253:, different levels of settlement could be distinguished. The excavations took place in eleven places in the excavation area. On Tépé (hill) A, the highest point in the city, remains of a palace were excavated in Period IV, level 1 and Period V. Urban areas from almost all periods of the place were found here. Area C is northwest of Area A. Only a small area has been excavated here, with the remains reaching back to Period III. In the other parts of the city, various, larger or smaller areas were exposed (areas B, D to I and P and R), whereby mainly remnants of Period IV came to light, which is therefore the best documented layer. In area P, remnants of Period V came to light, which is otherwise only documented in area A. The upper layers in particular had completely disappeared as a result of erosion. In area A, a large palace was uncovered in Period V on the remains of the older palace. Otherwise, however, Period V is not easy to cover in the city. Most of the finds are now in the
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inside of the wall. There were supporting pillars on the outer facade. A corner of the wall has been found. Here stood a tower with four interiors and once with perhaps four support pillars on each side. Only on the north side are all four preserved. Even in Period IV, layer 1, the area around the wall was densely built on both sides with simple houses, mostly consisting of a few rooms. The function of this wall is uncertain; it may have enclosed the palace extensively. About 90 m to the west (excavation area E) were again the remains of a second wall, which was constructed similarly and could be traced over a length of about 120 m. This was probably the actual city wall. Residential buildings were mostly found in excavation area D, where the city wall still stood in Period IV.1; on the other hand, the area in Period IV.2 was built on with simple residential buildings.
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for the construction, older houses standing on the hill were leveled. The north facade of the palace was decorated with a row of pilasters that were stuccoed and painted white. At the top, these pilasters were bordered by a decorated tile strip. Some of them were still two meters high when they were excavated. The actual palace consisted of various rooms and a courtyard. The east, south and west facades of the building were not preserved, but they may also have been decorated with pilasters. It was possible to distinguish between three renovation phases, all of which date to Period IV, layer 1. The later palace from Period IV, layer 2 and Period IV, layer 3 had completely fallen victim to the renovation work in Period V.
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building. A monumental ramp that led to a platform was still preserved during the excavations. This consisted of a number of rooms that could not be entered, so they had a pure support function. The actual building on this platform has completely disappeared. In other parts of the city there is also evidence of development during this period, but the remains are very poorly preserved. It is clear, however, that
Mundigak continued to be an important city in Period V, but the remains of it have largely disappeared. After that, the place appears to have been abandoned. After 2500 BCE there was no longer a city here. This is particularly noteworthy as there is no chronological overlap with the Indus culture.
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only been preserved for layers 4 and 5. In these layers the buildings were rather simple. These are rectangular adobe residential buildings that consisted of one to three small rooms. The ceramic from Period I is mainly made by open forms. In particular, shell fragments have been found. The ceramic is partly painted, with simple geometric patterns predominating. Painted animals are also very rare. Period I.5 and the following Period II were separated by a thick layer of ash, which suggests that the place was uninhabited for a long time, at least in this area.
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report largely focuses on decorated forms, so the undecorated pottery is less well known. There were hand-formed vessels, but also those that were made on the potter's wheel. Periods I and II are dominated by simple, painted geometric patterns, often on the upper edge of bowls; in Period III the painting becomes more complex. There are still predominantly geometric patterns that belong to the so-called
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the narrower sense. The face is rather roughly worked. The eyes and eyebrows are heavily stylized. The man has short hair and a headband that ends in two falling strips of fabric on the back. Statues were also found sporadically in the Indus culture, in the oasis culture spread around the same time in the north and in
612:. In Period IV there are also isolated figurative representations, especially cattle. Various clay chalices come from Period IV, decorated with rows of animals painted in black, but also with individual plants. A group of these chalices was found in room XXII in the palace. The goblets exposed there were intact.
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In the center of the city is hill A, on which extensive remains of a palace complex were found. It is uncertain whether it was really a palace as the excavator suspected, but the construction undoubtedly served a public function. The building was extensively surrounded by a wall. To create a platform
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From Period I, level 2 onwards, bronze objects are attested. Initially, they are simple tools such as needles and weapons. However, the remains of a mirror also come from Period IV. An investigation showed that these artifacts were mostly made of bronze with a low tin content. Five objects with iron
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An extensive series of mounds marks the site of a town. The chronology is still uncertain, but it has tentatively been divided into seven main periods with many subdivisions. The main period seems to be Period IV, which saw a massive rebuilding after an earlier destruction. Both the "palace" and the
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The lowest layer of Period I in
Mundigak was only excavated in the central mound (area A). It probably dates to the fifth millennium BC. Period I was divided into five layers by the excavator (Period I, layers 1–5). The first evidence of permanent buildings comes from layer 3. House floor plans have
1369:
E. Cortesi, Tosi, Lazzari, M. Vidale: Cultural
Relationships beyond the Iranian Plateau: The Helmand Civilization, Baluchistan and the Indus Valley in the 3rd Millennium BCE, in: Paléorient, 2008, Bd. 32, Nr. 3, pp. 5–35; see also the website of Yves Traynard with a picture of the mousetrap that is
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The finds include numerous terracotta figures, which often represent people, mostly women, but also men. There are also frequent depictions of cattle. In addition, in the remains of Period IV, the head of a limestone man's statue was found. It is the only object that can be called a work of art in
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Early houses were constructed at
Mundigak (during Period I.4) in the form of tiny oblong cells with pressed earth walls. In the following layer (Period I.5) larger houses with square and oblong houses with sun dried bricks were found. Ovens for cooking and wells for water storage were found during
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The residential quarters have only been partially excavated. To the west of the palace the remains of a wall could be traced in various places. It consisted of two outer walls. The interior was divided by partitions; this created a series of interior rooms that were accessible through doors on the
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About 200 m east of the palace stood a monumental building that was probably a temple built on virgin soil. It stood on a flat, approximately 2.5 m high hill and had a monumental outer wall, which was decorated on the outside with mighty buttresses, triangular in plan. The foundations were made of
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Period II was divided into four layers by the excavator: II.1, II.2, II.3a and II.3b. The population density in area A increased. Various multi-room buildings could be excavated. There was a deep well in one courtyard. Compared to layer I, however, the quality of the ceramic decreases. There are a
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Pottery is particularly important for small finds. Most of the ceramics are painted, some of them polychrome. Various decoration traditions can be proven that are also known from other places and thus help to locate
Mundigak in the context of other cultures and thus also in time. The excavation
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No structural remains have been preserved from Period VI. In addition to fireplaces, there were primarily numerous ceramics that have similarities with that of the earlier layers. The excavator suspects that these remains came from nomads. It seems that the population gave up their lifestyle in
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Period V was very poorly preserved due to the erosion of the excavation area. On the main hill, on the remains of the old palace, a large building was erected (called the
Monument Massif by the excavators), with the old structures buried and partially preserved under the new and very massive
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Period III is again mainly known from area A, where six layers were distinguished. From area C come the remains of a cemetery that was still occupied by Period IV. The dead lay here in a crouched position. There were hardly any additions. Only in one case were pearls used as a bracelet. The
1431:
Jonathan M. Kenoyer, Heather M.-L. Miller: Metal
Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India, V. C. Pigott (eds.): The archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World, Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 978-0-924171-34-5, p.
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In Period IV, Mundigak developed into a fully developed city with a palace and temple. It can be concluded that there is an advanced social structure. However, there is no evidence for the use of writing. The excavator distinguished three layers: IV.1, IV.2 and IV.3.
1072:"...We agree with the links, which we ourselves often observed, between Shahr-i Sokhta I, II and III and Mundigak III and IV and between the sites of Balochistan and the Indus valley at the end of the 4th millennium and in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC..."
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permanent settlements and moved to nomadism. This can also be observed in other places in
Afghanistan and India. The last development is called Period VII. These are various agricultural storehouses, which probably date back to the 1st millennium BCE.
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change indicate a gap of abandonment between
Periods IV and V, followed by a period of further building and construction of new monuments, including the "massive monument". Periods VI and VII saw only periodic occupation on a small scale.
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Mundigak and Deh Morasi provide early developments in what may be now called religious activities. A white-washed, pillared large building with its door way outlined with red, dating around 3,000 BC is related to religious activities.
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E. Cortesi, Maurizio, Tosi, A. Lazzari, Massimo Vidale: Cultural
Relationships beyond the Iranian Plateau: The Helmand Civilization, Baluchistan and the Indus Valley in the 3rd Millennium BCE. In: Paléorient, 2008, Bd. 34, Nr. 2, pp.
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About 350 m south of hill A, parts of another large adobe building were excavated (excavation area F), which certainly also had a public function. There was a courtyard with a large water basin and various rooms arranged around it.
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Apart from pottery and painted pottery, other artifacts found include crude humped bulls, human figures, shaft hole axes, adzes of bronze and terracotta drains. Painting on pots include pictures of sacred fig leaves
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are from Period I.4. attested, of which there were two types: one is conical in shape and made of clay, the other is disc-shaped and carved from stone. Stone vessels are attested in almost all layers.
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Pottery and other artifacts form the later 3rd millennium BCE, when this site became a major urban center, indicate interaction with Turkmenistan, Baluchistan, and the Early Harappan Indus region.
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596:. The statues show a man kneeling on the floor, often described as a priest-king. It has been suggested that Mundigak's head also belonged to such a figure, but this cannot be proven.
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The female-looking human figurines (5 cm (2.0 in) in height) found at Mundigak are very similar to such figurines found at another archeological site in Afghanistan,
241:
Earlier, it was thought that around 2200 BCE, both Shahr-i-Sokhta and Mundigak started declining, with considerable shrinkage in area and with brief occupation at later dates.
1529:
Archaeological Gazetter of Afghanistan / Catalogue des Sites Archéologiques D'Afghanistan, Volume I, Warwick Ball, Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, Paris, 1982.
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development in area A is now even more dense. They are mostly smaller houses with two or three rooms. Seals with geometric patterns also come from this layer.
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During the French Archaeological Mission (MAI) excavations from 1951 to 1958 in ten campaigns under the direction of Jean Marie Casal with the support of the
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500:. This material consists in part of ceramic figurines of snakes and humped bulls, and other items, similar to those found at other Indus Valley sites.
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elements from Period IV are noteworthy. The iron always served as a decoration for bronze objects; there were no artifacts made entirely of iron.
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From Period IV there are two larger ceramic vessels with a sliding lid that may have served as mouse traps. Comparable mouse traps are known from
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Mundigak was a large prehistoric town with an important cultural sequence from the 5th–2nd millennia BCE. It was excavated by the French scholar
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The new research shows the site of Mundigak presents four periods of occupation from its early days till its urban development:
343:, Didier, and Quivron considered that Periods III and IV in Mundigak have archaeological links with Periods I, II, and III in
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1304:: Die Kunst des alten Afghanistan. Architektur, Keramik, Siegel, Kunstwerke aus Stein und Metall. VCH, Acta Humaniora,
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Remains of a "palace" have been found in one mound. Another mound revealed a large "temple", indicating urban life.
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With an area of 21 hectares (52 acres), this was the second largest centre of the Helmand Culture, the first being
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1986, ISBN 3-527-17561-X, S. 113, Tables 28, 29 auf 117, Table 36 of pp. 124; Image of the head up, Harappa.com.
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V. C. Pigott: The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World, Philadelphia 1999, ISBN 0-924171-34-0, p. 159.
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Massimo Vidale: A Priest King at Shahr-i Sokhta?, in: Archaeological Research in Asia 15 (2018), pp. 111
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1042:"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): An overview"
640:) and a tiger-like animal. Several stone button seals were also found at Mundigak. Disk Beads and
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in the Indus Valley. The corresponding finds from Mundigak are probably several centuries older.
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Bridget and Raymond Allchin. The Birth of Indian Civilization. Penguin Books.1968. Plate 5 B
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in Paris. The excavator Jean Marie Casal had been employed in the latter museum since 1957.
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1968:
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Mundigak flourished during the culture of the Helmand Basin (Seistan), also known as the
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The Archaeology of Afghanistan, From earliest Times to the Timurid Period, New Edition
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The Archaeology of Afghanistan, From earliest Times to the Timurid Period, New Edition
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The Archaeology of Afghanistan, From earliest Times to the Timurid Period, New Edition
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The Archaeology of Afghanistan, From earliest Times to the Timurid Period, New Edition
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The Archaeology of Afghanistan, From earliest Times to the Timurid Period, New Edition
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McIntosh, Jane. (2008) The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. Page 75.
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McIntosh, Jane. (2008) The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. Page 86.
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McIntosh, Jane. (2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. Page 87.
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and Raymond Allchin. The Birth of Indian Civilization. Penguin Books. 1968. Page 237
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barrel beads, copper stamp seals, copper pins with spiral loops were also found.
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Pottery found at Mundigak had number of similarities with such material found at
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stone. Inside the complex was a courtyard with the actual temple in the middle.
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figures from Mundigak (left) and Deh Morasi Ghundai (right). 3rd millennium BCE.
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Example of a vessel from Nal. Comparable ceramics were also found in Mundigak
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535:"temple" and possibly the city walls as well date from this period. Another
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Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
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Ceramic from Period III (third vessel from the left), and from Period IV
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in the 1950s. The mound was nine meters tall at the time of excavation.
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Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 145, Nrn. 314, 314a, pp. 197. Fig. 84.
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2013:
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1399:"The development of a "Helmand Civilisation" south of the Hindu Kush"
1328:"The development of a "Helmand Civilisation" south of the Hindu Kush"
1193:"The development of a "Helmand Civilisation" south of the Hindu Kush"
1123:"The development of a "Helmand Civilisation" south of the Hindu Kush"
1086:"The development of a "Helmand Civilisation" south of the Hindu Kush"
951:"Fonds MAI1-MAI955 - Missions archéologiques des Indes et de l'Indus"
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near Shāh Maqsūd, on the upper drainage of the Kushk-i Nakhud River.
180:. It is situated approximately 55 km (34 mi) northwest of
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1059:"Shahr-i Sokhta and the Chronology of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands"
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List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization
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2008:
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1993:
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1958:
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Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 182–184, Figs. 62–65, PL. XXXII.
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Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 76–77, 255, Tables XLIII, XLIV;
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1988:
1953:
1933:
1903:
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1401:, in Raymond Allchin, Warwick Ball, and Norman Hammond (eds.),
1330:, in Raymond Allchin, Warwick Ball, and Norman Hammond (eds.),
1195:, in Raymond Allchin, Warwick Ball, and Norman Hammond (eds.),
1125:, in Raymond Allchin, Warwick Ball, and Norman Hammond (eds.),
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Arrow heads from Mundigak, Tajikistan, early 3rd millennium BCE
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lot less painted types. Many pots are rather roughly worked.
507:. This material shows up at the earliest layer of Kot Diji.
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Stone seals, Mundigak, Period IV, c. 2700 BC. Musée Guimet.
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which was as large as 150 acres (60 hectares), by 2400 BCE.
1003:"Mundigak : un site de l'Âge de Bronze en Afghanistan"
795:
Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization
1173:
Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 126–28, Figs. 63–65.
1155:
Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 126–28, Figs. 49–50.
911:. (2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives.
1494:"Quatre campagnes de fouilles à Mundigak 1951-1954"
1388:
Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 233–234, Fig. 134.
1057:Jarrige, J.-F., A. Didier, and G. Quivron, (2011).
1040:Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020).
972:"Quatre campagnes de fouilles à Mundigak 1951-1954"
1146:Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 29–32, Figs. 6–7.
884:. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
1397:Schaffer, Jim G., and Cameron A. Petrie, (2019),
1326:Schaffer, Jim G., and Cameron A. Petrie, (2019),
1191:Schaffer, Jim G., and Cameron A. Petrie, (2019),
1182:Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 79–81, Figs. 42.
1121:Schaffer, Jim G., and Cameron A. Petrie, (2019),
2136:
688:Finds in the Musée Guimet, mainly from Period IV
1379:Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 232, Fig. 133.
1480:The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan
1465:The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan
1452:The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan
876:
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604:style. Others are painted in the style of the
1574:
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1232:
430:
1685:Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation
1675:Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
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16:Archeological site in Kandahar, Afghanistan
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608:or have similarities with ceramics of the
496:Mundigak has some material related to the
1405:, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh,
1334:, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh,
1199:, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh,
1129:, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh,
1104:, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh,
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1226:Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 91–92.
1164:Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 33–36.
1031:Casal: Fouilles de Mundigak, pp. 23–27.
785:List of Indus Valley Civilization sites
448:Plan of the palace remains. Period IV.1
59:
2137:
1247:An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology
948:
1548:
1540:Mundigak Objects at the Guimet, Paris
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1240:
1000:
969:
491:
482:
1478:Bridget and Raymond Allchin. (1982)
1463:Bridget and Raymond Allchin. (1982)
1450:Bridget and Raymond Allchin. (1982)
1370:exhibited today in the Musee Guimet.
2150:Archaeological sites in Afghanistan
359:Mundigak, Plan of Period I, layer 5
238:in Iran is a closely related site.
157:
13:
949:MSH Mondes, Service des Archives.
592:, which is also attributed to the
555:
519:Remains of the town of Period IV.1
350:
339:On the other hand, archaeologists
14:
2161:
1533:
1084:, and Cameron A. Petrie, (2019),
683:1951-58 Casal, MAI – excavations.
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38:
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510:
264:
2114:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
1046:The World of Oxus Civilization
1025:
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963:
942:
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1:
1048:, Routledge, p. 8, Table 1.1.
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2119:Northern Black Polished Ware
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7:
1635:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
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10:
2166:
1492:Casal, Jean-Marie (1954).
1001:Casal, Jean-Marie (1952).
970:Casal, Jean-Marie (1954).
862:Casal, Jean Marie (1961):
392:Clay figure from Period IV
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2124:Painted Grey Ware culture
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1576:Indus Valley Civilisation
894:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
841:— archaeological site in
831:— archaeological site in
821:— archaeological site in
812:— archaeological site in
802:— archaeological site in
498:Indus Valley civilization
460:Plan of Temple, Period IV
431:Wall and residential city
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176:, it was a center of the
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1680:Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro
882:"Afghanistan Prehistory"
74:Location in Afghanistan
2078:Indus Valley sites in
1839:Indus Valley sites in
1715:Indus Valley sites in
1019:10.3406/crai.1952.9959
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196:Vessel from Period IV
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1644:Art and architecture
864:Fouilles de Mundigak
257:in Kabul and in the
1694:Language and script
1583:History and culture
102:31.9039°N 65.5246°E
98: /
1630:Cemetery H culture
810:Sheri Khan Tarakai
651:(circa 3000 BCE).
649:Deh Morasi Ghundai
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483:Periods VI and VII
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32:Archeological site
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2054:Kotla Nihang Khan
1701:Harappan language
1242:Ghosh, Amalananda
537:destruction layer
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331:(~2900–2400 BCE)
321:(~3200–2900 BCE)
311:(~3400–3200 BCE)
300:(~3800–3400 BCE)
289:(~4000–3800 BCE)
166:Kandahar province
147:
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1755:Lakhueen-jo-daro
1610:Mehrgarh culture
1605:Bhirrana culture
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42:
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1504:(3): 163–178.
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1098:Norman Hammond
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172:. During the
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83:Coordinates:
81:
54:
45:
41:
36:
29:
20:
2087:
1949:Lohari Ragho
1795:Tharro Hills
1785:Sutkagan Dor
1775:Rehman Dheri
1730:Mohenjo-daro
1706:Indus script
1663:
1652:Dancing Girl
1651:
1625:Bara culture
1620:Amri culture
1501:
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1263:21 September
1261:. Retrieved
1246:
1222:
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954:. Retrieved
944:
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904:
863:
858:
679:Field work:
678:
673:Musée Guimet
669:Kabul Museum
654:Collection:
653:
646:
635:
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628:
621:
617:Mohenjo-Daro
614:
610:Amri culture
598:
586:
550:
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511:Architecture
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434:
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370:
338:
268:
265:New Research
248:
240:
234:
227:
216:
213:
199:
149:
148:
2080:Afghanistan
2034:Bhagwanpura
1939:Oriyo timbo
1664:Priest-king
1590:Indus River
1467:. Page 202
829:Surkh Kotal
806:near Quetta
606:Nal culture
278:Chronology
245:Excavations
205: [
170:Afghanistan
130:Afghanistan
105: /
2139:Categories
1944:Dher Majra
1914:Rakhigarhi
1894:Alamgirpur
1884:Kalibangan
1874:Jognakhera
1854:Gola Dhoro
1815:Ganeriwala
1790:Sokhta Koh
1745:Ganweriwal
1740:Chanhudaro
1482:. Page 232
1454:. Page 139
1257:9004092641
1064:Paléorient
956:2023-06-26
915:. Page 86.
850:References
174:Bronze Age
93:65°31′29″E
90:31°54′14″N
2093:Shortugai
2014:Babar Kot
1979:Ganeshwar
1964:Loteshwar
1879:Surkotada
1864:Bhagatrav
1849:Dholavira
1820:Nindowari
1805:Allahdino
1510:0004-3958
988:0004-3958
839:Mes Aynak
823:Nangarhar
761:Bull head
665:– sherds;
622:Spinning
466:Periods V
384:Period IV
2088:Mundigak
2069:Desalpur
2064:Mitathal
2044:Banawali
2039:Bhirrana
2004:Pabumath
1919:Rupnagar
1899:Daimabad
1830:Dabarkot
1770:Kot Diji
1750:Mehrgarh
1735:Nausharo
1717:Pakistan
1600:Religion
1518:43483921
1306:Weinheim
1244:(1990).
1100:(eds.),
913:ABC-CLIO
890:cite web
845:Province
835:Province
825:Province
800:Mehrgarh
779:See also
505:Kot Diji
303:Ph. 3-4
292:Ph. 1-2
182:Kandahar
164:site in
160:) is an
150:Mundigak
142:Kandahar
137:Province
66:Mundigak
23:Mundigak
2109:Meluhha
2029:Bargaon
2009:Nagwada
1999:Sanghol
1994:Sanauli
1974:Farmana
1959:Kuntasi
1869:Rangpur
1810:Balakot
1760:Larkana
1725:Harappa
1289:Bridget
866:, Paris
833:Baghlan
642:faience
541:ceramic
341:Jarrige
275:Period
188:History
118:Country
1989:Siswal
1954:Dwarka
1934:Kanmer
1904:Malwan
1859:Lothal
1516:
1508:
1409:
1338:
1254:
1203:
1133:
1108:
1096:, and
1070:p. 17:
1066:37 (2)
986:
624:whorls
602:Quetta
418:Temple
409:Palace
281:Phase
236:Bampur
158:منډیګک
154:Pashto
127:
68:منډیګک
25:منډیګک
2049:Rojdi
1984:Sothi
1969:Mandi
1929:Hulas
1924:Rupar
1909:Kunal
1889:Manda
1841:India
1765:Pirak
1514:JSTOR
1088:, in
1061:, in
1044:, in
843:Logar
819:Hadda
814:Bannu
804:Bolan
773:Seals
209:]
2024:Bara
2019:Balu
1780:Amri
1506:ISSN
1432:121.
1407:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1265:2015
1252:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1106:ISBN
984:ISSN
896:link
671:and
663:DAFA
661:and
659:BIAS
318:III
251:DAFA
1217:26.
1015:doi
737:Cup
725:Cup
713:Cup
328:IV
308:II
225:).
168:in
2141::
1512:.
1500:.
1496:.
1250:.
1231:^
1092:,
1068:,
1011:96
1009:.
1005:.
978:.
974:.
892:}}
888:{{
871:^
347:.
297:I
286:I
207:de
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1554:v
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1267:.
1021:.
1017::
990:.
980:1
959:.
898:)
634:(
221:(
152:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.