld" 4530: 4339:from the original on 7 December 2021 4282:from the original on 7 December 2021 3997:Burkholder, Grout & Palisca 2014 3397: 1979:. Keyboard instruments included the 1543:. Stringed instruments included the 1270:List of medieval musical instruments 685:, Handel, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, 27:Broad tradition of Western art music 8550: 8063:Official ClassicalMusicOnly WebSite 6161: 6119:from the original on 1 October 2015 5984:from the original on 1 October 2015 5284:, Dover Publications, p. 260, 4634: 2470:(a bell-like keyboard instrument), 24: 10439:Classical and art music traditions 8871:History of lute-family instruments 8688:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat 7707: 7167:(1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs: 6507:from the original on 29 March 2019 6308:. 25 February 1996. Archived from 6111:Abbey Philips (1 September 2011). 5344:from the original on 1 August 2009 5282:The History of Musical Instruments 5220:The Rough Guide to Classical Music 3871:included all three in addition to 2751:ever assumed a dominant position. 2743:the larger identifiable period of 2511:. It also has a prominent role in 2189:), Baroque oboe (which became the 25: 12054: 11841:Western European and Others Group 8024: 7948:The New Oxford Companion to Music 7818:Why Classical Music Still Matters 7367:Journal and encyclopedia articles 6624:A History of Russian-Soviet Music 6599:The Life and Music of Béla Bartók 6471:series of recordings made by the 6272:transcribed by Regina Himmelbauer 6139:"The world's greatest orchestras" 5429:. Black Rabbit Books. p. 6. 3327:orchestral jazz or symphonic jazz 3181:Historically, major professional 2253:, which was the precursor of the 1959:. Brass instruments included the 1670:, the first work to be called an 1396:. As well, early versions of the 560:as "classical, formall [ 181:. Musical centers existed at the 12010: 11993: 11976: 11959: 11942: 11914: 11902: 11890: 11878: 11866: 10611: 10610: 10597: 10583: 10155:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9630:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9230:Sound recording and reproduction 8683:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta 8549: 8539: 8530: 8529: 8519: 7777:Concise History of Western Music 7019:Concise History of Western Music 6812: 6783: 6708: 6673: 6644: 6615: 6519: 6496:The Guitar Voice of Randy Rhoads 6486: 6459: 6418: 6378: 6351: 6324: 6294: 6261: 6234: 6185: 6048: 6039: 6013: 5996: 5978:"Job Guide – Classical Musician" 5970: 5957: 5831: 5606:"Classical Time Period timeline" 5559:from the original on 3 June 2021 5497:from the original on 7 June 2019 5330:Encyclopædia Britannica (2009), 4723:from the original on 4 June 2018 4691:. In Baker, Anne Pimlott (ed.). 4037: 3947:in 1996 that any information on 3477:In the Hall of the Mountain King 3264: 2422:In the Romantic era, the modern 1995:, and, later in the period, the 1689:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 1503:An illuminated opening from the 1428:is the ancestor of all European 1301:chant, also called plainsong or 1295:fall of the Western Roman Empire 1266:List of medieval music theorists 474: 465: 456: 32:Classical music (disambiguation) 10459:Jazz and popular music glossary 8520: 8054:Historical classical recordings 7920:The Harvard Dictionary of Music 7281:Oxford History of Western Music 5822: 5796: 5775: 5636: 5598: 5529:from the original on 7 May 2021 5479: 5323: 5210: 5171: 4893: 4828: 4772: 4742: 4678: 4578: 4422: 4351: 4045:National Organization for Women 4024: 4011: 4002: 3978:Barone, Joshua (23 July 2021). 3958: 3917: 3882: 3849: 3811: 3791: 3766: 3753: 3706: 3689: 3319:'s 1924 orchestral composition 3172:Concise Oxford History of Music 3147:large number of women composers 2785:Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 2109:List of Classical-era composers 1172:systematic notational practices 1101:by which it had been persecuted 621: 486:Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial 367:(1800–1910) focused instead on 90:, particularly with the use of 9700:Federated States of Micronesia 7822:University of California Press 7306:"The History of Musical Canon" 6959:(2014). Frisch, Walter (ed.). 6283:translation by William Osborne 5338:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4786:The Oxford Dictionary of Music 3460:; other examples include the " 3430:, particularly the opening of 3103:would improvise at the piano. 3071:, keyboard performers playing 2969: 2738:beginning around 1890 and the 2296:List of Romantic-era composers 2268:instruments like the oboe and 1787:Baroque instruments including 1447: 1238: 1091:, as it was a reminder of the 363:and concertos. The subsequent 339:(1730–1820) composers such as 13: 1: 8743:Philippine art songs—Kundiman 8663:Afghan classical music—Klasik 8058:British Library Sound Archive 3677: 3365: 3044:, creating a musical part or 1484:of a piece of music from its 1460:List of Renaissance composers 1164: 1005: 989: 947: 921: 895: 854: 828: 796:Dates of classical music eras 661:, and (excluding some of his 439:now appear across the world. 249:composers of the influential 10604:Record production portal 10449:Cultural and regional genres 8708:Indonesian art music—Gamelan 7907:UK public library membership 7603:UK public library membership 7528:Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 7515:UK public library membership 7416:UK public library membership 6879:Musicology: The Key Concepts 6682:Media, Culture & Society 6473:Royal Philharmonic Orchestra 6199:. 8 May 2008. Archived from 6078:Gender and the Musical Canon 6023:. Community.middlebury.edu. 5305:"rabab (musical instrument)" 5217:Guides, Rough (3 May 2010). 4846:University of Illinois Press 4736:UK public library membership 4646:"classical, adj. and n.: A9" 4070: 3923:In addition to the title of 3631: 2947:Contemporary classical music 2910:Contemporary classical music 2670: 2667:as another notable pioneer. 2624:21st-century classical music 2620:20th-century classical music 2376:, ultimately transcended by 2249:(a replacement for the bass 2096: 1378:medieval musical instruments 764:"of acknowledged excellence" 488:. The three are part of the 7: 9220:Music technology (electric) 8758:Thai classical music—Piphat 8713:Japanese court music—Gagaku 7923:(4th ed.). Cambridge: 7259:. New York: Vintage Books. 7229:Sullivan, Henry W. (1995). 7163:Music in the Classic Period 7159:Pauly, Reinhard G. (1988). 7142:University of Chicago Press 7113:Metzer, David Joel (2009). 6860:University of Chicago Press 5307:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 4543:Online Etymology Dictionary 3446:) and the opening section " 3242:National Symphony Orchestra 3220:emotionelle Geschlossenheit 3143:standard concert repertoire 2283: 1325:, the vocal music from the 1249: 574:in reference to writers of 275:, which inspired the brief 197:and increasing output from 10: 12059: 8866:History of the harpsichord 8753:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka 8004:(3rd ed.). New York: 7783:W. W. Norton & Company 7781:(2nd ed.). New York: 7210:(3rd ed.). New York: 7185:W. W. Norton & Company 7136:Meyer, Leonard B. (1994). 7119:Cambridge University Press 7051:W. W. Norton & Company 7025:W. W. Norton & Company 7023:(2nd ed.). New York: 6995:W. W. Norton & Company 6989:A History of Western Music 6965:W. W. Norton & Company 6961:Music in the Medieval West 6917:W. W. Norton & Company 6915:(9th ed.). New York: 6913:A History of Western Music 6841: 6021:"On Baroque Improvisation" 5487:"Baroque orchestral music" 4323:Princeton University Press 3927:, see also, the titles of 3861:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 3635: 3280:Academic Festival Overture 3116: 3110: 2913: 2903: 2797:is featured in a few late 2674: 2613: 2293: 2287: 2120:(1732–1809), portrayed by 2106: 2100: 1842:in music took full shape. 1776: 1770: 1766: 1457: 1451: 1424:. For example, the Arabic 1262:List of medieval composers 1259: 1253: 1242: 1068: 785: 781: 701:Contemporary understanding 679:Charles Kensington Salaman 615:. In France, the reign of 532:commended writers such as 508:developed from the French 502:and the German equivalent 443:Terminology and definition 217:music flourished with the 29: 11611:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 11591: 11509: 11346: 11181: 11052:Standard Average European 10920: 10749: 10669: 10577: 10482: 10411: 9411: 9397: 9248: 9158: 9040: 8981: 8903: 8846: 8776: 8693:Chinese traditional music 8653: 8603: 8595: 8493: 8420: 8382: 8336: 8256: 8219: 8163: 8133: 8126: 8105: 7140:(2nd ed.). Chicago: 7094:McHard, James L. (2008). 6854:Albright, Daniel (2004). 6543:10.1017/s0261143000005158 6465:Notable examples are the 5645:"Mozart and the clarinet" 5425:Kirgiss, Crystal (2004). 5245:– via Google Books. 3895:Oxford English Dictionary 3746:and referring to them as 3533:. Several works from the 3440:(made famous in the film 2766:Pictures at an Exhibition 2517:Symphony No. 7 in E Major 1865:The theories surrounding 1779:List of Baroque composers 1517:Missa Ecce ancilla Domini 840:Transition to Renaissance 753:Oxford English Dictionary 644:Christoph Willibald Gluck 609:Concerts of Antient Music 11751:Lancaster House Treaties 11241:Christian existentialism 11201:Ancient Roman philosophy 11191:Ancient Greek philosophy 9575:Central African Republic 9118:Computational musicology 8668:Andalusi classical music 8395:Unruly audience response 7996:Stolba, K Marie (1998). 7925:Harvard University Press 7800:Johnson, Julian (2002). 7771:Hanning, Barbara Russano 7344:Music in Medieval Europe 7202:Stolba, K Marie (1998). 7013:Hanning, Barbara Russano 6846: 6825:17 February 2022 at the 6799:17 February 2022 at the 6694:10.1177/0163443708100319 6655:. Metuchen, New Jersey: 6440:(2nd ed.). London: 6399:(2nd ed.). London: 6277:22 December 2019 at the 6250:19 November 2007 at the 5743:, pp. 634, 641–642. 4445:10.1093/earlyj/XXIV.1.27 4254:Howatson, M. C. (2011). 3976:. See also the title of 3682: 3283:, genres exemplified by 3132:Kirchner Cultural Centre 3113:Women in classical music 3107:Women in classical music 3056:yet creating a coherent 2900:Post-modern/contemporary 2532:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 2400:, fulfilled both roles. 2103:Classical period (music) 1927:(which often played the 1674:today. He also composed 1607:(an early member of the 1430:bowed string instruments 1186:. Basic aspects such as 1156:medieval music theorists 1064: 605:Academy of Ancient Music 321:technique championed by 199:medieval music theorists 54:generally refers to the 11529:Equality before the law 10736:Romano-Germanic culture 10464:Music genres and styles 8768:Western classical music 8738:Persian classical music 8099:Western classical music 7953:Oxford University Press 7882:Oxford University Press 7806:Oxford University Press 7689:Oxford University Press 7578:Oxford University Press 7564:McVeigh, Simon (2001). 7541:10.25162/afmw-2012-0028 7490:Oxford University Press 7391:Oxford University Press 7342:Yudkin, Jeremy (1989). 7325:Oxford University Press 7304:Weber, William (1999). 7287:Oxford University Press 6572:Yeomans, David (2006). 5663:10.1093/ml/XXVIII.2.126 5553:Encyclopædia Britannica 5522:Encyclopædia Britannica 4905:College Music Symposium 4792:Oxford University Press 4699:Oxford University Press 4674:(subscription required) 4657:Oxford University Press 4266:Oxford University Press 3535:Golden Age of Animation 3521:Flight of the Bumblebee 3437:Also sprach Zarathustra 3293:, and the influence of 3230:In 2013, an article in 3189:was in the position of 3155:music composed by women 3093:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 2598:20th and 21st centuries 2508:Der Ring des Nibelungen 2413:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov 2148:forces required for an 2131:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1323:earlier medieval period 1202:and Pythagoras), basic 1085:music of ancient Greece 1075:Music of ancient Greece 959:Transition to Modernism 907:Transition to Classical 806:Western classical music 655:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 594:'s dissolution and the 592:Commonwealth of England 341:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 301:, the soloist centered 277:English Madrigal School 163:music of ancient Greece 76:Western classical music 11691:Eastern European Group 11280:Continental philosophy 11211:Judeo-Christian ethics 11196:Hellenistic philosophy 10677:Cradle of civilization 10444:Classical music genres 9520:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9061:Doctor of Musical Arts 8886:History of the trumpet 8698:Indian classical music 8197:Transition to Romantic 8127:Major periods and eras 7977:. Abingdon-on-Thames: 7868:Nettl, Bruno (2014) . 7849:. Abingdon-on-Thames: 7751:. Abingdon-on-Thames: 7656:. Abingdon-on-Thames: 6941:. London: Flame Tree. 6501:Wayne State University 5952:Beard & Gloag 2005 4750:Danneley, John Feltham 4685:Squire, W. B. (2004). 3719:Dictionnaire universel 3610:Night on Bald Mountain 3590:Eine kleine Nachtmusik 3485:, the opening bars of 3423: 3325:has been described as 3219: 3214:Westdeutscher Rundfunk 3138: 3038:Indian classical music 2987: 2611: 2340: 2125: 2071:Georg Philipp Telemann 2047:George Frideric Handel 1811: 1757:common practice period 1751:Common-practice period 1527:and they included the 1519: 1476:and other elements of 1297:by 476 to about 1400. 1290: 1124:liberal arts education 933:Transition to Romantic 880:Common practice period 712:Indian classical music 613:George Frideric Handel 526:Ancient Roman citizens 498:Both the English term 239: 187:Abbey of Saint Martial 80:non-Western art musics 48: 11811:Three Seas Initiative 11786:Pacific Islands Forum 11651:British–Irish Council 11399:Greek Orthodox Church 10858:Industrial Revolution 10828:Scientific Revolution 10270:São Tomé and Príncipe 10145:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10125:Republic of the Congo 8891:History of the violin 8153:Transition to Baroque 8006:McGraw-Hill Companies 7212:McGraw-Hill Companies 6056:Beethoven the Pianist 5785:American Record Guide 4782:(1994). "classical". 4707:10.1093/ref:odnb/7129 4367:. London: Adam Islip. 3908:John Feltham Danneley 3857:First Viennese School 3636:Further information: 3507:Ride of the Valkyries 3443:2001: A Space Odyssey 3405: 3238:New York Philharmonic 3126: 3117:Further information: 3089:Johann Sebastian Bach 3065:musical improvisation 2977: 2943:and post minimalist. 2605: 2303: 2116: 2039:Johann Sebastian Bach 1880:Well-Tempered Clavier 1786: 1502: 1329:genre, predominantly 1278:Musician playing the 1277: 1079:Music of ancient Rome 1069:Further information: 866:Transition to Baroque 786:Further information: 748:harmonic organization 675:First Viennese School 490:First Viennese School 323:Johann Sebastian Bach 305:genre, the organized 251:Franco-Flemish School 237:, which evolved into 205:first fully explored 191:Saint Emmeram's Abbey 88:harmonic organization 42: 11806:Special Relationship 11216:Christian philosophy 11161:Western Christianity 10823:Age of Enlightenment 10697:Hellenistic Kingdoms 10340:United Arab Emirates 9405: 9113:Cognitive musicology 8485:Worldwide traditions 8438:Classical music blog 8045:– online version of 8033:– online version of 7727:Open Book Publishers 7715:Beckerman, Michael; 7327:. pp. 336–355. 7183:. Lanham, Maryland: 6901:Burkholder, J. Peter 6442:Macmillan Publishers 6401:Macmillan Publishers 6288:18 July 2021 at the 6223:25 June 2017 at the 6174:25 June 2017 at the 5980:. Inputyouth.co.uk. 5280:Sachs, Curt (1940), 4901:Burkholder, J. Peter 4760:. Ipswich: R. Deck. 3994:on 28 December 2021. 3802:Lincoln's Inn Fields 3776:. Composers such as 3701:Servian constitution 3290:The Threepenny Opera 3227:would be a problem. 3101:Ludwig van Beethoven 3023:performance practice 2759:'s orchestration of 2639:. Composers such as 2528:Ludwig van Beethoven 2405:nationalism in music 2337:Ludwig van Beethoven 2307:'s 1840 painting of 2139:Ludwig van Beethoven 2083:Jean-Philippe Rameau 2079:Alessandro Scarlatti 1834:. The tonalities of 1832:theme and variations 1363:Guillaume de Machaut 1282:(fourteenth-century 667:Ludwig van Beethoven 427:, and more recently 349:Ludwig van Beethoven 161:and vocal, with the 11831:West Nordic Council 11696:Eastern Partnership 11285:Analytic philosophy 10986:Classical tradition 10808:Early modern period 10764:Classical antiquity 10759:European Bronze Age 10490:Aesthetics of music 10305:Trinidad and Tobago 9440:Antigua and Barbuda 8924:Band (rock and pop) 8848:Musical instruments 8723:Lao classical music 8337:Students by teacher 7915:Randel, Don Michael 7660:. pp. 99–119. 6738:1999Natur.400..827S 6145:. 24 October 2012. 5806:. The Wagner Tuba. 5719:, pp. 595–612. 5650:Music & Letters 5610:Timetoast timelines 5464:, pp. 341–355. 5388:, pp. 175–176. 5223:. Rough Guides UK. 5108:, pp. 4–5, 11. 4878:, pp. 320–322. 4586:Salaman, Charles K. 4527:, pp. 110–111. 4166:, pp. 104–105. 4151:, pp. 102–104. 4136:, pp. 100–101. 3523:", and excerpts of 3406:With the advent of 3205:Berlin Philharmonic 3195:Vienna Philharmonic 3017:principles, strong 2986:Year 2006 in Vienna 2982:performing for the 2894:Dmitri Shostakovich 2838:Sergei Rachmaninoff 2771:Sergei Rachmaninoff 2087:Jean-Baptiste Lully 1347:Hildegard of Bingen 1138:, and particularly 1020: • 1015: • 640:Jean-Baptiste Lully 632:Jean de La Fontaine 596:Glorious Revolution 576:classical antiquity 448:Ideological origins 299:birthplace of opera 295:musical instruments 256:contenance angloise 183:Abbey of Saint Gall 62:, considered to be 11290:Post-structuralism 11253:Christian humanism 10883:Universal suffrage 10552:Musical instrument 10520:Music and politics 9650:Dominican Republic 9398:By sovereign state 8718:Korean court music 8678:Azerbaijani Mugham 8031:Grove Music Online 7981:. pp. 80–88. 7877:Grove Music Online 7853:. pp. 89–98. 7755:. pp. 77–79. 7573:Grove Music Online 7481:Grove Music Online 7386:Grove Music Online 6909:Palisca, Claude V. 6832:The New York Times 6806:The New York Times 6499:(Master of Arts). 6468:Hooked on Classics 6424:See, for example, 6331:Hannah Levintova. 6312:on 22 October 2018 6306:Osborne-conant.org 6258:, 16 November 2007 6256:The New York Times 6241:James R. Oestreich 6231:, 28 February 1998 6229:The New York Times 6214:James R. Oestreich 6182:, 28 February 1997 6180:The New York Times 6054:Tilman Skowronek. 5963:"Contemporary" in 5867:, pp. 331–332 5452:, pp. 300–32. 5412:, p. 222–225. 5132:, pp. 11, 22. 4538:"classical (adj.)" 3985:The New York Times 3890:English literature 3774:Stuart Restoration 3570:What's Opera, Doc? 3424: 3408:radio broadcasting 3139: 2988: 2854:Heitor Villa-Lobos 2612: 2608:The Rite of Spring 2572:Alexander Scriabin 2341: 2219:clarinette d'amour 2126: 2067:Domenico Scarlatti 2059:Claudio Monteverdi 1826:took shape in the 1812: 1520: 1390:string instruments 1291: 1208:pythagorean tuning 1136:Isidore of Seville 648:continental Europe 369:programmatic music 171:Carolingian Empire 149:, surviving early 49: 11854: 11853: 11681:Council of Europe 11583:International law 11536:Constitutionalism 11394:Eastern Orthodoxy 10900:Post–Cold War era 10833:Age of Revolution 10687:Greco-Roman world 10625: 10624: 10510:Music and fashion 10505:Music and emotion 10407: 10406: 9675:Equatorial Guinea 9171:A-side and B-side 9076:Music archaeology 9051:Bachelor of Music 8899: 8898: 8833:Psychedelic music 8828:Progressive music 8748:Scottish Ceòl Mór 8563: 8562: 8458:Progressive music 8252: 8251: 7905:(subscription or 7899:978-1-56159-263-0 7831:978-0-520-25082-6 7736:978-1-80064-116-7 7698:978-0-19-517632-2 7677:Stearns, Peter N. 7601:(subscription or 7595:978-1-56159-263-0 7535:(H. 4): 318–328. 7513:(subscription or 7507:978-1-56159-263-0 7449:Musica Disciplina 7426:Musica Disciplina 7414:(subscription or 7408:978-1-56159-263-0 7357:978-0-13-608192-0 7334:978-0-19-879003-7 7296:978-0-19-516979-9 7275:Taruskin, Richard 7266:978-0-679-72805-4 7194:978-0-393-09750-4 7128:978-0-521-51779-9 7105:978-0-9778195-1-5 7060:978-0-393-09090-1 7004:978-0-393-09416-9 6983:Grout, Donald Jay 6974:978-0-393-92915-7 6948:978-1-904041-70-2 6926:978-0-393-91829-8 6905:Grout, Donald Jay 6892:978-0-415-31692-7 6732:(6747): 827–828. 6608:978-0-19-816349-7 6583:978-0-253-21845-2 6451:978-1-56159-239-5 6410:978-1-56159-239-5 6093:978-0-521-39292-1 6072:Citron, Marcia J. 5804:"The Wagner Tuba" 5436:978-1-58340-674-8 5400:, pp. 72–74. 5376:, pp. 75–76. 5291:978-0-486-45265-4 5230:978-1-84836-677-0 5191:978-0-253-00335-5 5031:, pp. 28–29. 5019:, pp. 27–28. 5007:, pp. 10–11. 4859:978-0-252-06468-5 4805:978-0-19-869162-4 4734:(subscription or 4716:978-0-19-861412-8 4590:"Classical Music" 4332:978-0-19-068116-6 4275:978-0-19-954854-5 4057:Clemens Hellsberg 3964:The musicologist 3945:Claude V. Palisca 3714:Antoine Furetière 3648:spatial reasoning 3581:Cello Suite No. 1 3564:Rabbit of Seville 3495:Aram Khachaturian 3398:Commercialization 3356:Ritchie Blackmore 3335:Pachelbel's Canon 3254:'blind' auditions 3153:has asked "hy is 3085:musical ornaments 2996:Bachelor of Music 2933:postmodernist art 2878:Aram Khachaturian 2858:Karol Szymanowski 2846:Arnold Schoenberg 2761:Modest Mussorgsky 2709:Brian Ferneyhough 2677:Modernism (music) 2637:symphonic writing 2584:Johann Strauss II 2552:Felix Mendelssohn 2343:The music of the 2329:Gioachino Rossini 2075:Arcangelo Corelli 1867:equal temperament 1818:and the use of a 1721:Giovanni Gabrieli 1701:Orlande de Lassus 1697:Johannes Ockeghem 1454:Renaissance music 1367:Francesco Landini 1359:Philippe de Vitry 1343:high medieval era 1204:acoustical theory 1062: 1061: 1029: 1028: 967: 966: 874: 873: 607:and later at the 580:Greco-Roman world 207:organized rhythms 203:Notre-Dame school 108:historiographical 18:Western art music 16:(Redirected from 12050: 12023: 12015: 12014: 12013: 12006: 11998: 11997: 11996: 11989: 11981: 11980: 11979: 11972: 11964: 11963: 11962: 11955: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11935: 11919: 11918: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11883: 11882: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11862: 11726:EU Customs Union 11258:Secular humanism 11206:Christian ethics 11156:East–West Schism 11139:Physical culture 10863:Great Divergence 10813:Age of Discovery 10652: 10645: 10638: 10629: 10628: 10614: 10613: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10590:Music portal 10588: 10587: 10586: 10542:Music technology 10530:Environmentalism 10483:Related articles 10090:Papua New Guinea 9955:Marshall Islands 9402: 9401: 9348:Central American 9086:Music psychology 8971:Backing vocalist 8808:Electronic music 8651: 8650: 8605:History of music 8590: 8583: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8553: 8552: 8543: 8533: 8532: 8523: 8522: 8508:Composers by era 8473:Video game music 8407:Musical ensemble 8209:Post-romanticism 8131: 8130: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8069: 8068: 8019: 8003: 7992: 7966: 7938: 7910: 7903: 7873: 7864: 7835: 7814:Kramer, Lawrence 7809: 7796: 7780: 7766: 7740: 7717:Boghossian, Paul 7702: 7686: 7671: 7645: 7613:Critical Inquiry 7606: 7599: 7569: 7560: 7518: 7511: 7486:Bruce Alan Brown 7477: 7465: 7442: 7419: 7412: 7382: 7361: 7338: 7321:Rethinking Music 7310: 7300: 7284: 7270: 7248: 7225: 7209: 7198: 7172: 7166: 7155: 7132: 7109: 7090: 7064: 7038: 7022: 7008: 6992: 6978: 6952: 6930: 6896: 6873: 6836: 6816: 6810: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6770: 6721: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6503:. pp. 1–2. 6490: 6484: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6335:. 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Archived from 3962: 3956: 3921: 3915: 3886: 3880: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3815: 3809: 3795: 3789: 3770: 3764: 3759:This is why the 3757: 3751: 3710: 3704: 3693: 3666:music columnist 3322:Rhapsody in Blue 3246:Detroit Symphony 3222: 3075:would improvise 3042:musical notation 2929:Postmodern music 2906:Postmodern music 2870:Cécile Chaminade 2850:Nikos Skalkottas 2842:Sergei Prokofiev 2781:Sergei Prokofiev 2776:Symphonic Dances 2693:Pauline Oliveros 2657:Sergei Prokofiev 2653:Vaughan Williams 2480:orchestral harps 2434:introduction of 2398:Niccolò Paganini 2325:Niccolò Paganini 2221:, the Classical 2051:Johann Pachelbel 1745:Cipriano de Rore 1741:Jacques Arcadelt 1705:Guillaume Du Fay 1685:Josquin des Prez 1621:transverse flute 1551:, the harp-like 1535:, the valveless 1478:musical notation 1470:bass instruments 1432:, including the 1371:Johannes Ciconia 1232:Donald Jay Grout 1169: 1168: 559 – 636 1166: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1010: 1007: 994: 991: 980: 979: 961: 952: 951: 1800–1910 949: 935: 926: 925: 1730–1820 923: 909: 900: 899: 1600–1750 897: 887: 886: 868: 859: 858: 1400–1600 856: 842: 833: 830: 820: 819: 800: 799: 788:History of music 776:Classical period 719:Hindustani music 625: 624: 1638–1715 623: 478: 469: 460: 429:Postmodern music 371:, for which the 337:Classical period 244: 21: 12058: 12057: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12038:Classical music 12028: 12027: 12026: 12016: 12011: 12009: 12005:from Wikivoyage 11999: 11994: 11992: 11982: 11977: 11975: 11965: 11960: 11958: 11948: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11934:sister projects 11931:at Knowledge's 11929:Classical music 11925: 11913: 11903: 11901: 11891: 11889: 11877: 11873:Classical music 11867: 11865: 11857: 11855: 11850: 11816:UKUSA Agreement 11756:Lublin Triangle 11641:Baltic Assembly 11593: 11587: 11505: 11342: 11177: 11047:Eurolinguistics 10916: 10905:Information age 10878:Interwar period 10745: 10665: 10656: 10626: 10621: 10598: 10596: 10584: 10582: 10573: 10500:Fictional music 10478: 10403: 10210:Solomon Islands 10055:North Macedonia 9407: 9393: 9255: 9253:regional genres 9252: 9244: 9210:Record producer 9154: 9143:Sociomusicology 9128:Ethnomusicology 9056:Master of Music 9036: 8995: 8977: 8934:All-female band 8917: 8895: 8842: 8779: 8772: 8728:Mandé art music 8703:Byzantine music 8649: 8599: 8594: 8564: 8559: 8489: 8416: 8378: 8332: 8248: 8215: 8165:Common practice 8159: 8122: 8101: 8096: 8027: 8022: 8016: 7995: 7989: 7969: 7963: 7941: 7935: 7913: 7904: 7900: 7867: 7861: 7838: 7832: 7799: 7793: 7769: 7763: 7743: 7737: 7719:, eds. (2021). 7710: 7708:Further reading 7705: 7699: 7668: 7600: 7596: 7523:Locke, Ralph P. 7512: 7508: 7413: 7409: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7335: 7308: 7297: 7267: 7245: 7222: 7195: 7152: 7129: 7106: 7087: 7061: 7043:Hoppin, Richard 7035: 7005: 6975: 6957:Fassler, Margot 6949: 6927: 6893: 6870: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6827:Wayback Machine 6817: 6813: 6801:Wayback Machine 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6719: 6713: 6709: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6659:. p. 112. 6657:Scarecrow Press 6649: 6645: 6638: 6630:. p. 336. 6628:Greenwood Press 6620: 6616: 6609: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6570: 6566: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6491: 6487: 6464: 6460: 6452: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6290:Wayback Machine 6279:Wayback Machine 6266: 6262: 6252:Wayback Machine 6239: 6235: 6225:Wayback Machine 6212: 6208: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6176:Wayback Machine 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6115:. 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10534: 10533: 10532: 10527: 10517: 10515:Music industry 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10385:Western Sahara 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10345:United Kingdom 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9625:Czech Republic 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9360:North American 9357: 9356: 9355: 9353:South American 9350: 9343:Latin American 9340: 9339: 9338: 9333: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9309:Middle Eastern 9306: 9301: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9258: 9256: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9200:Audio engineer 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9133:New musicology 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8939:Rhythm section 8936: 8931: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8852: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8784: 8782: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8659: 8657: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8593: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8570: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8547: 8537: 8527: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8316:United Kingdom 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8225: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8184:Empfindsamkeit 8180: 8169: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8145: 8139: 8137: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8095: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8051: 8040: 8026: 8025:External links 8023: 8021: 8020: 8014: 7993: 7987: 7967: 7961: 7943:Scholes, Percy 7939: 7934:978-0674011632 7933: 7917:, ed. (2003). 7911: 7898: 7865: 7859: 7836: 7830: 7810: 7797: 7791: 7767: 7761: 7741: 7735: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7697: 7672: 7666: 7646: 7626:10.1086/448257 7620:(3): 442–461. 7607: 7594: 7561: 7519: 7506: 7470:Heartz, Daniel 7466: 7443: 7420: 7407: 7375:Botstein, Leon 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7356: 7339: 7333: 7313:Cook, Nicholas 7301: 7295: 7271: 7265: 7249: 7243: 7226: 7220: 7199: 7193: 7177:Reese, Gustave 7173: 7156: 7150: 7133: 7127: 7110: 7104: 7091: 7085: 7065: 7059: 7047:Medieval Music 7039: 7033: 7009: 7003: 6979: 6973: 6953: 6947: 6937:, ed. (2003). 6935:Du Noyer, Paul 6931: 6925: 6897: 6891: 6874: 6868: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6818:Goode, Erica. 6811: 6782: 6707: 6672: 6665: 6643: 6636: 6614: 6607: 6589: 6582: 6564: 6537:(3): 263–308. 6527:Walser, Robert 6518: 6485: 6458: 6450: 6428:Sadie, Stanley 6417: 6409: 6387:Sadie, Stanley 6377: 6350: 6323: 6293: 6260: 6233: 6206: 6203:on 5 May 2009. 6184: 6160: 6130: 6100: 6092: 6060: 6047: 6038: 6012: 5995: 5969: 5956: 5954:, p. 142. 5944: 5942:, p. 217. 5932: 5930:, p. 443. 5920: 5908: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5854: 5839: 5830: 5821: 5795: 5774: 5759:. Classic FM. 5745: 5733: 5731:, p. 543. 5721: 5709: 5692: 5690:, p. 200. 5680: 5657:(2): 126–153. 5635: 5633:, p. 463. 5623: 5597: 5570: 5540: 5508: 5478: 5476:, p. 378. 5466: 5454: 5442: 5435: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5322: 5296: 5290: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5229: 5209: 5190: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4970: 4953: 4933: 4931:, p. 321. 4918: 4907:. 49/50: 120. 4892: 4880: 4865: 4858: 4827: 4811: 4804: 4771: 4741: 4715: 4677: 4633: 4577: 4561: 4529: 4517: 4500: 4485: 4483:, p. 345. 4473: 4471:, § para. 1–4. 4458: 4421: 4409: 4393: 4370: 4350: 4331: 4305:Mignot, Claude 4293: 4274: 4243: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4190:, p. 113. 4180: 4178:, p. 110. 4168: 4153: 4138: 4126: 4124:, p. 100. 4109: 4094: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4053:concertmasters 4036: 4023: 4010: 4001: 3966:Ralph P. Locke 3957: 3916: 3881: 3873:Franz Schubert 3848: 3829:(3): 488–520. 3810: 3790: 3765: 3752: 3716:'s posthumous 3705: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3663:New York Times 3633: 3630: 3626:music industry 3491:Symphony No. 5 3457:Carmina Burana 3399: 3396: 3367: 3364: 3346:, a number of 3311:postminimalist 3275:drinking songs 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3119:Women in music 3111:Main article: 3108: 3105: 3058:harmonic logic 2980:string quartet 2971: 2968: 2916:High modernism 2901: 2898: 2874:Paul Hindemith 2834:Claude Debussy 2725:Richard Wilson 2705:Jacob Druckman 2697:Toru Takemitsu 2675:Main article: 2672: 2669: 2661:Claude Debussy 2599: 2596: 2564:Richard Wagner 2560:Giuseppe Verdi 2544:Franz Schubert 2540:Hector Berlioz 2513:Anton Bruckner 2503:Richard Wagner 2444:Symphony No. 8 2428:string section 2417:Antonín Dvořák 2378:Richard Wagner 2333:Marie d'Agoult 2317:Hector Berlioz 2290:Romantic music 2288:Main article: 2285: 2282: 2203:string section 2101:Main article: 2098: 2095: 1937:Baroque guitar 1929:basso continuo 1820:basso continuo 1809:baroque guitar 1771:Main article: 1768: 1765: 1752: 1749: 1725:Carlo Gesualdo 1693:John Dunstaple 1507:featuring the 1494:printing press 1452:Main article: 1449: 1446: 1256:Medieval music 1254:Main article: 1251: 1248: 1243:Main article: 1240: 1237: 1093:pagan religion 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1012: 1011: 1002: 996: 995: 986: 976: 975: 969: 968: 965: 964: 962: 954: 953: 945: 939: 938: 936: 928: 927: 919: 913: 912: 910: 902: 901: 893: 883: 882: 876: 875: 872: 871: 869: 861: 860: 852: 846: 845: 843: 835: 834: 826: 816: 815: 809: 808: 783: 780: 772: 771: 768: 765: 742:Complexity in 737:Ralph P. Locke 716:Carnatic Music 702: 699: 671:Romantic music 483: 482: 473: 472: 464: 463: 455: 454: 453: 452: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 433:Postminimalism 425:Spectral music 417:New Complexity 413:New Simplicity 393:Richard Wagner 377:symphonic poem 365:Romantic music 353:absolute music 332:empfindsamkeit 284:Baroque period 195:staff notation 151:medieval music 147:Western Europe 133:Rooted in the 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12055: 12044: 12043:Music history 12041: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12022:from Wikidata 12021: 12020: 12008: 12004: 12003: 12002:Travel guides 11991: 11987: 11986: 11974: 11971:from Wikinews 11970: 11969: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11930: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11910: 11900: 11898: 11888: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11874: 11864: 11863: 11860: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11791:PROSUR/PROSUL 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11686:Craiova Group 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11601:ABCANZ Armies 11599: 11598: 11596: 11590: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11530: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11425: 11419: 11416: 11415: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11406:Protestantism 11404: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11326:Sovereigntism 11324: 11322: 11319: 11315: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11221:Scholasticism 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10919: 10911: 10910:War on terror 10908: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10803:Modern period 10801: 10799: 10796: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10659:Western world 10653: 10648: 10646: 10641: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10630: 10618: 10617: 10608: 10606: 10605: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10547:Music therapy 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10350:United States 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9910:Liechtenstein 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9765:Guinea-Bissau 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9403: 9400: 9396: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9251:Cultural and 9247: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9178:Extended play 9176: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9149: 9148:Zoomusicology 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9123:Ecomusicology 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9108:Biomusicology 9106: 9105: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9081:Music history 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9017:Improvisation 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8966:Lead vocalist 8964: 8963: 8962: 8961:Military band 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8813:Hip hop music 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8803:Country music 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8733:Ottoman music 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8584: 8579: 8577: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8556: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8536: 8528: 8526: 8518: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8453:New-age music 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8328:United States 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8118:Dates of eras 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8088: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8017: 8015:0-697-29379-3 8011: 8007: 8002: 8001: 7994: 7990: 7988:0-8240-6034-2 7984: 7980: 7976: 7974: 7968: 7964: 7962:0-19-311316-3 7958: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7901: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7862: 7860:0-8240-6034-2 7856: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7792:0-393-97775-7 7788: 7784: 7779: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7762:0-8240-6034-2 7758: 7754: 7750: 7748: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7725:. Cambridge: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7684: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7667:0-8240-6034-2 7663: 7659: 7655: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7484:. Revised by 7483: 7482: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7359: 7353: 7349: 7348:Prentice Hall 7345: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7317:Everist, Mark 7314: 7307: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7253:Swafford, Jan 7250: 7246: 7244:0-8204-2183-9 7240: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7221:0-697-29379-3 7217: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7169:Prentice Hall 7165: 7164: 7157: 7153: 7151:0-226-52143-5 7147: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7088: 7086:0-8386-3532-6 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7069:Károlyi, Ottó 7066: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7034:0-393-97775-7 7030: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6871: 6869:0-226-01267-0 6865: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6815: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6746:10.1038/23611 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6668: 6666:9780810820418 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6531:Popular Music 6528: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6489: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6462: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6432:Tyrrell, John 6429: 6421: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6391:Tyrrell, John 6388: 6381: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6254:, Arts Beat, 6253: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6167:Jane Perlez, 6164: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6105: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6057: 6051: 6042: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5967:, p. 272 5966: 5965:Du Noyer 2003 5960: 5953: 5948: 5941: 5940:Sullivan 1995 5936: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5904:Botstein 2001 5900: 5898: 5891:, p. 14. 5890: 5885: 5879:, p. 13. 5878: 5877:Albright 2004 5873: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5852:, p. 135 5851: 5846: 5844: 5834: 5825: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5778: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5707:, p. 201 5706: 5705:Swafford 1992 5701: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5688:Swafford 1992 5684: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5364:, p. 61. 5363: 5358: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5258:, p. 57. 5257: 5252: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5174: 5168:, p. 75. 5167: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5144:, p. 24. 5143: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5120:, p. 28. 5119: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5084:, p. 20. 5083: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5055:, p. 28. 5054: 5049: 5043:, p. 25. 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4995:, p. 20. 4994: 4989: 4983:, p. 11. 4982: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4888:Taruskin 2005 4884: 4877: 4872: 4870: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4844:. Champaign: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4737: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4689: 4681: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4638: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4418: 4417:Taruskin 2005 4413: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4321:. Princeton: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4107:, p. 99. 4106: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4033: 4027: 4020: 4017:Musicologist 4014: 4005: 3998: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3955:was included. 3954: 3953:popular music 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925:Taruskin 2005 3920: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3892:given by the 3891: 3885: 3878: 3877:Charles Rosen 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3814: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3798:John Banister 3794: 3787: 3783: 3782:Henry Purcell 3779: 3778:Matthew Locke 3775: 3769: 3762: 3761:Neoclassicism 3756: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:Julius Caesar 3729: 3725: 3724:Aulus Gellius 3721: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3644:Mozart effect 3639: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3549:Tom and Jerry 3546: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3525:Aaron Copland 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3420:Tower Records 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3354:), including 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299:Maurice Ravel 3296: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3271:popular music 3265:Popular music 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3176:Clara Shumann 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151:Marcia Citron 3148: 3144: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:popular music 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007:sight-reading 3003: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2757:Maurice Ravel 2752: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2740:expressionist 2737: 2736:impressionist 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717:Wolfgang Rihm 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2689:Pierre Boulez 2685: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2665:Maurice Ravel 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649:Jean Sibelius 2646: 2642: 2641:Gustav Mahler 2638: 2635: 2634:post-romantic 2631: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2604: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588:Gustav Mahler 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2488:sound effects 2485: 2484:wind machines 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:bass clarinet 2449: 2448:contrabassoon 2445: 2441: 2440:Gustav Mahler 2437: 2436:rotary valves 2431: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:chamber music 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2176:concertmaster 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:Henry Purcell 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985:tangent piano 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:Baroque flute 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:viola d'amore 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1773:Baroque music 1764: 1762: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733:Jacob Obrecht 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:Thomas Tallis 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611:family), the 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1531:, the wooden 1530: 1529:slide trumpet 1526: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1490:musical score 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1321:. During the 1320: 1316: 1313:and into the 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1246: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192:improvisation 1189: 1185: 1184:ancient world 1180: 1177: 1176:Gustave Reese 1173: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1109:Ancient Greek 1106: 1105:ancient music 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Ancient music 1055: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 987: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 974: 971: 970: 963: 960: 956: 955: 946: 944: 941: 940: 937: 934: 930: 929: 920: 918: 915: 914: 911: 908: 904: 903: 894: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 881: 878: 877: 870: 867: 863: 862: 853: 851: 848: 847: 844: 841: 837: 836: 827: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817: 814: 811: 810: 807: 803:Major eras of 802: 801: 797: 793: 789: 779: 777: 769: 766: 763: 762: 761: 759: 755: 754: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 733: 728: 724: 720: 717: 713: 709: 708:Western world 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 618: 614: 610: 606: 601: 600:John Banister 597: 593: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568:Daniel Heartz 565: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 530:Aulus Gellius 527: 523: 519: 518: 513: 512: 507: 506: 501: 491: 487: 477: 468: 459: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:impressionist 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 257: 252: 248: 243: 242: 241:ars subtilior 236: 232: 231: 226: 225: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:philosophical 113: 112:musicological 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 72:popular music 69: 65: 64:distinct from 61: 60:Western world 57: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12017: 12000: 11983: 11966: 11954:from Commons 11949: 11928: 11836:Western Bloc 11636:AUSCANNZUKUS 11592:Contemporary 11541:Human rights 11387:Latin Church 11361:Christianity 11311: 11270:Conservatism 11115:contemporary 11092: 10952:Architecture 10888:World War II 10848:Emancipation 10843:Abolitionism 10731:Romanization 10726:Roman legacy 10707:Roman Empire 10609: 10595: 10581: 10370:Vatican City 10320:Turkmenistan 10220:South Africa 10190:Sierra Leone 10170:Saudi Arabia 9545:Burkina Faso 9205:Record label 9091:Music school 8951:Concert band 8861:Angular harp 8788:Circus music 8767: 8673:Arabic music 8480:Third stream 8443:Experimental 8274:Porto Alegre 8244:21st-century 8239:20th-century 8234:Contemporary 8182: 8098: 8046: 8034: 7999: 7971: 7946: 7919: 7875: 7843: 7840:Nettl, Bruno 7817: 7801: 7776: 7745: 7721: 7682: 7650: 7617: 7611: 7571: 7567:"London (i)" 7532: 7526: 7479: 7453: 7447: 7430: 7424: 7384: 7343: 7320: 7285:. New York: 7280: 7256: 7230: 7205: 7180: 7162: 7137: 7114: 7095: 7072: 7046: 7018: 6993:. New York: 6988: 6960: 6938: 6912: 6878: 6855: 6830: 6814: 6804: 6785: 6773:. Retrieved 6729: 6723: 6710: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6652: 6646: 6623: 6617: 6598: 6592: 6573: 6567: 6534: 6530: 6521: 6509:. Retrieved 6495: 6488: 6466: 6461: 6435: 6420: 6394: 6380: 6368:. Retrieved 6353: 6341:. Retrieved 6326: 6314:. Retrieved 6310:the original 6305: 6296: 6263: 6255: 6236: 6228: 6209: 6201:the original 6187: 6179: 6163: 6151:. Retrieved 6142: 6133: 6121:. Retrieved 6077: 6055: 6050: 6041: 6029:. Retrieved 6015: 6007: 5998: 5986:. Retrieved 5972: 5959: 5947: 5935: 5923: 5918:, p. 3. 5911: 5884: 5872: 5850:Károlyi 1994 5833: 5824: 5812:. Retrieved 5798: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5765:. Retrieved 5736: 5724: 5712: 5683: 5671:. Retrieved 5654: 5648: 5638: 5626: 5614:. Retrieved 5609: 5600: 5588:. Retrieved 5584:smarthistory 5582: 5573: 5561:. Retrieved 5552: 5543: 5531:. Retrieved 5520: 5511: 5499:. Retrieved 5490: 5481: 5469: 5457: 5445: 5426: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5357: 5346:, retrieved 5332: 5325: 5313:. Retrieved 5299: 5281: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5239:. Retrieved 5219: 5212: 5200:. Retrieved 5180: 5173: 5161: 5156:, p. 5. 5149: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5096:, p. 4. 5089: 5082:Fassler 2014 5077: 5072:, p. 4. 5053:Fassler 2014 5048: 5036: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4968:, p. 2. 4936: 4904: 4895: 4883: 4840: 4836:Nettl, Bruno 4830: 4814: 4785: 4774: 4755: 4744: 4725:. Retrieved 4692: 4680: 4665:. Retrieved 4650: 4624:. Retrieved 4599: 4593: 4580: 4564: 4552:. Retrieved 4541: 4532: 4520: 4476: 4469:McVeigh 2001 4439:(1): 27–62. 4436: 4430: 4424: 4412: 4396: 4391:, § para. 2. 4363: 4353: 4341:. Retrieved 4318: 4284:. Retrieved 4261: 4241:, § para. 1. 4214:, § para. 7. 4207: 4202:, § para. 2. 4195: 4183: 4171: 4129: 4092:, § para. 1. 4039: 4026: 4013: 4004: 3991:the original 3983: 3973: 3960: 3933:Hanning 2002 3919: 3911: 3899: 3893: 3884: 3851: 3826: 3820: 3813: 3806:Essex Street 3793: 3768: 3755: 3747: 3726:in praising 3717: 3708: 3691: 3661: 3651: 3641: 3620:William Tell 3619: 3608: 3600:Four Seasons 3598: 3588: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3559:Warner Bros. 3554:Johann Mouse 3552: 3542: 3528: 3510: 3480: 3473:Edvard Grieg 3455: 3441: 3435: 3425: 3388:Khachaturian 3369: 3360:Randy Rhoads 3333: 3331: 3320: 3315: 3288: 3278: 3268: 3233:Mother Jones 3231: 3229: 3212: 3209:Dieter Flury 3198: 3180: 3171: 3140: 3136:Buenos Aires 3081:figured bass 3062: 3054:counterpoint 3027: 3019:ear training 3004: 2989: 2945: 2941: 2927: 2862:Anton Webern 2827: 2820: 2810: 2807:Gustav Holst 2803:20th century 2788: 2774: 2764: 2753: 2733: 2729:Ralph Shapey 2713:George Perle 2683: 2680: 2627: 2580:Edvard Grieg 2525: 2506: 2496: 2432: 2421: 2409:Edvard Grieg 2402: 2386: 2369: 2345:Romantic era 2342: 2339:on the piano 2278:single reeds 2263: 2259:natural horn 2237:. While the 2180: 2161: 2145: 2143: 2135:Joseph Haydn 2127: 2122:Thomas Hardy 2118:Joseph Haydn 2036: 2021: 2017: 1965:natural horn 1949:Baroque oboe 1885: 1878: 1864: 1844: 1840:chromaticism 1816:counterpoint 1813: 1754: 1729:John Dowland 1717:William Byrd 1682: 1675: 1665: 1642: 1521: 1516: 1486:transmission 1485: 1463: 1417: 1413: 1388:and plucked 1375: 1292: 1196:church modes 1181: 1116: 1082: 1022:21st-century 1017:20th-century 1000:Contemporary 805: 773: 757: 751: 744:musical form 741: 730: 723:Odissi Music 704: 659:Joseph Haydn 652: 584: 571: 561: 557: 553: 541: 515: 509: 503: 499: 497: 437:opera houses 409:contemporary 379:and various 355:, including 345:Joseph Haydn 330: 327:galant music 281: 269:Roman School 254: 233:and Italian 228: 222: 143:royal courts 132: 84:musical form 75: 51: 50: 36: 11776:Open Balkan 11594:integration 11524:Rule of law 11519:Natural law 11496:Agnosticism 11474:Hellenistic 11452:Anglo-Saxon 11382:Catholicism 11321:Atlanticism 11226:Rationalism 11032:Immigration 11015:Esotericism 10873:World War I 10838:Romanticism 10818:Reformation 10798:Renaissance 10776:Middle Ages 10741:Christendom 10670:Foundations 10474:Terminology 10454:Instruments 10260:Switzerland 10230:South Sudan 10225:South Korea 10150:Saint Lucia 10105:Philippines 10050:North Korea 10030:New Zealand 10025:Netherlands 9830:Ivory Coast 9670:El Salvador 9415:Afghanistan 9382:Micronesian 9183:Compilation 9096:Composition 8991:Composition 8956:Disc jockey 8929:Backup band 8856:Arched Harp 8613:Prehistoric 8555:WikiProject 8448:Light music 8433:Baroque pop 8428:Avant-garde 8383:Performance 8148:Renaissance 8135:Early music 7475:"Classical" 7433:: 115–140. 7380:"Modernism" 7075:. Madison: 6858:. Chicago: 6775:17 February 6477:Vanessa Mae 6370:27 November 6343:27 November 6123:27 November 6084:CUP Archive 6031:27 November 6004:Bruno Nettl 5988:27 November 5928:Morgan 1984 5916:Metzer 2009 5889:McHard 2008 5767:27 November 5616:10 November 5348:20 February 5268:Bowles 1954 5256:Hoppin 1978 5041:Yudkin 1989 5029:Yudkin 1989 5017:Yudkin 1989 4993:Yudkin 1989 4943:, pp. 4727:10 December 4667:10 December 4513:Heartz 2001 4496:Heartz 2001 4432:Early Music 4389:Heartz 2001 4343:10 December 4286:10 December 4239:Heartz 2001 4032:Gampel 2012 3937:Stolba 1998 3804:, and then 3674:programs." 3539:Walt Disney 3512:Die Walküre 3499:Sabre Dance 3464:" from the 3412:record shop 3344:heavy metal 3250:double bass 3073:harpsichord 2970:Performance 2960:neoromantic 2890:Béla Bartók 2812:The Planets 2749:music genre 2556:Franz Liszt 2521:Béla Bartók 2499:Wagner tuba 2482:, and even 2464:snare drums 2394:Franz Liszt 2374:grand opera 2349:romanticism 2321:George Sand 2309:Franz Liszt 2266:double-reed 2239:harpsichord 2215:basset horn 2172:harpsichord 2163:opera buffa 2032:Baroque art 1989:harpsichord 1847:harpsichord 1824:sonata form 1793:harpsichord 1789:hurdy-gurdy 1662:Jacopo Peri 1637:pipe organs 1585:harpsichord 1557:hurdy-gurdy 1505:Chigi codex 1482:composition 1448:Renaissance 1315:Renaissance 1311:Middle Ages 1245:Early music 1239:Early music 1212:tetrachords 1200:Aristoxenus 1132:Cassiodorus 1128:Middle Ages 1009: 1945 993: 1890 850:Renaissance 813:Early music 695:Mendelssohn 663:later works 642:(and later 636:Jean Racine 546:Renaissance 534:Demosthenes 389:nationalism 307:sonata form 247:Renaissance 153:is chiefly 12032:Categories 11985:Quotations 11796:Rio Treaty 11307:Relativism 11265:Liberalism 11231:Empiricism 11183:Philosophy 11171:Secularism 11122:Philosophy 11059:Literature 10853:Capitalism 10360:Uzbekistan 10280:Tajikistan 10185:Seychelles 10165:San Marino 10000:Mozambique 9990:Montenegro 9960:Mauritania 9925:Madagascar 9920:Luxembourg 9875:Kyrgyzstan 9850:Kazakhstan 9655:East Timor 9605:Costa Rica 9570:Cape Verde 9480:Bangladesh 9465:Azerbaijan 9387:Polynesian 9377:Melanesian 9159:Production 9138:Organology 9103:Musicology 8838:Soul music 8793:Folk music 8778:Vernacular 8468:Film score 8463:Soundtrack 8402:Conducting 8321:Birmingham 8257:By country 8106:Definition 8043:MGG Online 7951:. Oxford: 7880:. Oxford: 7804:. Oxford: 7687:. Oxford: 7576:. Oxford: 7488:. Oxford: 7389:. Oxford: 7323:. Oxford: 6881:. London: 6790:Ross, Alex 6637:0837194229 6481:Catya Maré 5865:Meyer 1994 5792:(1): 8–10. 5741:Grout 1973 5729:Grout 1973 5717:Grout 1973 5673:5 November 5631:Grout 1973 5563:4 November 5549:"Oratorio" 5533:4 November 5474:Grout 1973 5462:Grout 1973 5450:Grout 1973 5410:Grout 1973 5398:Grout 1973 5386:Grout 1973 5374:Grout 1973 5362:Grout 1973 5202:9 November 5166:Grout 1973 5154:Grout 1973 5142:Grout 1973 5130:Grout 1973 5118:Grout 1973 5106:Grout 1973 5094:Grout 1973 5070:Reese 1940 5005:Grout 1973 4981:Grout 1973 4966:Grout 1973 4941:Pauly 1988 4929:Locke 2012 4876:Locke 2012 4848:. p. 4821:, p. 4819:Pauly 1988 4794:. p. 4766:1047597428 4655:. Oxford: 4652:OED Online 4626:7 February 4571:, p. 4569:Pauly 1988 4554:1 December 4481:Weber 1999 4403:, p. 4401:Pauly 1988 4264:. Oxford: 4212:Owens 2008 4200:Owens 2008 4090:Owens 2008 3941:Grout 1973 3929:Grout 1973 3863:and later 3780:and later 3678:References 3605:Mussorgsky 3372:folk music 3366:Folk music 3307:minimalist 3303:postmodern 3285:Kurt Weill 3200:Gramophone 3183:orchestras 3167:symphonies 3034:folk music 2991:Performers 2956:postmodern 2914:See also: 2866:Alban Berg 2616:Neue Musik 2492:Saxophones 2460:xylophones 2390:metallurgy 2382:Ring cycle 2294:See also: 2276:family of 2257:) and the 2247:ophicleide 2235:fortepiano 2231:clavichord 2107:See also: 2009:tambourine 2005:snare drum 1997:fortepiano 1993:pipe organ 1981:clavichord 1917:contrabass 1851:pipe organ 1777:See also: 1658:intermedio 1656:, and the 1645:polyphonic 1631:, and the 1601:tambourine 1597:Jew's harp 1589:clavichord 1575:, and the 1458:See also: 1339:Polyphonic 1335:monophonic 1327:liturgical 1307:Polyphonic 1299:Monophonic 1287:manuscript 1260:See also: 1222:) and the 1144:Pythagoras 1118:quadrivium 1097:persecuted 421:Minimalism 385:virtuosity 357:symphonies 219:troubadour 175:plainchant 159:monophonic 100:analytical 96:notational 68:folk music 47:performing 11741:Five Eyes 11736:EU–UK TCA 11578:Democracy 11467:Old Norse 11356:Abrahamic 11313:Peritrope 11295:Tolerance 11275:Socialism 11105:Mythology 11093:Classical 11042:Languages 11020:Astrology 10868:Modernism 10682:Old World 10495:Album era 10375:Venezuela 10240:Sri Lanka 10195:Singapore 10080:Palestine 10035:Nicaragua 9965:Mauritius 9915:Lithuania 9800:Indonesia 9755:Guatemala 9455:Australia 9445:Argentina 9365:Caribbean 9319:Southeast 9044:and study 9042:Education 9032:Technique 8913:Ensembles 8823:Pop music 8655:Art music 8633:Religious 8513:Festivals 8412:Orchestra 8264:Australia 8229:Modernism 8221:New music 8192:Classical 8113:Art music 8056:from the 7979:Routledge 7909:required) 7851:Routledge 7773:(2002) . 7753:Routledge 7658:Routledge 7642:161937907 7605:required) 7557:252447994 7517:required) 7418:required) 7015:(2002) . 6883:Routledge 6702:144331723 6688:(2): 19. 6559:162682249 6551:0261-1430 6511:2 October 6316:5 October 6197:France 24 5517:"Cantata" 5315:17 August 4738:required) 4310:"Classic" 4257:"classic" 4071:Citations 3748:classique 3668:Alex Ross 3632:Education 3487:Beethoven 3482:Peer Gynt 3462:Dies irae 3452:Carl Orff 3448:O Fortuna 3350:(playing 3340:crossover 3163:art songs 3079:from the 3013:playing, 2952:modernist 2937:modernism 2886:Amy Beach 2795:euphonium 2745:modernism 2671:Modernist 2505:'s cycle 2476:triangles 2357:fantasias 2353:nocturnes 2227:chalumeau 2154:serenades 2150:orchestra 2097:Classical 2024:oratorios 2013:castanets 1871:J.S. Bach 1797:bass viol 1635:. Simple 1613:reed pipe 1577:orpharion 1392:like the 1188:monophony 1160:composers 1148:Aristotle 984:Modernism 973:New music 917:Classical 617:Louis XIV 572:classicus 558:classique 544:. By the 542:classicus 517:classicus 511:classique 500:classical 401:serialism 397:modernism 211:polyphony 155:religious 135:patronage 128:composers 92:polyphony 56:art music 11921:The arts 11801:Schengen 11731:Eurozone 11571:Property 11566:Religion 11457:Frankish 11447:Germanic 11427:Paganism 11348:Religion 11336:European 11248:Humanism 11151:Religion 11110:Painting 11076:Internet 11027:Folklore 10998:Clothing 10969:Calendar 10945:Cyrillic 10930:Alphabet 10893:Cold War 10616:Category 10429:Timeline 10400:Zimbabwe 10290:Thailand 10285:Tanzania 10250:Suriname 10205:Slovenia 10200:Slovakia 10115:Portugal 10095:Paraguay 10070:Pakistan 9985:Mongolia 9940:Maldives 9935:Malaysia 9860:Kiribati 9780:Honduras 9695:Ethiopia 9690:Eswatini 9645:Dominica 9640:Djibouti 9595:Colombia 9560:Cameroon 9555:Cambodia 9540:Bulgaria 9525:Botswana 9485:Barbados 9372:Oceanian 9326:European 9282:Southern 9215:Sampling 9012:Notation 8946:Big band 8908:Musician 8638:Biblical 8535:Category 8204:Romantic 8143:Medieval 7975:: Europe 7945:(1988). 7847:: Europe 7816:(2007). 7749:: Europe 7654:: Europe 7549:23375158 7472:(2001). 7462:24427165 7456:: 5–50. 7439:20531877 7377:(2001). 7319:(eds.). 7277:(2005). 7255:(1992). 7179:(1940). 7071:(1994). 7045:(1978). 6985:(1973). 6911:(2014). 6823:Archived 6797:Archived 6766:Archived 6754:10476959 6505:Archived 6434:(eds.). 6393:(eds.). 6364:Archived 6337:Archived 6286:Archived 6275:Archived 6248:Archived 6221:Archived 6172:Archived 6153:29 April 6147:Archived 6117:Archived 6074:(1993). 6025:Archived 5982:Archived 5808:Archived 5761:Archived 5667:Archived 5557:Archived 5527:Archived 5495:Archived 5342:archived 5309:Archived 5235:Archived 5196:Archived 4913:41225238 4838:(1995). 4752:(1820). 4721:Archived 4661:Archived 4620:Archived 4548:Archived 4361:(1611). 4337:Archived 4307:(2017). 4280:Archived 4047:and the 3910:'s 1820 3622:Overture 3544:Fantasia 3422:, 1986). 3069:preludes 3015:harmonic 3011:ensemble 2799:Romantic 2684:attitude 2630:romantic 2478:, large 2468:celestas 2442:'s 1906 2366:art song 2361:preludes 2284:Romantic 2274:clarinet 2233:and the 2223:clarinet 2197:such as 2168:symphony 2028:cantatas 2011:and the 1977:trombone 1975:and the 1955:and the 1953:recorder 1933:mandolin 1931:parts), 1860:oratorio 1761:tonality 1677:Euridice 1650:madrigal 1633:crumhorn 1625:recorder 1593:triangle 1587:and the 1581:Keyboard 1539:and the 1513:Ockeghem 1386:recorder 1284:Medieval 1250:Medieval 1140:Boethius 943:Romantic 824:Medieval 552:'s 1611 373:art song 311:oratorio 303:concerto 291:tonality 273:madrigal 235:Trecento 230:ars nova 224:trouvère 213:, while 139:churches 104:critical 66:Western 11909:History 11859:Portals 11646:Benelux 11551:Thought 11501:Atheism 11442:Finnish 11418:Culture 11413:Judaism 11375:Eastern 11371:Western 11366:Culture 11300:Paradox 11166:Decline 11127:Science 11003:History 10991:Studies 10974:Cuisine 10962:Periods 10922:Culture 10751:History 10717:Eastern 10712:Western 10663:culture 10525:Warfare 10424:Outline 10380:Vietnam 10365:Vanuatu 10355:Uruguay 10335:Ukraine 10310:Tunisia 10215:Somalia 10175:Senegal 10130:Romania 10045:Nigeria 10010:Namibia 10005:Myanmar 9995:Morocco 9975:Moldova 9900:Liberia 9895:Lesotho 9890:Lebanon 9835:Jamaica 9815:Ireland 9790:Iceland 9785:Hungary 9750:Grenada 9735:Germany 9730:Georgia 9710:Finland 9685:Estonia 9680:Eritrea 9660:Ecuador 9635:Denmark 9610:Croatia 9600:Comoros 9550:Burundi 9515:Bolivia 9495:Belgium 9490:Belarus 9475:Bahrain 9470:Bahamas 9460:Austria 9450:Armenia 9430:Andorra 9425:Algeria 9420:Albania 9299:Central 9267:Central 9262:African 8645:Secular 8628:Martial 8618:Ancient 8525:Outline 8421:Related 8390:Concert 8296:Ireland 8291:Germany 8173:Baroque 7871:"Music" 7679:(ed.). 7634:1343302 7235:P. Lang 6842:Sources 6762:4352029 6734:Bibcode 6362:. 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