973:), people would disguise themselves with old articles of clothing and visit the homes of their friends and neighbours. They would at times cover their faces with a hood, scarf, mask or pillowcase to keep their identity hidden. In keeping with the theme of an inversion of rules, and of disguise, crossdressing was a common strategy, and men would sometimes dress as women and women as men. Travelling from house to house, some mummers would carry their own musical instruments to play, sing and dance in the houses they visited. The host and hostess of these 'mummers parties' would serve a small lunch which could consist of Christmas cake with a glass of syrup or blueberry or dogberry wine. Some mummers would drink a Christmas "grog" before they leave each house, a drink of an alcoholic beverage such as rum or whiskey. One important part of the custom was a guessing game to determine the identity of the visitors. As each mummer was identified, they would uncover their faces, but if their true identity is not guessed they did not have to unmask. The Mummers Festival takes place throughout December and includes workshops on how to make
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1011:) working class young men roamed the streets on New Year's Day, organizing "riotous" processions, firing weapons into the air, and demanding free drinks in taverns, and generally challenging middle and upper-class notions of order and decorum. Unable to suppress the custom, by the 1880s the city government began to pursue a policy of co-option, requiring participants to join organized groups with designated leaders who had to apply for permits and were responsible for their groups actions. By 1900, these groups formed part of an organized, city-sanctioned parade with cash prizes for the best performances. About 15,000 mummers now perform in the parade each year. They are organized into four distinct types of troupes: Comics, Fancies,
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681:(another word for ram), has been performed, since at least 1895, by teams of boys. The brief play is usually introduced by two characters, an old man and an old woman ("Me and our owd lass"). The Tup was usually represented by a boy, bent over forwards, covered with a sack, and carrying a broomstick with a rough, wooden sheep's head attached. The Tup was killed by a Butcher, and sometimes another boy held a basin to catch the "blood". There is a Sheffield version where the Tup is killed and then brought back to life by the Doctor. This is the main play performed by the Northstow Mummers based in
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852:. All the characters are introduced in turn by the Master, St. George. There is no real interplay between the characters and no combat or cure, so it is more of a "calling-on song" than a play. Some of the characters dance solos as they are introduced, then all dance a longsword dance together, which climaxes with their swords being meshed together to form a "shield". They each dance with the shield upon their head, then it is laid on the floor and they withdraw their swords to finish the dance. St. George makes a short speech to end the performance.
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647:) feature several different stock characters (including a Recruiting Sergeant, Tom Fool, Dame Jane and the "Lady bright and gay"). Tradition has it that ploughboys would take their plays from house to house and perform in exchange for money or gifts, some teams pulling a plough and threatened to plough up people's front gardens or path if they did not pay up. Examples of the play have been found in Denmark since the late 1940s.
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969:" is a Newfoundland custom that dates back to the time of the earliest settlers who came from England and Ireland. It shares common antecedents with the Mummers' Play tradition, but in its current form is primarily a house-visiting tradition. Sometime during the Twelve Days of Christmas, usually on the night of the "Old Twelfth" (17 January; equivalent to 6 January in the old
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101:). Historically, mummers' plays consisted of informal groups of costumed community members that visited from house to house on various holidays. Today the term refers especially to a play in which a number of characters are called on stage, two of whom engage in a combat, the loser being revived by a doctor character. This play is sometimes found associated with a
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African heritage. The parade is related to the
Mummers' Play tradition from Britain and Ireland. Revivals of this tradition are still celebrated annually in South Gloucestershire, England on Boxing Day along with other locations in England and in parts of Ireland on St. Stephen's Day and also in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador around Christmas.
868:, which includes several maps showing the locations where each version was performed. These are or were largely across the Central Belt of Scotland, with a strange and unexplained "outlier" at Ballater in Aberdeenshire. The Meadows Mummers are an all-female troupe who perform at local festivals inspired by both these writers, and by folk play workshops at the
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that showcases pageantry and creativity. This grand parade has history in the old world, and performances in
Philadelphia began in the year 1900. The parade traces back to mid-17th-century roots, blending elements from Swedish, Finnish, Irish, English, German, and other European heritages, as well as
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in the early 20th century, but appears to have continued despite this condemnation. In 1935, the Carne
Mummers were arrested for their street performance under the Dance Halls Act. In Fingal, the modern form of mummering was re-established by the Fingal Mummers in the 1980s, and is now documented as
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between 1746 and 1769. The fullest early version of a mummers' play text is probably the 1779 "Morrice
Dancers'" play from Revesby, Lincolnshire. The full text ("A petygree of the Plouboys or modes dancers songs") is available online. Although performed at Christmas, this text is a forerunner of the
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All known Irish play scripts are in
English though Irish custom and tradition have permeated mumming ceremony with famous characters from Irish history: Colmcille, Brian Boru, Art MacMorrough, Owen Roe O'Neill, Sarsfield and Wolfe Tone. The mummers are similar but distinct from the other traditions
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At certain feast days (e.g. saint's days), a lot of the populace would put on masks, and in practices that vary with geography, celebrate the day. One practice in example was for a group to visit a local manor, and 'sing out' the lord. If the lord couldn't match verse for verse the singing group
704:. A group of men accompanied a hobby horse (either a wooden head, with jaws operated by strings, or a real horse's skull, painted black and red, mounted on a wooden pole so that its snapping jaws could be operated by a man stooping under a cloth to represent the horse's body) and sang a version of
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Mumming, at any rate in the South of
England, had its heyday at the end of the 19th century and the earliest years of the 20th century. Most traditional mummers groups (known as "sides") stopped with the onset of the First World War, but not before they had come to the attention of folklorists. In
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Mumming was a way of raising money and the play was taken round the big houses. Most
Southern English versions end with the entrance of "Little Johnny Jack his wife and family on his back". Johnny, traditionally played by the youngest mummer in the group, first asks for food and then more urgently
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has been in use since the Middle Ages, no scripts or details survive from that era and the term may have been used loosely to describe performers of several different kinds. The earliest evidence of mummers' plays as they are known today is from the mid- to late 18th century. Mummers' plays should
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play features a song and a sword dance at its conclusion. Although the key traditional characters include St. George, St. Patrick and others, modern versions frequently adapt the play to contemporary political concerns. Characters featured since the 1990s include Sir MHK, Sir Banker, Expert and
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Mummers and "guisers" (performers in disguise) can be traced back at least to 1296, when the festivities for the marriage of Edward I's daughter at
Christmas included "mummers of the court" along with "fiddlers and minstrels". These "revels" and "guisings" may have been an early form of
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On documents such as receipts and bills from the late medieval, come details of mumming parties organised by
English monarchs, Henry VIII being known for taking his court mumming incognito. Later, Henry would ban social mumming, and bring the 'masque' form of entertainment to England.
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and the early use of the term "mumming" appears to refer specifically to a performance of dicing with the host for costly jewels, after which the mummers would join the guests for dancing, an event recorded in 1377 when 130 men on horseback went "mumming" to the Prince of Wales, later
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wearing masks and visors covering their faces in the churchyard and in the courtyard of a house. They were fined 40 shillings each. In 1604 Tyberius
Winchester was fined for "guising" through the town of Elgin with a pillowcase as a disguise and William Pattoun was accused of singing
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the second half of the 20th century many groups were revived, mostly by folk music and dance enthusiasts. The revived plays are frequently taken around inns and public houses around Christmas time and the begging done for some charity rather than for the mummers themselves.
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nevertheless took on the meaning "costume, masquerade" and, by the 18th century, had lost its association with gambling and dice. Other than this association there is no clear evidence linking these late medieval and early modern customs with English mumming.
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play (Old Horse), another dramatised folksong in Yorkshire, was also known from roughly the same area, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, around Christmas. The custom persisted until at least 1970, when it was performed in private houses and pubs in
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The characters may be introduced in a series of short speeches (usually in rhyming couplets) or they may introduce themselves in the course of the play's action. The principal characters, presented in a wide variety of manners, are a hero, most commonly
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Mumming was used as a means of entertaining at feasts and functions, particular mention is made of one feast where 150 torch bearers lead the same number of mummers in, who would do acrobatics in a variety of costumes, including animal costumes.
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The formation of roving mumming groups became a popular practice so common it became associated with criminal or lewd behaviour, as the use of masks allowed anonymity; in the time of Henry VIII, it was banned for a period.
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and played a game of dice with him. A similar incident, involving an Englishman, is attested for the French court by the German count and chronicler Froben Christoph von Zimmern: during carnival 1540, while the French king
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In 1418 a law was passed in London forbidding in the city "mumming, plays, interludes or any other disguisings with any feigned beards, painted visors, deformed or coloured visages in any wise, upon pain of imprisonment".
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recorded the oral history of fourteen people from the lowlands of Scotland recounting their memories of "Galoshin" dramas. Galoshin is the hero in a drama in the tradition of Robin Hood plays. Building on this research,
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and Galoshin in Scotland), and his chief opponent (known as the Turkish Knight in southern England, but named Slasher elsewhere), and a quack Doctor who comes to restore the dead man to life. Other characters include:
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Ploughboys' Play in 1779, along with a "wild worm" (possibly mechanical), but it had no words. In the few instances where the dragon appears and speaks its words can be traced back to a Cornish script published by
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821:". In January 1600, Alexander Smith's daughter was accused of guising in Elgin dressed as a man. This kind of dance and disguised "guising" through the town can be traced in various records. When
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custom of "belsnickling" (adults in masks questioning children about whether they had been good during the previous year). Through the 19th century, large groups of disguised (often in
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groups of four boys dressed as Crwmpyn (hunchback) John, Indian Dark, Robin Hood and Doctor Brown took the play from house to house on Bonfire Night and were rewarded with money.
1060:, making house-to-house visits. They are depicted as a boisterous crowd dancing and laughing in outrageous costumes where men are dressed as women and women are dressed as men.
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is based on the characters of a traditional English mummers' play. It gave its name to a two-hour programme of traditional and traditionally-rooted English music, broadcast by
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came to Scotland in May 1590, twelve Edinburgh men performed a sword dance in costume with white shoes and floral hats, and other performed a Highland dance in costume.
792:. A festival is held each October in Fingal by a local school, Scoil Seamus Ennis, which has hosted mummering troupes from across Ireland and England. The group,
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to a number of former British colonies. Ireland has its own unique history of mummers' play, and adopted the term for the tradition from the English language.
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1072:(1957) is set around a particular version of the Guiser play / Sword Dance, the fictional "Dance of the Five Sons", performed on the "Sword Wednesday" of the
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often features and references mummers, with characters regularly referring to a comical, bungled, unbelievable, or manufactured event as a "mummer's farce".
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in the 18th century as part of a wide variety of working-class street celebrations around Christmas. By the early 19th century, it coalesced with two other
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According to German and Austrian sources dating from the 16th century, during carnival persons wearing masks used to make house-to-house visits offering a
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in around 1788. It features seven characters, Saint George, Saint James, Saint Dennis, Saint David, Saint Patrick, Saint Anthony and Saint Andrew, the
312:, tended to view these plays as descendants of pre-Christian fertility ritual, but modern researchers have subjected this interpretation to criticism.
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In the 1950s, A.L. Taylor collected surviving fragments of seasonal Scottish folk plays he described as "Galoshens" or "Galatians". Later,
490:, Devon, which may date from 1737, although published in 1770), the earliest complete text of the "Doctor" play appears to be an undated
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549:, Ireland, dating from around 1817–18, was published in 1863. It is from the 19th century that the bulk of recorded texts derive.
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1747:"Folklore: The Truro cordwainers' play: a "new" eighteenth-century Christmas play - Research article: focus on traditional drama"
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A play text which had, until recently, been attributed to Mylor in Cornwall (much quoted in early studies of folk plays, such as
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Although the main season for mumming throughout Britain was around Christmas, some parts of England had plays performed around
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Davis, Susan G. (Summer 1982). "Making Night Hideous: Christmas Revelry and Public Order in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia".
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There are several traditional songs associated with mumming plays; the "calling-on" songs of sword dance teams are related:
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name women who danced at New Year 1623 to the sound of a trumpet. Six men, described as guisers or "gwysseris" performed a
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1036:(1878) has a fictional depiction of a mummers' play on Edgon Heath. It was based on the author's childhood experiences.
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1996:
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is based on a sword-dance or pace-egg play calling-on song, in which the characters are introduced one by one
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240:) of dice. Ingrid Brainard argues that the English word "mummer" is ultimately derived from the Greek name
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522:(1933) by E. K. Chambers) has now been shown, by genealogical and other research, to have originated in
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Estate Agent. A a book on the White Boys compiled and edited by Stephen Miller was published in 2010;
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454:) wearing a mask and accompanied by other masked persons paid a visit to the king and offered him a
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for money. Johnny Jack's wife and family were either dolls in a model house or sometimes a picture.
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Comberbach Mummers Website; includes photos plus script for our version of St George and the Dragon
2402:"Who wants to see the White Boys Act?" The Mumming Play in the Isle of Man: A Compendium of Sources
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907:"Who wants to see the White Boys act?" The Mumming Play in the Isle of Man: A Compendium of Sources
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1899:"The Old Horse: Christmas Play from Notts. [1902] | Folk Play Research website"
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2565:"Ambiguity in the Depiction of Melisandre in A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin"
1824:"Belfast Christmas Rhyme - Smyth & Lyons (1803-1818) | Folk Play Research website"
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able to resuscitate the vanquished character. Early scholars of folk drama, influenced by
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and Ireland, but there have been many revivals of mumming, often associated nowadays with
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Mummers' and guisers' plays were formerly performed throughout much of English-speaking
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The Doctor brings St George back to life in a 2015 production by the St Albans Mummers.
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1874:"The Old Horse, Sheffield District, Yorkshire, 1888 | Folk Play Research website"
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In some parts of Britain and Ireland the plays are traditionally performed on or near
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rarely appears although it is often mentioned. A dragon seems to have appeared in the
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was played not only by masked persons, and not only during carnival, the German word
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Sarah Carpenter, 'Masking and politics: the Alison Craik incident, Edinburgh 1561',
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The World of Ice & Fire: The Untold History of Westeros and the Game of Thrones
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1672:"The "Plouboys oR modes dancers" at Revesby 1779 | Folk Play Research website"
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2300:"Fiona Allen, 'Rescuing Galoshins, a Scottish folk play' (Review 2. Art. 3. 2017)"
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investigated the geographical distribution of the play in Scotland, and published
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The tradition of the mummers' play is still present in areas of Ireland including
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groups. These performances are comparable in some respects with others throughout
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George R.R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" and the Medieval Literary Tradition
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Although there are earlier hints (such as a fragmentary speech by St George from
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Martin, George R. R.; García, Elio M. Jr.; Antonsson, Linda (28 October 2014).
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1773:"Truro (Formerly Mylor): "A Play for Christmas", 1780s (Full text and notes)"
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Broadly comic performances, the most common type features a doctor who has a
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236:, 16th century), these latter words originally referring to a game or throw (
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2328:"The Meadows Mummers; tradition with a difference. | ICH Scotland Wiki"
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1849:"Ballybrennan, Wexford play - about 1823 | Folk Play Research website"
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1210:. A hip-hop version by M.W.A. (Mummers With Attitude) was released in 2014.
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2204:"Scott's Papa Stour Sword Dance - 1788 | Folk Play Research website"
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performed by troupes of amateur actors, traditionally all male, known as
1397:"Mumming - a Yuletide Tradition - Irish Customs World Cultures European"
596:). In north-eastern England the plays are traditionally associated with
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Tewkesbury's Millennia of Mummers' Heritage kept alive - United Kingdom
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Taylor, A.L., "Galatians", Goloshens and the Inkerman Pace-Eggers", in
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himself wore a costume with a Venetian mask and danced at a wedding at
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The Truro cordwainers' play: a "new" eighteenth-century Christmas play
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Michael Pearce, 'Maskerye Claythis for James VI and Anna of Denmark',
944:(alternating verses), then that lord would have to provide amenities.
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1697:"Morrice Dancers at Revesby - 1779 | Folk Play Research website"
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of county Fermanagh in Ireland, produced and directed by James Kelly
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1951:"J. M. Carpenter, Ethel Rudkin and The Plough Plays of Lincolnshire"
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Soul Cakers, in the mid-1970s, gathered round Dick, their Wild Horse
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Plays may be performed in the street or during visits to houses and
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Battery Radio Documentary about Christmas Mummering in Newfoundland
1722:"The Islip Mummers' Play of 1780 | Folk Play Research website"
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2417:"Mild weather to highlight 118th Mummers Parade in Philadelphia"
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South Riding Folk Arts Network: Christmas Luck-visiting customs
1799:"Cheshire Play - Before 1788 | Folk Play Research website"
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289:
117:
2177:
Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1589-1603
1624:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951, pp. 150-1, quoted in
4265:
2951:
2735:
Mumming — a Yuletide Tradition by Bridget Haggerty in Ireland
1254:
531:
523:
345:
or Little Devil Doubt (who demands money from the audience).
241:
2776:
2714:
2685:
Mystery History : The Origins of British Mummers' Plays
2678:
2078:
Ireland’s National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage
526:, Cornwall, around 1780. A play from an unknown locality in
276:. There are a few surviving traditional teams of mummers in
252:
4487:
4151:
2869:
2251:
Galoshins remembered : a penny was a lot in these days
712:, which describes a decrepit horse that is close to death.
2635:, Takoma TAK 7077, LP (1977), cut# 6 (Singing the Travels)
1194:"The Mummer's Song", performed by the Canadian folk group
840:
published a rhyme which had been used as a prelude to the
1219:
1121:
World Library of Folk and Primitive Music. Vol 1. England
518:
by R. J. E. Tiddy – published posthumously in 1923 – and
109:
32:"Mummer" and "Guiser" redirect here. For other uses, see
2355:"Enter St Denis and St George" The White Boys Play Texts
1924:"SRFN Miscellany: Luck-visiting in the Old South Riding"
1589:
1198:, but originally written by the Newfoundland folk band
1187:
as the culmination of a whole day of English music, on
1549:
1547:
1218:
is the title of a 1983 album by the English rock band
1128:"The Singing of the Travels" was also recorded by the
872:. In 2019 they performed at the Scots Music School in
2605:
1530:
BBC Northern Ireland Homepage, Your place & mine
1469:
1467:
112:. They are generally performed seasonally, often at
2730:
Mummers, Wrenboy and Strawboy traditions in Ireland
2435:"Intangible Cultural Heritage Update December 2009"
1600:. Ipswich: East Anglian Magazine Ltd. p. 110.
1557:
All Silver and No Brass, An Irish Christmas Mumming
1544:
355:Despite the frequent presence of Saint George, the
193:("mask"), but is more likely to be associated with
2516:
1595:
1019:dedicated to the history of Philadelphia Mummers.
790:National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage
545:, c.1803-1818. A mummers' play from Ballybrennan,
1560:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 224.
1464:
1382:The Origins and Development of English Folk Plays
105:though both also exist in Britain independently.
4569:
1355:. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. p. 2.
1353:The Newfoundland Mummers' Christmas House-Visit
1338:Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays
748:. The main characters are usually the Captain,
1553:
1335:
2792:
2694:Master Mummers' Directory of Folk Play Groups
2612:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 52.
1048:(1869) has a depiction of mummers, including
375:Weston Mummers perform at the Packhorse Inn,
2681:— Scripts, photos, articles, databases, etc.
2242:
2154:, 'Anna of Denmark's Coronation and Entry',
1336:Griffin, Robert H.; Shurgin, Ann H. (2000).
539:The Christmas Rhime or The Mummer's Own Book
482:An 1852 depiction of an English mummers play
256:Mummers performing in Exeter, Devon in 1994
2799:
2785:
2562:
2414:
556:
341:, who introduces some plays, the Fool and
2278:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1365:
1350:
883:The Saints fight in a performance of the
2671:— a 25-minute documentary featuring the
2193:(Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2022), p. 116.
2128:, 2 (Aberdeen, 1903), pp. 77, 119, 176-7
2021:Muirithe, Diarmaid O. (8 January 2000).
2020:
1585:Bryan Harris, article and collected text
878:
730:
560:
477:
399:
370:
314:
251:
42:
2571:, Warsaw University Press, p. 60,
2514:
2273:
2267:
2048:"Tradition of the men with straw masks"
1523:
1123:, Rounder 1741, CD (1998/reis), cut#16b
984:
960:
951:
673:a dramatised version of the well-known
498:, published by John White (d. 1769) in
14:
4570:
2767:Mummering or Janneying in Newfoundland
2399:
2351:
2097:
2091:
1108:(1997) along with an extract from the
1104:Mummers, appears on SayDisc CD-SDL425
783:. The practice was discouraged by the
179:is sometimes explained to derive from
4129:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
2780:
2547:
2479:
2370:
2368:
2142:, 21:5 (November, 2007), pp. 625–636.
1022:
929:
328:, King George, or Prince George (but
2750:South West Dorset Mummers' Play 1880
2577:10.31338/uw.9788323514350.pp.211-230
2248:
1948:
1100:"The Singing of the Travels" by the
1003:customs, shooting firearms, and the
2687:— article by Peter Millington from
2523:. New York: Random House. pp.
2098:Bailie, Stuart (24 December 2022).
473:
24:
2365:
1366:Brandreth, Gyles Daubeney (1985).
25:
4639:
2772:Momogeri — A Pontian Greek custom
2707:— article by Peter Millington in
2657:
2276:Galoshins: the Scottish Folk Play
995:Mummers' plays were performed in
938:
900:First recorded in 1832, the Manx
866:Galoshins: the Scottish Folk Play
735:The Armagh Rhymers performing at
200:("disguised person", attested in
156:not be confused with the earlier
4550:
4549:
4005:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
3900:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
1749:. 30 August 2004. Archived from
1175:"England in Ribbons", a song by
921:every New Year's Day there is a
665:and in nearby parts of northern
2638:
2626:
2599:
2556:
2541:
2508:
2473:
2448:
2427:
2415:Renee Duff (31 December 2018).
2408:
2404:. Isle of Man: Chiollagh Books.
2393:
2345:
2320:
2292:
2235:, Vol. 5, No. 16, Autumn 1958,
2221:
2196:
2183:
2165:
2145:
2132:
2117:
2066:
2040:
2014:
1989:
1942:
1916:
1891:
1866:
1841:
1816:
1791:
1765:
1739:
1714:
1689:
1664:
1645:
1632:
1614:
1578:
1517:
1351:Robertson, Margaret R. (1984).
912:
611:. These are therefore known as
496:Alexander and the King of Egypt
3985:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
3914:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
3297:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
3076:Legend of the Christmas Spider
2563:Blacharska, Katarzyna (2014),
2361:. Isle of Man: Culture Vannin.
2253:. Edinburgh: NMS Enterprises.
2179:(Edinburgh, 1927), pp. 330-331
1949:Cass, Eddie (1 January 2002).
1492:
1439:
1414:
1401:www.irishcultureandcustoms.com
1389:
1374:
1359:
1344:
1329:
1106:English Customs and Traditions
895:
850:Seven Champions of Christendom
244:, a god of mockery and scoff.
13:
1:
3936:Christmas television specials
3835:The New Oxford Book of Carols
2922:Annunciation to the shepherds
2806:
2552:. London: Collins Crime Club.
2444:– via Internet Archive.
2158:& Alasdair A. MacDonald,
1322:
1158:," a hit song from the album
760:, The Doctor and Miss Funny.
503:East Midlands Plough Monday (
77:(also by local names such as
3990:Christmas and holiday season
2725:The Bradshaw Mummers website
2696:— details of over 250 groups
2645:Feature — England in Ribbons
2191:Medieval English Theatre, 43
1640:History and the Morris Dance
1526:"The Fermanagh Men of Straw"
1524:Ledwith, Jim (30 May 2008).
1370:. London: Hale. p. 188.
1340:. Detroit: UXL. p. 230.
1239:Blackface and Morris dancing
870:Scottish Storytelling Centre
170:
7:
4618:Slavic Christmas traditions
2669:Mummers, Masks and Mischief
1626:History of the Masque Genre
1596:Redstone, Lilian J (1969).
1226:
799:
530:, close to the border with
247:
212:(first attested already in
50:slays the dragon in a 2015
10:
4644:
2902:Adoration of the Shepherds
2720:The Weston Mummers website
2689:American Morris Newsletter
2679:Folk Play Research Website
2160:Sixteenth-Century Scotland
1306:St George's Day in England
988:
726:
654:
650:
635:. The Plough plays of the
534:, dates from before 1788.
395:
31:
4545:
4480:
4449:
4396:
4370:
4349:
4228:
4173:
4160:
4146:WWE Tribute to the Troops
3958:
3907:A Visit from St. Nicholas
3853:
3828:The Oxford Book of Carols
3764:
3595:
3404:Feast of the Seven Fishes
3317:
3238:
3149:
3026:
2967:Massacre of the Innocents
2880:
2816:
1380:Peter Thomas Millington,
1208:Newfoundland and Labrador
435:Albert V, Duke of Bavaria
404:Midwinter Mummers at the
146:first-footing at new year
3948:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2400:Miller, Stephen (2010).
2352:Miller, Stephen (2018).
1967:10.1179/flk.2002.41.1.96
1598:Ipswich through the Ages
1091:
1033:The Return of the Native
639:of England (principally
163:Mumming spread from the
4110:Small Business Saturday
3980:Black Friday (shopping)
3975:Black Friday (partying)
3469:Nine Lessons and Carols
3399:Events and celebrations
2673:Aughakillymaude Mummers
2274:Hayward, Brian (1992).
1554:Glassie, Henry (1976).
1147:from their first album
1143:"A Calling-on Song" by
1119:It also appears on the
677:folksong, known as the
557:Local seasonal variants
38:Guiser (disambiguation)
34:Mummer (disambiguation)
3754:Post-War United States
2460:www.mummersfestival.ca
2162:(Brill, 2008), p. 290.
1532:. BBC Northern Ireland
1479:germazope.uni-trier.de
1451:germazope.uni-trier.de
1426:germazope.uni-trier.de
1149:Hark! The Village Wait
1085:A Song of Ice and Fire
892:
842:Papa Stour Sword Dance
740:
615:and the performers as
569:
511:, dates back to 1780.
483:
439:archbishop of Salzburg
409:
384:
320:
257:
59:
4603:Belarusian traditions
3803:Hit singles in the US
3798:Hit singles in the UK
3359:Carols by Candlelight
3287:Santa Claus' daughter
2895:Adoration of the Magi
2761:Other related customs
2663:Mummers' plays proper
2548:Marsh, Ngaio (1957).
2515:Tolstoy, Leo (1869).
1622:The Elizabethan Stage
882:
734:
564:
537:Chapbook versions of
520:The English Folk-Play
507:) plays. A text from
481:
406:Whittlesea Straw Bear
403:
374:
318:
274:Saint Kitts and Nevis
255:
195:Early New High German
46:
4628:Christmas in England
4095:Santa's Candy Castle
3419:Google Santa Tracker
2249:Lyle, Emily (2011).
2126:The records of Elgin
2100:"Rhymers and reason"
1265:Courir de Mardi Gras
985:Philadelphia mummers
961:Newfoundland mummers
952:Aristocratic mumming
339:Old Father Christmas
216:by a prohibition in
4623:Christmas in Canada
4100:Santa Claus Village
4015:Christmas Mountains
3921:Journey of the Magi
2927:Baptism of the Lord
2237:The Saltire Society
2140:Renaissance Studies
2074:"Mummers of Fingal"
1652:Zimmerische Chronik
1282:Mummers of Bulgaria
1161:The Book of Secrets
1116:, Soulcakers' Play
1066:'s detective story
1005:Pennsylvania German
923:Mummers' Day Parade
500:Newcastle upon Tyne
348:In Ynysmeudwy near
4613:Russian traditions
4608:English traditions
4583:Theatre in England
4210:Twelve-dish supper
4060:Jews and Christmas
4010:Christmas Lectures
3739:American Civil War
3474:NORAD Tracks Santa
2850:Saint Nicholas Day
2482:American Quarterly
2052:Fingal Independent
2023:"The Words We Use"
1368:The Christmas Book
1286:Marshfield Mummers
1260:Commedia dell'arte
1246:Dancers of Romania
1156:The Mummers' Dance
1023:Mummers in fiction
930:Feast entertainers
893:
794:The Armagh Rhymers
788:part of Ireland's
741:
570:
541:were published in
509:Islip, Oxfordshire
484:
458:(a game of dice).
437:went to visit the
410:
385:
321:
258:
214:Middle High German
151:Although the term
60:
54:production by the
4598:Winter traditions
4578:Theatrical genres
4565:
4564:
4541:
4540:
4205:Thirteen desserts
4125:Virginia O'Hanlon
3970:Advent Conspiracy
3884:Films (Christmas,
3876:A Christmas Carol
3821:Carols for Choirs
3364:Cavalcade of Magi
3344:Boar's Head Feast
3013:Star of Bethlehem
2984:Nativity of Jesus
2972:flight into Egypt
2857:St. Stephen's Day
2619:978-0-345-53555-9
2586:978-83-235-1435-0
2550:Off with His Head
2260:978-1-905267-56-9
2123:William Cramond,
2104:Belfast Telegraph
2054:. 28 October 2015
1753:on 30 August 2004
1574:on 8 August 2014.
1567:978-0-8122-1139-9
1166:Loreena McKennitt
1069:Off with His Head
756:, Prince George,
450:, an Englishman (
124:, more rarely on
27:Type of folk play
16:(Redirected from
4635:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4388:Redcurrant sauce
4177:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4140:Winter festivals
3890:Christmas horror
3857:
3768:
3599:
3454:Meals and feasts
3374:Christmas jumper
3321:
3292:Santa's reindeer
3244:
3190:Father Christmas
3154:
3111:Santa's workshop
3032:
2994:in later culture
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2810:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2376:"The White Boys"
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2307:memoriamedia.net
2304:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2246:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2169:
2163:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1930:on 27 March 2006
1926:. Archived from
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1775:. Archived from
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1620:Chambers, E. K.
1618:
1612:
1611:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1570:. Archived from
1551:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1475:"Wörterbuchnetz"
1471:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1447:"Wörterbuchnetz"
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1422:"Wörterbuchnetz"
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1080:George RR Martin
838:Sir Walter Scott
765:County Fermanagh
692:
516:The Mummers Play
474:Textual evidence
446:was residing at
309:The Golden Bough
21:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4537:
4503:Pickled herring
4476:
4445:
4392:
4383:Cranberry sauce
4366:
4345:
4321:Red velvet cake
4306:Poppy seed roll
4224:
4175:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4135:White Christmas
4025:Christmas truce
4020:Christmas seals
4000:Christmas creep
3962:
3960:
3954:
3855:
3849:
3766:
3760:
3597:
3591:
3444:Lord of Misrule
3379:Christmas Peace
3329:Advent calendar
3319:
3313:
3262:Knecht Ruprecht
3242:
3240:
3234:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3034:
3030:
3022:
2947:Herod the Great
2882:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2561:
2557:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2513:
2509:
2494:10.2307/2712609
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2332:ichscotland.org
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2285:978-07-48603381
2272:
2268:
2261:
2247:
2243:
2229:Reid, Alexander
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2172:Marguerite Wood
2170:
2166:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2027:The Irish Times
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1779:on 3 March 2016
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1650:
1646:
1642:(2005), page 81
1637:
1633:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1552:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1504:users.stlcc.edu
1500:"Mummer's Mask"
1498:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1229:
1189:St George's Day
1094:
1074:Winter Solstice
1054:Natasha Rostova
1025:
993:
987:
971:Julian calendar
963:
954:
941:
932:
915:
898:
823:Anne of Denmark
802:
785:Catholic Church
758:Oliver Cromwell
729:
690:
671:Nottinghamshire
659:
653:
645:Nottinghamshire
625:Plough-bullocks
559:
476:
452:ain Engellender
398:
250:
202:Johann Fischart
173:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4434:Smoking Bishop
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4115:Super Saturday
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4045:Giving Tuesday
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:Christmas club
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3893:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3861:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:Piae Cantiones
3838:
3831:
3824:
3814:
3808:Music charts (
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3772:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3277:Père Fouettard
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3243:Saint Nicholas
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Grandpa Indian
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3163:Saint Nicholas
3159:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Old Man Winter
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Miner's figure
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Kallikantzaros
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3001:Nativity scene
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2836:Children's Day
2832:
2825:
2822:Blue Christmas
2817:
2814:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2659:
2658:External links
2656:
2653:
2652:
2637:
2625:
2618:
2598:
2585:
2555:
2540:
2533:
2507:
2488:(2): 185–199.
2472:
2447:
2426:
2407:
2392:
2380:Culture Vannin
2364:
2344:
2319:
2291:
2284:
2266:
2259:
2241:
2233:Saltire Review
2220:
2195:
2182:
2164:
2156:Julian Goodare
2152:Maureen Meikle
2144:
2131:
2116:
2090:
2065:
2039:
2013:
1988:
1941:
1915:
1890:
1865:
1840:
1815:
1790:
1764:
1738:
1713:
1688:
1663:
1644:
1638:John Cutting,
1631:
1613:
1606:
1588:
1577:
1566:
1543:
1516:
1491:
1463:
1438:
1413:
1388:
1373:
1358:
1343:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1192:
1173:
1152:
1141:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1093:
1090:
1050:Nikolai Rostov
1024:
1021:
1017:Mummers Museum
991:Mummers Parade
989:Main article:
986:
983:
962:
959:
953:
950:
940:
939:Social mumming
937:
931:
928:
914:
911:
897:
894:
833:in June 1591.
801:
798:
773:County Wexford
728:
725:
710:Poor Old Horse
702:New Year's Day
652:
649:
633:Plough witches
574:All Souls' Day
558:
555:
547:County Wexford
475:
472:
431:Shrove Tuesday
397:
394:
366:William Sandys
249:
246:
186:("silent") or
181:Middle English
172:
169:
130:All Souls' Day
63:Mummers' plays
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4640:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4558:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:Meat and fish
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:Hot chocolate
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Ugly sweaters
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Controversies
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:In literature
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:United States
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Moravian star
3462:
3460:
3459:Midnight Mass
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Candle arches
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Advent wreath
3337:
3335:
3334:Advent candle
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:Companions of
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:Gift-bringers
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3018:Twelfth Night
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Nativity Fast
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Christmastide
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Angel Gabriel
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:Biblical Magi
2888:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2843:Christmas Eve
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:, April 2003
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2633:Silly Sisters
2629:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2534:9781400079988
2530:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:War and Peace
2511:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2239:, pp. 42 - 46
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2209:
2208:folkplay.info
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:(1): 96–112.
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1904:
1903:folkplay.info
1900:
1894:
1879:
1878:folkplay.info
1875:
1869:
1854:
1853:folkplay.info
1850:
1844:
1829:
1828:folkplay.info
1825:
1819:
1804:
1803:folkplay.info
1800:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1727:
1726:folkplay.info
1723:
1717:
1702:
1701:folkplay.info
1698:
1692:
1677:
1676:folkplay.info
1673:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Balliol rhyme
1232:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:tradition in
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:Great Big Sea
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:Steeleye Span
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Silly Sisters
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1075:
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1058:Sonya Rostova
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:War and Peace
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:
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862:Brian Hayward
858:
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781:County Dublin
778:
774:
770:
769:County Tyrone
766:
761:
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755:
754:Saint Patrick
751:
747:
739:in March 2023
738:
737:Aonach Mhacha
733:
724:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
706:The Old Horse
703:
699:
694:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
657:Pace Egg play
648:
646:
642:
638:
637:East Midlands
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:Plough Monday
605:
603:
602:Rapper dances
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
567:
563:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
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521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
480:
471:
468:
464:
463:mum(en)schanz
459:
457:
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432:
428:
427:mum(en)schanz
423:
421:
416:
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373:
369:
367:
362:
358:
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351:
346:
344:
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313:
311:
310:
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301:
298:
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291:
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283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:Great Britain
254:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:mum(en)schanz
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
168:
166:
165:British Isles
161:
159:
158:mystery plays
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Bonfire Night
131:
127:
123:
122:Plough Monday
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
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88:
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80:
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4493:Gefilte fish
4441:Ponche crema
4276:Melomakarono
4144:
4035:Cyber Monday
3940:
3905:
3874:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3816:Music books
3809:
3647:Nazi Germany
3539:
3535:Secret Santa
3522:
3409:Flying Santa
3116:Tió de Nadal
3066:Korvatunturi
2917:Annunciation
2883:Christianity
2864:Sol Invictus
2760:
2759:
2708:
2688:
2662:
2661:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2608:
2601:
2590:, retrieved
2568:
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2481:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2459:
2456:"Traditions"
2450:
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2429:
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2379:
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2306:
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2207:
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2077:
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2051:
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2030:. Retrieved
2026:
2016:
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2001:RTÉ Archives
2000:
1991:
1958:
1954:
1944:
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1928:the original
1918:
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1902:
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1877:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:
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1831:. Retrieved
1827:
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1806:. Retrieved
1802:
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1781:. Retrieved
1777:the original
1767:
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1751:the original
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1647:
1639:
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1625:
1621:
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1597:
1591:
1580:
1572:the original
1556:
1534:. Retrieved
1529:
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1507:. Retrieved
1503:
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1478:
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1450:
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1425:
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1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1291:Mystery play
1213:
1159:
1148:
1120:
1105:
1095:
1083:
1078:
1067:
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1038:
1031:
1028:Thomas Hardy
1026:
1013:String Bands
997:Philadelphia
994:
975:hobby horses
964:
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946:
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916:
913:Philadelphia
906:
899:
865:
854:
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831:Tullibardine
806:Kirk Session
803:
762:
742:
721:Ethel Rudkin
717:Lincolnshire
714:
709:
705:
689:
687:
678:
674:
660:
641:Lincolnshire
632:
629:Plough-stots
628:
624:
621:Plough-jacks
620:
616:
613:Plough plays
612:
606:
598:Sword dances
594:Peace-egging
593:
589:
581:
577:
571:
551:
538:
536:
519:
515:
513:
495:
485:
467:mummenschanz
466:
462:
460:
455:
451:
426:
424:
411:
390:
386:
354:
347:
326:Saint George
322:
307:
304:James Frazer
294:
270:Newfoundland
259:
237:
225:
224:, 1351) and
209:
205:
197:
190:
183:
176:
174:
162:
152:
150:
107:
98:
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90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
61:
29:
18:Mummers play
4508:Roast goose
4429:Mulled wine
4409:Champurrado
4404:Apple cider
4378:Bread sauce
4331:Szaloncukor
4311:Pumpkin pie
4261:Gingerbread
4215:Smörgåsbord
3856:Other media
3694:Philippines
3684:New Zealand
3567:Twelve Days
3524:Räuchermann
3479:Nutcrackers
3429:Las Posadas
3389:Decorations
3369:Christingle
3309:Zwarte Piet
3304:Snegurochka
3225:Sinterklaas
3175:Santa Claus
2745:Plough Play
2649:BBC Radio 3
2592:14 November
2465:22 December
2440:22 December
2421:AccuWeather
2337:22 December
2312:22 December
2213:22 December
2083:17 December
2058:17 December
2032:17 December
2006:17 December
1908:22 December
1883:22 December
1858:22 December
1833:22 December
1808:22 December
1757:22 December
1731:22 December
1706:22 December
1681:22 December
1509:27 November
1484:22 December
1456:22 December
1431:22 December
1275:Koledovanie
1185:BBC Radio 3
1177:Hugh Lupton
1134:Maddy Prior
1102:Symondsbury
1064:Ngaio Marsh
1040:Leo Tolstoy
979:wren sticks
896:Isle of Man
814:sword dance
808:records of
617:Plough-jags
590:Pace-egging
582:soul-caking
286:sword dance
142:pace egging
103:sword dance
83:pace-eggers
4588:Folk plays
4572:Categories
4236:Candy cane
4185:Joulupöytä
4085:Pikkujoulu
3749:New Mexico
3598:By country
3572:Wassailing
3513:Poinsettia
3320:Traditions
3272:Mrs. Claus
3252:Belsnickel
3205:Julemanden
3200:Joulupukki
3131:Wenceslaus
3096:North Pole
3061:Jack Frost
3051:Christkind
3006:Neapolitan
2829:Boxing Day
2385:13 October
1654:, vol. 3,
1607:0900227028
1323:References
1311:Wassailing
1181:Chris Wood
1138:June Tabor
902:White Boys
885:White Boys
857:Emily Lyle
819:hagmonayis
775:, and the
667:Derbyshire
655:See also:
576:(known as
420:Richard II
381:Boxing Day
377:Southstoke
330:Robin Hood
230:Hans Sachs
218:Mühlhausen
138:wassailing
91:tipteerers
67:folk plays
52:Boxing Day
48:St. George
4523:Tourtière
4513:Romeritos
4450:Dumplings
4397:Beverages
4301:Pecan pie
4291:Panettone
4286:Pampushka
4281:Mince pie
4256:Fruitcake
4200:Réveillon
4080:NFL games
4075:NBA games
4070:In August
4040:Economics
3810:Billboard
3664:Indonesia
3607:Australia
3582:Yule goat
3557:Stockings
3491:Ornaments
3220:Père Noël
3215:Olentzero
3210:Noel Baba
3185:Ded Moroz
3141:Yule Lads
3081:Mari Lwyd
2932:Bethlehem
2809:Christmas
1997:"Mummers"
1983:161628970
1975:0430-8778
1955:Folk Life
1783:3 January
1406:25 August
1296:Pantomime
1204:mummering
1042:'s novel
1030:'s novel
1009:blackface
967:Mummering
876:, Italy.
836:In 1831,
750:Beelzebub
683:Cambridge
679:Derby Tup
675:Derby Ram
663:Sheffield
505:see below
456:momschanz
444:Francis I
368:in 1833.
343:Beelzebub
334:Cotswolds
234:Nuremberg
222:Thuringia
206:vermummen
175:The word
171:Etymology
126:Halloween
114:Christmas
99:galoshins
56:St Albans
4556:Category
4527:meat pie
4518:Stuffing
4472:Varenyky
4341:Yule log
4316:Qurabiya
4190:Julebord
4163:Food and
4090:SantaCon
4055:El Gordo
3942:Yule Log
3714:Scotland
3627:Ethiopia
3612:Colombia
3587:Yule log
3541:Spanbaum
3518:Pyramids
3384:Crackers
3282:Sack Man
3168:folklore
3136:Yule cat
3041:Badalisc
3031:folklore
2942:Epiphany
2709:Folklore
1934:26 April
1536:5 August
1316:Wrenboys
1244:Căluşari
1227:See also
1114:Cheshire
1110:Antrobus
1001:New Year
846:Shetland
827:James VI
800:Scotland
779:area of
746:wrenboys
744:such as
693:Owd 'Oss
566:Antrobus
528:Cheshire
492:chapbook
433:of 1557
248:Overview
95:wrenboys
58:Mummers.
4462:Pierogi
4457:Hallaca
4362:Borscht
4326:Stollen
4296:Pavlova
4271:Makówki
4251:Cozonac
4220:Wigilia
4105:Scrooge
4065:In July
3963:society
3895:Poetry
3729:Ukraine
3704:Romania
3669:Ireland
3659:Iceland
3654:Hungary
3642:Germany
3632:Finland
3622:England
3617:Denmark
3577:Windows
3508:Piñatas
3496:Parades
3449:Markets
3434:Letters
3424:Hampers
3267:Krampus
3106:Perchta
3046:Caganer
2525:522–528
2502:2712609
2231:(ed.),
1170:Ireland
727:Ireland
661:Around
651:England
578:Souling
543:Belfast
396:History
383:, 2007.
361:Revesby
350:Swansea
332:in the
278:England
266:Ireland
87:soulers
79:rhymers
75:guisers
71:mummers
4533:Turkey
4467:Tamale
4424:Kissel
4414:Eggnog
4371:Sauces
4357:Menudo
4336:Turrón
4246:Cookie
4229:Sweets
4195:Kūčios
4176:Dinner
4050:Grinch
3961:modern
3928:Tomten
3887:Santa,
3870:novels
3788:Operas
3776:Carols
3744:Hawaii
3724:Sweden
3719:Serbia
3709:Russia
3699:Poland
3689:Norway
3679:Mexico
3637:France
3552:Stamps
3547:Szopka
3439:Lights
3394:Didukh
3230:Others
3180:Befana
3126:Vertep
2989:in art
2957:Joseph
2907:Advent
2616:
2583:
2531:
2500:
2282:
2257:
2109:19 May
1981:
1973:
1604:
1564:
1301:Revels
1280:Kukeri
1270:Jester
1250:Careto
1215:Mummer
1200:Simani
1056:, and
891:, 2019
889:Ramsey
777:Fingal
586:Easter
488:Exeter
461:While
448:Angers
415:masque
408:, 2009
357:Dragon
300:potion
290:Europe
282:morris
238:schanz
210:mummen
204:) and
198:mummer
177:mummer
153:mummer
120:or on
118:Easter
97:, and
4266:Kutia
4165:drink
3793:Songs
3767:Music
3674:Italy
3530:Seals
3484:dolls
3414:Gifts
3354:Cards
3257:Elves
3121:Turoń
3091:Nisse
3056:Grýla
2952:Jesus
2498:JSTOR
2359:(PDF)
2303:(PDF)
1979:S2CID
1656:p.264
1255:Clown
1092:Music
874:Barga
810:Elgin
691:'
584:) or
532:Wales
524:Truro
297:magic
242:Momus
191:mommo
188:Greek
4593:Mime
4488:Carp
4350:Soup
4241:Cake
4152:Xmas
3781:list
3562:Tree
3501:list
2962:Mary
2871:Yule
2614:ISBN
2594:2020
2581:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2467:2022
2442:2022
2387:2020
2339:2022
2314:2022
2280:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2215:2022
2111:2023
2085:2020
2060:2020
2034:2020
2008:2020
1971:ISSN
1936:2006
1910:2022
1885:2022
1860:2022
1835:2022
1810:2022
1785:2007
1759:2022
1733:2022
1708:2022
1683:2022
1602:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1538:2014
1511:2018
1486:2022
1458:2022
1433:2022
1408:2024
1191:2006
1179:and
1136:and
977:and
804:The
698:Dore
669:and
643:and
284:and
272:and
264:and
144:and
110:pubs
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3028:In
2573:doi
2490:doi
1963:doi
1660:265
1220:XTC
1164:by
1082:'s
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887:in
715:In
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700:on
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