557:(2000, p. 1285) the discipline of "music lags behind the other arts; it picks up ideas from other media just when they have become outmoded." Only in the 1990s did historical musicologists, preceded by feminist musicologists in the late 1980s, begin to address issues such as gender, sexualities, bodies, emotions, and subjectivities which dominated the humanities for twenty years before (ibid, p. 10). In McClary's words (1991, p. 5), "It almost seems that musicology managed miraculously to pass directly from pre- to postfeminism without ever having to change – or even examine – its ways." Furthermore, in their discussion on musicology and rock music, Susan McClary and Robert Walser also address a key struggle within the discipline: how musicology has often "dismisse questions of socio-musical interaction out of hand, that part of classical music's greatness is ascribed to its autonomy from society." (1988, p. 283)
569:, the strongest criticism of (historical) musicology has been that it generally ignores popular music. Though musicological study of popular music has vastly increased in quantity recently, Middleton's assertion in 1990—that most major "works of musicology, theoretical or historical, act as though popular music did not exist"—holds true. Academic and conservatory training typically only peripherally addresses this broad spectrum of musics, and many (historical) musicologists who are "both contemptuous and condescending are looking for types of production, musical form, and listening which they associate with a
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or the relationship between words and music. On the other hand, historical musicology tends to "neglect or have difficulty with parameters which are not easily notated", such as tone colour or non-Western rhythms. In addition, he claims that the "notation-centric training" of
Western music schools "induces particular forms of
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categories: the establishing of factual and correct data and the interpretation of data. Most historical research does not fall into one category solely, but rather employs a combination of methods from both categories. The act of establishing factual data can never be fully separate from the act of interpretation.
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He cites three main aspects of this problem (p. 104–6). The terminology of historical musicology is "slanted by the needs and history of a particular music ('classical music')." He acknowledges that "there is a rich vocabulary for certain areas , important in musicology's typical corpus"; yet he
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Notational centricity also encourages "reification: the score comes to be seen as 'the music', or perhaps the music in an ideal form." As such, music that does not use a written score, such as jazz, blues, or folk, can become demoted to a lower level of status. As well, historical musicology has "an
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As well, he claims that historical musicology uses "a methodology slanted by the characteristics of notation," 'notational centricity' (Tagg 1979, p. 28–32). As a result, "musicological methods tend to foreground those musical parameters which can be easily notated" such as pitch relationships
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In its most narrow definition, historical musicology is the music history of
Western culture. Such a definition arbitrarily excludes disciplines other than history, cultures other than Western, and forms of music other than "classical" ("art", "serious", "high culture") or notated ("artificial") –
373:
draws on many of the tools of historical musicology to answer the specific question of how music was performed in various places at various times in the past. Scholars investigate questions such as which instruments or voices were used to perform a given work, what tempos (or tempo changes) were
511:
movement owes much to historical musicological scholarship. Towards the middle of the 20th century, musicology (and its largest subfield of historical musicology) expanded significantly as a field of study. Concurrently the number of musicological and music journals increased to create further
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of composers can give us a better sense of the chronology of compositions, influences on style and works, and provide important background to the interpretation (by performers or listeners) of works. Thus biography can form one part of the larger study of the cultural significance, underlying
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The methods and tools of music history are nearly as many as its subjects and therefore make a strict categorization impossible. However, a few trends and approaches can be outlined here. Like in any other historical discipline, most research in music history can be roughly divided into two
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points out that there is "an impoverished vocabulary for other areas , which are less well developed" in
Classical music. Middleton argues that a number of "terms are ideologically loaded" in that "they always involve selective, and often unconsciously formulated, conceptions of what music
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implying that the omitted disciplines, cultures, and musical styles/genres are somehow inferior. A somewhat broader definition incorporating all musical humanities is still problematic, because it arbitrarily excludes the relevant (natural) sciences (acoustics, psychology, physiology,
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are most conventionally the province of music analysts rather than historians. However, crucial to the practice of musical semiotics – the interpretation of meaning in a work or style – is its situation in a historical context. The interpretative work of scholars such as
382:, since the 1990s, research in performance practice has examined other historical eras, such as how early Classical era piano concerti were performed, how the early history of recording affected the use of vibrato in classical music, or which instruments were used in
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ideology slanted by the origins and development of a particular body of music and its aesthetic...It arose at a specific moment, in a specific context – nineteenth-century Europe, especially
Germany – and in close association with that movement in the musical
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of the period which was codifying the very repertory then taken by musicology as the centre of its attention." These terminological, methodological, and ideological problems affect even works sympathetic to popular music. However, it is not "that musicology
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to the current era), and depth. Both types of courseoach on a narrower subject while introducing more of the tools of research in music history. The range of possible topics is virtually limitless. Some examples might be "Music during
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courses for non-music majors and music history courses for music majors. The two types of courses will usually differ in length (one to two semesters vs. two to four), breadth (many music appreciation courses begin at the
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focus on the function of music in society as well as its meaning for individuals and society as a whole. Researchers emphasizing the social importance of music (including classical music) are sometimes called
233:. The application of musical analysis to further these goals is often a part of music history, though pure analysis or the development of new tools of music analysis is more likely to be seen in the field of
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pay records, letters to a patroness of the arts) or to more systematically study a collection of documents related to a musician. In some cases, where records, scores, and letters have been digitized,
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or university) level. In Canada, some music students receive training prior to undergraduate studies because examinations in music history (as well as music theory) are required to complete
503:. Wolf's writings on the history of musical notation are considered to be particularly notable by musicologists. Historical musicology has played a critical role in renewed interest in
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that studies music from a historical point of view. In theory, "music history" could refer to the study of the history of any type or genre of music (e.g., the history of
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outlets for the publication of research. The domination of German language scholarship ebbed as significant journals sprang up throughout the West, especially
America.
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Within historical musicology, scholars have been reluctant to adopt postmodern and critical approaches that are common elsewhere in the humanities. According to
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song that is very rhythmically complex, but then dismiss it as a low-level musical work because it has a very simple melody and only uses two or five chords.
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has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favored by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement.
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and music analysis have likewise historically been rather uneasily separated from the most narrow definition of historical musicology.
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sorts of music, appropriately or not". As a result, Western music students trained in historical musicology may listen to a
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may be conducted to find connections to music or musicians in a collection of documents of broader interests (e.g.,
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understand popular music, or that students of popular music should abandon musicology." (Middleton, p. 104).
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work can be done online. One example of a composer for whom archival materials can be examined online is the
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program, or agenda of a work; a study which gained increasing importance in the 1980s and early 1990s.
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based. The terms "music history" and "historical musicology" usually refer to the history of the
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The first studies of
Western musical history date back to the middle of the 18th century.
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classes, the majority of formal music history courses are offered at the post-secondary (
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This article is about the academic field of music history. For an overview of music, see
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containing significant writings on sacred music from the 3rd century onwards in 1784.
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691:"De cantu et musica sacra (Gerbert, Martin) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download"
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kind of music...'classical music'...and they generally find popular music lacking"
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receive some instruction in music history, whether this is the history of
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while courses for music majors traditionally span the period from the
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of composers and other musicians, studies of the relationship between
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546:) as well as musical practice. The musicological sub-disciplines of
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as well as medieval and
Renaissance music. In particular, the
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and music, and reflections upon the role of music in society.
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in 1774. Gerbert followed this work with a three volume work
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The methods of music history include source studies (esp.
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published a two volume history of sacred music titled
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fall between the analytic and the music historical.
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used, and how (or if) ornaments were used. Although
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Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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265:Although most performers of classical and
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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458:Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra
440:published a three volume history titled
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198:, which tends to focus on elite art).
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963:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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664:Martini, Giovanni Battista (1757).
521:Exclusion of disciplines and musics
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495:and others developed studies in
309:eras and might omit music after
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2659:Jazz and popular music glossary
666:"Storia Della Musica: Volume 1"
333:music," "Music and politics," "
45:needs additional citations for
1900:Federated States of Micronesia
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943:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
863:Afghan classical music—Klasik
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908:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
759:UK public library membership
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953:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
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140:guqin "Jiu Han Pei". The
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1318:Computational musicology
868:Andalusi classical music
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454:De cantu de musica sacra
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968:Western classical music
938:Persian classical music
734:Oxford University Press
267:traditional instruments
2644:Classical music genres
1720:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1261:Doctor of Musical Arts
1086:History of the trumpet
898:Indian classical music
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2345:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2325:Republic of the Congo
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509:authentic performance
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289:certification at the
153:historical musicology
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23:. For the album, see
2540:United Arab Emirates
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1313:Cognitive musicology
473:Ludwig van Beethoven
397:Sociological studies
390:Biographical studies
376:performance practice
371:Performance practice
217:), style criticism,
190:, sometimes called "
54:improve this article
2690:Aesthetics of music
2505:Trinidad and Tobago
1640:Antigua and Barbuda
1124:Band (rock and pop)
1048:Musical instruments
923:Lao classical music
670:UNT Digital Library
540:empirical sociology
477:Piano Sonata No. 28
442:Storia della musica
151:, sometimes called
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2720:Music and politics
1850:Dominican Republic
1598:By sovereign state
918:Korean court music
878:Azerbaijani Mugham
729:Grove Music Online
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298:music appreciation
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1028:Progressive music
948:Scottish Ceòl Mór
757:(subscription or
751:978-1-56159-263-0
567:Richard Middleton
536:computer sciences
501:Renaissance music
402:New musicologists
365:Arnold Schoenberg
223:historical method
215:textual criticism
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1825:Czech Republic
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1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
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1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1560:North American
1557:
1556:
1555:
1553:South American
1550:
1543:Latin American
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:Middle Eastern
1506:
1501:
1491:
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1489:
1484:
1479:
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1469:
1458:
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1449:
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1427:
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1407:
1402:
1400:Audio engineer
1397:
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1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
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1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1333:New musicology
1330:
1325:
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1315:
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1300:
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1298:
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1273:
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1176:
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1174:
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1168:
1158:
1153:
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1143:
1142:
1141:
1139:Rhythm section
1136:
1131:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
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1097:
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984:
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965:
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905:
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815:
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793:
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764:
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682:
656:
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642:
639:
637:
636:
621:
619:
616:
562:
559:
522:
519:
517:
514:
497:Medieval music
465:
462:
450:Martin Gerbert
433:
430:
428:
425:
262:
259:
219:historiography
161:Nigerian music
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2855:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Music history
2836:
2835:
2833:
2818:
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2808:
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2794:
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2748:
2747:Music therapy
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2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:United States
2548:
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2536:
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2138:
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2113:
2111:
2110:Liechtenstein
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
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2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Guinea-Bissau
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
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1918:
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1908:
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1898:
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1893:
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1623:
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1610:
1603:
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1596:
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1529:
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1524:
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1517:
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1512:
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1507:
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1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:Cultural and
1447:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:Extended play
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1348:Zoomusicology
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Ecomusicology
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Biomusicology
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Music history
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Improvisation
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Lead vocalist
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:Military band
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
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1121:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1109:
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1102:
1092:
1089:
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1079:
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1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
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1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:Hip hop music
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1003:Country music
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
981:
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Ottoman music
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
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891:
889:
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879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
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858:
856:
852:
846:
843:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
791:
786:
784:
779:
777:
772:
771:
768:
760:
753:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
724:
719:
715:
714:
696:
692:
686:
671:
667:
660:
654:
653:Schoenberg.at
649:
645:
635:
634:0-87923-501-2
631:
627:
623:
622:
615:
613:
608:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
582:
580:
574:
572:
568:
565:According to
558:
556:
555:Susan McClary
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:neurosciences
513:
510:
506:
505:Baroque music
502:
498:
494:
493:Johannes Wolf
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
424:
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418:
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407:
403:
398:
394:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
368:
366:
362:
357:
353:
352:Archival work
349:
345:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
294:
292:
291:Grade 9 level
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
247:musical works
244:
240:
239:peer-reviewed
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
181:notated music
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:Music history
143:
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2809:
2795:
2781:
2570:Vatican City
2520:Turkmenistan
2420:South Africa
2390:Sierra Leone
2370:Saudi Arabia
1745:Burkina Faso
1405:Record label
1291:Music school
1280:
1151:Concert band
1061:Angular harp
988:Circus music
873:Arabic music
727:
698:. Retrieved
694:
685:
674:. Retrieved
672:(in Italian)
669:
659:
648:
625:
611:
606:
603:
590:
586:
583:
578:
575:
570:
564:
552:
548:music theory
524:
490:
480:
457:
453:
445:
441:
438:G.B. Martini
435:
411:
410:
396:
395:
389:
388:
370:
369:
351:
350:
346:
338:Don Giovanni
337:
331:instrumental
303:late Baroque
295:
293:and higher.
264:
235:music theory
213:(especially
200:
152:
148:
147:
138:Tang dynasty
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2674:Terminology
2654:Instruments
2460:Switzerland
2430:South Sudan
2425:South Korea
2350:Saint Lucia
2305:Philippines
2250:North Korea
2230:New Zealand
2225:Netherlands
2030:Ivory Coast
1870:El Salvador
1615:Afghanistan
1582:Micronesian
1383:Compilation
1296:Composition
1191:Composition
1156:Disc jockey
1129:Backup band
1056:Arched Harp
813:Prehistoric
723:"Biography"
532:information
432:Before 1898
380:Baroque era
328:Renaissance
320:World War I
315:Middle Ages
279:high school
251:biographies
231:iconography
207:paleography
196:art history
2843:Musicology
2832:Categories
2560:Uzbekistan
2480:Tajikistan
2385:Seychelles
2365:San Marino
2200:Mozambique
2190:Montenegro
2160:Mauritania
2125:Madagascar
2120:Luxembourg
2075:Kyrgyzstan
2050:Kazakhstan
1855:East Timor
1805:Costa Rica
1770:Cape Verde
1680:Bangladesh
1665:Azerbaijan
1587:Polynesian
1577:Melanesian
1359:Production
1338:Organology
1303:Musicology
1038:Soul music
993:Folk music
978:Vernacular
732:. Oxford:
700:2023-04-24
676:2022-07-23
641:References
544:aesthetics
499:and early
417:Kofi Agawu
205:studies),
203:manuscript
157:musicology
110:March 2021
80:newspapers
2695:Album era
2575:Venezuela
2440:Sri Lanka
2395:Singapore
2280:Palestine
2235:Nicaragua
2165:Mauritius
2115:Lithuania
2000:Indonesia
1955:Guatemala
1655:Australia
1645:Argentina
1565:Caribbean
1519:Southeast
1244:and study
1242:Education
1232:Technique
1113:Ensembles
1023:Pop music
855:Art music
833:Religious
761:required)
695:imslp.org
587:listening
571:different
516:Critiques
464:1800–1950
307:classical
271:art music
243:textbooks
211:philology
192:art music
136:A famous
2816:Category
2629:Timeline
2600:Zimbabwe
2490:Thailand
2485:Tanzania
2450:Suriname
2405:Slovenia
2400:Slovakia
2315:Portugal
2295:Paraguay
2270:Pakistan
2185:Mongolia
2140:Maldives
2135:Malaysia
2060:Kiribati
1980:Honduras
1895:Ethiopia
1890:Eswatini
1845:Dominica
1840:Djibouti
1795:Colombia
1760:Cameroon
1755:Cambodia
1740:Bulgaria
1725:Botswana
1685:Barbados
1572:Oceanian
1526:European
1482:Southern
1415:Sampling
1212:Notation
1146:Big band
1108:Musician
838:Biblical
720:(2001).
607:practice
367:Center.
361:archival
335:Mozart's
324:Medieval
261:Pedagogy
2725:Warfare
2624:Outline
2580:Vietnam
2565:Vanuatu
2555:Uruguay
2535:Ukraine
2510:Tunisia
2415:Somalia
2375:Senegal
2330:Romania
2245:Nigeria
2210:Namibia
2205:Myanmar
2195:Morocco
2175:Moldova
2100:Liberia
2095:Lesotho
2090:Lebanon
2035:Jamaica
2015:Ireland
1990:Iceland
1985:Hungary
1950:Grenada
1935:Germany
1930:Georgia
1910:Finland
1885:Estonia
1880:Eritrea
1860:Ecuador
1835:Denmark
1810:Croatia
1800:Comoros
1750:Burundi
1715:Bolivia
1695:Belgium
1690:Belarus
1675:Bahrain
1670:Bahamas
1660:Austria
1650:Armenia
1630:Andorra
1625:Algeria
1620:Albania
1499:Central
1467:Central
1462:African
845:Secular
828:Martial
818:Ancient
485:Allegro
427:History
386:music.
384:Klezmer
356:Vatican
283:college
185:Western
94:scholar
2634:Albums
2595:Zambia
2530:Uganda
2525:Tuvalu
2515:Turkey
2475:Taiwan
2455:Sweden
2380:Serbia
2340:Rwanda
2335:Russia
2310:Poland
2285:Panama
2260:Norway
2180:Monaco
2170:Mexico
2130:Malawi
2085:Latvia
2070:Kuwait
2065:Kosovo
2045:Jordan
2020:Israel
1970:Guyana
1960:Guinea
1945:Greece
1925:Gambia
1915:France
1820:Cyprus
1765:Canada
1735:Brunei
1730:Brazil
1710:Bhutan
1700:Belize
1635:Angola
1606:
1536:Nordic
1531:Balkan
1366:Single
1271:Method
1222:Lyrics
1186:Theory
748:
632:
612:cannot
229:, and
188:elites
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2669:Songs
2619:Index
2612:Lists
2590:Yemen
2500:Tonga
2465:Syria
2445:Sudan
2435:Spain
2360:Samoa
2320:Qatar
2275:Palau
2240:Niger
2220:Nepal
2215:Nauru
2150:Malta
2105:Libya
2055:Kenya
2040:Japan
2025:Italy
1995:India
1975:Haiti
1940:Ghana
1920:Gabon
1865:Egypt
1790:China
1785:Chile
1705:Benin
1514:South
1494:Asian
1477:North
1440:Remix
1435:Cover
1393:Remix
1207:Genre
1076:Nafir
998:Blues
980:music
823:Dance
797:Music
618:Notes
599:Latin
406:LGBTQ
340:, or
255:words
142:guqin
101:JSTOR
87:books
2762:Folk
2495:Togo
2300:Peru
2265:Oman
2145:Mali
2080:Laos
2010:Iraq
2005:Iran
1905:Fiji
1815:Cuba
1780:Chad
1504:East
1487:West
1472:East
1388:Live
1227:Song
1202:Form
1018:Jazz
746:ISBN
630:ISBN
595:funk
542:and
534:and
419:and
326:and
322:," "
311:WWII
165:rock
73:news
1266:PhD
738:doi
597:or
591:all
581:."
344:."
305:or
275:pop
225:),
183:of
171:or
56:by
2834::
744:.
736:.
726:.
693:.
668:.
579:is
538:,
530:,
273:,
249:,
209:,
789:e
782:t
775:v
754:.
740::
703:.
679:.
483:(
444:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
27:.
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