846:
796:
854:
372:
731:
739:
442:
82:
89:
61:
1808:
3893:
54:
392:
4889:
913:
3864:
924:
3430:
454:, by a mission of Italian and Iranian archaeologists led by Barbara Helwing and Hassan Fazeli Nashli, showed that the site was abandoned around 2350 BC. This abandonment is now considered to be around 2300 BC, and new chronological and stratigraphical sequence in the later excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta (2018–2019), published in 2022, based on areas 26, 33, 35, and 36 are as follows:
40:
1339:
1258:
1241:
1084:
721:
III-IV, but most of the ceramics that were produced and/or imported during this period were buff and gray wares with brown and black decorations. In phase 4 there was a change in the city with large buildings constructed with massive encircling walls, pottery lost the painted ornamentation and became
449:
The settlement appeared around 3550 BC. As per
Massimo Vidale's 2021 lecture, the city would have had four stages of civilization and would have been burnt down three times before being abandoned. This abandonment was thought previously to have taken place around 1800 BC by the Italian archaeological
418:
The site was thought to cover an area of 151 ha (370 acres) but now the size is established at 200 ha (490 acres). The maximum built area was ca. 120 hectares. Shahr-e
Sukhteh was one of the world's largest cities at the dawn of the urban era. It is located close to the eastern edge of what
836:
On the other hand, Ascalone, in his lecture admits in a chronological graphic, that after abandonment between 2350 and 2200 BC the "Burnt
Building" in Shahr-i Sokhta was inhabited in Period V, (ca. 2100–2000 BC), based on calibrated radiocarbon datings presented by archaeologist Raffaele Biscione in
786:
in
Baluchistan, Pakistan. Based on this fact some scholars concluded that polychrome ceramics in Shahr-i Sokhta were imported, but others such as Mugavero (2008) suggested that this pottery is local, as production of this type can be found at Shahr-i Sokhta's nearby sites of Tepe Dash and Tepe Rud-e
716:
This Period, in phases 6 and 5, represented a time of significant development in both the size of the city and ceramic technology, as finer raw materials and advanced firing techniques used during this period resulted in ceramics with denser body-paste and pottery that were similar to those found in
968:
and 27 geometric pieces, are among the finds which have been unearthed by archaeological excavations from this site. What makes this game stand out is that it's the earliest known example of a twenty square game with a complete set. This makes it an invaluable resource for understanding the history
746:
In phases 3 and 2 of Period III, (c. 2600–2400 BC), large buildings continued to be constructed with massive encircling walls, pottery lost the painted ornamentation of Period II and became standardized, and burials continued showing socio-economic differences among the population. The contacts and
770:
Pottery production during Period III in phase 3, had forms and depicted motifs that differed significantly from those featured by ceramics of the former periods, and at the beginning of this period, simple decorative motifs originally found on ceramics became more elaborated and gray-paste pottery
696:
centers of the Indus valley, and the contacts with the Bampur valley continued. During Phase 6 of this Period, the settlement was reconstructed, although some houses which were destroyed were not rebuilt. Recent excavations by Enrico
Ascalone, in Area 33 of Shahr-i Sokhta, show that the so-called
952:
paste. The surface of the artificial eye is covered with a thin layer of gold, engraved with a central circle (representing the iris) and gold lines patterned like sun rays. The woman whose remains were found with the artificial eye was 1.82 m tall (6 feet), much taller than typical women of her
819:
V and VI pottery. Processing workshops were discovered in 1972 in the western quarters of the city with large concentrations of flint, lapis lazuli and turquoise, these sites are considered unique in the region. On the other hand, Enrico
Ascalone, in his recent excavations, discovered a phase of
700:
The ruins of the building called "House of the Courts" were radiocarbon-dated by archaeologist
Ascalone to 2850–2620 BC, and the next layer 2 was considered by him as a "squatter occupation" in Area 33, which he radiocarbon-dated to 2620–2600 BC. But, per archaeologist Sajjadi, the whole site of
823:
Iranian archaeologists S.M.S. Sajjadi and
Hossein Moradi, during excavation season (2014–15), found a system of semi-columns in a long passage between two buildings in area 26 of Shahr-i Sokhta's Period IV, and Massimo Vidale considers it is part of a "fully palatial" compound with very similar
379:
The reasons for the unexpected rise and fall of the city are still wrapped in mystery. Artifacts recovered from the city demonstrate a peculiar incongruity with nearby civilizations of the time and it has been speculated that Shahr-e
Sukhteh might ultimately provide concrete evidence of a
837:
1979, but this can be a unique survival of previous urban occupation, as
Massimo Vidale comments that the "urban system" did not go beyond 2350 BC. M. Tosi and R. Biscione who excavated many years ago this "Burnt Building" considered it was "destroyed in a ruinous firing" around 2000 BC.
675:
Around 3000 BC, potters in Shahr-i Sokhta reproduced ceramic styles from distant Turkmenistan, located 750 km to the north, and other ceramics were imported from the Pakistani Kech-Makran—Iranian Balochistan area, located around 400–500 km to the south, and ceramics from the
904:, which occupies the southwestern part of the site covering almost 25 ha (62 acres). The estimated number of graves ranges between 25,000 and 40,000, and most of the burials are dated to Period I and Period II, although some other few burials are from next two periods.
1497:"...We agree with the links, which we ourselves often observed, between Shahr-i Sokhta I, II and III and Mundigak III and IV and between the sites of Balochistan and the Indus valley at the end of the 4th millennium and in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC..."
893:, located east of the Craftsman Quarters with several high hills representing different architectural buildings. Some pottery kilns were found in the north- western part of the site near and around he Monumental Area, but most vessels were produced out of the town.
820:
abandonment in Area 33 of Shahr-i Sokhta, radiocarbon-dated to 2450–2350 BC. This phase, however, was considered recently by archaeologist Massimo Vidale as the last period of profusely developed urban occupation for the whole settlement of Shahr-i Sokhta.
1840:
Vidale, Massimo etal., "Materiality of two vessels in Southern Turkmenian style from Shahr-i Sokhta (Sistan, Iran, c. 3100-2900 BC)", Pathways through Arslantepe. Essays in Honour of Marcella Frangipane, hrsg. v. Balossi Restelli, Francesca, pp. 701-711,
415:(IsIAO) team led by Maurizio Tosi. That work continued until 1978. After a gap, in 1997 work at the site was resumed by the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization team led by S.M.S. Sajjadi. New discoveries are reported from time to time.
683:
At the end of phase 7, ca. 3000 BC, most of the city was destroyed by a fire; particularly the Eastern Residential Area and the Central Quarters showed "rooms with burnt plaster, filled with ash and burnt remains of roof beams."
1248:: "The settlement of Shahr-i Sokhta was once believed to have occupied an area of about 151 hectares (Piperno – Tosi 1975), although this estimate has risen to 200 hectares on the basis of the ongoing research (Sajjadi 2014a)."
1752:
Makki, Mahsasadat; Dupouy-Camet, Jean; Seyed Sajjadi, Seyed Mansour; Moravec, František; Reza Naddaf, Saied; Mobedi, Iraj; Malekafzali, Hossein; Rezaeian, Mostafa; Mohebali, Mehdi; Kargar, Faranak; Mowlavi, Gholamreza (2017).
1533:
1307:
947:
was discovered in the burial of a woman at the site by archaeologists in December 2006. It has a hemispherical form and a diameter of just more than 2.5 cm (1 inch). It consists of very light material, probably
879:, separated from the western, southern and eastern areas by deep depressions. Within these Central Quarters there is a place known as "House of the Jars", where among other pottery a Kot Dijian jar was found.
759:
continue. The "Building 33" also belonging to Area 33 of Shahr-i Sokhta (located between the Central Quarters and the Monumental Area) was radiocarbon-dated by the team of Enrico Ascalone to 2600–2450 BC.
969:
and evolution of board games, potentially reshaping their history. For the first time, the game board was reconstructed and introduced with ancient rules, more likely to have been played during that era.
1486:
845:
953:
time. Tiny holes are drilled on both sides of the eye, through which a golden thread would have been drawn in order to hold the eyeball in place. Since microscopic research has shown that the
795:
4432:
1376:
4962:
722:
standardized, and burials showed socio-economic differences among the population, but the goods previously imported from Mesopotamia and western Iran disappear at the end of this phase.
807:
Period IV, (ca. 2400–2300 BC), was known by excavations in the "Burnt Palace" or "Burnt Building", and archaeologists consider that during this Period Shahr-i Sokhta had contacts with
1205:
S.M.S. Sajjadi & Michèle Casanova, Sistan and Baluchistan Project: Short Reports on the Tenth Campaign of Excavations at Shahr-I Sokhta, Iran, vol. 46, iss. 1, pp. 307–334, 2008
4977:
3490:
868:, located in the highest point of the site. Some pottery belonging to Period I was found in excavations within this Eastern Residential Area to the north of the Burnt Building.
4987:
1175:
Maurizio Tosi, Excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta, a Chalcolithic Settlement in the Iranian Sistan. Preliminary Report on the First Campaign, East and West, vol. 18, pp. 9–66, 1968
4810:
763:
On the other hand, archaeologists Jarrige, Didier, and Quivron considered that Periods I, II, and III in Shahr-i Sokhta have archaeological links with Periods III and IV in
4817:
1187:
P. Amiet and M. Tosi, "Phase 10 at Shahr-i Sokhta: Excavations in Square XDV and the Late 4th Millennium B.C. Assemblage of Sistan", East and West, vol. 28, pp. 9–31, 1978
4608:
648:
Pottery during this period, in phases 10, 9, and 8, typically exhibits light paste colors for the body and rich decorations very similar to those found on ceramics from
4735:
3852:
957:
showed clear imprints of the golden thread, the eyeball must have been worn throughout her lifetime. The woman's skeleton has been dated to between 2900 and 2800 BC.
1322:
Sandro Salvatori And Massimo Vidale, Shahr-I Sokhta 1975–1978: Central Quarters Excavations: Preliminary Report, Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 1997,
4465:
1196:
S. M. S. Sajjadi et al., Excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta. First Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Graveyard, 1997–2000, Iran, vol. 41, pp. 21–97, 2003
1166:
Maurizio Tosi, Excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta. Preliminary Report on the Second Campaign, September–December 1968, East and West, vol. 19/3–4, pp. 283–386, 1969
438:
In the southwestern part of Shahr-e Sukhteh there is a vast graveyard, measuring 25 ha (62 acres). It contains between 25,000 and 40,000 ancient graves.
4664:
4677:
301:
1379:, in: Enrico Ascalone and Seyyed Mansur Seyyed Sajjadi (eds.), Excavations and Researches at Shahr-i Sokhta 3, Tehran, pp. 143–232, (See p. 152, Fig. 10).
4932:
4784:
1015:. Periods III and IV of Shahr-i Sokhta, and the last part of Mundigak Period IV are contemporary to Mature Harappan 3A and part of Mature Harappan 3B.
138:
4824:
4756:
4650:
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4749:
4797:
4777:
4742:
3505:
1393:"The formative phase of the Helmand Civilization, Iran and Afghanistan: New data from compositional analysis of ceramics from Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran"
742:
Bronze Age polychrome jar. c. 2600–2400 BC. Provenance: Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran. It is part of the exhibit 'Irán, Cuna de Civilizaciones' in the MARQ.
1893:
1866:
734:
Bronze Age ceramic vase. c. 2600–2400 BC. Provenance: Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran. It is part of the exhibit 'Irán, Cuna de Civilizaciones' in the MARQ.
4770:
3776:
3339:
853:
371:
4728:
3845:
1087:, in: E. Ascalone and S.M.S. Sajjadi (eds.), Excavations and Researches at Shahr-i Sokhta 2 (= ERSS 2), Pishin Pajouh, Tehran, pp. 524, 525.
4763:
3771:
1837:
F. H. Andrewa, Painted Neolithic Pottery in Sistan discovered by Sir Aurel Stein, The Burlington Magazine, vol. 47, pp. 304–308, 1925
1011:
The Shahr-i Sokhta civilization flourished between 3200 and 2350 BC, and may have coincided with the first phase of the great flourishing
4537:
3051:
1941:
412:
3830:
4458:
2986:
1342:, in: E. Ascalone and S.M.S. Sajjadi (eds.), Excavations and Researches at Shahr-i Sokhta 2 (= ERSS 2), Pishin Pajouh, Tehran, p. 525.
940:
and the date places the artifact in Period I, the earliest period in the development and flourishing of the Shahr-e Sookhteh culture.
3204:
1821:
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3838:
1550:
441:
2075:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1617:
1595:
1215:
730:
3306:
1759:
spp. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) in a grave of the Shahr-e Sukhteh archeological site of the Bronze Age (2800–2500 BC) in Iran"
1261:, in: E. Ascalone and S.M.S. Sajjadi (eds.), Excavations and Researches at Shahr-i Sokhta 2 (= ERSS 2), Pishin Pajouh, Tehran,
1244:, in: E. Ascalone and S.M.S. Sajjadi (eds.), Excavations and Researches at Shahr-i Sokhta 2 (= ERSS 2), Pishin Pajouh, Tehran,
782:
Abundant polychrome ceramics were found in graveyards, apparently used in religious rituals, and similar pottery was found at
4972:
4942:
4451:
1327:
738:
4687:
4488:
1148:
Aurel Stein, Innermost Asia. Detailed Report of explorations in Central Asia, Kansu and Eastern Iran, Clarendon Press, 1928
4503:
3261:
1886:
1674:
1569:
1021:
is another extensive site that is being excavated and is related. Some 900 Bronze Age sites have been documented in the
4967:
3332:
3256:
2257:
2667:
1684:
1579:
1520:
81:
1157:
Aurel Stein, An Archaeological Journey in Western Iran, The Geographical Journal, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 313–342, 1938
4952:
4911:
3868:
3405:
3266:
2536:
1916:
1558:, December 27, 2022 - image of the goblet, the animation, plus source re the ibex and tree subject per the dating
1039:
427:, near which the city was located, was much greater in size, and there was a lot of marshland in the area. Also,
345:
112:
625:
During Period I, (ca. 3550–3000 BC), Shahr-e Sukhteh already shows close connections with the sites in southern
4873:
3301:
3246:
2496:
1879:
779:
IV, became more present, and small undecorated bowls with thin bodies also appeared at the end of this period.
4947:
4289:
3325:
2790:
2252:
993:
Paleoparasitological studies suggest that ancient inhabitants living in the excavated areas were infected by
936:
found at the site and dated to c. 3178 BC depicts what some archaeologists consider to be the earliest known
861:
The area of Shahr-e Sukhteh is divided into five main sectors, as mentioned by archaeologist S.M.S. Sajjadi:
1425:
697:"House of the Architect" and the Eastern Building belong to a layer radiocarbon-dated from 3000 to 2850 BC.
3251:
1726:
1450:"To be or not to be local: a provenance study of archaeological ceramics from Shahr-i Sokhta, eastern Iran"
709:
moving through Mundigak, and the relations of both settlements made it possible for scholars to speak of a
1392:
4846:
3860:
3809:
701:
Shahr-i Sokhta reached in this period almost 80 ha (200 acres). It seems likely that contacts with
2516:
1534:"Excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta: First Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Graveyard,1997-2000"
1308:"Excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta: First Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Graveyard,1997-2000"
1286:: "...Age: Achaemenid, Location: 50 kilometers northeast of Shahr-i Sokhta, Name: Dahane-e Gholaman..."
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2021:
423:, one of the hottest places on Earth. The climate was far more welcoming in ancient times when the
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916:
Reproduction of the images on a pottery goblet found in Shahr-e Sookhteh (c. 3178 BC) now in the
1508:"Emergence of Complex Societies in Eastern and South-Eastern Iran: Shahr-i Sokhta in Bronze Age"
1474:"Emergence of Complex Societies in Eastern and South-Eastern Iran: Shahr-i Sokhta in Bronze Age"
652:
III and eastern Baluchistan (particularly to Quetta valley), and decorative features similar to
4576:
4509:
3905:
3745:
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3036:
2061:
1996:
1449:
984:
A Bronze Age piece of leather adorned with drawings was discovered at the site in January 2015.
4868:
3379:
3111:
3086:
2996:
2627:
2461:
1641:"Analysis of the Shahr-i Sokhta Board Game and Suggested Rules Based on the Royal Game of Ur"
927:
Animation created with the images on a pottery goblet (c. 3178 BCE) found in Shahr-e Sookhteh
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1852:
Elamite clay tablet unearthed in mysterious Burnt City - Tehran Times - December 24, 2021
365:
241:
4702:
3740:
1265:: "Considering only the maximum built area, i.e. 120 hectares (Biscione et al. 1977)..."
705:
were close in this Period and that lapis lazuli arrived in Shahr-i Sokhta from mines of
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4714:
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1791:
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756:
381:
1625:
1603:
1340:"Demographic considerations regarding the settlement and necropolis of Shahr i Sokhta"
1259:"Demographic considerations regarding the settlement and necropolis of Shahr i Sokhta"
1242:"Demographic considerations regarding the settlement and necropolis of Shahr i Sokhta"
1219:
1085:"Demographic considerations regarding the settlement and necropolis of Shahr i Sokhta"
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1986:
1981:
1951:
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1397:
in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports Volume 23, February 2019, pp. 881–899.
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2511:
2360:
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2121:
2106:
1786:
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1648:
800:
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mission there, but research based on calibrated radiocarbon samples in nearby site
428:
321:
692:
During Period II (ca. 3000–2600 BC), Shahr-e Sukhteh was also in contact with the
4657:
4602:
4571:
4566:
4135:
3932:
3892:
3550:
3271:
3214:
3144:
3106:
2848:
2541:
2340:
2297:
2279:
2116:
2086:
1991:
1966:
1921:
710:
680:(Kandahar) region in Afghanistan, around 400 km to the east, were also imported.
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1454:
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences Volume 13, Article number: 68 (2021)
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2201:
2191:
2151:
1936:
1774:
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1507:
1473:
1377:"Preliminary Report on the 2018–2019 Excavations in Area 33 at Shahr-i Sokhta"
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2903:
2888:
2820:
2579:
2345:
2317:
2302:
2262:
2161:
2016:
2001:
1956:
1782:
1428:, in Callieri, Pierfrancesco, and Bruno Genito, Italian Excavations in Iran,
975:
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375:
Plaque identifying Shahr-e Sukhteh registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
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1364:"A Warehouse in 3rd Millennium B.C. Sistan and Its Accounting Technology"
1275:
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385:
3584:
1124:"Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"
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center and archaeological site, is located only 50 km to the northeast.
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4358:
4166:
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3317:
3121:
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2800:
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2707:
2672:
2657:
2619:
2609:
2594:
2584:
2551:
2438:
2365:
2141:
2041:
1971:
1366:, in Seminar "Early Urbanization in Iran", Lecture minute 11:12 onward.
961:
954:
776:
668:
3400–3000 BC), and in Tepe Yahya IVB6), and fragments of polychromatic
661:
432:
424:
420:
337:
198:
3819:
2325:
1123:
1097:
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found years ago by the French mission that dated them around 2500 BC.
787:
Biyaban, located 3 km and 30 km south of Shahr-i Sokhta respectively.
291:
4433:
List of cities, towns and villages in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
4161:
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3625:
3615:
3569:
3525:
3041:
2991:
2923:
2858:
2805:
2795:
2767:
2702:
2647:
2637:
2574:
2564:
2410:
2287:
2247:
2176:
2026:
1751:
994:
937:
783:
706:
1551:
The World's Oldest Animations Stretch All The Way Back to Cave Times
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2126:
1487:"Shahr-i Sokhta and the Chronology of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands"
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2722:
2589:
2466:
2456:
2405:
2011:
1018:
949:
923:
912:
653:
357:
1640:
4411:
4335:
4271:
4248:
4125:
3922:
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3705:
3660:
3540:
3515:
3510:
3464:
3459:
3444:
2883:
2815:
2446:
2380:
2292:
2006:
1596:"3rd Millennium BC Artificial Eyeball Discovered in Burnt City"
933:
816:
808:
772:
752:
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638:
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126:
981:
A unique marble cup was found at the site on 29 December 2014.
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3670:
3650:
3645:
3574:
3559:
3495:
2712:
2604:
2531:
2481:
2330:
1976:
361:
3429:
16:
Archaeological site in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran
4963:
Buildings and structures in Sistan and Baluchestan province
4792:
4692:
4478:
3750:
3730:
3685:
3610:
3600:
3564:
3530:
3520:
3136:
2898:
1946:
1618:"5,000-Year-Old Artificial Eye Found on Iran-Afghan Border"
965:
349:
116:
39:
1824:
Volume 64 Number 6, November/December 2011 archaeology.org
974:
A human skull found at the site indicates the practice of
328:, meaning "Burnt City"), c. 3550–2300 BC, also spelled as
3710:
1862:
Burnt City Inhabitants Used Teeth for Basket Weaving, CHN
1006:
4978:
Tourist attractions in Sistan and Baluchestan province
1276:
Management Plan of Shahr-i Sokhta: World Heritage Site
4988:
Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC
1867:
World's Oldest Backgammon Set found at the Burnt City
1745:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
815:
area almost exclusively, this is attested in typical
771:
with black decoration, similar to those found during
641:
valley in Iran. Also, there are connections with the
1701:"Unique marble cup, other discoveries in Burnt City"
1025:, the desert area between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
1485:Jarrige, J.-F., A. Didier, and G. Quivron, (2011).
1062:
411:Beginning in 1967, the site was excavated by the
4924:
4798:Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region
4473:
1639:Jelveh, Sam; Moradi, Hossein (3 February 2024).
886:, found in the north-western part of the site.
3777:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity
1727:"Ancient Piece of Leather Found in Burnt City"
1519:Salvatori, Sandro, and Maurizio Tosi, (2005).
4459:
3846:
3333:
1887:
28:
3772:Traditional Persian residential architecture
1638:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
404:The site was discovered and investigated by
1901:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1183:
1181:
849:Eastern residential area of Shahr-e Sukhteh
4933:History of Sistan and Baluchestan province
4466:
4452:
3853:
3839:
3340:
3326:
1894:
1880:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1278:, World Heritage Convention 2017, Tehran,
413:Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente
38:
3205:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1790:
1523:, in South Asian Archaeology 2001, p.285.
1435:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
395:Proto-Elamite Tablets from Shahr-i Sokhta
336:, is an archaeological site of a sizable
3347:
1459:
1391:Mutin, Benjamin, and Leah Minc, (2019).
1387:
1385:
1338:Ascalone, E., and P. F. Fabbri, (2022).
1257:Ascalone, E., and P. F. Fabbri, (2022).
1240:Ascalone, E., and P. F. Fabbri, (2022).
1178:
1083:Ascalone, E., and P. F. Fabbri, (2022).
988:
922:
911:
852:
844:
794:
737:
729:
440:
390:
370:
3052:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1942:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1289:
96:Shahr-e Sukhteh (West and Central Asia)
88:
60:
4925:
3307:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
1679:. Oxford University Press. p. 6.
1574:. Oxford University Press. p. 6.
1506:Ascalone, Enrico, (12 December 2020).
1472:Ascalone, Enrico, (12 December 2020).
1401:
1345:
840:
340:urban settlement, associated with the
4447:
3834:
3321:
1875:
1672:
1600:Cultural Heritage News Agency of Iran
1567:
1382:
4688:Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System
4489:List of World Heritage Sites in Iran
1007:Relationship to other early cultures
3262:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
1362:Vidale, Massimo, (15 March, 2021).
325:
29:
13:
4887:
3257:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
2258:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1831:
1624:. 20 February 2007. Archived from
1602:. 10 December 2006. Archived from
1448:Eftekhari, Negar, et al., (2021).
656:III ceramic. Also in this period,
364:road. It was placed on the UNESCO
14:
4999:
2668:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
1845:
1521:"Shahr-e Sokhta revised sequence"
964:ever discovered with 4 different
99:Show map of West and Central Asia
4538:Church of the Holy Mother of God
3891:
3862:
3428:
1806:
1532:Sajjadi, S.M.S., et al. (2003).
1424:Genito, Bruno, (April 5, 2012),
1312:Iran, Vol. 41 (2003), pp. 21-97.
1306:Sajjadi, S.M.S., et al. (2003).
384:that was independent of ancient
87:
80:
59:
52:
4958:Former populated places in Iran
4504:The Armenian Monastic Ensembles
3869:Sistan and Baluchestan Province
3267:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
2537:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1814:
1719:
1693:
1666:
1632:
1610:
1588:
1561:
1542:
1526:
1513:
1500:
1479:
1369:
1332:
1316:
1268:
1251:
1234:
1218:. 13 March 2012. Archived from
1208:
1199:
1040:Cities of the Ancient Near East
803:discovered from Shahr-e Sukhteh
346:Sistan and Baluchistan Province
113:Sistan and Baluchestan Province
4874:Cultural Landscape of Uramanat
3302:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
3247:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
1190:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1116:
1090:
399:
1:
2253:Silk Road transmission of art
1055:
1003:, a rare parasite incidence.
725:
665:
645:cities of Ḵuzestān and Fārs.
4973:World Heritage Sites in Iran
4943:Archaeological sites in Iran
3252:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1755:"Human spiruridiasis due to
1538:Iran, Vol. 41 (2003), p. 21.
1128:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1102:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
866:The Eastern Residential Area
790:
687:
7:
4847:Colossal Statue of Shapur I
4811:Ardashir Investiture Relief
3810:List of ab anbars of Qazvin
1028:
831:
633:region of Afghanistan, the
620:
348:, the southeastern part of
10:
5004:
4818:Victory Relief of Ardashir
4549:and its cultural landscape
1673:Foltz, Richard C. (2016).
1568:Foltz, Richard C. (2016).
1375:Ascalone, Enrico, (2022).
902:Cemetery of Shahr-i Sokhta
658:Grey Streak-Burnished Ware
445:Entrance to the Burnt City
242:UNESCO World Heritage Site
4968:Persian words and phrases
4899:
4885:
4496:
4485:
4425:
4389:
4367:
4344:
4321:
4303:
4280:
4257:
4234:
4216:
4198:
4180:
4152:
4134:
4116:
4098:
4080:
4057:
4039:
4021:
4003:
3985:
3967:
3949:
3931:
3913:
3900:
3889:
3875:
3785:
3759:
3593:
3473:
3437:
3426:
3388:
3362:
3355:
3167:
3135:
2932:
2839:
2781:
2753:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
2618:
2550:
2437:
2419:
2316:
2278:
2271:
2235:
1909:
1013:Indus Valley civilization
824:semi-columns to those in
660:appeared, the same as in
431:(550 BC–330 BC), a major
311:
307:
297:
287:
272:
264:
256:
248:
239:
235:
227:
219:
214:
204:
190:
182:
174:
169:
132:
122:
108:
46:
37:
26:
4879:The Persian Caravanserai
3200:Mogao Christian painting
2773:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
2487:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
2477:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
1775:10.1051/parasite/2017019
907:
857:Cemetery Shahr-e Sukhteh
27:
4582:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
3297:Saksanokhur gold buckle
3185:Hephthalite silver bowl
3062:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
2102:Second Turkic Khaganate
1903:History of Central Asia
1510:, Lecture minute 50:00.
1426:"Excavations in Sistān"
918:National Museum of Iran
4953:Ancient Iranian cities
4893:
4517:St. Stepanos Monastery
4510:St. Thaddeus Monastery
3277:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
3037:Alexandria Prophthasia
2062:First Turkic Khaganate
1997:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1476:, Lecture minute 5:30.
928:
920:
884:The Craftsman Quarters
873:The Great Central Area
858:
850:
804:
743:
735:
672:pottery were present.
446:
396:
376:
4891:
4869:Trans-Iranian Railway
4793:Historic city of Yazd
4564:Cultural landscape of
3087:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
2462:Karsakpay inscription
1917:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
1676:Iran in World History
1653:10.31235/osf.io/kctnj
1571:Iran in World History
1430:Encyclopaedia Iranica
989:Public health finding
926:
915:
856:
848:
798:
741:
733:
444:
394:
380:civilization east of
374:
352:, on the bank of the
154:30.59528°N 61.32639°E
4948:Architecture in Iran
4587:Naqsh-e Jahan Square
4475:World Heritage Sites
4282:Sib and Suran County
3820:List of ziyarat-gahs
3767:Islamic architecture
3349:Iranian architecture
2894:Kutlug Timur Minaret
2429:Noin-Ula burial site
2227:Chinese Central Asia
1857:Shahr-e Sukhteh, CHN
1822:The World in Between
1050:Proto-Elamite script
960:The oldest complete
711:Helmand Civilization
408:in the early 1900s.
3760:Theory and analysis
3287:Siberian Ice Maiden
3077:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
2492:Petrovka settlement
2222:Soviet Central Asia
2147:Great Seljuq Empire
943:The earliest known
891:The Monumental Area
841:Sectors of the city
366:World Heritage List
344:. It is located in
150: /
23:
4894:
4832:Palace of Ardashir
4736:Hassan Abad Moshir
4683:Dome of Soltaniyeh
4678:Sheikh Safi's Tomb
4524:Chapel of Dzordzor
4200:Qasr-e Qand County
3793:Architects of Iran
3594:Traditional cities
3237:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3190:Chilek silver bowl
3057:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2733:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
2522:Talapty Settlement
2308:Filippovka kurgans
2197:Khanate of Bukhara
2157:Khwarazmian Empire
2082:Ikhshids of Sogdia
1927:Afanasievo culture
1707:. 29 December 2014
945:artificial eyeball
929:
921:
900:, also called the
898:The Graveyard Area
859:
851:
805:
757:Indus civilization
755:and the cities of
744:
736:
447:
397:
377:
288:Reference no.
228:Public access
159:30.59528; 61.32639
21:
4920:
4919:
4912:Hyrcanian Forests
4441:
4440:
4385:
4384:
3828:
3827:
3424:
3423:
3315:
3314:
3292:Ai-Khanoum plaque
3163:
3162:
2967:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
2243:Central Asian art
2217:Russian Turkestan
2212:Chinese Turkestan
2112:Abbasid Caliphate
2076:Anxi Protectorate
2022:Kushano-Sasanians
1987:Macedonian Empire
1982:Achaemenid Empire
1952:Andronovo culture
1932:Sintashta culture
1733:. 15 January 2015
1606:on 11 April 2012.
1491:Paléorient 37 (2)
1328:978-88-6323-145-8
618:
617:
315:
314:
283:
231:yes (08:00–19:00)
195:Late Chalcolithic
4995:
4863:
4861:Sarvestan Palace
4856:
4849:
4842:
4834:
4827:
4825:Ardashir Khurreh
4820:
4813:
4806:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4703:Takht-e Soleymān
4698:Bazaar of Tabriz
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4565:
4550:
4540:
4533:
4531:Chapel of Chupan
4526:
4519:
4512:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4426:Populated places
4154:Nik Shahr County
4118:Mehrestan County
4059:Iranshahr County
3969:Dashtiari County
3911:
3910:
3895:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3801:s, castles, and
3741:Takht-e Soleymān
3551:Persian Garden (
3432:
3360:
3359:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3282:Seal of Khingila
3210:Penjikent murals
2831:Kalai Kafirnigan
2718:Koi Krylgan Kala
2527:Turkistan (city)
2512:Steppe Geoglyphs
2276:
2275:
2207:Khanate of Khiva
2167:Chagatai Khanate
2122:Saffarid dynasty
2107:Uyghur Khaganate
1896:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1794:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1731:newhistorian.com
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1565:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1457:
1446:
1433:
1422:
1399:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1304:
1287:
1274:UNESCO, (2017).
1272:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1222:on 13 March 2012
1212:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1098:"Shahr-i Sokhta"
1094:
1088:
1081:
877:Central Quarters
801:Sudarshan chakra
667:
637:valley, and the
466:Settlement size
457:
456:
429:Dahan-e Gholaman
382:prehistoric Iran
327:
277:
165:
164:
162:
161:
160:
155:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
100:
91:
90:
84:
72:
71:Show map of Iran
68:Location in Iran
63:
62:
56:
42:
32:
31:
24:
20:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4938:Helmand culture
4923:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4895:
4883:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4673:Shahr-e Sukhteh
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4603:Persian gardens
4572:Golestan Palace
4563:
4548:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4492:
4481:
4472:
4442:
4437:
4421:
4407:Shahr-e Sukhteh
4381:
4363:
4340:
4317:
4299:
4276:
4253:
4230:
4212:
4194:
4176:
4148:
4136:Mirjaveh County
4130:
4112:
4094:
4076:
4053:
4035:
4017:
3999:
3981:
3963:
3945:
3933:Chabahar County
3927:
3896:
3887:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3829:
3824:
3815:List of mosques
3781:
3755:
3589:
3469:
3433:
3420:
3384:
3351:
3346:
3316:
3311:
3272:Afrasiab murals
3215:Sampul tapestry
3159:
3155:Shahr-e Sukhteh
3145:Bandian complex
3131:
3107:Musalla Complex
2987:Tapa-i Kafariha
2928:
2849:Cave of Dzhebel
2835:
2777:
2614:
2546:
2542:Araltobe kurgan
2433:
2415:
2341:Kizilgaha caves
2312:
2298:Pazyryk burials
2280:Southern Russia
2267:
2231:
2117:Tahirid dynasty
2087:Tokhara Yabghus
1992:Seleucid Empire
1967:Pazyryk culture
1922:Yamnaya culture
1905:
1900:
1848:
1834:
1832:Further reading
1829:
1828:
1820:Andrew Lawler,
1819:
1815:
1805:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1637:
1633:
1628:on 20 May 2013.
1616:
1615:
1611:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1566:
1562:
1548:Watson, Clare,
1547:
1543:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1460:
1456:, Introduction.
1447:
1436:
1423:
1402:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1290:
1273:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1063:
1058:
1031:
1009:
991:
910:
843:
834:
799:5000 years old
793:
728:
690:
623:
452:Tappeh Graziani
402:
342:Helmand culture
318:Shahr-e Sukhteh
244:
209:Helmand culture
158:
156:
152:
149:
144:
141:
139:
137:
136:
104:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
33:
22:Shahr-e Sukhteh
17:
12:
11:
5:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4983:Jiroft culture
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4804:Qal'eh Dokhtar
4795:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Gonbad-e Qabus
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4346:Zahedan County
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4236:Saravan County
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4100:Konarak County
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4041:Hirmand County
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3987:Golshan County
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3506:Dalan e Vorudi
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3375:Parthian style
3372:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Bimaran Casket
3229:
3224:
3221:Sogdian Daēnās
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Gardez Ganesha
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Takht-e Rostam
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Dilberjin Tepe
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2826:Takht-i Sangin
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Guldursun-Kala
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Dalverzin Tepe
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Akchakhan-Kala
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Dunhuang Caves
2388:
2386:Bezeklik Caves
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Subashi Temple
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:Durrani Empire
2199:
2194:
2192:Timurid Empire
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Vakhsh culture
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1846:External links
1844:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1813:
1744:
1718:
1692:
1685:
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906:
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792:
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727:
724:
689:
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622:
619:
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491:
488:
484:
483:
480:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
401:
398:
368:in June 2014.
334:Shahr-i Sōkhta
330:Shahr-e Sūkhté
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
252:Shahr-i Sokhta
250:
246:
245:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
212:
211:
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58:
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51:
50:
49:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5000:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
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4951:
4949:
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4944:
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4931:
4930:
4928:
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4910:
4908:
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4902:
4898:
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4851:
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4779:
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4772:
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4751:
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4744:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4709:Persian Qanat
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4616:Chehel Sotoun
4613:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4559:Chogha Zanbil
4557:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4305:Taftan County
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4259:Sarbaz County
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4182:Nimruz County
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4049:Dust Mohammad
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3951:Dalgan County
3948:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3915:Bampur County
3912:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Caravanserais
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Early Islamic
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Oxus Treasure
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Orlat plaques
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Dasht-e Nawar
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
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2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
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2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
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2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Monjukli Depe
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Konye-Urgench
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Takht-i Kuwad
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
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2761:
2759:
2756:
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2751:
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2744:
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2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
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2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
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2694:
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2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
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2659:
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2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
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2631:
2629:
2626:
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2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Koshoy Korgon
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
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2523:
2520:
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2513:
2510:
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2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
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2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Kumtura Caves
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2318:Western China
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Salbyk kurgan
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Arzhan kurgan
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2263:Serindian art
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
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2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Mongol Empire
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:Ghurid Empire
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Western Turks
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Kushan Empire
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Guiyi Circuit
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Median Empire
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Tagar culture
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
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1908:
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1897:
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1885:
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1758:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1686:9780199335503
1682:
1678:
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1646:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1583:
1581:9780199335503
1577:
1573:
1572:
1564:
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1455:
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1427:
1421:
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1413:
1411:
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1398:
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1372:
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1271:
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1237:
1221:
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1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1004:
1002:
1001:
997:of the genus
996:
983:
980:
977:
976:brain surgery
973:
972:
967:
963:
959:
956:
951:
946:
942:
939:
935:
931:
930:
925:
919:
914:
905:
903:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
878:
874:
869:
867:
862:
855:
847:
838:
829:
827:
821:
818:
814:
810:
802:
797:
788:
785:
780:
778:
774:
768:
766:
761:
758:
754:
750:
740:
732:
723:
720:
714:
712:
708:
704:
698:
695:
685:
681:
679:
673:
671:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
643:Proto-Elamite
640:
636:
632:
628:
613:
611:
608:
605:
604:
601:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
583:
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579:
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566:
562:
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548:
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519:
516:
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512:
508:
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436:
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430:
426:
422:
416:
414:
409:
407:
393:
389:
387:
383:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Helmand River
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
319:
310:
306:
303:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
281:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:Official name
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
163:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
83:
55:
45:
41:
36:
25:
19:
4892:Flag of Iran
4672:
4665:Pahlevanpour
4487:
4406:
4397:Mount Khajeh
4369:Zehak County
4323:Zabol County
4082:Khash County
4031:Mohammadabad
4023:Hamun County
4005:Fanuj County
3876:Capital city
3802:
3798:
3580:Windcatchers
3552:
3219:
3154:
3150:Mount Khajeh
3117:Qala-i-Jangi
3097:Khair Khaneh
3002:Khair Khaneh
2909:Namazga-Tepe
2864:Anau culture
2841:Turkmenistan
2758:Tavka Kurgan
2653:Balalyk Tepe
2570:Burana Tower
2560:Aigyr-Zhal 2
2452:Issyk kurgan
2187:Kart dynasty
2182:Sufi dynasty
2172:Golden Horde
2097:Oghuz Yabgus
2072:Tang dynasty
2037:Hephthalites
1962:Uyuk culture
1816:
1766:
1762:
1757:Physaloptera
1756:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1730:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:mehrnews.com
1704:
1695:
1675:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1645:SocArXiv.com
1644:
1634:
1626:the original
1621:
1612:
1604:the original
1599:
1590:
1570:
1563:
1556:ScienceAlert
1549:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1453:
1429:
1396:
1371:
1334:
1318:
1311:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1216:"CHN - News"
1210:
1201:
1192:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1127:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1101:
1092:
1035:Sistan Basin
1023:Sistan Basin
1017:
1010:
1000:Physaloptera
998:
992:
901:
897:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
872:
870:
865:
863:
860:
835:
822:
806:
781:
769:
762:
745:
715:
699:
694:pre-Harappan
691:
682:
674:
657:
647:
627:Turkmenistan
624:
609:2100–2000 BC
597:2300–2100 BC
584:2400–2300 BC
571:2450–2400 BC
557:2600–2450 BC
544:2620–2600 BC
530:2850–2620 BC
517:3000–2850 BC
504:3100–3000 BC
493:10.5–15.5 ha
490:3350–3100 BC
477:3550–3350 BC
451:
448:
437:
417:
410:
403:
378:
333:
329:
317:
316:
302:Asia-Pacific
18:
4854:Shapur cave
4785:Ebrahimabad
4218:Rask County
4208:Qasr-e Qand
3676:Khorramabad
3363:Pre-Islamic
3242:Kabul hoard
3175:Sokh snakes
3127:Surkh Kotal
3092:Haji Piyada
3067:Darra-e Kur
3032:Yemshi Tepe
3027:Tillya Tepe
3022:Tepe Fullol
3012:Tepe Narenj
3007:Tapa Sardar
2997:Fondukistan
2962:Tapa Shotor
2942:Tepe Fullol
2934:Afghanistan
2763:Toprak-Kala
2748:Shahrukhiya
2698:Kampir Tepe
2688:Itchan Kala
2643:Ancient Pap
2600:Shakh Fazil
2472:Krasnyi Yar
2376:Mogao Caves
2336:Kizil Caves
2272:Archaeology
2137:Farighunids
2092:Turk Shahis
2032:Alchon Huns
1622:foxnews.com
932:An earthen
811:valley and
747:trade with
629:, with the
419:is now the
406:Aurel Stein
400:Archaeology
386:Mesopotamia
356:, near the
268:ii, iii, iv
157: /
133:Coordinates
4927:Categories
4907:Lut Desert
4757:Ghasemabad
4609:Pasargadae
4597:Persepolis
4592:Pasargadae
4402:Hamun Lake
4359:Nosratabad
3721:Shahrisabz
3701:Persepolis
3691:Nakhchivan
3641:Gur-e-Amir
3370:Achaemenid
3122:Rag-i-Bibi
2947:Ai-Khanoum
2879:Gonur Depe
2874:Dev-Kesken
2811:Kafir-kala
2801:Ajina tepe
2783:Tajikistan
2743:Sarmishsay
2728:Kyzyl-Kala
2708:Khalchayan
2693:Kafir-kala
2673:Fayaz Tepe
2658:Burchmulla
2620:Uzbekistan
2610:Tash Rabat
2585:Manas Ordo
2552:Kyrgyzstan
2439:Kazakhstan
2142:Ghaznavids
2047:Ustrushana
2042:Tocharians
1972:Massagetae
1658:3 February
1056:References
962:board game
955:eye socket
777:Tepe Yahya
726:Period III
662:Tepe Yahya
433:Achaemenid
425:Hamun Lake
421:Lut desert
338:Bronze Age
273:Designated
215:Site notes
199:Bronze Age
145:61°19′35″E
142:30°35′43″N
4750:Akbarabad
4651:Abbasabad
4644:Dolatabad
4162:Nik Shahr
4067:Iranshahr
3716:Samarkand
3626:Ctesiphon
3570:Shabestan
3526:Imamzadeh
3501:Chahartaq
3168:Artifacts
3042:Aq Kupruk
2992:Mes Aynak
2924:Ulug Depe
2859:Altyndepe
2806:Cyropolis
2796:Penjikent
2768:Varakhsha
2703:Kara Tepe
2648:Ayaz-Kala
2638:Akhsikath
2628:Afrasiyab
2575:Issyk-Kul
2565:Balasagun
2411:Beshbalik
2288:Sintashta
2248:Silk Road
2177:Ilkhanate
2132:Ma'munids
2027:Kidarites
1783:1776-1042
995:nematodes
938:animation
791:Period IV
707:Badakshan
688:Period II
326:شهر سوخته
220:Condition
183:Abandoned
30:شهر سوخته
4840:Bishapur
4838:City of
4778:Mozdabad
4743:Goharriz
4715:Ghasabeh
4658:Akbarieh
4554:Behistun
4497:Cultural
4144:Mirjaveh
3959:Galmurti
3941:Chabahar
3902:Counties
3696:Nishapur
3585:Yakhchāl
3546:Panjdari
3486:Andaruni
3481:Ab anbar
3474:Elements
3455:Khaneqah
3406:Ilkhanid
3380:Sasanian
3102:Mundigak
3082:Firozkoh
2972:Shotorak
2791:Bunjikat
2683:Hazorasp
2507:Shilikty
2497:Boralday
2421:Mongolia
2356:Dunhuang
2127:Samanids
2057:Farghana
1910:Polities
1801:28573969
1763:Parasite
1130:. UNESCO
1104:. UNESCO
1045:Mundigak
1029:See also
832:Period V
826:Mehrgarh
813:Kandahar
765:Mundigak
749:Mundigak
703:Mundigak
678:Mundigak
650:Mundigak
631:Kandahar
621:Period I
265:Criteria
260:Cultural
223:In ruins
205:Cultures
109:Location
4900:Natural
4722:Baladeh
4637:Shazdeh
4567:Maymand
4354:Zahedan
4313:Nukabad
4244:Saravan
4172:Espakeh
4108:Konarak
3883:Zahedan
3803:ghal'eh
3681:Mashhad
3666:Kashmar
3656:Isfahan
3631:Derbent
3621:Bukhara
3606:Andijan
3460:Mosques
3445:Bazaars
3416:Safavid
3411:Timurid
3389:Islamic
3356:Periods
3047:Asqalan
2982:Bimaran
2977:Paitava
2919:Togolok
2854:Abiward
2738:Poykent
2723:Koktepe
2590:Navekat
2467:Kerderi
2457:Jankent
2406:Kashgar
2381:Tumshuq
2326:Bulayïq
2236:Culture
2052:Khuttal
2012:Xiongnu
1792:5467177
1737:7 April
1711:7 April
1284:Table 4
1226:7 April
1019:Shahdad
950:bitumen
775:IV and
654:Namazga
463:Dating
460:Period
358:Zahedan
322:Persian
280:session
191:Periods
186:2300 BC
178:3550 BC
175:Founded
170:History
4771:Vazvan
4417:Taftan
4412:Bazman
4390:Sights
4336:Bonjar
4272:Sarbaz
4267:Pishin
4249:Sirkan
4126:Zaboli
4072:Bazman
3923:Bampur
3906:cities
3746:Tehran
3736:Tabriz
3726:Shiraz
3706:Qazvin
3661:Kashan
3541:Kucheh
3516:Hashti
3511:Gonbad
3491:Biruni
3465:Takyeh
3401:Seljuk
3112:Nagara
2884:Jeitun
2816:Sarazm
2502:Sawran
2447:Begash
2401:Khotan
2396:Loulan
2007:Yuezhi
1799:
1789:
1781:
1769:: 18.
1683:
1578:
1495:p. 17:
1326:
1263:p. 539
1246:p. 539
934:goblet
817:Bampur
809:Bampur
773:Bampur
753:Bampur
719:Bampur
664:IVC, (
639:Bampur
635:Quetta
469:Phase
298:Region
278:(38th
127:Sistan
123:Region
4729:Zarch
4377:Zehak
4331:Zabol
4295:Hiduj
4290:Suran
4190:Adimi
4090:Khash
4013:Fanuj
3995:Jaleq
3977:Negur
3786:Lists
3671:Khiva
3651:Herat
3646:Hatra
3636:Ganja
3575:Talar
3560:Qanat
3553:hayāt
3536:Kariz
3438:Types
2957:Hadda
2713:Khiva
2605:Suyab
2595:Özgön
2532:Urpek
2517:Sumbe
2482:Otrar
2371:Rawak
2361:Miran
2331:Kucha
1489:, in
1452:, in
1280:p. 17
1134:7 May
1108:7 May
908:Finds
875:, or
560:80 ha
536:5A-B
533:80 ha
522:6A-B
482:10-9
362:Zabol
276:2014
4764:Moun
4707:The
4693:Susa
4630:Eram
4601:The
4479:Iran
4226:Rask
4167:Bent
3904:and
3751:Yazd
3731:Susa
3686:Merv
3611:Baku
3601:Amol
3565:Sahn
3531:Iwan
3521:Howz
3496:Burj
3137:Iran
2914:Nisa
2899:Merv
2869:Anau
2366:Niya
1947:Saka
1841:2020
1797:PMID
1779:ISSN
1739:2018
1713:2018
1681:ISBN
1660:2024
1576:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1228:2018
1136:2017
1110:2017
966:dice
568:IIIB
554:IIIA
350:Iran
332:and
292:1456
257:Type
117:Iran
4623:Fin
4546:Bam
4477:in
3799:Arg
3711:Qom
3616:Bam
1787:PMC
1771:doi
1649:doi
896:5.
889:4.
882:3.
871:2.
864:1.
784:Nal
713:.
670:Nal
594:GAP
541:IIC
527:IIB
514:IIA
4929::
1795:.
1785:.
1777:.
1767:24
1765:.
1761:.
1729:.
1703:.
1647:.
1643:.
1620:.
1598:.
1554:,
1536:,
1493:,
1461:^
1437:^
1403:^
1395:,
1384:^
1347:^
1310:,
1291:^
1282:,
1180:^
1126:.
1100:.
1064:^
767:.
751:,
666:c.
614:0
589:1
581:IV
576:2
563:3
549:4
509:7
501:IC
496:8
487:IB
474:IA
388:.
324::
197:,
115:,
4467:e
4460:t
4453:v
3854:e
3847:t
3840:v
3805:s
3555:)
3341:e
3334:t
3327:v
2078:)
2074:(
1895:e
1888:t
1881:v
1803:.
1773::
1741:.
1715:.
1689:.
1662:.
1651::
1584:.
1432:.
1230:.
1138:.
1112:.
978:.
606:V
360:-
320:(
282:)
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