962:), people would disguise themselves with old articles of clothing and visit the homes of their friends and neighbours. They would at times cover their faces with a hood, scarf, mask or pillowcase to keep their identity hidden. In keeping with the theme of an inversion of rules, and of disguise, crossdressing was a common strategy, and men would sometimes dress as women and women as men. Travelling from house to house, some mummers would carry their own musical instruments to play, sing and dance in the houses they visited. The host and hostess of these 'mummers parties' would serve a small lunch which could consist of Christmas cake with a glass of syrup or blueberry or dogberry wine. Some mummers would drink a Christmas "grog" before they leave each house, a drink of an alcoholic beverage such as rum or whiskey. One important part of the custom was a guessing game to determine the identity of the visitors. As each mummer was identified, they would uncover their faces, but if their true identity is not guessed they did not have to unmask. The Mummers Festival takes place throughout December and includes workshops on how to make
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1000:) working class young men roamed the streets on New Year's Day, organizing "riotous" processions, firing weapons into the air, and demanding free drinks in taverns, and generally challenging middle and upper-class notions of order and decorum. Unable to suppress the custom, by the 1880s the city government began to pursue a policy of co-option, requiring participants to join organized groups with designated leaders who had to apply for permits and were responsible for their groups actions. By 1900, these groups formed part of an organized, city-sanctioned parade with cash prizes for the best performances. About 15,000 mummers now perform in the parade each year. They are organized into four distinct types of troupes: Comics, Fancies,
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670:(another word for ram), has been performed, since at least 1895, by teams of boys. The brief play is usually introduced by two characters, an old man and an old woman ("Me and our owd lass"). The Tup was usually represented by a boy, bent over forwards, covered with a sack, and carrying a broomstick with a rough, wooden sheep's head attached. The Tup was killed by a Butcher, and sometimes another boy held a basin to catch the "blood". There is a Sheffield version where the Tup is killed and then brought back to life by the Doctor. This is the main play performed by the Northstow Mummers based in
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841:. All the characters are introduced in turn by the Master, St. George. There is no real interplay between the characters and no combat or cure, so it is more of a "calling-on song" than a play. Some of the characters dance solos as they are introduced, then all dance a longsword dance together, which climaxes with their swords being meshed together to form a "shield". They each dance with the shield upon their head, then it is laid on the floor and they withdraw their swords to finish the dance. St. George makes a short speech to end the performance.
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636:) feature several different stock characters (including a Recruiting Sergeant, Tom Fool, Dame Jane and the "Lady bright and gay"). Tradition has it that ploughboys would take their plays from house to house and perform in exchange for money or gifts, some teams pulling a plough and threatened to plough up people's front gardens or path if they did not pay up. Examples of the play have been found in Denmark since the late 1940s.
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958:" is a Newfoundland custom that dates back to the time of the earliest settlers who came from England and Ireland. It shares common antecedents with the Mummers' Play tradition, but in its current form is primarily a house-visiting tradition. Sometime during the Twelve Days of Christmas, usually on the night of the "Old Twelfth" (17 January; equivalent to 6 January in the old
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90:). Historically, mummers' plays consisted of informal groups of costumed community members that visited from house to house on various holidays. Today the term refers especially to a play in which a number of characters are called on stage, two of whom engage in a combat, the loser being revived by a doctor character. This play is sometimes found associated with a
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African heritage. The parade is related to the
Mummers' Play tradition from Britain and Ireland. Revivals of this tradition are still celebrated annually in South Gloucestershire, England on Boxing Day along with other locations in England and in parts of Ireland on St. Stephen's Day and also in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador around Christmas.
857:, which includes several maps showing the locations where each version was performed. These are or were largely across the Central Belt of Scotland, with a strange and unexplained "outlier" at Ballater in Aberdeenshire. The Meadows Mummers are an all-female troupe who perform at local festivals inspired by both these writers, and by folk play workshops at the
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that showcases pageantry and creativity. This grand parade has history in the old world, and performances in
Philadelphia began in the year 1900. The parade traces back to mid-17th-century roots, blending elements from Swedish, Finnish, Irish, English, German, and other European heritages, as well as
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in the early 20th century, but appears to have continued despite this condemnation. In 1935, the Carne
Mummers were arrested for their street performance under the Dance Halls Act. In Fingal, the modern form of mummering was re-established by the Fingal Mummers in the 1980s, and is now documented as
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between 1746 and 1769. The fullest early version of a mummers' play text is probably the 1779 "Morrice
Dancers'" play from Revesby, Lincolnshire. The full text ("A petygree of the Plouboys or modes dancers songs") is available online. Although performed at Christmas, this text is a forerunner of the
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All known Irish play scripts are in
English though Irish custom and tradition have permeated mumming ceremony with famous characters from Irish history: Colmcille, Brian Boru, Art MacMorrough, Owen Roe O'Neill, Sarsfield and Wolfe Tone. The mummers are similar but distinct from the other traditions
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At certain feast days (e.g. saint's days), a lot of the populace would put on masks, and in practices that vary with geography, celebrate the day. One practice in example was for a group to visit a local manor, and 'sing out' the lord. If the lord couldn't match verse for verse the singing group
693:. A group of men accompanied a hobby horse (either a wooden head, with jaws operated by strings, or a real horse's skull, painted black and red, mounted on a wooden pole so that its snapping jaws could be operated by a man stooping under a cloth to represent the horse's body) and sang a version of
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Mumming, at any rate in the South of
England, had its heyday at the end of the 19th century and the earliest years of the 20th century. Most traditional mummers groups (known as "sides") stopped with the onset of the First World War, but not before they had come to the attention of folklorists. In
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Mumming was a way of raising money and the play was taken round the big houses. Most
Southern English versions end with the entrance of "Little Johnny Jack his wife and family on his back". Johnny, traditionally played by the youngest mummer in the group, first asks for food and then more urgently
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has been in use since the Middle Ages, no scripts or details survive from that era and the term may have been used loosely to describe performers of several different kinds. The earliest evidence of mummers' plays as they are known today is from the mid- to late 18th century. Mummers' plays should
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play features a song and a sword dance at its conclusion. Although the key traditional characters include St. George, St. Patrick and others, modern versions frequently adapt the play to contemporary political concerns. Characters featured since the 1990s include Sir MHK, Sir Banker, Expert and
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Mummers and "guisers" (performers in disguise) can be traced back at least to 1296, when the festivities for the marriage of Edward I's daughter at
Christmas included "mummers of the court" along with "fiddlers and minstrels". These "revels" and "guisings" may have been an early form of
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On documents such as receipts and bills from the late medieval, come details of mumming parties organised by
English monarchs, Henry VIII being known for taking his court mumming incognito. Later, Henry would ban social mumming, and bring the 'masque' form of entertainment to England.
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and the early use of the term "mumming" appears to refer specifically to a performance of dicing with the host for costly jewels, after which the mummers would join the guests for dancing, an event recorded in 1377 when 130 men on horseback went "mumming" to the Prince of Wales, later
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wearing masks and visors covering their faces in the churchyard and in the courtyard of a house. They were fined 40 shillings each. In 1604 Tyberius
Winchester was fined for "guising" through the town of Elgin with a pillowcase as a disguise and William Pattoun was accused of singing
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the second half of the 20th century many groups were revived, mostly by folk music and dance enthusiasts. The revived plays are frequently taken around inns and public houses around Christmas time and the begging done for some charity rather than for the mummers themselves.
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nevertheless took on the meaning "costume, masquerade" and, by the 18th century, had lost its association with gambling and dice. Other than this association there is no clear evidence linking these late medieval and early modern customs with English mumming.
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play (Old Horse), another dramatised folksong in Yorkshire, was also known from roughly the same area, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, around Christmas. The custom persisted until at least 1970, when it was performed in private houses and pubs in
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The characters may be introduced in a series of short speeches (usually in rhyming couplets) or they may introduce themselves in the course of the play's action. The principal characters, presented in a wide variety of manners, are a hero, most commonly
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Mumming was used as a means of entertaining at feasts and functions, particular mention is made of one feast where 150 torch bearers lead the same number of mummers in, who would do acrobatics in a variety of costumes, including animal costumes.
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The formation of roving mumming groups became a popular practice so common it became associated with criminal or lewd behaviour, as the use of masks allowed anonymity; in the time of Henry VIII, it was banned for a period.
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and played a game of dice with him. A similar incident, involving an Englishman, is attested for the French court by the German count and chronicler Froben Christoph von Zimmern: during carnival 1540, while the French king
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In 1418 a law was passed in London forbidding in the city "mumming, plays, interludes or any other disguisings with any feigned beards, painted visors, deformed or coloured visages in any wise, upon pain of imprisonment".
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recorded the oral history of fourteen people from the lowlands of Scotland recounting their memories of "Galoshin" dramas. Galoshin is the hero in a drama in the tradition of Robin Hood plays. Building on this research,
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and Galoshin in Scotland), and his chief opponent (known as the Turkish Knight in southern England, but named Slasher elsewhere), and a quack Doctor who comes to restore the dead man to life. Other characters include:
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Ploughboys' Play in 1779, along with a "wild worm" (possibly mechanical), but it had no words. In the few instances where the dragon appears and speaks its words can be traced back to a Cornish script published by
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810:". In January 1600, Alexander Smith's daughter was accused of guising in Elgin dressed as a man. This kind of dance and disguised "guising" through the town can be traced in various records. When
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custom of "belsnickling" (adults in masks questioning children about whether they had been good during the previous year). Through the 19th century, large groups of disguised (often in
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groups of four boys dressed as Crwmpyn (hunchback) John, Indian Dark, Robin Hood and Doctor Brown took the play from house to house on Bonfire Night and were rewarded with money.
1049:, making house-to-house visits. They are depicted as a boisterous crowd dancing and laughing in outrageous costumes where men are dressed as women and women are dressed as men.
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is based on the characters of a traditional English mummers' play. It gave its name to a two-hour programme of traditional and traditionally-rooted English music, broadcast by
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came to Scotland in May 1590, twelve Edinburgh men performed a sword dance in costume with white shoes and floral hats, and other performed a Highland dance in costume.
781:. A festival is held each October in Fingal by a local school, Scoil Seamus Ennis, which has hosted mummering troupes from across Ireland and England. The group,
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to a number of former British colonies. Ireland has its own unique history of mummers' play, and adopted the term for the tradition from the English language.
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1061:(1957) is set around a particular version of the Guiser play / Sword Dance, the fictional "Dance of the Five Sons", performed on the "Sword Wednesday" of the
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often features and references mummers, with characters regularly referring to a comical, bungled, unbelievable, or manufactured event as a "mummer's farce".
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in the 18th century as part of a wide variety of working-class street celebrations around Christmas. By the early 19th century, it coalesced with two other
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According to German and Austrian sources dating from the 16th century, during carnival persons wearing masks used to make house-to-house visits offering a
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in around 1788. It features seven characters, Saint George, Saint James, Saint Dennis, Saint David, Saint Patrick, Saint Anthony and Saint Andrew, the
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In the 1950s, A.L. Taylor collected surviving fragments of seasonal Scottish folk plays he described as "Galoshens" or "Galatians". Later,
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538:, Ireland, dating from around 1817–18, was published in 1863. It is from the 19th century that the bulk of recorded texts derive.
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1736:"Folklore: The Truro cordwainers' play: a "new" eighteenth-century Christmas play - Research article: focus on traditional drama"
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A play text which had, until recently, been attributed to Mylor in Cornwall (much quoted in early studies of folk plays, such as
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Although the main season for mumming throughout Britain was around Christmas, some parts of England had plays performed around
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Davis, Susan G. (Summer 1982). "Making Night Hideous: Christmas Revelry and Public Order in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia".
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There are several traditional songs associated with mumming plays; the "calling-on" songs of sword dance teams are related:
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name women who danced at New Year 1623 to the sound of a trumpet. Six men, described as guisers or "gwysseris" performed a
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1025:(1878) has a fictional depiction of a mummers' play on Edgon Heath. It was based on the author's childhood experiences.
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1985:
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is based on a sword-dance or pace-egg play calling-on song, in which the characters are introduced one by one
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197:("to wrap up, to disguise, to mask one's face"), which itself is derived from or came to be associated with
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229:) of dice. Ingrid Brainard argues that the English word "mummer" is ultimately derived from the Greek name
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511:(1933) by E. K. Chambers) has now been shown, by genealogical and other research, to have originated in
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Estate Agent. A a book on the White Boys compiled and edited by Stephen Miller was published in 2010;
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443:) wearing a mask and accompanied by other masked persons paid a visit to the king and offered him a
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for money. Johnny Jack's wife and family were either dolls in a model house or sometimes a picture.
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Comberbach Mummers Website; includes photos plus script for our version of St George and the Dragon
2391:"Who wants to see the White Boys Act?" The Mumming Play in the Isle of Man: A Compendium of Sources
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896:"Who wants to see the White Boys act?" The Mumming Play in the Isle of Man: A Compendium of Sources
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708:, similar traditions were known as 'plough plays', many of these were collected by the folklorist
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1373:, National Centre for English Cultural Tradition, University of Sheffield, 2002, pp. 22, 139
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1888:"The Old Horse: Christmas Play from Notts. [1902] | Folk Play Research website"
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2554:"Ambiguity in the Depiction of Melisandre in A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin"
1813:"Belfast Christmas Rhyme - Smyth & Lyons (1803-1818) | Folk Play Research website"
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able to resuscitate the vanquished character. Early scholars of folk drama, influenced by
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and Ireland, but there have been many revivals of mumming, often associated nowadays with
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Mummers' and guisers' plays were formerly performed throughout much of English-speaking
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The Doctor brings St George back to life in a 2015 production by the St Albans Mummers.
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1863:"The Old Horse, Sheffield District, Yorkshire, 1888 | Folk Play Research website"
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In some parts of Britain and Ireland the plays are traditionally performed on or near
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rarely appears although it is often mentioned. A dragon seems to have appeared in the
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was played not only by masked persons, and not only during carnival, the German word
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Sarah Carpenter, 'Masking and politics: the Alison Craik incident, Edinburgh 1561',
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The World of Ice & Fire: The Untold History of Westeros and the Game of Thrones
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1661:"The "Plouboys oR modes dancers" at Revesby 1779 | Folk Play Research website"
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2289:"Fiona Allen, 'Rescuing Galoshins, a Scottish folk play' (Review 2. Art. 3. 2017)"
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investigated the geographical distribution of the play in Scotland, and published
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The tradition of the mummers' play is still present in areas of Ireland including
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groups. These performances are comparable in some respects with others throughout
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George R.R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" and the Medieval Literary Tradition
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Although there are earlier hints (such as a fragmentary speech by St George from
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Martin, George R. R.; García, Elio M. Jr.; Antonsson, Linda (28 October 2014).
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1762:"Truro (Formerly Mylor): "A Play for Christmas", 1780s (Full text and notes)"
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Broadly comic performances, the most common type features a doctor who has a
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225:, 16th century), these latter words originally referring to a game or throw (
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2317:"The Meadows Mummers; tradition with a difference. | ICH Scotland Wiki"
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1838:"Ballybrennan, Wexford play - about 1823 | Folk Play Research website"
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1199:. A hip-hop version by M.W.A. (Mummers With Attitude) was released in 2014.
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898:. It continues to be performed on the Saturday before Christmas each year.
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2193:"Scott's Papa Stour Sword Dance - 1788 | Folk Play Research website"
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performed by troupes of amateur actors, traditionally all male, known as
1386:"Mumming - a Yuletide Tradition - Irish Customs World Cultures European"
585:). In north-eastern England the plays are traditionally associated with
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Tewkesbury's Millennia of Mummers' Heritage kept alive - United Kingdom
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Taylor, A.L., "Galatians", Goloshens and the Inkerman Pace-Eggers", in
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himself wore a costume with a Venetian mask and danced at a wedding at
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The Truro cordwainers' play: a "new" eighteenth-century Christmas play
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Michael Pearce, 'Maskerye Claythis for James VI and Anna of Denmark',
933:(alternating verses), then that lord would have to provide amenities.
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1686:"Morrice Dancers at Revesby - 1779 | Folk Play Research website"
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of county Fermanagh in Ireland, produced and directed by James Kelly
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1940:"J. M. Carpenter, Ethel Rudkin and The Plough Plays of Lincolnshire"
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Soul Cakers, in the mid-1970s, gathered round Dick, their Wild Horse
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Plays may be performed in the street or during visits to houses and
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Battery Radio Documentary about Christmas Mummering in Newfoundland
1711:"The Islip Mummers' Play of 1780 | Folk Play Research website"
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1004:, and Fancy Brigades. All dress in elaborate costumes. There is a
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2406:"Mild weather to highlight 118th Mummers Parade in Philadelphia"
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South Riding Folk Arts Network: Christmas Luck-visiting customs
1788:"Cheshire Play - Before 1788 | Folk Play Research website"
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106:
2166:
Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1589-1603
1613:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951, pp. 150-1, quoted in
4254:
2940:
2724:
Mumming — a Yuletide Tradition by Bridget Haggerty in Ireland
1243:
520:
512:
334:
or Little Devil Doubt (who demands money from the audience).
230:
2765:
2703:
2674:
Mystery History : The Origins of British Mummers' Plays
2667:
2067:
Ireland’s National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage
515:, Cornwall, around 1780. A play from an unknown locality in
265:. There are a few surviving traditional teams of mummers in
241:
4476:
4140:
2858:
2240:
Galoshins remembered : a penny was a lot in these days
701:, which describes a decrepit horse that is close to death.
2624:, Takoma TAK 7077, LP (1977), cut# 6 (Singing the Travels)
1183:"The Mummer's Song", performed by the Canadian folk group
829:
published a rhyme which had been used as a prelude to the
1208:
1110:
World Library of Folk and Primitive Music. Vol 1. England
507:
by R. J. E. Tiddy – published posthumously in 1923 – and
98:
21:"Mummer" and "Guiser" redirect here. For other uses, see
2344:"Enter St Denis and St George" The White Boys Play Texts
1913:"SRFN Miscellany: Luck-visiting in the Old South Riding"
1578:
1187:, but originally written by the Newfoundland folk band
1176:
as the culmination of a whole day of English music, on
1538:
1536:
1207:
is the title of a 1983 album by the English rock band
1117:"The Singing of the Travels" was also recorded by the
861:. In 2019 they performed at the Scots Music School in
2594:
1519:
BBC Northern Ireland Homepage, Your place & mine
1458:
1456:
101:. They are generally performed seasonally, often at
2719:
Mummers, Wrenboy and Strawboy traditions in Ireland
2424:"Intangible Cultural Heritage Update December 2009"
1589:. Ipswich: East Anglian Magazine Ltd. p. 110.
1546:
All Silver and No Brass, An Irish Christmas Mumming
1533:
344:Despite the frequent presence of Saint George, the
182:("mask"), but is more likely to be associated with
2505:
1584:
1008:dedicated to the history of Philadelphia Mummers.
779:National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage
534:, c.1803-1818. A mummers' play from Ballybrennan,
1549:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 224.
1453:
1371:The Origins and Development of English Folk Plays
94:though both also exist in Britain independently.
4558:
1344:. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. p. 2.
1342:The Newfoundland Mummers' Christmas House-Visit
1327:Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays
737:. The main characters are usually the Captain,
1542:
1324:
2781:
2683:Master Mummers' Directory of Folk Play Groups
2601:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 52.
1037:(1869) has a depiction of mummers, including
364:Weston Mummers perform at the Packhorse Inn,
2670:— Scripts, photos, articles, databases, etc.
2231:
2143:, 'Anna of Denmark's Coronation and Entry',
1325:Griffin, Robert H.; Shurgin, Ann H. (2000).
528:The Christmas Rhime or The Mummer's Own Book
471:An 1852 depiction of an English mummers play
245:Mummers performing in Exeter, Devon in 1994
2788:
2774:
2551:
2403:
545:
330:, who introduces some plays, the Fool and
2267:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1354:
1339:
872:The Saints fight in a performance of the
2660:— a 25-minute documentary featuring the
2182:(Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2022), p. 116.
2117:, 2 (Aberdeen, 1903), pp. 77, 119, 176-7
2010:Muirithe, Diarmaid O. (8 January 2000).
2009:
1574:Bryan Harris, article and collected text
867:
719:
549:
466:
388:
359:
303:
240:
31:
2560:, Warsaw University Press, p. 60,
2503:
2262:
2256:
2037:"Tradition of the men with straw masks"
1512:
1112:, Rounder 1741, CD (1998/reis), cut#16b
973:
949:
940:
662:a dramatised version of the well-known
487:, published by John White (d. 1769) in
4559:
2756:Mummering or Janneying in Newfoundland
2388:
2340:
2086:
2080:
1097:(1997) along with an extract from the
1093:Mummers, appears on SayDisc CD-SDL425
772:. The practice was discouraged by the
168:is sometimes explained to derive from
4118:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
2769:
2536:
2468:
2359:
2357:
2131:, 21:5 (November, 2007), pp. 625–636.
1011:
918:
317:, King George, or Prince George (but
2739:South West Dorset Mummers' Play 1880
2566:10.31338/uw.9788323514350.pp.211-230
2237:
1937:
1089:"The Singing of the Travels" by the
992:customs, shooting firearms, and the
2676:— article by Peter Millington from
2512:. New York: Random House. pp.
2087:Bailie, Stuart (24 December 2022).
462:
13:
2354:
1355:Brandreth, Gyles Daubeney (1985).
14:
4628:
2761:Momogeri — A Pontian Greek custom
2696:— article by Peter Millington in
2646:
2265:Galoshins: the Scottish Folk Play
984:Mummers' plays were performed in
927:
889:First recorded in 1832, the Manx
855:Galoshins: the Scottish Folk Play
724:The Armagh Rhymers performing at
189:("disguised person", attested in
145:not be confused with the earlier
4539:
4538:
3994:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
3889:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
1738:. 30 August 2004. Archived from
1164:"England in Ribbons", a song by
910:every New Year's Day there is a
654:and in nearby parts of northern
2627:
2615:
2588:
2545:
2530:
2497:
2462:
2437:
2416:
2404:Renee Duff (31 December 2018).
2397:
2393:. Isle of Man: Chiollagh Books.
2382:
2334:
2309:
2281:
2224:, Vol. 5, No. 16, Autumn 1958,
2210:
2185:
2172:
2154:
2134:
2121:
2106:
2055:
2029:
2003:
1978:
1931:
1905:
1880:
1855:
1830:
1805:
1780:
1754:
1728:
1703:
1678:
1653:
1634:
1621:
1603:
1567:
1506:
1340:Robertson, Margaret R. (1984).
901:
600:. These are therefore known as
485:Alexander and the King of Egypt
3974:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
3903:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
3286:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
3065:Legend of the Christmas Spider
2552:Blacharska, Katarzyna (2014),
2350:. Isle of Man: Culture Vannin.
2242:. Edinburgh: NMS Enterprises.
2168:(Edinburgh, 1927), pp. 330-331
1938:Cass, Eddie (1 January 2002).
1481:
1428:
1403:
1390:www.irishcultureandcustoms.com
1378:
1363:
1348:
1333:
1318:
1095:English Customs and Traditions
884:
839:Seven Champions of Christendom
233:, a god of mockery and scoff.
1:
3925:Christmas television specials
3824:The New Oxford Book of Carols
2911:Annunciation to the shepherds
2795:
2541:. London: Collins Crime Club.
2433:– via Internet Archive.
2147:& Alasdair A. MacDonald,
1311:
1147:," a hit song from the album
749:, The Doctor and Miss Funny.
492:East Midlands Plough Monday (
66:(also by local names such as
3979:Christmas and holiday season
2714:The Bradshaw Mummers website
2685:— details of over 250 groups
2634:Feature — England in Ribbons
2180:Medieval English Theatre, 43
1629:History and the Morris Dance
1515:"The Fermanagh Men of Straw"
1513:Ledwith, Jim (30 May 2008).
1359:. London: Hale. p. 188.
1329:. Detroit: UXL. p. 230.
1228:Blackface and Morris dancing
859:Scottish Storytelling Centre
159:
7:
4607:Slavic Christmas traditions
2658:Mummers, Masks and Mischief
1615:History of the Masque Genre
1585:Redstone, Lilian J (1969).
1215:
788:
519:, close to the border with
236:
201:(first attested already in
39:slays the dragon in a 2015
10:
4633:
2891:Adoration of the Shepherds
2709:The Weston Mummers website
2678:American Morris Newsletter
2668:Folk Play Research Website
2149:Sixteenth-Century Scotland
1295:St George's Day in England
977:
715:
643:
639:
624:. The Plough plays of the
523:, dates from before 1788.
384:
20:
4534:
4469:
4438:
4385:
4359:
4338:
4217:
4162:
4149:
4135:WWE Tribute to the Troops
3947:
3896:A Visit from St. Nicholas
3842:
3817:The Oxford Book of Carols
3753:
3584:
3393:Feast of the Seven Fishes
3306:
3227:
3138:
3015:
2956:Massacre of the Innocents
2869:
2805:
1369:Peter Thomas Millington,
1197:Newfoundland and Labrador
424:Albert V, Duke of Bavaria
393:Midwinter Mummers at the
135:first-footing at new year
3937:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2389:Miller, Stephen (2010).
2341:Miller, Stephen (2018).
1956:10.1179/flk.2002.41.1.96
1587:Ipswich through the Ages
1080:
1022:The Return of the Native
628:of England (principally
152:Mumming spread from the
4099:Small Business Saturday
3969:Black Friday (shopping)
3964:Black Friday (partying)
3458:Nine Lessons and Carols
3388:Events and celebrations
2662:Aughakillymaude Mummers
2263:Hayward, Brian (1992).
1543:Glassie, Henry (1976).
1136:from their first album
1132:"A Calling-on Song" by
1108:It also appears on the
666:folksong, known as the
546:Local seasonal variants
27:Guiser (disambiguation)
23:Mummer (disambiguation)
3743:Post-War United States
2449:www.mummersfestival.ca
2151:(Brill, 2008), p. 290.
1521:. BBC Northern Ireland
1468:germazope.uni-trier.de
1440:germazope.uni-trier.de
1415:germazope.uni-trier.de
1138:Hark! The Village Wait
1074:A Song of Ice and Fire
881:
831:Papa Stour Sword Dance
729:
604:and the performers as
558:
500:, dates back to 1780.
472:
428:archbishop of Salzburg
398:
373:
309:
246:
48:
4592:Belarusian traditions
3792:Hit singles in the US
3787:Hit singles in the UK
3348:Carols by Candlelight
3276:Santa Claus' daughter
2884:Adoration of the Magi
2750:Other related customs
2652:Mummers' plays proper
2537:Marsh, Ngaio (1957).
2504:Tolstoy, Leo (1869).
1611:The Elizabethan Stage
871:
723:
553:
526:Chapbook versions of
509:The English Folk-Play
496:) plays. A text from
470:
395:Whittlesea Straw Bear
392:
363:
307:
263:Saint Kitts and Nevis
244:
184:Early New High German
35:
4617:Christmas in England
4084:Santa's Candy Castle
3408:Google Santa Tracker
2238:Lyle, Emily (2011).
2115:The records of Elgin
2089:"Rhymers and reason"
1254:Courir de Mardi Gras
974:Philadelphia mummers
950:Newfoundland mummers
941:Aristocratic mumming
328:Old Father Christmas
205:by a prohibition in
4612:Christmas in Canada
4089:Santa Claus Village
4004:Christmas Mountains
3910:Journey of the Magi
2916:Baptism of the Lord
2226:The Saltire Society
2129:Renaissance Studies
2063:"Mummers of Fingal"
1641:Zimmerische Chronik
1271:Mummers of Bulgaria
1150:The Book of Secrets
1105:, Soulcakers' Play
1055:'s detective story
994:Pennsylvania German
912:Mummers' Day Parade
489:Newcastle upon Tyne
337:In Ynysmeudwy near
4602:Russian traditions
4597:English traditions
4572:Theatre in England
4199:Twelve-dish supper
4049:Jews and Christmas
3999:Christmas Lectures
3728:American Civil War
3463:NORAD Tracks Santa
2839:Saint Nicholas Day
2471:American Quarterly
2041:Fingal Independent
2012:"The Words We Use"
1357:The Christmas Book
1275:Marshfield Mummers
1249:Commedia dell'arte
1235:Dancers of Romania
1145:The Mummers' Dance
1012:Mummers in fiction
919:Feast entertainers
882:
783:The Armagh Rhymers
777:part of Ireland's
730:
559:
530:were published in
498:Islip, Oxfordshire
473:
447:(a game of dice).
426:went to visit the
399:
374:
310:
247:
203:Middle High German
140:Although the term
49:
43:production by the
4587:Winter traditions
4567:Theatrical genres
4554:
4553:
4530:
4529:
4194:Thirteen desserts
4114:Virginia O'Hanlon
3959:Advent Conspiracy
3873:Films (Christmas,
3865:A Christmas Carol
3810:Carols for Choirs
3353:Cavalcade of Magi
3333:Boar's Head Feast
3002:Star of Bethlehem
2973:Nativity of Jesus
2961:flight into Egypt
2846:St. Stephen's Day
2608:978-0-345-53555-9
2575:978-83-235-1435-0
2539:Off with His Head
2249:978-1-905267-56-9
2112:William Cramond,
2093:Belfast Telegraph
2043:. 28 October 2015
1742:on 30 August 2004
1563:on 8 August 2014.
1556:978-0-8122-1139-9
1155:Loreena McKennitt
1058:Off with His Head
745:, Prince George,
439:, an Englishman (
113:, more rarely on
16:Type of folk play
4624:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4377:Redcurrant sauce
4166:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4129:Winter festivals
3879:Christmas horror
3846:
3757:
3588:
3443:Meals and feasts
3363:Christmas jumper
3310:
3281:Santa's reindeer
3233:
3179:Father Christmas
3143:
3100:Santa's workshop
3021:
2983:in later culture
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2799:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2365:"The White Boys"
2361:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2296:memoriamedia.net
2293:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2235:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2158:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:on 27 March 2006
1915:. Archived from
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1764:. Archived from
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1609:Chambers, E. K.
1607:
1601:
1600:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1559:. Archived from
1540:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1464:"Wörterbuchnetz"
1460:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1436:"Wörterbuchnetz"
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1411:"Wörterbuchnetz"
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1069:George RR Martin
827:Sir Walter Scott
754:County Fermanagh
681:
505:The Mummers Play
463:Textual evidence
435:was residing at
298:The Golden Bough
4632:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4526:
4492:Pickled herring
4465:
4434:
4381:
4372:Cranberry sauce
4355:
4334:
4310:Red velvet cake
4295:Poppy seed roll
4213:
4164:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4124:White Christmas
4014:Christmas truce
4009:Christmas seals
3989:Christmas creep
3951:
3949:
3943:
3844:
3838:
3755:
3749:
3586:
3580:
3433:Lord of Misrule
3368:Christmas Peace
3318:Advent calendar
3308:
3302:
3251:Knecht Ruprecht
3231:
3229:
3223:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3023:
3019:
3011:
2936:Herod the Great
2871:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2550:
2546:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2502:
2498:
2483:10.2307/2712609
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2402:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2321:ichscotland.org
2315:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2274:978-07-48603381
2261:
2257:
2250:
2236:
2232:
2218:Reid, Alexander
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2161:Marguerite Wood
2159:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2016:The Irish Times
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1768:on 3 March 2016
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1639:
1635:
1631:(2005), page 81
1626:
1622:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1557:
1541:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1493:users.stlcc.edu
1489:"Mummer's Mask"
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1334:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1218:
1178:St George's Day
1083:
1063:Winter Solstice
1043:Natasha Rostova
1014:
982:
976:
960:Julian calendar
952:
943:
930:
921:
904:
887:
812:Anne of Denmark
791:
774:Catholic Church
747:Oliver Cromwell
718:
679:
660:Nottinghamshire
648:
642:
634:Nottinghamshire
614:Plough-bullocks
548:
465:
441:ain Engellender
387:
239:
191:Johann Fischart
162:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4630:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4423:Smoking Bishop
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4157:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4106:
4104:Super Saturday
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4034:Giving Tuesday
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Christmas club
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:Piae Cantiones
3827:
3820:
3813:
3803:
3797:Music charts (
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Père Fouettard
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3232:Saint Nicholas
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Grandpa Indian
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3152:Saint Nicholas
3148:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Old Man Winter
3087:
3082:
3077:
3075:Miner's figure
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Kallikantzaros
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2990:Nativity scene
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2825:Children's Day
2821:
2814:
2811:Blue Christmas
2806:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2648:
2647:External links
2645:
2642:
2641:
2626:
2614:
2607:
2587:
2574:
2544:
2529:
2522:
2496:
2477:(2): 185–199.
2461:
2436:
2415:
2396:
2381:
2369:Culture Vannin
2353:
2333:
2308:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2248:
2230:
2222:Saltire Review
2209:
2184:
2171:
2153:
2145:Julian Goodare
2141:Maureen Meikle
2133:
2120:
2105:
2079:
2054:
2028:
2002:
1977:
1930:
1904:
1879:
1854:
1829:
1804:
1779:
1753:
1727:
1702:
1677:
1652:
1633:
1627:John Cutting,
1620:
1602:
1595:
1577:
1566:
1555:
1532:
1505:
1480:
1452:
1427:
1402:
1377:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1181:
1162:
1141:
1130:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1082:
1079:
1039:Nikolai Rostov
1013:
1010:
1006:Mummers Museum
980:Mummers Parade
978:Main article:
975:
972:
951:
948:
942:
939:
929:
928:Social mumming
926:
920:
917:
903:
900:
886:
883:
822:in June 1591.
790:
787:
762:County Wexford
717:
714:
699:Poor Old Horse
691:New Year's Day
641:
638:
622:Plough witches
563:All Souls' Day
547:
544:
536:County Wexford
464:
461:
420:Shrove Tuesday
386:
383:
355:William Sandys
238:
235:
175:("silent") or
170:Middle English
161:
158:
119:All Souls' Day
52:Mummers' plays
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4629:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4547:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:Meat and fish
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Hot chocolate
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Ugly sweaters
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:Controversies
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3854:In literature
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:United States
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Moravian star
3451:
3449:
3448:Midnight Mass
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Candle arches
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Advent wreath
3326:
3324:
3323:Advent candle
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:Companions of
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:Gift-bringers
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3007:Twelfth Night
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Nativity Fast
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Christmastide
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Angel Gabriel
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:Biblical Magi
2877:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2832:Christmas Eve
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:, April 2003
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2622:Silly Sisters
2618:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2523:9781400079988
2519:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:War and Peace
2500:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2385:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2228:, pp. 42 - 46
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2198:
2197:folkplay.info
2194:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:(1): 96–112.
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1893:
1892:folkplay.info
1889:
1883:
1868:
1867:folkplay.info
1864:
1858:
1843:
1842:folkplay.info
1839:
1833:
1818:
1817:folkplay.info
1814:
1808:
1793:
1792:folkplay.info
1789:
1783:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1716:
1715:folkplay.info
1712:
1706:
1691:
1690:folkplay.info
1687:
1681:
1666:
1665:folkplay.info
1662:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Balliol rhyme
1221:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:tradition in
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:Great Big Sea
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:Steeleye Span
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Silly Sisters
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1048:
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1044:
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1030:
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770:County Dublin
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758:County Tyrone
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740:
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728:in March 2023
727:
726:Aonach Mhacha
722:
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695:The Old Horse
692:
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683:
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647:
646:Pace Egg play
637:
635:
631:
627:
626:East Midlands
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Plough Monday
594:
592:
591:Rapper dances
588:
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482:
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452:mum(en)schanz
448:
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251:Great Britain
243:
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232:
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215:mum(en)schanz
212:
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157:
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154:British Isles
150:
148:
147:mystery plays
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Bonfire Night
120:
116:
112:
111:Plough Monday
108:
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100:
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4482:Gefilte fish
4430:Ponche crema
4265:Melomakarono
4133:
4024:Cyber Monday
3929:
3894:
3863:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3805:Music books
3798:
3636:Nazi Germany
3528:
3524:Secret Santa
3511:
3398:Flying Santa
3105:Tió de Nadal
3055:Korvatunturi
2906:Annunciation
2872:Christianity
2853:Sol Invictus
2749:
2748:
2697:
2677:
2651:
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2629:
2621:
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2448:
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2439:
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2015:
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1990:RTÉ Archives
1989:
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1917:the original
1907:
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1740:the original
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1689:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:
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1389:
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1280:Mystery play
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1015:
1002:String Bands
986:Philadelphia
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964:hobby horses
953:
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908:Philadelphia
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902:Philadelphia
895:
888:
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820:Tullibardine
795:Kirk Session
792:
751:
731:
710:Ethel Rudkin
706:Lincolnshire
703:
698:
694:
678:
676:
667:
663:
649:
630:Lincolnshire
621:
618:Plough-stots
617:
613:
610:Plough-jacks
609:
605:
602:Plough plays
601:
595:
587:Sword dances
583:Peace-egging
582:
578:
570:
566:
560:
540:
527:
525:
508:
504:
502:
484:
474:
456:mummenschanz
455:
451:
449:
444:
440:
415:
413:
400:
379:
375:
343:
336:
315:Saint George
311:
296:
293:James Frazer
283:
259:Newfoundland
248:
226:
214:
213:, 1351) and
198:
194:
186:
179:
172:
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163:
151:
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75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
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18:
4497:Roast goose
4418:Mulled wine
4398:Champurrado
4393:Apple cider
4367:Bread sauce
4320:Szaloncukor
4300:Pumpkin pie
4250:Gingerbread
4204:Smörgåsbord
3845:Other media
3683:Philippines
3673:New Zealand
3556:Twelve Days
3513:Räuchermann
3468:Nutcrackers
3418:Las Posadas
3378:Decorations
3358:Christingle
3298:Zwarte Piet
3293:Snegurochka
3214:Sinterklaas
3164:Santa Claus
2734:Plough Play
2638:BBC Radio 3
2581:14 November
2454:22 December
2429:22 December
2410:AccuWeather
2326:22 December
2301:22 December
2202:22 December
2072:17 December
2047:17 December
2021:17 December
1995:17 December
1897:22 December
1872:22 December
1847:22 December
1822:22 December
1797:22 December
1746:22 December
1720:22 December
1695:22 December
1670:22 December
1498:27 November
1473:22 December
1445:22 December
1420:22 December
1264:Koledovanie
1174:BBC Radio 3
1166:Hugh Lupton
1123:Maddy Prior
1091:Symondsbury
1053:Ngaio Marsh
1029:Leo Tolstoy
968:wren sticks
885:Isle of Man
803:sword dance
797:records of
606:Plough-jags
579:Pace-egging
571:soul-caking
275:sword dance
131:pace egging
92:sword dance
72:pace-eggers
4577:Folk plays
4561:Categories
4225:Candy cane
4174:Joulupöytä
4074:Pikkujoulu
3738:New Mexico
3587:By country
3561:Wassailing
3502:Poinsettia
3309:Traditions
3261:Mrs. Claus
3241:Belsnickel
3194:Julemanden
3189:Joulupukki
3120:Wenceslaus
3085:North Pole
3050:Jack Frost
3040:Christkind
2995:Neapolitan
2818:Boxing Day
2374:13 October
1643:, vol. 3,
1596:0900227028
1312:References
1300:Wassailing
1170:Chris Wood
1127:June Tabor
891:White Boys
874:White Boys
846:Emily Lyle
808:hagmonayis
764:, and the
656:Derbyshire
644:See also:
565:(known as
409:Richard II
370:Boxing Day
366:Southstoke
319:Robin Hood
219:Hans Sachs
207:Mühlhausen
127:wassailing
80:tipteerers
56:folk plays
41:Boxing Day
37:St. George
4512:Tourtière
4502:Romeritos
4439:Dumplings
4386:Beverages
4290:Pecan pie
4280:Panettone
4275:Pampushka
4270:Mince pie
4245:Fruitcake
4189:Réveillon
4069:NFL games
4064:NBA games
4059:In August
4029:Economics
3799:Billboard
3653:Indonesia
3596:Australia
3571:Yule goat
3546:Stockings
3480:Ornaments
3209:Père Noël
3204:Olentzero
3199:Noel Baba
3174:Ded Moroz
3130:Yule Lads
3070:Mari Lwyd
2921:Bethlehem
2798:Christmas
1986:"Mummers"
1972:161628970
1964:0430-8778
1944:Folk Life
1772:3 January
1395:25 August
1285:Pantomime
1193:mummering
1031:'s novel
1019:'s novel
998:blackface
956:Mummering
865:, Italy.
825:In 1831,
739:Beelzebub
672:Cambridge
668:Derby Tup
664:Derby Ram
652:Sheffield
494:see below
445:momschanz
433:Francis I
357:in 1833.
332:Beelzebub
323:Cotswolds
223:Nuremberg
211:Thuringia
195:vermummen
164:The word
160:Etymology
115:Halloween
103:Christmas
88:galoshins
45:St Albans
4545:Category
4516:meat pie
4507:Stuffing
4461:Varenyky
4330:Yule log
4305:Qurabiya
4179:Julebord
4152:Food and
4079:SantaCon
4044:El Gordo
3931:Yule Log
3703:Scotland
3616:Ethiopia
3601:Colombia
3576:Yule log
3530:Spanbaum
3507:Pyramids
3373:Crackers
3271:Sack Man
3157:folklore
3125:Yule cat
3030:Badalisc
3020:folklore
2931:Epiphany
2698:Folklore
1923:26 April
1525:5 August
1305:Wrenboys
1233:Căluşari
1216:See also
1103:Cheshire
1099:Antrobus
990:New Year
835:Shetland
816:James VI
789:Scotland
768:area of
735:wrenboys
733:such as
682:Owd 'Oss
555:Antrobus
517:Cheshire
481:chapbook
422:of 1557
237:Overview
84:wrenboys
47:Mummers.
4451:Pierogi
4446:Hallaca
4351:Borscht
4315:Stollen
4285:Pavlova
4260:Makówki
4240:Cozonac
4209:Wigilia
4094:Scrooge
4054:In July
3952:society
3884:Poetry
3718:Ukraine
3693:Romania
3658:Ireland
3648:Iceland
3643:Hungary
3631:Germany
3621:Finland
3611:England
3606:Denmark
3566:Windows
3497:Piñatas
3485:Parades
3438:Markets
3423:Letters
3413:Hampers
3256:Krampus
3095:Perchta
3035:Caganer
2514:522–528
2491:2712609
2220:(ed.),
1159:Ireland
716:Ireland
650:Around
640:England
567:Souling
532:Belfast
385:History
372:, 2007.
350:Revesby
339:Swansea
321:in the
267:England
255:Ireland
76:soulers
68:rhymers
64:guisers
60:mummers
4522:Turkey
4456:Tamale
4413:Kissel
4403:Eggnog
4360:Sauces
4346:Menudo
4325:Turrón
4235:Cookie
4218:Sweets
4184:Kūčios
4165:Dinner
4039:Grinch
3950:modern
3917:Tomten
3876:Santa,
3859:novels
3777:Operas
3765:Carols
3733:Hawaii
3713:Sweden
3708:Serbia
3698:Russia
3688:Poland
3678:Norway
3668:Mexico
3626:France
3541:Stamps
3536:Szopka
3428:Lights
3383:Didukh
3219:Others
3169:Befana
3115:Vertep
2978:in art
2946:Joseph
2896:Advent
2605:
2572:
2520:
2489:
2271:
2246:
2098:19 May
1970:
1962:
1593:
1553:
1290:Revels
1269:Kukeri
1259:Jester
1239:Careto
1204:Mummer
1189:Simani
1045:, and
880:, 2019
878:Ramsey
766:Fingal
575:Easter
477:Exeter
450:While
437:Angers
404:masque
397:, 2009
346:Dragon
289:potion
279:Europe
271:morris
227:schanz
199:mummen
193:) and
187:mummer
166:mummer
142:mummer
109:or on
107:Easter
86:, and
4255:Kutia
4154:drink
3782:Songs
3756:Music
3663:Italy
3519:Seals
3473:dolls
3403:Gifts
3343:Cards
3246:Elves
3110:Turoń
3080:Nisse
3045:Grýla
2941:Jesus
2487:JSTOR
2348:(PDF)
2292:(PDF)
1968:S2CID
1645:p.264
1244:Clown
1081:Music
863:Barga
799:Elgin
680:'
573:) or
521:Wales
513:Truro
286:magic
231:Momus
180:mommo
177:Greek
4582:Mime
4477:Carp
4339:Soup
4230:Cake
4141:Xmas
3770:list
3551:Tree
3490:list
2951:Mary
2860:Yule
2603:ISBN
2583:2020
2570:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2456:2022
2431:2022
2376:2020
2328:2022
2303:2022
2269:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2204:2022
2100:2023
2074:2020
2049:2020
2023:2020
1997:2020
1960:ISSN
1925:2006
1899:2022
1874:2022
1849:2022
1824:2022
1799:2022
1774:2007
1748:2022
1722:2022
1697:2022
1672:2022
1591:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1527:2014
1500:2018
1475:2022
1447:2022
1422:2022
1397:2024
1180:2006
1168:and
1125:and
966:and
793:The
687:Dore
658:and
632:and
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261:and
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133:and
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3017:In
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1952:doi
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704:In
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