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sign can be positive. Differential diagnosis includes C5 and C6 nerve root lesions of the brachial plexus where the abduction, external rotation, and elbow flexion is lost. On the other hand, rupture of the biceps can cause the loss of flexion of the elbow without sensory deficits. Rupture of the SHORT HEAD of the biceps can decrease elbow flexion strength, where the brachialis muscle is intact. Rupture of the LONG HEAD of the biceps results in mild weakening of forearm supination as long as the supinator muscle is intact.
336:
344:
87:
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451:). Pain can also be reproduced by flexing the arm against resistance. Other differential diagnoses that can mimick the symptoms of musculocutaneous palsy are: C6 radiculopathy (pain can be produced by movement of the neck), long head of biceps tendinopathy (no motor or sensory deficits), pain of the
442:
Injury to the musculocutaneous nerve can be caused by three mechanisms: repeated microtrauma, indirect trauma or direct trauma on the nerve. Overuse of coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis muscles can cause the stretching or compression of musculocutaneous nerve. Those who have it, can complain
489:
To diagnose traumatic nerve injury, operative exploration should be performed without delay. If reconstruction of the motor function of the musculocutaneous nerve (elbow flexion) is needed then there are several options, depending on the injury pattern and timeframes. If the nerve is in-continuity
474:
with musculocutaneous nerve lesion. Those with this type of lesion is presented with pain, reduced sensation, and tingling of the lateral part of forearm (lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve - terminal sensory only branch of musculocutaneous nerve) with reduced strength of elbow flexion. Tinel's
494:
may be sufficient. When there is a division or segment of non-viable nerve then interpositional autografting is preferred. If reinnervation is likely to take months (e.g. if the injured segment is long and long grafts are needed, or in the case of proximal injuries such as root avulsion or upper
485:
Iatrogenic nerve injuries (for example during orthopedic surgery involving an internal fixation of the humerus) are relatively common and in a certain percentage of cases probably inevitable, though an adequate knowledge of the surgical anatomy can help to reduce its frequency.
495:
trunk injury) then nerve transfer is preferred as this will reinnervate the muscle faster; in the case of upper trunk injuries, the ideal neurotisation appears to be the double
Oberlin transfer., although data on this topic are sparse and heterogeneous.
1305:
422:
Some of the fibers of the median may run for some distance in the musculocutaneous and then leave it to join their proper trunk; less frequently the reverse is the case, and the median sends a branch to join the
642:
Choi D, RodrĂguez-NiedenfĂĽhr M, Vázquez T, Parkin I, Sañudo JR (January 2002). "Patterns of connections between the musculocutaneous and median nerves in the axilla and arm".
855:"The Effectiveness of Different Nerve Transfers in the Restoration of Elbow Flexion in Adults Following Brachial Plexus Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
250:
404:
Its terminal branch, the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm, supplies the sensation of the lateral side of the forearm from the elbow to the wrist.
105:
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of pain, tingling or reduced sensation over the lateral side of the forearm. This symptom can be reproduced by pressing over the region below the
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It may adhere for some distance to the median and then pass outward, beneath the biceps brachii, instead of through the coracobrachialis.
314:). It courses through the anterior part of the arm, terminating 2 cm above elbow; after passing the lateral edge of the tendon of
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482:
In direct trauma, fracture of the humerus, gun shot, glass pieces injuries and more, can cause the musculocutaneous nerve lesion.
1217:
1192:
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Celli, Andrea; Celli, Luigi; F Morrey, Bernard (25 January 2008). "28 - Traumatic isolated lesions of musculocutaneous nerve".
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1204:
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1221:
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test shows slight neural damage at the biceps and the brachialis muscles with slower motor and sensory conduction over the
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Vernon Lee, Chung Yan; Cochrane, Elliott; Chew, Misha; Bains, Robert D.; Bourke, Gráinne; Wade, Ryckie G. (January 2023).
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In its course through the arm it innervates the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and the greater part of the brachialis.
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BD Chaurasia's Human
Anatomy (Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical) Volume 1 - Upper limb and thorax
433:, and it supplies the dorsal surface of the thumb when the superficial branch of the radial nerve is absent.
1241:
1116:
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907:
728:
Guerri-Guttenberg, Roberto A.; Ingolotti, Mariana (2009). "Classifying musculocutaneous nerve variations".
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Zhang J, Moore AE, Stringer MD (April 2011). "Iatrogenic upper limb nerve injuries: a systematic review".
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Guerri-Guttenberg RA, Ingolotti M (September 2009). "Classifying musculocutaneous nerve variations".
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The musculocutaneous nerve presents frequent variations and communications with the median nerve.
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The musculocutaneous nerve also gives articular branches to the elbow joint and to the humerus.
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with root value of C5 to C7 of the spinal cord. It follows the course of the third part of the
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muscles (below), to the lateral side of the arm; at 2 cm above the elbow it pierces the
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derived from cervical spinal nerves C5-C7. It arises opposite the lower border of the
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lateral to the tendon of the biceps brachii and is continued into the forearm as the
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Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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and retroposition of the shoulder can stretch the nerve and result tension of the
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621:(Fifth ed.). India: CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. p. 88.
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Nerves of the left upper extremity. (Musculocutaneous labeled at upper right.)
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363:) laterally and enters the frontal aspect of the arm where it penetrates the
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Treatment of Elbow
Lesions: New Aspects in Diagnosis and Surgical Techniques
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The nerve may pass under the coracobrachialis or through the biceps brachii.
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and the fascicles appear healthy under the operating microscope then
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Musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial
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310:. It provides sensory innervation to the lateral forearm (via its
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Desai, Sohil S.; Arbor, Tafline C.; Varacallo, Matthew (2022),
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197:
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Hand kinesiology at the
University of Kansas Medical Center
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muscle. It then passes downwards and laterally between the
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580:"Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Musculocutaneous Nerve"
294:. It provides motor innervation to the muscles of the
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
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339:Musculocutaneous nerve on superficial dissection.
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359:(part of the axillary artery distal to the
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347:Musculocutaneous nerve on deep dissection.
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124:Learn how and when to remove this message
108:, without removing the technical details.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
455:(relieved by shoulder joint injection).
429:Occasionally it gives a filament to the
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32:This article includes a list of general
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509:This article incorporates text in the
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381:lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
320:lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
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106:make it understandable to non-experts
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176:Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1193:superior lateral cutaneous of arm
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617:Krishna, Garg (2010). "8 - Arm".
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824:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05597.x
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258:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
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296:anterior compartment of the arm
186:Anterior compartment of the arm
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782:. Springer. pp. 299–302.
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1:
944:Nerve supply of the human arm
902:Duke University Health System
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1024:lateral cutaneous of forearm
466:In indirect trauma, violent
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7:
1091:medial cutaneous of forearm
859:The Journal of Hand Surgery
536:Sreenivas, M. (June 2020).
517:of the 20th edition of
318:it is becomes known as the
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1311:Nerves of the upper limb
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1096:medial cutaneous of arm
53:more precise citations.
1242:posterior interosseous
904:'s Orthopedics program
898:Musculocutaneous nerve
812:ANZ Journal of Surgery
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276:musculocutaneous nerve
203:nervus musculocutaneus
139:Musculocutaneous nerve
1232:dorsal digital nerves
1135:proper palmar digital
1131:common palmar digital
1121:dorsal digital nerves
1059:proper palmar digital
1055:common palmar digital
1040:anterior interosseous
538:"History of Medicine"
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1222:posterior of forearm
400:Sensory innervation
479:test is negative.
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542:Indian Pediatrics
423:musculocutaneous.
392:Motor innervation
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445:coracoid process
371:(above) and the
365:coracobrachialis
361:pectoralis minor
300:coracobrachialis
292:pectoralis major
264:edit on Wikidata
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165:Lateral cord
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1228:superficial
1154:: see above
1152:medial root
1127:superficial
1089:cutaneous:
1070:medial cord
973:upper trunk
650:(1): 11–7.
461:Erb's point
377:deep fascia
192:Identifiers
51:introducing
1300:Categories
795:26 January
597:2023-01-13
584:StatPearls
548:(6): 598.
499:References
492:Neurolysis
447:(positive
373:brachialis
308:brachialis
182:Innervates
34:references
1210:cutaneous
1050:recurrent
687:Clin Anat
644:Clin Anat
562:0019-6061
468:abduction
411:Variation
326:Structure
114:June 2022
1205:muscular
1189:axillary
1107:muscular
881:36623945
840:25443502
832:21418465
750:19637305
707:19637305
672:23969081
664:11835538
592:30480938
515:page 935
59:May 2015
1290:Anatomy
900:at the
758:2457543
715:2457543
286:of the
215:D009138
167:(C5-C7)
156:Details
100:Please
47:improve
1276:Portal
1201:radial
1148:median
1117:dorsal
1112:palmar
1045:palmar
1032:median
879:
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523:(1918)
353:plexus
331:Course
306:, and
298:: the
36:, but
1256:Other
1176:lower
1172:upper
1103:ulnar
836:S2CID
754:S2CID
711:S2CID
668:S2CID
513:from
280:mixed
278:is a
262:[
251:37064
198:Latin
1238:deep
1141:deep
958:root
877:PMID
828:PMID
797:2018
784:ISBN
746:PMID
703:PMID
660:PMID
623:ISBN
588:PMID
558:ISSN
274:The
239:6421
222:TA98
210:MeSH
161:From
867:doi
820:doi
738:doi
695:doi
652:doi
550:doi
246:FMA
234:TA2
104:to
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