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1017:, the benta is a one-stringed musical bow, played using the mouth as a resonating chamber. Most probably brought to the island by Africans from Ghana, Angola, Nigeria during the slave trade, it is played as a leading instrument in "muzik di zumbi", ghost music (zumbi means ghost). The name refers to the spooky atmosphere on the plantations since there was no electricity, and the hauling wind carries the sound of the music in all directions. It is mostly accompanied by drum, hoe and "wiri" (scraper of a serrated piece of iron). The Curaçaoan benta resembles the
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in France caves and made an engraving that attempted to reproduce a c. 13,000 B.C. cave painting into a black-and-white lithograph engraving. His engraving showed a mysterious figure, a "man camouflaged to resemble a bison," in the midst of a mass of herd-animals, "herding the beasts and playing
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used by a number of
African peoples as well as Indigenous peoples of the Americas. It consists of a flexible, usually wooden, stick 1.5 to 10 feet (0.5 to 3 m) long, and strung end to end with a taut cord, usually metal. It can be played with the hands or a wooden stick or branch. It is uncertain if
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as likely musical bows. One reason was that the oldest known musical bows were 10 feet long, useless for hunting, and that "musical bows were not associated with hunters' beliefs and ceremonies." Sachs considered the musical bows important, however. He pointed out that the name for the Greek lute,
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The bows used for music required a resonator, a hollowed object like a bowl, a gourd, or a musician's mouth, in order to produce audible sound. Although the musical bow could be manipulated to produce more than one tone, instruments were developed from it that used one note per string. Since each
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Henri Breuil surveyed the cave... a detailed study was published by H.Breuil and R.Begouen of the hundreds of engraved drawings in the deep gallery known as the "Sanctuary"...Its walls are filled with some 280 engraved (often superimposed) images of bison, horses, stags, reindeer, ibexes, and
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the musical bow." The artwork is confused, and those who are trying to reproduce the art in color have had to work to bring out legible images. One interpretation of the "magician-hunter" image considers his hunting-bow to be a musical bow, used as a single-stringed musical instrument.
27:
1265:[In Les Trois Frères I would highlight his naturalistic style...The scene is famous, that of the man camouflaged to resemble a bison, (a shaman or a hunter?), that pursues or leads other animals, and that I have stood out from the set superimposed below...]
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attached to the back of the string bearer. The bow may also be stood in a pit or gourd on the ground, or one end of it may be partially placed in the mouth. This last method allows the size of the resonator to be varied as the instrument is played, thus allowing a
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En Les Trois Frères destacarĂa su estilo tan naturalista... Es famosa la escena que del hombre camuflado como un bisonte, ÂżUn chamĂĄn o un cazador?, que persigue o conduce a otros animales y que he destacado del conjunto superpuesto de
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classification, it is a "Musical bow cum stick" because it has only one curved end to flex. Under
Hornbostel-Sachs, musical bows are defined as flexible and curved string bearers or as stick zithers with both ends flexible and curved.
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Whether the bow in the cave illustration is a musical instrument or the hunting tool in a paleolithic hunt, musicologists have considered whether the bow could be a possible relative or ancestor to the
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346:, the berimbau is played as part of the roda, a musical group standing in a circle, in the centre of which the capoeiristas perform or play. The Appalachian mouth-bow can be played amplified in
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820:, is used in Cambodia and is considered one of the oldest Cambodian instruments, with bas-reliefs going back to the 12th century AD. Has been thought of as musical bow; under
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von
Hornbostel, Erich M.; Sachs, Curt (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann".
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Musical bows are known by various names in the different languages of South Africa - some refer only to musical bows using gourds as resonators, others using the mouth:
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Due to the nature of their construction and playing, musical bows are quiet instruments, therefore needing a resonator to resound. The resonator can either be a
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Two bows in which the resonator is a gourd, attached to the instrument's center and pressed into the musician's chest or stomach. Both are sounded with a stick.
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a semi-human figure dances in the midst of the animals...herding the beasts and playing a musical bow. He wears the head and fur of a bison with human legs...
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520:, 'held') respectively. These two notes can already be on the string, if it is divided or stopped by a string attached to the gourd, as in the case of
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233:, a Sumerian word meaning "small bow." He considered this evidence in support of the theory that the musical bow was ancestral to the pierced lute.
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peoples. Although there are many differences between musical bows, all of them share two things: a resonator, and at least two fundamental notes.
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A variant called the "whizzing bow", which is swung with the arm in a circle is played in
Central America, China, Indonesia, and west Africa.
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resonating in the player's mouth. As well as these various forms of resonators, the bow is frequently played without a resonator at all.
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A cave-painting in the "Trois Frères" cave in France dating from about 15,000 years ago. The magician-hunter plays the musical bow.
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A Contemporary Study of
Musical Arts: Informed by African Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Volume 1: The Root: Foundation
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India, ca. 1725, Bundi style. A divine musician plays a hunting bow with its tip placed in a resonance pot. Possible
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people, the predominant peoples of South Africa. Historians believe that many of the musical bows came from
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British
Library, David Rycroft South Africa Collection: Musical bow lecture examples 1979: Zulu umakhweyana
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British
Library, David Rycroft South Africa Collection: Guitar talk tape A: Umakhweyana musical bow solo
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This article is about the bow as a musical instrument. For the bow used to play another instrument, see
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use the musical bow during their mitote. The TepehuĂĄn's musical bow has a gourd attached to it.
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The usual way to make the bow sound is to pluck the string, although sometimes a subsidiary
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string played a single note, adding strings added new notes for instrument families such as
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Musical bows are still used in a number of cultures today. It can be found as far south as
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musical bow used in
Burundi and Rhwanda is similar to the Uhadi bow of South Africa.
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may have been used as a musical instrument from as early as circa 13,000 B.C.
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1250:"EL ARTE RUPESTRE PALEOLĂTICO EN LAS CUEVAS FRANCESAS. LA CUEVA DE LASCAUX"
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249:. Another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a
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There are at least two fundamental notes produced by all musical bows, an
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Some of those instruments have more than two notes, for example the Zulu
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sounds when struck with a thin stick. Unlike string instruments used in
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Bo
Lawergren (1988). "The Origin of Musical Instruments and Sounds".
1171:"The Voice of the Sarangi, An Illustrated History of Bowing in India"
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In Africa, the musical bow is usually played by a solo performer. In
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is a musical bow, originally from Africa, that is now used in Brazil.
500:(where the string is shortened or stopped by the player's hand). In
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playing a musical bow, using their mouths as resonators. 1970â1971.
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family. Curt Sachs said that there was good reason not to consider
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1578:"Isocco Performance @ Curacao International Song Festival 1987"
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Isocco
Performance @ Curacao International Song Festival 1987
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History and playing instructions for the Appalachian mouthbow
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1425:. London: Tadema Press. pp. 179, 231, 235â236, 308â310.
1287:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: UNC Press Books. p. 89.
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is found in Guam, probably introduced through trade between
241:, harps, and lyres. In turn, this led to being able to play
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LatajkiaswolĂŠ is the name of a musical bow found among the
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Piompirintzi is the name of a musical bow found among the
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Dargie, Dave (September 2001). Oehrle, Elizabeth (ed.).
1198:(1/3) (83 ed.). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: 36.
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Kunkulkawe is the name of a musical bow found among the
496:(when the player does not shorten it or touch it) and a
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National Center for Performing Arts Quarterly Journal
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is a musical bow (played with another bow), from the
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984:wood and a fibre string, and is tapped with a rod.
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995:, played using the mouth as a resonating chamber.
931:, where it is called a "mouthbow" or "mouth bow".
812:, a gourd resonated "musical bow cum stick" whose
1646:Muzik di zumbi, benta played by Issoco in Curaçao
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127:Types of bow include mouth-resonated string bow,
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1391:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p.
1355:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p.
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280:(derivations of the African musical bow) or the
272:. and also outside of Africa, as in the case of
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326:The most usual type of resonator consists of a
1423:The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East
124:do convert their hunting bows to musical use.
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466:Musical bows are the main instruments of the
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1284:Placeways: A Theory of the Human Environment
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548:. In certain places, it can be closer to a
307:is used to scrape the string, much as on a
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1453:The World of South African Music: A Reader
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1313:"The music-bow from prehistory till today"
794:The most popular musical bow today is the
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1455:. Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 239.
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927:a musical bow is primarily found in the
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1627:The Mouthbow â Making Music on a Weapon
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1504:(16). Digital Innovation South Africa.
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536:, etc. The pitch difference between a
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1450:
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1148:Nzewi, Meki and Nzewi, Odyke (2007).
991:is a three-stringed musical bow from
447:, etc.) or the player's mouth (as in
264:, and as far east as eastern Africa,
1633:for the Cradleboard Teaching Project
1552:
802:, most commonly associated with the
1120:
1013:In the Caribbean, on the island of
798:adaptation of the musical bow, the
389:or 'thomo' musical bow used by the
112:the musical bow developed from the
13:
1387:The History of Musical Instruments
1351:The History of Musical Instruments
1310:
1248:Garcia, Alfredo (5 October 2014).
774:
131:, and gourd-resonated string bow.
44:
14:
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489:) are produced by the resonator.
253:used to lift the strings off the
30:Obu man playing a musical bow in
586:musicians from the Upper Volta,
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82:Problems playing this file? See
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16:Simple string musical instrument
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1556:Games and Pastimes of the Maori
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1281:Walter, Eugene Victor (1988).
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567:have three, whereas the Venda
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299:playing the umrubhe mouth bow.
181:There is speculation that the
1:
1608:, published January 20, 2001.
1421:Dumbrill, Richard J. (1998).
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1038:, and string bows of several
170:Lithograph of scene from the
1132:"African music Musical bows"
934:In northwestern Mexico, the
481:The strongest notes are the
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7:
2051:African musical instruments
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1006:culture of the Argentinian
865:in the nineteenth century.
552:(e.g. Zulu) or closer to a
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1520:The Galpin Society Journal
912:, and other tribes of the
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129:earth-resonated string bow
18:
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1812:Music On A Long Thin Wire
1715:
1701:
1451:Lucia, Christine (2005).
1254:algargosarte.blogspot.com
1152:, p. 108. African Minds.
56:An unaccompanied berimbau
1708:HornbostelâSachs numbers
831:, a musical bow made of
229:was likely derived from
1130:Donald Keith Robotham.
1789:Long-string instrument
1498:"Magical Musical Bows"
1177:. 15 & 16: 38â47.
1169:Joep Bor (1986â1987).
791:
591:
300:
49:
39:
1553:Best, Elston (2005).
1260:on 2 September 2018.
1080:Idiophone instruments
929:Appalachian Mountains
851:, of African origin.
843:gourd is used by the
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295:
282:Appalachian mouth-bow
257:, creating the lute.
118:San or Bushmen people
48:
29:
1383:Sachs, Curt (1940).
1347:Sachs, Curt (1940).
2061:Appalachian culture
1606:Oxford Music Online
1221:"Trois Freres Cave"
544:is usually about a
1796:Melde's experiment
1631:Buffy Sainte-Marie
1438:, pp. 308â310
1000:YelatĂĄj chos woley
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1784:Longitudinal wave
1311:Campen, Ank van.
1294:978-0-8078-1758-2
949:is played by the
871:, musical bow of
487:harmonic partials
363:Uhadi musical bow
172:Trois Frères cave
109:string instrument
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36:Cross River State
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1848:String vibration
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2020:Washtub bass
1873:musical bows
1872:
1833:Scale length
1810:
1730:Third bridge
1602:Whizzing Bow
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
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191:Trois Frères
187:Henri Breuil
180:
126:
100:
96:
92:
90:
81:
1995:Psalmodicon
1908:Diddley bow
1767:Fundamental
1757:Fingerboard
1737:Chordophone
1695:instruments
1233:mammoths...
1055:Ravanahatha
1042:countries.
978:New Zealand
938:Indians of
837:gut strings
790:musical bow
736:umakhweyana
575:Other names
561:umakhweyana
554:minor third
522:umakhweyana
431:umakhweyana
200:chordophone
183:hunting bow
156:ravanahatha
152:pinaka vina
114:hunting bow
105:bar zithers
93:musical bow
21:Bow (music)
2035:Categories
1928:Ichigenkin
1923:Ground bow
1868:Monochords
1858:Tuning peg
1838:Soundboard
1752:Enharmonic
1563:2015-01-22
1482:2015-01-22
1096:References
1075:Jew's harp
1008:Gran Chaco
980:, made of
957:people of
916:region of
914:Gran Chaco
886:people in
847:people of
786:playing a
649:setolotolo
571:has four.
556:(Tsonga).
546:whole tone
266:Madagascar
255:stick-neck
101:string bow
84:media help
1975:Langeleik
1913:Duxianqin
1806:Monochord
1775:Overtones
1771:Harmonics
1526:: 20â21.
1322:March 26,
1226:March 27,
1192:Anthropos
1019:Brazilian
899:Ashaninka
892:Argentina
873:Mauritius
796:Brazilian
770:umqangala
766:tolo-tolo
744:umqangala
698:tshihwana
667:segankure
621:makhoyane
569:tshihwana
457:tshihwana
453:umqangala
435:segankure
354:In Africa
239:bow harps
97:bowstring
38:, Nigeria
1990:Onavillu
1943:Genggong
1938:Jaw harp
1886:Berimbau
1828:Re-entry
1685:Musical
1587:19 April
1204:40461485
1060:Berimbau
1049:See also
1033:HawaiĂŻan
1022:berimbao
963:Zimbabwe
936:TepehuĂĄn
839:, and a
810:Kse diev
800:berimbau
719:umrhubhe
706:tshijolo
654:TepehuĂĄn
635:S. Sotho
608:Kimbundu
550:semitone
530:berimbau
463:, etc.)
449:umrhubhe
444:berimbau
344:capoeira
313:Onavillu
297:Madosini
274:berimbau
262:Eswatini
72:berimbau
2041:Zithers
2010:Umuduri
1985:Masenqo
1968:Mukkuri
1963:Morsing
1903:ÄĂ n bầu
1896:Boom-ba
1881:Ahardin
1687:strings
1582:YouTube
1393:136â137
1065:Malunga
1040:African
1029:malunga
1015:Curaçao
947:kalumbu
940:Durango
923:In the
884:Mapuche
877:RĂŠunion
841:coconut
829:Malunga
762:Lingala
748:umhubhe
727:inkinge
723:umqunge
685:Umbundu
680:xitende
676:xizambi
565:xitende
526:xitende
518:Banjiwe
476:Khoisan
461:xizambi
439:xitende
425:(as in
407:Umuduri
393:people.
391:Basotho
370:Umuduri
278:malunga
270:RĂŠunion
231:pan-tur
226:pandura
135:History
120:of the
2015:Unitar
1980:Lesiba
1958:Kubing
1953:Khomuz
1948:Gogona
1918:Ektara
1742:Course
1725:Bridge
1693:, and
1540:842168
1538:
1459:
1399:
1363:
1291:
1263:abajo.
1202:
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1031:, the
1026:Indian
1024:, the
993:Hawaii
959:Zambia
910:Pilaga
833:bamboo
818:copper
814:string
702:lugube
672:Tsonga
663:Tswana
640:lesiba
630:lekope
603:ngongo
540:and a
516:(from
510:Vuliwe
498:closed
350:jams.
333:melody
317:Kerala
311:. The
309:violin
268:, and
251:bridge
247:chords
216:zither
214:, and
202:: the
32:Obubra
2005:Tumbi
1747:Drone
1691:wires
1536:JSTOR
1357:56â57
1200:JSTOR
1090:Benta
1036:ukeke
1004:WichĂ
989:ukeke
982:matai
974:Maori
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906:Wichi
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849:India
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788:MÄori
753:!Kung
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715:uhadi
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612:hungu
599:Akele
534:hungu
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423:gourd
387:Uhadi
337:notes
328:gourd
243:dyads
1818:Node
1762:Fret
1704:List
1589:2021
1457:ISBN
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1361:ISBN
1324:2015
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