60:
in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinated, synchronous manner where all nuclei divide simultaneously or asynchronously where individual nuclei divide independently in time and space. Certain organisms may have a multinuclear stage of their life cycle. For example,
427:, which brings the cells into close enough proximity to enable trigger events culminating in the fusion of two host cells, likely due to the close contact of the two plasma membranes. This interaction is likely specific to
234:
are multinuclear cells that are found commonly in the human body that aid in the maintenance and repair of the bones by secreting acid that dissolves bone matter. They are typically found to have 5
339:, multinucleate cells may extend over hundreds of meters so that different regions of a single cell experience dramatically different microenvironments. Other examples include, the
964:
Sylwester A, Wessels D, Anderson SA, Warren RQ, Shutt DC, Kennedy RC, Soll DR (November 1993). "HIV-induced syncytia of a T cell line form single giant pseudopods and are motile".
301:
that forms the interface between the foetus and the mother. In addition to performing simple interface duties, the placental syncytia also acts as a barrier to infection from
423:) are synthesized and trafficked to the cell membrane where they can be incorporated into new virus particles. However, some of the Env molecules interact with neighboring
167:), such as to differentiate "acellular" slime molds from the purely "cellular" ones (which do not form such structures). This usage is incorrect and highly misleading to
1001:"Multinucleate storage cells in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) and the effect of seed parasitism by the chalcid Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl"
1199:
Lifson JD, Reyes GR, McGrath MS, Stein BS, Engleman EG (May 1986). "AIDS retrovirus induced cytopathology: giant cell formation and involvement of CD4 antigen".
633:"Tertiary endosymbiosis in two dinotoms has generated little change in the mitochondrial genomes of their dinoflagellate hosts and diatom endosymbionts"
228:
of mammals are not polynuclear cells, although the lobes of their nuclei are so deeply bifurcated that they can appear so under non-optimal microscopy.
297:, a temporary organ that transports nutrients, oxygen, waste, and other materials between a mother and a developing fetus, is partially composed of a
448:
Haindl M, Holler E (July 2005). "Use of the giant multinucleate plasmodium of
Physarum polycephalum to study RNA interference in the myxomycete".
174:
Some use the term "syncytium" in a wide sense, to mean any type of multinucleate cell, while others differentiate the terms for each type.
752:
559:
Read ND, Roca GM (2006). "Chapter 5: Vegetative Hyphal Fusion in
Filamentous Fungi". In BaluΕ‘ka F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW (eds.).
838:
875:
848:
762:
576:
701:
494:
17:
520:"Electron microscopic observations on the cytotrophoblast contribution to the syncytium in the human placenta"
118:
are known to have two nuclei. Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of
201:
335:
in which nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, thus leading to large coenocytes or plasmodia. In
196:
are multinuclear cells that can form either through normal biological processes, such as the mammalian
1097:
Zeldovich VB, Clausen CH, Bradford E, Fletcher DA, Maltepe E, Robbins JR, Bakardjiev AI (2013-12-12).
910:
Zeldovich VB, Clausen CH, Bradford E, Fletcher DA, Maltepe E, Robbins JR, Bakardjiev AI (2013-12-12).
737:
376:
Multinucleated cells can also occur under pathological conditions as the consequence of a disturbed
205:
568:
340:
246:
164:
66:
245:
form multinucleate cells by fusion, being syncytia and not coenocytes. This syncytia is called
91:
Multinucleate cells, depending on the mechanism by which they are formed, can be divided into "
1248:
344:
274:
135:
780:"Somatic polyploidization and cellular proliferation drive body size evolution in nematodes"
593:
560:
1208:
791:
644:
147:, may display multinuclear filaments as a result of a delay between genome replication and
1055:"Aggregative multicellularity evolved independently in the eukaryotic supergroup Rhizaria"
8:
561:
298:
1212:
795:
648:
431:, as cells lacking this receptor were unable to form syncytia in laboratory conditions.
1176:
1149:
1125:
1098:
938:
911:
725:
667:
632:
536:
519:
242:
1224:
1181:
1130:
1076:
1022:
981:
943:
871:
844:
819:
814:
779:
758:
707:
697:
672:
613:
572:
541:
500:
490:
483:
Walter P, Roberts K, Raff M, Lewis J, Johnson A, Alberts B (2002). "Cell
Junctions".
465:
381:
336:
258:
148:
144:
1216:
1171:
1161:
1120:
1110:
1066:
1012:
973:
933:
923:
809:
799:
662:
652:
605:
531:
457:
396:
As previously mentioned, syncytia may be induced through the actions of HIV, where
104:
609:
1166:
1115:
928:
891:
Studnicka, F. K. (1934). "Die
Grundlagen der Zellentheorie von Theodor Schwann".
865:
657:
424:
262:
784:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
484:
413:
409:
270:
159:
Some biologists use the term "acellular" to refer to multinucleate cell forms (
115:
45:
1150:"They Might Be Giants: Does Syncytium Formation Sink or Spread HIV Infection?"
1071:
1054:
691:
1242:
617:
504:
461:
428:
405:
1220:
804:
1185:
1134:
1099:"Placental syncytium forms a biophysical barrier against pathogen invasion"
1080:
1026:
1017:
1000:
947:
912:"Placental syncytium forms a biophysical barrier against pathogen invasion"
823:
711:
676:
469:
416:
314:
278:
235:
213:
85:
49:
1228:
985:
977:
545:
348:
266:
225:
221:
108:
96:
77:
420:
377:
357:
332:
250:
231:
73:
62:
42:
999:
von
Aderkas P, Rouault G, Wagner R, Chiwocha S, Roques A (June 2005).
326:
254:
188:
160:
100:
53:
361:
352:
310:
306:
294:
197:
193:
140:
130:
92:
567:. Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media. pp.
696:(4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
401:
365:
282:
209:
57:
1096:
998:
909:
204:, via fusion of the plasma membrane. Other examples include the
778:
Flemming AJ, Shen ZZ, Cunha A, Emmons SW, Leroi AM (May 2000).
631:
Imanian B, Pombert JF, Dorrell RG, Burki F, Keeling PJ (2012).
397:
331:
Furthermore, multinucleate cells are produced from specialized
168:
123:
81:
963:
385:
302:
217:
122:; one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic
72:
Although not normally viewed as a case of multinucleation,
1052:
630:
1053:
Brown MW, Kolisko M, Silberman JD, Roger AJ (June 2012).
594:"The Use of the Terms Coenocyte and Syncytium in Biology"
119:
1198:
777:
200:, or under the influence of certain pathogens, such as
482:
84:
tissues are in communication with their neighbors via
1039:
Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995).
65:
have a vegetative, multinucleate life stage called a
1092:
1090:
959:
957:
1240:
1147:
391:
238:per cell, due to the fusion of preosteoclasts.
1087:
954:
867:Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution
840:Endosperm: Developmental and Molecular Biology
870:. Oxford University Press. pp. 113β116.
517:
447:
754:Cell Movements: From Molecules to Motility
689:
624:
591:
1175:
1165:
1124:
1114:
1070:
1016:
937:
927:
890:
843:. Springer Science & Business Media.
813:
803:
666:
656:
535:
400:are fused by the action of virus-derived
177:
52:, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common
1148:Compton AA, Schwartz O (February 2017).
690:Razin S, Baron S (1996). Baron S (ed.).
558:
371:
1043:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
863:
14:
1241:
836:
592:Daubenmire, Rexford F. (1936-12-11).
27:Eukaryotic cells with multiple nuclei
750:
24:
1041:Algae An Introduction to Phycology
518:Boyd JD, Hamilton WJ (July 1966).
249:, in the sense of a multinucleate
25:
1260:
171:, and as such it is discouraged.
408:. During viral replication in T
313:, which is likely due to unique
1192:
1141:
1046:
1033:
992:
903:
884:
857:
830:
837:Olsen, Odd-Arne (2007-06-12).
771:
744:
683:
585:
552:
511:
476:
441:
261:. Other examples include some
154:
13:
1:
610:10.1126/science.84.2189.533.a
486:Molecular Biology of the Cell
434:
320:
1167:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006099
1116:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003821
929:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003821
864:Minelli, Alessandro (2009).
658:10.1371/journal.pone.0043763
392:Human Immunodeficiency Virus
226:polymorphonuclear leukocytes
76:share a common cytoplasm by
7:
751:Bray, Dennis (2017-01-26).
317:properties of these cells.
288:
220:, and the storage cells of
182:
10:
1265:
324:
186:
1072:10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.021
462:10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.031
48:that have more than one
1221:10.1126/science.3010463
966:Journal of Cell Science
805:10.1073/pnas.97.10.5285
450:Analytical Biochemistry
1018:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800670
345:plasmodial slime molds
178:Physiological examples
107:not being followed by
978:10.1242/jcs.106.3.941
372:Pathological examples
275:cellular slime moulds
136:Mycoplasma pneumoniae
380:control (e.g., some
80:, and most cells in
35:multinucleated cells
1213:1986Sci...232.1123L
796:2000PNAS...97.5285F
757:. Garland Science.
649:2012PLoSO...743763I
412:, large amounts of
243:chlorarachniophytes
31:Multinucleate cells
563:Cell-Cell Channels
524:Journal of Anatomy
384:and metastasizing
877:978-0-19-856620-5
850:978-3-540-71235-0
764:978-0-8153-3282-4
578:978-0-387-36058-4
382:binucleated cells
337:filamentous fungi
259:amoeboid movement
149:cellular division
145:respiratory tract
39:polynuclear cells
16:(Redirected from
1256:
1233:
1232:
1207:(4754): 1123β7.
1196:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1109:(12): e1003821.
1094:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
996:
990:
989:
961:
952:
951:
941:
931:
922:(12): e1003821.
907:
901:
900:
888:
882:
881:
861:
855:
854:
834:
828:
827:
817:
807:
775:
769:
768:
748:
742:
741:
735:
731:
729:
721:
719:
718:
687:
681:
680:
670:
660:
628:
622:
621:
589:
583:
582:
566:
556:
550:
549:
539:
530:(Pt 3): 535β48.
515:
509:
508:
489:(4th ed.).
480:
474:
473:
445:
425:T-cell receptors
263:plasmodiophorids
105:nuclear division
21:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1197:
1193:
1160:(2): e1006099.
1146:
1142:
1095:
1088:
1059:Current Biology
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
997:
993:
962:
955:
908:
904:
889:
885:
878:
862:
858:
851:
835:
831:
790:(10): 5285β90.
776:
772:
765:
749:
745:
733:
732:
723:
722:
716:
714:
704:
688:
684:
629:
625:
590:
586:
579:
557:
553:
516:
512:
497:
481:
477:
446:
442:
437:
394:
374:
329:
323:
299:syncytial layer
291:
267:haplosporidians
257:which exhibits
206:skeletal muscle
191:
185:
180:
157:
116:dinoflagellates
33:(also known as
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1235:
1234:
1191:
1154:PLOS Pathogens
1140:
1103:PLOS Pathogens
1086:
1065:(12): 1123β7.
1045:
1032:
991:
953:
916:PLOS Pathogens
902:
883:
876:
856:
849:
829:
770:
763:
743:
703:978-0963117212
702:
682:
623:
584:
577:
551:
510:
495:
475:
439:
438:
436:
433:
414:viral envelope
410:lymphoid cells
393:
390:
373:
370:
325:Main article:
322:
319:
290:
287:
187:Main article:
184:
181:
179:
176:
156:
153:
26:
18:Multinucleated
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1261:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1183:
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1168:
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1159:
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1144:
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1127:
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1117:
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1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1011:(6): 616β22.
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:(3): 941β53.
971:
967:
960:
958:
949:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
898:
894:
887:
879:
873:
869:
868:
860:
852:
846:
842:
841:
833:
825:
821:
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811:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
766:
760:
756:
755:
747:
739:
727:
713:
709:
705:
699:
695:
694:
686:
678:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
650:
646:
643:(8): e43763.
642:
638:
634:
627:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:(2189): 533.
603:
599:
595:
588:
580:
574:
570:
565:
564:
555:
547:
543:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
514:
506:
502:
498:
496:9780815332183
492:
488:
487:
479:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:
440:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
406:cell membrane
403:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
369:
367:
364:which causes
363:
360:
359:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
284:
280:
279:dictyostelids
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:tapetal cells
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
103:" (formed by
102:
98:
95:" (formed by
94:
89:
87:
86:gap junctions
83:
79:
78:plasmodesmata
75:
70:
68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1249:Cell biology
1204:
1200:
1194:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1106:
1102:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1008:
1004:
994:
969:
965:
919:
915:
905:
896:
892:
886:
866:
859:
839:
832:
787:
783:
773:
753:
746:
715:. Retrieved
692:
685:
640:
636:
626:
601:
597:
587:
562:
554:
527:
523:
513:
485:
478:
456:(2): 194β9.
453:
449:
443:
429:CD4+ T-cells
417:Glycoprotein
395:
375:
356:
349:myxogastrids
330:
315:cytoskeletal
292:
240:
230:
192:
173:
158:
134:
128:
114:A number of
113:
90:
71:
38:
34:
30:
29:
734:|work=
693:Mycoplasmas
635:. Primary.
333:cell cycles
232:Osteoclasts
224:seeds. The
222:Douglas-fir
155:Terminology
109:cytokinesis
97:cell fusion
74:plant cells
63:slime molds
899:: 246β257.
717:2018-09-19
435:References
378:cell cycle
358:Plasmodium
351:) and the
321:Coenocytes
269:, and the
253:without a
251:protoplast
247:plasmodium
133:, such as
101:coenocytes
67:plasmodium
43:eukaryotic
893:Anat. Anz
736:ignored (
726:cite book
618:0036-8075
505:807894238
341:plasmodia
327:Coenocyte
255:cell wall
208:cells of
189:Syncytium
165:plasmodia
54:cytoplasm
1243:Category
1186:28152024
1135:24348256
1081:22608512
1027:15829985
1005:Heredity
948:24348256
824:10805788
712:21413254
677:22916303
637:PLOS ONE
470:15922285
402:proteins
388:cells).
362:parasite
353:schizont
311:protozoa
307:bacteria
295:placenta
289:Placenta
283:acrasids
198:placenta
194:Syncytia
183:Syncytia
161:syncitia
141:pathogen
131:bacteria
93:syncytia
1229:3010463
1209:Bibcode
1201:Science
1177:5289631
1126:3861541
986:8308076
939:3861541
792:Bibcode
668:3423374
645:Bibcode
598:Science
546:5965440
537:1270795
404:on the
398:T-cells
366:malaria
355:of the
303:viruses
265:, some
210:mammals
143:of the
58:Mitosis
50:nucleus
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309:, and
236:nuclei
218:plants
212:, the
169:laymen
124:diatom
99:) or "
82:animal
41:) are
815:25820
571:β98.
386:tumor
129:Some
46:cells
1225:PMID
1182:PMID
1131:PMID
1077:PMID
1023:PMID
982:PMID
944:PMID
872:ISBN
845:ISBN
820:PMID
759:ISBN
738:help
708:PMID
698:ISBN
673:PMID
614:ISSN
573:ISBN
542:PMID
501:OCLC
491:ISBN
466:PMID
293:The
281:and
271:grex
241:The
163:and
139:, a
1217:doi
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1172:PMC
1162:doi
1121:PMC
1111:doi
1067:doi
1013:doi
974:doi
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924:doi
810:PMC
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343:of
285:).
273:of
216:of
202:HIV
120:DNA
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