595:
657:
866:
239:
107:
771:
567:
842:
641:
983:
the cup" type during the course of the 1st century BC. Millennium reached the south of Uganda, from which the ennanga and their relatives later developed. The "cork in the bottle" type, to which the adungu belongs, developed from instruments that first made their way west from Kush to Lake Chad . Franz Födermayr (1969) found halfway along this route among the Bilia in the retreat area of the Ennedi mountains(in northeastern Chad) the five-string bowed harp krding. Another five-string harp on this route is the Nubian kurbi (also al-bakurbo ) of the
Baggara of Darfur, reported in 1972. With the progressive drying out of the savannah, there were population shifts to the south, and this type of harp reached its present distribution area, including northwestern Uganda.
854:
496:
721:
551:
752:
803:
338:
930:
227:
709:
610:
195:
256:
207:
159:
183:
484:
147:
815:
898:
625:
97:
bowed harps. Here, in the middle of the 20th century, 12 of 25 ethnic groups had their own harp tradition. Harps also come from the north and north-east of the
Democratic Republic of Congo, Darfur in Sudan, South Sudan , Gabon , the Central African Republic and north Cameroonbefore. In West Africa they are restricted to areas south of Lake Chad. According to the different ways of attaching the truss rod to the body, Wachsmann differentiates between three main types of African bowed harps, which allow conclusions to be drawn about their distribution routes.
410:
990:, there are some differences between the ancient Egyptian and southern African bowed harps, which have moved away from them in terms of playing technique and construction: Unlike in ancient Egypt, some modern African harpists holds their instrument with his neck away from his body. The ancient Egyptian harps were generally believed to have fixed tuning pegs to keep the strings wrapped around the neck from slipping, but no movable tuning pegs like all contemporary African harps. When and from where the tuning pegs were first introduced is unclear.
693:
31:
171:
268:
123:
740:
422:
280:
292:
830:
399:, and a wooden rib supports it, serving also as a structure to secure the strings to the soundboard. A curved wooden neck, containing a tuning peg for each .note, is inserted into the end of the instrument's body. The strings run diagonally from the tuning pegs in the neck to the rib in the center of the body. Tuning is not standardized, and players will usually tune by ear to each other shortly before a performance. The a'dungus are not in a particular key, and the
955:
20:
90:. The latter supplanted the ancient Egyptian bowed harps, which continued to exist at best in folk music or in surrounding areas. The Egyptian angular harp later made its way to West Africa, where it survived in the form of the Mauritanian ardin. The angular harp also appears further south, such as the angular harp used by the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
686:. The instrument has between 4 and 8 stings, originally made of plant fiber. Instead of winding a peg to tighten the strings, the instrument had immovable pegs, with the strings being wound around them. The body of the instrument is shaped like a trough and has a skin belly. The instrument is played by holding it against the body with the wrists and plucked.
476:
skin, tied to a piece of hide at the bottom of the box. The neck is attached to the inside of the box, exits through a small round opening on the membrane, and curves upward for about 60 to 70 cm. Seven or eight strings are attached to a piece of wood inside the box, and extend through the skin
96:
According to Klaus
Wachsmann's (1964) theory, portable bowed harps gradually made their way from Egypt up the Nile to East Africa and, branching off from this route, also to Central and West Africa. In the south, their range hardly extends beyond the equator. It includes Uganda, the center of African
1016:
According to descriptions from the first half of the 20th century, this musical bow is played by Acholi and Alur girls who place the bow staff on an inverted gourd bowl to amplify the sound. From a musical bow amplified in this way, the developmental path to the bowed harp leads via the intermediate
969:
A bowed harp of this type is in the musicological text
Syntagma musicum by Michael Praetorius(1619) pictured. In addition to a pluriarc , Plate XXXI also shows a Central African bowed harp for the first time. The representation of a body made of several boards was probably modeled on an eight-string
76:
The oldest depictions of harps in Africa date back to the 4th
Dynasty of Egypt (around 2500 BC). They represent the already fully developed type of bowed harp with a short spade or shovel-shaped resonance box, which presumably dates back to the 1st dynasty (beginning of the 3rd millennium) and is an
941:
Also known as the tanged type , it occurs in central Africa north of the equator. Typical harps are the kundi of the Azande in northern Congo , the domu of the
Mangbetuin north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as in Uganda, the kinanga of the Bakonjo of the Rwenzori Mountains , the
982:
In 1982, Gerhard Kubik (1982) took a harp classification system devised by Klauss
Wachsmann typology to show possible ways that the bow harp spread in Africa. From Egypt, the harp may have spread south up the Nile through the empire of Cush (c.600 BC - c.350 AD) and in a precursor of the "spoon in
916:
This type, which occurs exclusively in Uganda, includes the ennanga of the
Baganda, the ekidongo of the Nyoro , the kimasa of the Basoga, the five-stringed opuk agoya (or lotewrokuma ) of theAcholi and the tum of the Langi , also consisting of a turtle shell as a resonator . Due to the relatively
912:
In the "spoon in a cup" type, the lower end of the curved neck (string carrier) lies loosely on the edge of the flat, bowl-shaped body and protrudes to about the middle of the bottom. At the height of the integument, a rod serving as a suspension bar for the strings is inserted into the neck and
85:
Towards the end of the Second
Intermediate Period (around 1600 BC), new forms of harp appeared, above all the naviforme large bow harp, a head-high standing harp with a long, slender body that only gradually merges into the string carrier. In the Theban tomb TT367, which is dated to the reign of
81:
as the starting point in the gently curved arch of the man-high ancient
Egyptian harp , whose attached resonating body was adapted to the lower end of the string carrier and from whose ceiling instead of one string several strings now appear in one plane up to the upper area of the support rod.
937:
The image of the "cork in the bottle" for the second type describes a wooden body that has a spout-shaped opening at one end into which the lower end of the neck is inserted. This results in a solid connection. In some forms the junction is distinctly set off, forming a ridge in the outline in
920:
It is unclear how the "spoon in the cup" type came south through Sudan, but this probably happened before the Luo immigration to Kenya in the 16th century. Like many other Nilotic peoples, the Luo are predominantly not players of harps but of lyres (like the tom ). The oral tradition can be
962:
In the third type, called the shelved type (“the type provided with a board”), the resonator has a board to which the string carrier is attached or occasionally plugged. The base board is the criterion for this type, although it can occasionally take the form of a human head.
865:
106:
945:
In general, there are considerable differences in form and playing style between the musical instruments of the Nilotic peoples of northern Uganda (including the Alur adungu ) and those of the Bantu ( Baganda ennanga , Basoga kimasa ) of southern Uganda.
1017:
stage of a resonator attached to the semicircular string carrier. The rare Afghan waji , classified inconsistently as a musical bow or bowed harp, has such a wooden resonator equipped with a skin cover, the strings of which are individually stretched.
394:
of varying dimensions, ranging from seven to ten string or more. The instrument is made of a hollowed-out slab of wood, which is covered by two pieces of leather, woven together in the center. The upper piece of leather functions as a
973:
Gerhard Kubik (2000) concludes from Praetorius' figure that type 3 in Gabon may have evolved from type 2 well before the 17th century through the adoption of local forms in Gabon and the Congo, primarily from the Pluriarc.
770:
566:
656:
841:
206:
751:
594:
409:
213:
540:. The instruments are well known for their ornately carved heads. The instrument has generally fallen from popularity, though in 1993 some older players were recorded on the album
477:
to tuning pegs inserted along the neck. Sometimes small metallic rattling pieces are attached to the pegs, to color the sound. It is usually used to accompany men's singing.
550:
86:
Amenophis II (second half of the 15th century BC), there is also a transportable, smaller, deep-arched harp of the singers (shoulder harp) and, for the first time, a small
708:
958:
Typ 3: Detail from Plate XXXI in Syntagma musicum by Michael Praetorius, 1619. Probably shows a bowed harp of the Kele in Gabon with eight strings (one string is broken).
970:
bowed harp observed among the Kele (Bakele, Kélé -speaker) on the coast of Gabon. Portuguese sailors had landed there in 1470 and had soon established trade relations.
122:
73:, which date from as early as 3000 BCE. These murals show an instrument that closely resembles the hunter's bow, without the pillar that we find in modern harps.
495:
802:
913:
attached with its other end to the opposite edge of the resonance bowl. The construction, consisting of three parts, is only stable due to the tensioned strings.
327:. The neck sits loosely in the calabash bowl, held in place by the strings. The skin belly can be drummed while the strings are being plucked. The rings act as
267:
640:
1380:
720:
2319:
255:
966:
The distribution region extends along the Atlantic Ocean from Gabon to southern Cameroon and includes two isolated occurrences in Ghana and Ivory Coast.
1005:, which consists of a semicircular curved stick over which a cord is stretched in such a way that three Z-shaped strings with different pitches result.
921:
summarized in the case of the ennangaas far back as Kabaka Nakibinge (ruled c. 1494–1524), to whom it was played on the Ssese Islands in Lake Victoria.
238:
1574:
1444:
1147:
1097:
1087:
1079:
530:
739:
1728:
1624:
1522:
1227:
1143:
337:
1752:
1714:
1538:
1117:
1230:. Arched harp, 5 strings, string attached to neck with pegs. Trio of harps of which galyma is smallest and highest pitched. Other two are the
1506:
1171:
1135:
129:
226:
194:
2681:
1807:
814:
529:
and related people of Central Africa. It is an instrument traditionally played by young men and boys. A similar type of harp played by the
158:
146:
3476:
1826:
933:
Typ 2: five-string arched harp kundi of the Azande with a pronounced bottleneck. Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, Belgium.
853:
917:
limited range, Gerhard Kubik (1982) concludes that this type arrived in the region long ago and independently of the other types.
483:
609:
57:
with a vaulted body of wood, parchment faced, and a neck, perpendicular to the resonant face, on which the strings are wound.
3515:
2246:
692:
182:
3739:
46:
472:
is made of a single piece of wood and roughly hemispherical. The top of the box is a stretched resonant membrane made of
624:
2120:
2682:"Images from The Beede Gallery Arched Harp (Donnu) by Mangbetu People Uele River Region, Belgian Congo, ca. 1910-1920"
2234:
2303:
2088:
2051:
2021:
65:
The oldest depictions of harps without a forepillar can be seen adjacent to the Near East, in the wall paintings of
1470:
762:
585:
2209:
116:, with soundboard-skin gone. The wooden bar that the strings were tied to is visible, as are the pegs on the neck.
3506:
2136:
323:, with 10 to 16 strings and metal rings affixed to the top of the neck, and a skin belly. It is played by female
509:(harpist) are skilled performers and composers who work within a very structured paradigm to ensure that no two
421:
93:
The portable shoulder harp played in the New Kingdom had a slender boat-shaped body and a strongly curved neck.
170:
3713:
415:
Uganda. Three sizes: adungu, ekidongo, or ennenga. The large adungu creates an incredibly rich, bass sound.
379:
3548:
1070:
929:
906:
2235:
Gérard Assayag; Hans G. Feichtinger; José-Francisco Rodrigues; European Mathematical Society (2002).
1770:
1110:. 5-string arched harp, horizontal, with tuning pegs. Resonator struck with arm for additional rhythm
1066:. Single-stringed harp, played with one hand as rhythm instrument, other hand beats resonator as drum
2080:
Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four: The University of California Book of North African Literature
1296:. Both arched harp, belly harp, musical bow. Bow with 6 strings, calabash resonator held to stomach.
2161:
938:
profile, in others the broad base has been wrapped in skin or occasionally carved as a human head.
2443:
2137:"Bow Harp, Adungu Arched Harp Instrument, African String Instrument, Christmas Gift Idea, Unique"
113:
2689:
829:
54:
279:
3744:
3628:
291:
1834:
1521:, Cameroon and Central African Republic and Gabon. Arched harp, 8-10 strings. Users include
942:
ore or orodo of the Madi in northern Uganda and southern Sudan, and the adungu of the Alur.
1389:, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Central African Republic. Arched harp, related to
217:
133:
8:
3693:
3499:
3313:
3235:
3217:
3199:
3136:
2773:
2755:
2663:
1908:
1530:
1203:
396:
328:
3587:
2043:
Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa
1989:
1954:
581:
343:
897:
273:
Vertical harp, MET, Harp 664–332 B.C., Late Period, Dynasty 26–30. Wood, paint traces.
3703:
3634:
3470:
2299:
2267:
2242:
2183:
2116:
2084:
2047:
2017:
1786:
820:
2172:(2). Grahamstown: International Library of African Music, Rhodes University: 57–76.
2391:
Kubik, Gerhard (2000). "Central Africa. An Introduction". In Stone, Ruth M. (ed.).
2173:
1981:
1946:
1217:
1009:
is a probably onomatopoeic Bantu-Timbrh language word, phonetically connected with
2366:
2077:
Rothenberg, Jerome; Joris, Pierre; Robinson, Jeffrey Cane; Tengour, Habib (2012).
1383:. Arched harp, 6 strings. Can be used instead of human voice to transmit messages.
1025:
African harps have many names in different languages and dialects. These include:
847:
Democratic Republic of the Congo. 10 stringed harp. Does not fit the 3 harp types.
3617:
2236:
2078:
2041:
1502:
1478:
1456:
1366:
1157:
1139:
1083:
631:
577:
573:
91:
3492:
30:
2527:
3733:
3655:
3465:
2187:
1765:
1638:
1474:
1434:
1418:
1283:
1259:
1249:
1207:
1063:
66:
2271:
1411:
with the end opposite the neck flat. Strings are attached to neck with pegs.
3574:
2178:
1724:
1700:
1680:
1606:
1588:
1584:
1564:
1534:
1488:
1356:
1323:
1313:
1293:
1273:
1199:
1189:
1179:
875:
in which the strings run from the arched neck to a metal plate in the body.
793:
758:
714:
Ngombi. Equatorial Guinea. First half 20th century. Barcelona Music Museum.
600:
461:
312:
137:
87:
3718:
3708:
3660:
3535:
1742:
1666:
1652:
1620:
1610:
1592:
1526:
1408:
1343:
1333:
1303:
1175:
1131:
1107:
1047:
1037:
1033:
1002:
391:
383:
78:
70:
42:
1421:. 5-strings played with left hand, resonator is drummed with right hand.
3698:
3668:
3558:
2213:
1781:
1121:
954:
785:
781:
535:
316:
1993:
1958:
2450:
Slide from the Franz Födermayr Collection, 1969, photo by Peter Fuchs
1776:
745:
Gabonese harp played by Lord Ekomy Ndong, a Gabonese Hip-Hop musician
469:
2166:
African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music
1985:
1950:
1124:, 7 strings strung across triangular frame with calabash resonator.
886:
473:
400:
320:
77:
independent Egyptian development. Curt Sachs (1928) recognizes the
1856:
Hickmann, Hans (1961). "Near East and Egypt in musical exchange".
1090:; Mali, Maninka people. Arched harp; also classed as a harp lute.
3582:
2261:
880:
3543:
1517:
1391:
1010:
682:
615:
526:
465:
438:
387:
360:
324:
50:
23:
3137:"Nanga Azande or Mangbetu people late 19th–early 20th century"
2941:
Gourlay, K. A. (1984). "Kindingding". In Sadie Stanley (ed.).
2264:
RĂ©publique centrafricaine: musiques des anciennes cours Bandia
2076:
1972:
Wachsmann, Klaus (1964). "Human Migration and African Harps".
3563:
3484:
2371:
University of Eidenburg, Musical Instruments Museum Eidenburg
1336:. Arched harp, 5 strings, tuning pegs, boat shaped resonator.
3469:
3046:
Brandily, Minique (1984). "Kunnee". In Sadie Stanley (ed.).
2424:
Klaus Wachsmann, 1964, map p. 85; Gerhard Kubik, 1982, p. 29
977:
905:, lying with the neck on the rim of the bowl. 19th century.
3519:
3480:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2664:"Figurative Harp (Domu) Mangbetu peoples 19th–20th century"
789:
542:
Central African Republic: music of the former Bandia courts
49:, particularly in the north-east. Used from early times in
19:
808:
This is not strictly a harp, but a harp-lute. West Africa.
261:
Egyptian angle harp. Angular harp (10th to 8th century BC)
2774:"Musical Instruments Ennanga (harp) Ugandan 19th century"
2740:
Gourlay, K.A. (1984). "Ennanga". In Sadie Stanley (ed.).
2351:
Gourlay, K. A. (1984). "Kundi". In Stanley, Sadie (ed.).
2956:
Gourlay, K. A. (1984). "Komba". In Sadie Stanley (ed.).
2756:"Musical Instruments Ennanga Culture Ganda 19th century"
2113:
Learn to Play the Adungu!: Bow Harp from Northern Uganda
1897:. Vol. 2: Music of Antiquity. Leipzig. p. 30.
2573:
Davies, Hugh (1984). "Ardin". In Sadie Stanley (ed.).
2489:
Kubik, Gerhard (1964). "Generic Names for the Mbira".
2406:
Wachsmann, Klaus P. (1956). "Harp Songs from Uganda".
1937:
Wachsmann, Klaus P. (1956). "Harp Songs from Uganda".
1819:
2475:. Leipzig: JC Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. p. 12.
501:
Ennanga, 19th century, instrument of the Ganda people
403:
can be adapted to the preferences of the performers.
3200:"Ngombi (arched Harp) Fang/Kele people 19th century"
1773:
The 5 cent banknote has a Zande harp on its reverse.
2238:
Mathematics and music: a Diderot Mathematical Forum
1160:. Arched harp, 5 strings. May no longer be in use.
2516:Klaus Wachsmann, 1953, pp. 383–385, 408 plate 89D
2395:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 28f.
3731:
1627:. Arched harp, 8 strings. Related to or same as
1401:, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Arched harp.
1202:. Arched harp with tuning pegs or tuning rings.
1174:. Arched harp, resembles ennanga. Also 3-string
3453:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3438:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3423:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3408:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3393:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3378:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3363:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3348:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3333:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3300:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3285:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3270:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3255:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3186:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3171:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3156:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3123:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3108:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3093:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3078:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3063:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3048:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3033:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3018:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3003:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2988:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2973:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2958:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2943:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2928:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2913:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2898:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2883:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2868:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2853:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2838:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2823:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2808:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2793:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2742:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2727:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2712:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2650:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2635:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2620:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2605:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2590:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2575:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2560:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2545:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2408:Journal of the International Folk Music Council
2353:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2338:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2331:
2329:
2083:. University of California Press. p. 453.
1974:Journal of the International Folk Music Council
1939:Journal of the International Folk Music Council
1262:. Same as Galdyama (largest size, lowest notes)
871:Niger, Boubou Hama National Museum. Possibly a
560:harp, from the Royal Museum for Central Africa.
1911:Arched Harp (shoulder harp) ca. 1390–1295 B.C.
1395:. Neck is sometimes arched, sometimes angular.
889:are put together and found three basic types.
220:, Dynasty 17–18. Naviform harp, shoulder harp.
128:Egyptian harp in the British Museum, from the
3500:
3450:
3435:
3420:
3405:
3390:
3375:
3360:
3345:
3330:
3297:
3282:
3267:
3252:
3183:
3168:
3153:
3120:
3105:
3090:
3075:
3060:
3030:
3015:
3000:
2985:
2970:
2925:
2910:
2895:
2880:
2865:
2850:
2835:
2820:
2805:
2790:
2724:
2709:
2647:
2632:
2617:
2602:
2587:
2557:
2542:
2525:
2335:
2266:. Chant du monde: Diffusion, Harmonia Mundi.
2162:"Playing techniques of the nnanga of Buganda"
1877:Spirit and development of musical instruments
924:
881:Bow harps, three types according to Wachsmann
823:. Another instrument between a harp and lute.
2336:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Yom biBagirmi".
2326:
2046:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164.
885:Organologists have analyzed the way African
2885:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. pp. 335–336.
2322:. Musical Instruments Museum Online (MIMO).
2298:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 403.
2262:Eric de Dampierre; Marc Chemillier (1996).
2016:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 404.
1833:. International Harp Museum. Archived from
1815:. Vol. 3. University of Chicago Press.
892:
3507:
3493:
3253:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Ngonfi (ii)".
3106:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Maringa (i)".
3031:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kundu (iii)".
2558:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Adungu (ii)".
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2007:
2005:
2003:
3331:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Opuk agoya".
3184:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Ngombi (i)".
3091:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Loterokuma".
2405:
2177:
2035:
2033:
1971:
1936:
978:Theory, how the harp spread across Africa
60:
3464:
3045:
2836:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kolo (ii)".
2821:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Direndana".
2791:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Entongoli".
2588:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Bolo-bogo".
2110:
1892:
1881:(reprint: Frits AM Knuf, Hilversum 1965)
1855:
953:
928:
896:
232:Egyptian harp, New Kingdom, 18th dynasty
152:Picture shown variety of Egyptian harps.
29:
18:
3436:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Tum (ii)".
3376:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Otongoli".
3283:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Ntongoni".
2955:
2940:
2806:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Galdyama".
2739:
2710:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Ekidongo".
2484:
2482:
2350:
2293:
2278:
2072:
2070:
2011:
2000:
949:
460:is a type of arched harp played by the
164:Egyptian vertical harp, kneeling harper
3732:
3455:. Vol. 3. Macmillan. p. 861.
3440:. Vol. 3. Macmillan. p. 674.
3425:. Vol. 3. Macmillan. p. 606.
3421:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Tongoli".
3410:. Vol. 3. Macmillan. p. 354.
3395:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 977.
3380:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 977.
3365:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 973.
3350:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 838.
3335:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 823.
3302:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 816.
3287:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 785.
3272:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 771.
3257:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 765.
3188:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 764.
3173:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 746.
3158:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 747.
3125:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 746.
3121:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Nandomo".
3110:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 617.
3095:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 539.
3080:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 537.
3065:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 488.
3050:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 486.
3035:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 486.
3020:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 485.
3005:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 485.
2990:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 484.
2975:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 456.
2960:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 453.
2945:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 431.
2930:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 431.
2915:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 431.
2911:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kinanga".
2900:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 429.
2870:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 110.
2840:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 453.
2825:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 572.
2795:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 712.
2744:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 711.
2729:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 648.
2725:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Ekihako".
2714:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 648.
2652:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 583.
2637:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 568.
2622:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 250.
2618:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Bonguma".
2607:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 246.
2592:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 246.
2572:
2543:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Adeudeu".
2367:"OPUK AGOYA (ARCHED HARP OR BOW HARP)"
2340:. Vol. 3. Macmillan. p. 885.
2159:
2039:
2030:
1858:Journal of the German Oriental Society
1326:. arched harp, 5 strings, tuning pegs.
3488:
3391:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Ougdyé".
3268:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Nkundi".
3169:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Nedomu".
2896:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kimasa".
2855:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 60.
2577:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 71.
2562:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 25.
2547:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 23.
2488:
2470:
2393:The Garland Handbook of African Music
2390:
1874:
1805:
662:Sudan, Mangbetu people, inely carved
34:Fingering African arched harp(Adungu)
3451:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Wombi".
3361:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Orodo".
3314:"Ombi Fang/Pahuin late 19th century"
3154:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Nango".
3061:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kurbi".
3016:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kundi".
3001:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kundé".
2986:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kunda".
2971:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kondu".
2926:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Kinde".
2866:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Gundi".
2851:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Gonfi".
2810:. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 7.
2633:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Dilli".
2603:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Bolon".
2479:
2312:
2067:
1699:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1583:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1567:. Arched harp, 8 strings, vertical.
1501:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1455:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1443:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1365:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1355:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1342:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1156:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1096:, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
726:Harp from the Fang culture of Gabon.
676:Gabon and Guinea have a harp called
200:Picture with multiple Egyptian harps
47:Sub-Saharan African music traditions
3406:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Seto".
3298:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Ombi".
3076:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Loma".
2881:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Juru".
2648:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Domo".
2207:
1893:Hickmann, Hans (1961). "1: Egypt".
489:Ennanga, 19th century, Ganda people
319:. It has a resonating body made of
13:
3346:Sadie Stanley, ed. (1984). "Ore".
3236:"Ngombo Tsogo People 19th century"
1806:Davis N (1986). Gardiner A (ed.).
1252:/ Same as galdyama (middle sized)/
14:
3756:
1437:. Arched harp, resembles ennanga.
1306:. Arched harp, resembles ennanga.
1471:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1130:, Democratic Republic of Congo,
1013:for a Cameroonian lamellophone.
864:
852:
840:
828:
813:
801:
769:
763:Democratic Republic of the Congo
750:
738:
719:
707:
691:
655:
639:
623:
608:
593:
586:Democratic Republic of the Congo
565:
549:
494:
482:
420:
408:
336:
290:
278:
266:
254:
237:
225:
205:
193:
181:
169:
157:
145:
121:
105:
3444:
3429:
3414:
3399:
3384:
3369:
3354:
3339:
3324:
3306:
3291:
3276:
3261:
3246:
3228:
3218:"Ngombi Tsogo mid-20th century"
3210:
3192:
3177:
3162:
3147:
3129:
3114:
3099:
3084:
3069:
3054:
3039:
3024:
3009:
2994:
2979:
2964:
2949:
2934:
2919:
2904:
2889:
2874:
2859:
2844:
2829:
2814:
2799:
2784:
2766:
2748:
2733:
2718:
2703:
2674:
2656:
2641:
2626:
2611:
2596:
2581:
2566:
2551:
2536:
2526:Ulrich Wegner (November 2016).
2519:
2510:
2501:
2464:
2455:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2399:
2384:
2359:
2344:
2296:A Survey of Musical Instruments
2255:
2228:
2201:
2153:
2129:
2104:
2014:A Survey of Musical Instruments
1879:. Berlin: Reimer. p. 144.
525:is the five-string harp of the
214:Late Second Intermediate Period
3514:
2507:29 Ulrich Wegner, 1984, p. 28
2473:Altägyptische Musikinstrumente
2445:Bowed harp krding (Bäle-Bilia)
1965:
1930:
1901:
1886:
1868:
1849:
1799:
993:The Alur and Acholi also call
427:Adungu player in Kisoro/Uganda
1:
1792:
1613:. Horizontal harp, 6 strings.
1755:. Arched harp, 6-7 strings.
1407:5-string arched harp, Chad,
1100:. 5-string harp, horizontal.
53:, they resemble the form of
7:
3740:African musical instruments
2433:Gerhard Kubik, 1982, p. 341
2355:. Vol. 2. p. 285.
1831:internationalharpmuseum.org
1759:
1056:, Mauritania, Moorish women
513:performances are the same.
437:For the trough zither, see
380:stringed musical instrument
10:
3761:
2668:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2461:Gerhard Kubik, 1982, p. 30
1917:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1809:Ancient Egyptian Paintings
925:Cork in the bottle, type 2
907:Metropolitan Museum of Art
731:
436:
188:Egyptian spade-shaped harp
3681:
3645:
3607:
3600:
3572:
3533:
3526:
2529:Musikbögen und Musikstäbe
2241:. Springer. p. 170.
2111:Klabunde, Martin (2011).
1895:Music history in pictures
1745:. Arched harp, 8 strings.
1731:. Arched harp, resembles
1683:. Arched harp, resembles
1669:. Arched harp, resembles
1655:. Arched harp, resembles
1641:. Arched harp, resembles
1595:. Arched harp, resembles
1577:. Arched harp, 8 strings.
1509:. Arched harp, resembles
1459:. Arched harp, resembles
1447:. Arched harp, resembles
1369:. Arched harp, resembles
1346:. Arched harp, resembles
784:has the appearance of an
432:
351:
176:Arched harp, New Kingodom
16:Plucked string instrument
2160:Rachel, Muehrer (2012).
2115:. Seattle: CreateSpace.
1427:, Liberia. Angular harp.
1020:
893:Spoon in the cup, type 1
516:
302:
3477:Encyclopædia Britannica
2294:Marcuse, Sibyl (1975).
2012:Marcuse, Sibyl (1975).
1286:. 8-string arched harp.
1282:, Chad & Cameroon,
1276:. 8-string arched harp.
1226:, Chad & Cameroon,
671:
45:, are found in several
2179:10.21504/amj.v9i2.1804
1771:Congolese second frand
959:
934:
909:
757:An arched harp of the
61:Ancient Egyptian harps
55:harps in ancient Egypt
35:
27:
2686:National Music Museum
2040:Charry, Eric (2000).
1827:"History of the Harp"
1541:. Related or same as
1206:is also a name for a
957:
932:
900:
666:harp with snake skin.
43:arched or "bow" harps
33:
22:
2471:Sachs, Curt (1920).
1875:Sachs, Curt (1928).
1032:, Uganda and Kenya,
950:Shelved type, type 3
1381:Sara Gambaye people
702:arched harp, Gabon.
572:Kundi. Part of the
3624:322.212 Chromatic
3608:322.21: w/o tuning
1150:. Resembles kundi.
1120:. Angular harp or
960:
935:
910:
792:. However it is a
370:, also called the
346:playing the ardin.
344:Noura Mint Seymali
36:
28:
3727:
3726:
3677:
3676:
3646:322.22: w/ tuning
3614:322.211 Diatonic
3596:
3595:
2248:978-3-540-43727-7
1001:a multi-stringed
576:culture, made in
3752:
3605:
3604:
3531:
3530:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2688:. Archived from
2678:
2672:
2671:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2291:
2276:
2275:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2216:on 29 April 2009
2212:. Archived from
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2181:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1803:
1717:. 8-string harp.
1491:. 8-string harp.
1218:Jopadhola people
988:diffusion theory
868:
856:
844:
835:Harp in Cameroon
832:
817:
805:
773:
754:
742:
723:
711:
695:
659:
650:. Azande people.
643:
627:
612:
597:
569:
553:
539:
498:
486:
424:
412:
386:of northwestern
340:
294:
282:
270:
258:
241:
229:
209:
197:
185:
173:
161:
149:
125:
109:
67:ancient Egyptian
3760:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3673:
3641:
3592:
3568:
3522:
3513:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3434:
3430:
3419:
3415:
3404:
3400:
3389:
3385:
3374:
3370:
3359:
3355:
3344:
3340:
3329:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3296:
3292:
3281:
3277:
3266:
3262:
3251:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3182:
3178:
3167:
3163:
3152:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3119:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3074:
3070:
3059:
3055:
3044:
3040:
3029:
3025:
3014:
3010:
2999:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2969:
2965:
2954:
2950:
2939:
2935:
2924:
2920:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2890:
2879:
2875:
2864:
2860:
2849:
2845:
2834:
2830:
2819:
2815:
2804:
2800:
2789:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2738:
2734:
2723:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2646:
2642:
2631:
2627:
2616:
2612:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2567:
2556:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2487:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2404:
2400:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2349:
2345:
2334:
2327:
2320:"Ombi (Ngombi)"
2318:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2292:
2279:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2210:"Bring n Braai"
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2075:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2010:
2001:
1970:
1966:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1891:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1837:on 23 June 2016
1825:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1762:
1693:, African harp.
1503:Mangbetu people
1479:Mangbetu people
1457:Mangbetu people
1367:Mangbetu people
1292:, Ivory Coast,
1258:, West Africa,
1248:, West Africa,
1158:Mangbetu people
1140:Mangbetu people
1116:, Ivory Coast,
1084:Mandinka people
1078:, West Africa,
1062:, Ivory Coast,
1023:
980:
952:
927:
895:
883:
876:
869:
860:
857:
848:
845:
836:
833:
824:
818:
809:
806:
797:
774:
765:
755:
746:
743:
734:
727:
724:
715:
712:
703:
696:
674:
667:
660:
651:
644:
635:
632:Mangbetu people
628:
619:
618:harper, 1877–80
613:
604:
598:
589:
570:
561:
554:
533:
519:
502:
499:
490:
487:
442:
435:
428:
425:
416:
413:
354:
347:
341:
305:
298:
295:
286:
283:
274:
271:
262:
259:
245:
242:
233:
230:
221:
210:
201:
198:
189:
186:
177:
174:
165:
162:
153:
150:
141:
126:
117:
110:
63:
41:, particularly
17:
12:
11:
5:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3652:322.221 Lever
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3468:, ed. (1911).
3466:Chisholm, Hugh
3459:
3458:
3443:
3428:
3413:
3398:
3383:
3368:
3353:
3338:
3323:
3305:
3290:
3275:
3260:
3245:
3227:
3209:
3191:
3176:
3161:
3146:
3128:
3113:
3098:
3083:
3068:
3053:
3038:
3023:
3008:
2993:
2978:
2963:
2948:
2933:
2918:
2903:
2888:
2873:
2858:
2843:
2828:
2813:
2798:
2783:
2765:
2747:
2732:
2717:
2702:
2673:
2655:
2640:
2625:
2610:
2595:
2580:
2565:
2550:
2535:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2478:
2463:
2454:
2448:. p. 59.
2435:
2426:
2417:
2398:
2383:
2358:
2343:
2325:
2311:
2304:
2277:
2254:
2247:
2227:
2200:
2152:
2128:
2122:978-1463558581
2121:
2103:
2089:
2066:
2052:
2029:
2022:
1999:
1986:10.2307/835087
1964:
1951:10.2307/834740
1929:
1900:
1885:
1867:
1848:
1818:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1758:
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1736:
1718:
1708:
1694:
1688:
1674:
1660:
1646:
1632:
1614:
1600:
1578:
1575:Manango people
1568:
1558:
1514:
1492:
1482:
1464:
1445:Bajanje people
1438:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1384:
1374:
1360:
1359:. Arched harp.
1350:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1221:
1211:
1193:
1192:. Arched harp.
1183:
1161:
1151:
1148:Ngbele bpeople
1125:
1111:
1101:
1098:Balendu people
1091:
1088:Maninka people
1080:Manding people
1067:
1057:
1051:
1050:. Arched harp.
1041:
1022:
1019:
979:
976:
951:
948:
926:
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622:
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614:
607:
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564:
562:
555:
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531:Nzakara people
518:
515:
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156:
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151:
144:
142:
127:
120:
118:
114:Middle Kingdom
112:Harp from the
111:
104:
102:
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3757:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
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3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Bohemian harp
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3616:
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3525:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3471:"Nanga"
3467:
3463:
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3417:
3409:
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3394:
3387:
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3256:
3249:
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3237:
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3223:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3201:
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3180:
3172:
3165:
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3132:
3124:
3117:
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3094:
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3004:
2997:
2989:
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2809:
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2757:
2751:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2692:on 2021-05-14
2691:
2687:
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2677:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2532:. MGG Online.
2531:
2530:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2491:African Music
2485:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2413:
2409:
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2394:
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2362:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2305:0-06-012776-7
2301:
2297:
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2240:
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2215:
2211:
2204:
2189:
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2175:
2171:
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2156:
2142:
2138:
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2114:
2107:
2092:
2090:9780520273856
2086:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2055:
2053:9780226101613
2049:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2023:0-06-012776-7
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1878:
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1810:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:African music
1764:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1749:Yom biBagirmi
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:Labwor people
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:Ngbaka people
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:Acholi people
1636:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:Pahuin people
1622:
1618:
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1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
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1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
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1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Ngbaka people
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:Azande people
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:Acholi people
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:Nubian people
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
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1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:Kotoko people
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:Kotoko people
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:Kotoko people
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:Kotogo people
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:trough zither
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:Ndongo people
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:Senufo people
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
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1008:
1004:
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996:
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931:
922:
918:
914:
908:
904:
899:
890:
888:
874:
873:Yom biBagirmi
867:
862:
855:
850:
843:
838:
831:
826:
822:
816:
811:
804:
799:
795:
791:
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779:
772:
767:
764:
760:
753:
748:
741:
736:
735:
722:
717:
710:
705:
701:
698:19th century
694:
689:
688:
687:
685:
684:
679:
665:
658:
653:
649:
642:
637:
633:
626:
621:
617:
611:
606:
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587:
583:
579:
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552:
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532:
528:
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467:
463:
459:
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418:
411:
406:
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398:
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389:
385:
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369:
362:
359:
356:
355:
345:
339:
334:
333:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:is a type of
310:
293:
288:
281:
276:
269:
264:
257:
252:
250:Angular-harps
249:
248:
240:
235:
228:
223:
219:
215:
208:
203:
196:
191:
184:
179:
172:
167:
160:
155:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
124:
119:
115:
108:
103:
100:
99:
98:
94:
92:
89:
83:
80:
74:
72:
69:tombs in the
68:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:African harps
32:
25:
21:
3745:Arched harps
3704:Multi-course
3688:
3635:Cross-strung
3601:322.2: Frame
3575:Angular harp
3553:
3475:
3452:
3446:
3437:
3431:
3422:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3392:
3386:
3377:
3371:
3362:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3332:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3155:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3116:
3107:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3041:
3032:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2957:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2807:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2634:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2392:
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2314:
2295:
2263:
2257:
2237:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:the original
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2169:
2165:
2155:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2112:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2079:
2057:. Retrieved
2042:
2013:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1835:the original
1830:
1821:
1808:
1801:
1753:Birom people
1748:
1738:
1732:
1725:Lango people
1720:
1715:Dhola people
1710:
1704:
1703:. Resembles
1696:
1690:
1684:
1681:Gwere people
1676:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1616:
1607:Ganda people
1602:
1596:
1589:Bondo people
1585:Zande people
1580:
1570:
1565:Tsogo people
1560:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:Miene people
1535:Tsogo people
1516:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1489:Ganda people
1484:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1357:Zande people
1352:
1347:
1339:
1332:, Cameroon,
1329:
1324:Barma people
1319:
1314:Konjo people
1309:
1299:
1294:Baule people
1289:
1279:
1274:Pygmy people
1269:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1213:
1200:Ganda people
1195:
1190:Konjo people
1185:
1180:Nkole people
1167:
1163:
1153:
1127:
1118:Guere people
1113:
1103:
1093:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1053:
1043:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1006:
998:
994:
992:
987:
985:
981:
972:
968:
965:
961:
944:
940:
936:
919:
915:
911:
902:
884:
872:
794:frame zither
777:
759:Mbaka people
699:
681:
677:
675:
663:
647:
557:
541:
522:
520:
510:
506:
505:
462:Ganda people
457:
453:
449:
445:
443:
375:
371:
367:
365:
357:
313:angular harp
308:
306:
297:angular harp
285:angular harp
138:18th dynasty
101:Arched-harps
95:
88:angular harp
84:
75:
64:
38:
37:
26:arched harp.
3661:Celtic harp
3536:Arched Harp
3527:322.1: Open
3318:Smithsonian
3240:Smithsonian
3222:Smithsonian
3204:Smithsonian
3141:Smithsonian
2778:Smithsonian
2760:Smithsonian
2414:: 394, 399.
2193:3 September
1751:, Nigeria,
1743:Fang people
1667:Madi people
1653:Madi people
1621:Fang people
1611:Soga people
1593:Bari people
1531:Kele people
1527:Fang people
1507:Meje people
1409:Gula people
1344:Budu people
1334:Fali people
1330:Kindingding
1304:Soga people
1176:musical bow
1172:Nyro people
1136:Domo people
1132:Bari people
1108:Masa people
1048:Alur people
1038:Arched harp
1034:Teso people
1003:musical bow
761:, from the
646:Oval style
630:1850-1900,
534: [
392:arched harp
390:. It is an
384:Alur people
218:New Kingdom
134:New Kingdom
130:Tomb of Ani
79:musical bow
71:Nile Valley
3734:Categories
3633:322.212.2
3627:322.212.1
3618:Paraguayan
2696:2023-03-15
2376:25 October
2146:2024-01-28
1922:17 October
1793:References
1782:Kafir harp
1723:, Uganda,
1713:, Uganda,
1679:, Uganda,
1665:, Uganda,
1651:, Uganda,
1637:, Uganda,
1635:Opuk agoya
1605:, Uganda,
1487:, Uganda,
1433:, Uganda,
1431:Loterokuma
1312:, Uganda,
1302:, Uganda,
1216:, Uganda,
1198:, Uganda,
1188:, Uganda,
1170:, Uganda,
1122:belly harp
1086:; Guinea,
1082:; Gambia,
1046:, Uganda,
786:angle harp
782:belly harp
601:Zande harp
397:soundboard
317:Mauritania
315:played in
132:(Thebes).
2208:Daniela.
2188:0065-4019
2096:31 August
2059:31 August
1980:: 84–88.
1945:: 23–25.
1777:Gravikord
1741:, Gabon,
1619:, Gabon,
1573:, Gabon,
1563:, Gabon,
1417:, Sudan,
1272:, Gabon,
1246:Direndana
1214:Entongoli
1076:bolombata
1060:Bolo-bogo
887:bow harps
470:sound box
3667:322.222
3573:322.12:
3534:322.11:
2497:(3): 29.
2272:36899932
2220:25 April
1760:See also
1677:Otongoli
1603:Ntongoni
1379:, Chad,
1322:, Chad,
1234:and the
1224:Galdyama
1168:Ekinongo
1164:Ekidongo
1106:, Chad,
1007:Adingili
999:adingili
986:In this
859:Tunisia.
584:region,
574:Mangbetu
511:abalanga
507:Abalanga
474:antelope
401:tonality
372:ekidongo
321:calabash
244:bow harp
3689:African
3554:African
1841:18 June
1733:ennanga
1711:Tongoli
1685:ennanga
1671:ennanga
1657:ennanga
1643:ennanga
1453:Nandomo
1441:Maringa
1310:Kinanga
1232:direnda
1196:Ennanga
1186:Ekihato
1094:Bonguma
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