Gap junction - Knowledge

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been indirect evidence for certain lipids being preferentially involved with the formation plaque, however this cannot be considered definitive. It is difficult to envisage breaking up the membrane to analyse membrane plaques without affecting their composition. By study of connexins still in membranes lipids associated with the connexins have been studied. It was found that specific connexins tended to associate preferentially with specific phospholipids. As formation plaques precede connexins these results still give no certainty as to what is unique about the composition of plaques themselves. Other findings show connexins associate with protein scaffolds used in another junction, the zonula occludens

1150:. Studies showing vesicles associated with gap junctions and proposing the vesicle contents may move across the junction plaques between two cells were rare, as most studies focused on connexons rather than vesicles. A later study using a combination of microscopy techniques confirmed the early evidence of a probable function for gap junctions in intercellular vesicle transfer. Areas of vesicle transfer were associated with connexin free islands within gap junction plaques. Connexin 43 has been shown to be necessary for the transfer of whole mitochondrias to neighboring cells, though whether the mitochondria is transferred directly through the membrane or within a vesicle has not been determined 592:

such as blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Adult skeletal muscle is a possible exception to the rule though their large size makes it difficult to be certain of this. An argument used against skeletal muscle gap junctions is that if they were present gap junctions may propagate contractions in an arbitrary way through cells making up the muscle. However, other muscle types do have gap junctions which do not cause arbitrary contractions. Sometimes the number of gap junctions are reduced or absent in diseased tissues such as cancers or the aging process.

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summarize, in early literature the term "gap junction" referred to the regular gap between membranes in vertebrates and non-vertebrates apparently bridged by "globules". The junction correlated with the cell's ability to directly couple with its neighbors through pores in their membranes. Then for a while gap junctions were only referring to a structure that contains connexins and nothing more was thought to be involved. Later, the gap junction "plaque" was also found to contain other molecules that helped define it and make it function.

776: 247: 317:. This has led to the idea that pannexins may not form intercellular junctions in the same way connexins and innexins do and therefore should not use the same hemi-channel/channel naming. Others have presented evidence based on genetic sequencing and overall functioning in tissues, that pannexins should still be considered part of the gap junction family of proteins despite structural differences. These researchers also note that there are still more groups of connexin 84: 1228: 1227: 596: 697:

by which antibodies blocked the gap junctions was unclear; systematic studies were undertaken to elucidate the mechanism. Refinement of these studies suggested that gap junctions were key in the development of cell polarity and the left-right symmetry in animals. While signaling that determines the position of body organs appears to rely on gap junctions, so does the more fundamental differentiation of cells at later stages of embryonic development.

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clearance. This, in turn, affects the synaptic strength and long-term plasticity of excitatory terminals, indicating a significant role in modulating synaptic transmission. Levels of Cx30 regulate synaptic glutamate concentration, hippocampal excitatory synaptic strength, plasticity, and memory. Astroglial networks have a physiologically optimized size to appropriately regulate neuronal functions.

1139:. This portion of extracellular space was somewhat isolated from the surrounding space and also bridged by what we now call connexon pairs, which form even more tightly sealed bridges that cross the gap junction gap between two cells. When viewed in the plane of the membrane by freeze-fracture techniques, higher-resolution distribution of connexons within the gap junction plaque is possible. 25: 974:(Cx43). These proteins play crucial roles in regulating brain homeostasis through potassium buffering, intercellular communication, and nutrient transport. Connexins typically form gap junction channels that allow direct intercellular communication between astrocytes. However, they can also form hemichannels that facilitate the exchange of ions and molecules with the extracellular space. 1270:

are home to non-connexin proteins, making the modern usage of the terms "gap junction" and "gap junction plaque" non-interchangeable as the area of the gap junction plaque may contain proteins other than connexins. Just as connexins do not always occupy the entire area of the plaque, the other components described in the literature may be only long-term or short-term residents.

352:. However, connexin genes do not code directly for the expression of gap junction channels; genes can produce only the proteins that make up gap junction channels. An alternative naming system based on the protein's molecular weight is the most widely used (for example, connexin43=GJA1, connexin30.3=GJB4). 4692:

Güiza, Juan; García, Aníbal; Arriagada, Javiera; Gutiérrez, Camila; González, Jorge; Márquez-Miranda, Valeria; Alegría-Arcos, Melissa; Duarte, Yorley; Rojas, Maximiliano; González-Nilo, Fernando; Sáez, Juan C.; Vega, José L. (February 2022). "Unnexins: Homologs of innexin proteins in Trypanosomatidae

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were likely present. Little is known about what structures make up the formation plaque or how the formation plaque's structure changes when connexins and other components move in and out. One of the earlier studies of the formation of small gap junctions describes rows of particles and particle free

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was later researched with regard to cells damaged by radiation or mechanical injury and in turn wound healing. Disease seems to have an effect on the ability of gap junctions to fulfill their roles in wound healing. The oral administration of gap junction blockers to reduce the symptoms of disease in

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In the 1980s, more subtle roles of gap junctions in communication have been investigated. It was discovered that gap junction communication could be disrupted by adding anti-connexin antibodies into embryonic cells. Embryos with areas of blocked gap junctions failed to develop normally. The mechanism

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Unpaired connexons or innexons can act as hemichannels in a single membrane, allowing the cell to exchange molecules directly with the exterior of the cell. It has been shown that connexons would be available to do this prior to being incorporated into the gap junction plaques. Some of the properties

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The formation of plaque and the non-connexin part of the classical gap junction plaque have been difficult for early researchers to analyse. It appears in TEM FF and thin section to be a lipid membrane domain that can somehow form a comparatively rigid barrier to other lipids and proteins. There has

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microscopy of larger areas of tissue clarified diversity in earlier results. Gap junction plaques were confirmed to have variable composition being home to connexon and non-connexin proteins as well making the modern usage of the terms "gap junction" and "gap junction plaque" non-interchangeable. To

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through the capsule and lens epithelium. The isolation correlates with the classical circular shape of larger plaques shown in the yellow zone being disrupted. Changing the fiber cells' morphology requires the movements of vesicles through the gap junction plaques at higher frequencies in this area.

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are becoming more defined. Innexins look and behave similarly to connexins and can be seen to fill a similar role to connexins in invertebrates. Pannexins also look individually similar to connexins though they do not appear to easily form gap junctions. Of the over 20 metazoan groups connexins have

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appeared to have structural properties different from those imparted by the connexons/innexons alone. It was thought that if the area of membrane in the plaque transmitted signals, the area of membrane would have to be sealed in some way to prevent leakage. Later studies showed gap junction plaques

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While there has been a tendency to focus on the bystander effect in disease due to the possibility of therapeutic avenues, there is evidence that there is a more central role in normal development of tissues. Death of some cells and their surrounding matrix may be required for a tissue to reach its

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became more generally used than terms such as electrical synapse or nexus. Another dimension in the relationship between nerve cells and gap junctions was revealed by studying chemical synapse formation and gap junction presence. By tracing nerve development in leeches with gap junction expression

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allow more rapid surveys of large areas of tissue. Tissues that were traditionally considered to have isolated cells such as in bone were shown to have cells that were still connected with gap junctions, however tenuously. Exceptions to this are cells not normally in contact with neighboring cells

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When two identical connexons come together to form a gap junction channel, it is called a homotypic channel. When one homomeric connexon and one heteromeric connexon come together, it is called a heterotypic gap junction channel. When two heteromeric connexons join, it is also called a heterotypic

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Gap junctions electrically couple cells throughout the body of most animals. Electrical coupling can be relatively fast acting and can be used over short distances within an organism. Tissues in this section have well known functions observed to be coordinated by gap junctions, with intercellular

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Cx30 upregulation increases the connectivity of astroglial networks, it decreases spontaneous and evoked synaptic transmission. This effect results from a reduced neuronal excitability and translates into an alteration in the induction of synaptic plasticity and an in vivo impairment in learning

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and freeze fracture (FF) seen filled with transmembrane proteins in both tissues and more gently treated gap junction preparations. With the apparent ability for one protein alone to enable intercellular communication seen in gap junctions the term gap junction tended to become synonymous with a

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On a larger scale, the one-to-many communication of cells is typically carried out by the vascular and nervous systems. This makes detecting the contribution of hemichannels to extracellular communication more difficult in whole organisms. With the eye lens, the vascular and nervous systems are

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The ultrastructure and biochemistry of isolated gap junctions already referenced had indicated the connexins preferentially group in gap junction plaques or domains and connexins were the best characterized constituent. It has been noted that the organisation of proteins into arrays with a gap

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Implicit or explicit in most of the early studies is that the area of the gap junction was different in structure to the surrounding membranes in a way that made it look different. The gap junction had been shown to create a micro-environment between the two cells in the extracellular space or

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from cells, which can all act as messengers to cells otherwise disconnected from such messaging. In this sense, a gap junction plaque forms a one-to-one relationship with the neighboring cell, daisy chaining many cells together. Hemichannels form a one to many relationship with the surrounding

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Precise control of light refraction, structural dimensions and transparency are key aspects of the eye lens structure that allow focusing by the eye. Transparency is aided by the absence of nerves and blood vessels from the lens, so gap junctions are left with a larger loading of intercellular

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Studies have highlighted channel-independent functions of connexins, involving intracellular signaling, protein interactions, and cell adhesion. Specifically, Cx30 has been shown to regulate the insertion of astroglial processes into synaptic clefts, which controls the efficacy of glutamate

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Well before the demonstration of the gap in gap junctions, they were seen at the junction of neighboring nerve cells. The close proximity of the neighboring cell membranes at the gap junction led researchers to speculate that they had a role in intercellular communication, in particular the

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Cx30 is not limited to regulating excitatory synaptic transmission but also plays a crucial role in inhibitory synaptic regulation and broader neuronal network activities. This highlights the importance of connexins in maintaining the intricate balance required for proper brain function.

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Kelley, Robert O.; Vogel, Kathryn G.; Crissman, Harry A.; Lujan, Christopher J.; Skipper, Betty E. (March 1979). "Development of the aging cell surface. Reduction of gap junction-mediated metabolic cooperation with progressive subcultivation of human embryo fibroblasts (IMR-90)".

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absent, making reliance on hemichannels greater and their detection easier. At the interface of the lens with the aqueous humor (where the lens exchanges metabolites), both gap junction plaques and more diffused connexon distribution can be seen in the accompanying micrographs.

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Cx30 differentially alters the electrophysiological and morphological properties of hippocampal cell populations. They modulates both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Astrocytes, via Cx30, are thus active modulators of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the

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Studies allowing views inside the plane of the membrane of gap junctions during formation indicated that a "formation plaque" formed between two cells prior to the connexins moving in. They were particle free areas—when observed by TEM FF, indicated very small or no

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In a more general sense, gap junctions may be seen to function at the simplest level as a direct cell to cell pathway for electrical currents, small molecules and ions. The control of this communication allows complex downstream effects on multicellular organisms.

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halos. With larger gap junctions they were described as formation plaques with connexins moving into them. The particulate gap junctions were thought to form 4–6 hours after the formation plaques appeared. How the connexins may be transported to the plaques using

1291:. While this helps us understand how connexins may be moved into a gap junction formation plaque, the composition of the plaque itself is still somewhat sketchy. Some headway on the in vivo composition of the gap junction plaque is being made using TEM FRIL. 813:

of the lens also means the cells and gap junctions are well ordered for systematic mapping of where the gap junction plaques are. As no cells are lost from the lens interior during the life of the animal, a complete map of the gap junctions is possible.

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has its connotations of the innocent bystander being killed. When cells are dying or compromised due to disease or injury, messages are transmitted to neighboring cells by gap junctions. This can cause otherwise healthy bystander cells to also die.

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became possible. Refined ultrastructural studies by TEM showed protein occurred in a complementary fashion in both cells participating in a gap junction plaque. The gap junction plaque is a relatively large area of membrane observed in TEM

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for the signal to contract also being associated with the gap junction plaques. This redundancy in signal transmission associated with gap junction plaques is the first to be described and involves sodium channels rather than connexins.

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final configuration; gap junctions appear essential to this process. There are also more complex studies that try to combine our understanding of the simultaneous roles of gap junctions in both wound healing and tissue development.

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Tens to thousands of gap junction channels cluster in areas to enable connexon pairs to form. The macromolecular complex is called a gap junction plaque. Molecules other than connexins are involved in gap junction plaques including

835:. The electrical synapse was discovered using electrical measurements before the gap junction structure was described. Electrical synapses are present throughout the central nervous system and have been studied specifically in the 2349:

Ganfornina, MD; Sánchez, D; Herrera, M; Bastiani, MJ (1999). "Developmental expression and molecular characterization of two gap junction channel proteins expressed during embryogenesis in the grasshopper Schistocerca americana".

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junction plaque may be significant. It is likely this early work was already reflecting the presence of more than just connexins in gap junctions. Combining the emerging fields of freeze-fracture to see inside membranes and

1038:, which facilitates the transfer of small molecules such as secondary messengers, metabolites, and small ions for electrical coupling. Consistent with all species, uterine myometrial contractions propagate from spontaneous 5510:

Li Bi, Wan; Parysek, Linda M.; Warnick, Ronald; Stambrook, Peter J. (December 1993). "In vitro evidence that metabolic cooperation is responsible for the bystander effect observed with HSV tk retroviral gene therapy".

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Bastide, B; Jarry-Guichard, T; Briand, JP; Délèze, J; Gros, D (April 1996). "Effect of antipeptide antibodies directed against three domains of connexin43 on the gap junctional permeability of cultured heart cells".

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structure was relatively large and easily seen by various TEM techniques. Disks allowed researchers using TEM to easily locate the connexons contained within the disk like patches in vivo and in vitro. The disk or

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Larsen WJ, Azarnia R, Loewenstein WR (June 1977). "Intercellular communication and tissue growth: IX. Junctional membrane structure of hybrids between communication-competent and communication-incompetent cells".

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The associated figure shows how the size, shape, and frequency of gap junction plaques change with cell growth. With growth, fiber cells are progressively isolated from more direct metabolite exchange with the

953:) detected but without immunocytochemical evidence for the corresponding protein within ultrastructurally-defined gap junctions. Those mRNAs appear to be downregulated or destroyed by micro interfering RNAs ( 408:

Light microscope images do not allow us to see connexons or innexons themselves but do let us see the fluorescing dye injected into one cell moving into neighboring cells when gap junctions are known to be

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Gap junction channels formed from two identical hemichannels are called homotypic, while those with differing hemichannels are heterotypic. In turn, hemichannels of uniform protein composition are called

8371:"Connexin45-containing neuronal gap junctions in rodent retina also contain connexin36 in both apposing hemiplaques, forming bihomotypic gap junctions, with scaffolding contributed by zonula occludens-1" 2219:

Maeda, Shoji; Nakagawa, So; Suga, Michihiro; Yamashita, Eiki; Oshima, Atsunori; Fujiyoshi, Yoshinori; Tsukihara, Tomitake (2009). "Structure of the connexin 26 gap junction channel at 3.5 A resolution".

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Hardy, Eléonore; Moulard, Julien; Walter, Augustin; Ezan, Pascal; Bemelmans, Alexis-Pierre; Mouthon, Franck; Charvériat, Mathieu; Rouach, Nathalie; Rancillac, Armelle (2023-04-11). Eroglu, Cagla (ed.).

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Bani-Yaghoub, Mahmud; Bechberger, John F.; Underhill, T. Michael; Naus, Christian C. G. (March 1999). "The effects of gap junction blockage on neuronal differentiation of human NTera2/clone D1 cells".

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Phelan, Pauline; Stebbings, Lucy A.; Baines, Richard A.; Bacon, Jonathan P.; Davies, Jane A.; Ford, Chris (January 1998). "Drosophila Shaking-B protein forms gap junctions in paired Xenopus oocytes".

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as other tight junctions, but following electron microscopy studies in 1967, they were renamed gap junctions to distinguish them from tight junctions. They bridge a 2-4 nm gap between cell membranes.

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to label cell components (Freeze-fracture replica immunolabelling or FRIL and thin section immunolabelling) showed gap junction plaques in vivo contained the connexin protein. Later studies using

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Bani-Yaghoub, Mahmud; Underhill, T. Michael; Naus, Christian C.G. (1999). "Gap junction blockage interferes with neuronal and astroglial differentiation of mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma cells".

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Perkins, Guy A.; Goodenough, Daniel A.; Sosinsky, Gina E. (1998). "Formation of the gap junction intercellular channel requires a 30 degree rotation for interdigitating two apposing connexons".

377:. When identical connexin proteins join to form one connexon, it is called a homomeric connexon. When different connexin proteins join to form one connexon, it is called a heteromeric connexon. 273:. Hetero-hexamers at gap junction plaques, help form a uniform intercellular space of 2-4 nm. In this way hemichannels in the membrane of each cell are aligned with one another forming an 6778:

Boros-Rausch, A., Shynlova, O., & Lye, S. J. (2021). "A Broad-Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitor Blocks Inflammation-Induced Myometrial Myocyte-Macrophage Crosstalk and Myometrial Contraction".

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Lorimore, SA; Wright, EG (January 2003). "Radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects: related inflammatory-type responses to radiation-induced stress and injury? A review".

1146:(TEM) thin sections to be systematically associated with gap junction plaques. Peracchia's study was probably also the first study to describe paired connexon structures, which he called a 466:(1,100 daltons through invertebrate gap junctions), although different hemichannel subunits may impart different pore sizes and different charge selectivity. Large biomolecules, including 5911:

Moyer, Kurtis E.; Saggers, Gregory C.; Ehrlich, H. Paul (2004). "Mast cells promote fibroblast populated collagen lattice contraction through gap junction intercellular communication".

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El-Sabban, ME; Sfeir, AJ; Daher, MH; Kalaany, NY; Bassam, RA; Talhouk, RS (September 2003). "ECM-induced gap junctional communication enhances mammary epithelial cell differentiation".

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Hofer, A; Dermietzel, R (September 1998). "Visualization and functional blocking of gap junction hemichannels (connexons) with antibodies against external loop domains in astrocytes".

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Ortiz, Jennifer; Bobkov, Yuriy V; DeBiasse, Melissa B; Mitchell, Dorothy G; Edgar, Allison; Martindale, Mark Q; Moss, Anthony G; Babonis, Leslie S; Ryan, Joseph F (3 February 2023).

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Hemichannels are thought to play a general role in the progression and severity of many diseases; this is in part due to hemichannels being an open door to the outside of each cell.

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Gap junctions were found to be responsible for the transmission of signals required for drugs to have an effect. Conversely, some drugs were shown to block gap junction channels.

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Young; Cohn, ZA; Gilula, NB (1987). "Functional assembly of gap junction conductance in lipid bilayers: demonstration that the major 27 kd protein forms the junctional channel".

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Warner, Anne E.; Guthrie, Sarah C.; Gilula, Norton B. (1984). "Antibodies to gap-junctional protein selectively disrupt junctional communication in the early amphibian embryo".

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Levin, M; Mercola, M (November 1999). "Gap junction-mediated transfer of left-right patterning signals in the early chick blastoderm is upstream of Shh asymmetry in the node".

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Before innexins and connexins were well characterized, the genes coding for the connexin gap junction channels were classified in one of three groups (A, B and C; for example,

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Rivera, EM; Vargas, M; Ricks-Williamson, L (1997). "Considerations for the aesthetic restoration of endodontically treated anterior teeth following intracoronal bleaching".

787:: the signal to contract is passed efficiently through gap junctions, allowing the heart muscle cells to contract in unison. The importance is emphasized by a secondary 313:

sequence similar to innexins) in fact functions as a single-membrane channel that communicates with the extracellular environment and has been shown to pass calcium and

227:. Connexon pairs act as generalized regulated gates for ions and smaller molecules between cells. Hemichannel connexons form channels to the extracellular environment. 1202:

group of assembled connexins though this was not shown in vivo. Biochemical analysis of gap junction isolated from various tissues demonstrated a family of connexins.

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suppressed it was shown that the bidirectional gap junction (electrical nerve synapse) needs to form between two cells before they can grow to form a unidirectional

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were an accurate reference to gap junction plaques. While the detailed structure and function of the connexon was described in a limited way at the time the gross

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In vertebrates, two pairs of six connexin proteins form a connexon. In invertebrates, six innexin proteins form an innexon. Otherwise, the structures are similar.

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Donahue, HJ; Li, Z; Zhou, Z; Yellowley, CE (February 2000). "Differentiation of human fetal osteoblastic cells and gap junctional intercellular communication".

1649:"Developmental Regulation of the Direct Interaction between the Intracellular Loop of Connexin 45.6 and the C Terminus of Major Intrinsic Protein (Aquaporin-0)" 10416: 5813:"Orally Delivered Connexin43 Hemichannel Blocker, Tonabersat, Inhibits Vascular Breakdown and Inflammasome Activation in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Retinopathy" 128: 1034:) facilitating gap junction (GJ) formation between individual myometrial cells. Importantly, the formation of GJs promotes communication between neighbouring 501:

Establishing further connexon properties different to those of connexon pairs, proves difficult due to separating their effects experimentally in organisms.

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Hsieh, CL; Kumar, NM; Gilula, NB; Francke, U (Mar 1991). "Distribution of genes for gap junction membrane channel proteins on human and mouse chromosomes".

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directly physically couples with uterine myocytes through CX43, transferring Ca²⁺, to promote uterine muscle contraction and excitation during labor onset.

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between adjacent cells that allow the direct exchange of cytoplasmic substances. Substances exchanged include small molecules, substrates, and metabolites.

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processes. Altogether, these results suggest that astroglial networks have a physiologically optimized size to appropriately regulate neuronal functions.

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Zhou, H; Randers-Pehrson, G; Suzuki, M; Waldren, CA; Hei, TK (2002). "Genotoxic damage in non-irradiated cells: contribution from the bystander effect".

3663:"The appearance and structure of intercellular connections during the ontogeny of the rabbit ovarian follicle with particular reference to gap junctions" 494:

They connect the cytoplasm of the cell to the cell exterior and are thought to be in a closed state by default in order to prevent leakage from the cell.

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Meyer, R; Malewicz, B; Baumann, WJ; Johnson, RG (June 1990). "Increased gap junction assembly between cultured cells upon cholesterol supplementation".

1598:"Localization of Na + channel clusters in narrowed perinexi of gap junctions enhances cardiac impulse transmission via ephaptic coupling: a model study" 7180:"Low resistance junctions in crayfish. II. Structural details and further evidence for intercellular channels by freeze-fracture and negative staining" 2642:

Sosinsky GE, Boassa D, Dermietzel R, Duffy HS, Laird DW, MacVicar B, Naus CC, Penuela S, Scemes E, Spray DC, Thompson RJ, Zhao H, Dahl G (2011-05-01).

333:. Channel composition influences the function of gap junction channels, and different connexins will not necessarily form heterotypic with all others. 7966:"The distribution of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in acinar cells of rat pancreas revealed with the freeze-fracture replica labeling method" 509:

Gap Junctions have been observed in various animal organs and tissues where cells contact each other. From the 1950s to 1970s they were detected in:

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Bellairs, R; Breathnach, AS; Gross, M (Sep 1975). "Freeze-fracture replication of junctional complexes in unincubated and incubated chick embryos".

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but are now known to be bidirectional in general. Later, it was found that chemicals could also be transported between cells through gap junctions.

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Pannasch, Ulrike; Vargová, Lydia; Reingruber, Jürgen; Ezan, Pascal; Holcman, David; Giaume, Christian; Syková, Eva; Rouach, Nathalie (2011-05-17).

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McGinley D, Posalaky Z, Provaznik M (October 1977). "Intercellular junctional complexes of the rat seminiferous tubules: a freeze-fracture study".

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Hervé, Jean-Claude; Bourmeyster, Nicolas; Sarrouilhe, Denis; Duffy, Heather S. (May 2007). "Gap junctional complexes: From partners to functions".

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Connexin free islands are observed in some junctions. The observation was largely without explanation until vesicles were shown by Peracchia using

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Payton, B. W.; Bennett, M. V. L.; Pappas, G. D. (December 1969). "Permeability and structure of junctional membranes at an electrotonic synapse".

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Garfield, RE; Sims, SM; Kannan, MS; Daniel, EE (November 1978). "Possible role of gap junctions in activation of myometrium during parturition".

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Gruijters, W.T.; Kistler, J.; Bullivant, S. (1 October 1987). "Formation, distribution and dissociation of intercellular junctions in the lens".

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Garfield, RE; Sims, SM; Kannan, MS; Daniel, EE (November 1978). "Possible role of gap junctions in activation of myometrium during parturition".

7523:"An interpretation of liver cell membrane and junction structure based on observation of freeze-fracture replicas of both sides of the fracture" 7131:"An interpretation of liver cell membrane and junction structure based on observation of freeze-fracture replicas of both sides of the fracture" 8266:

Johnson, R. G.; Reynhout, J. K.; Tenbroek, E. M.; Quade, B. J.; Yasumura, T.; Davidson, K. G. V.; Sheridan, J. D.; Rash, J. E. (January 2012).

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concentration, facilitating action potential propagation through electrically coupled cells. It has more recently been discovered that uterine

10965: 8488: 204:. Connexins were found to be structurally homologous between vertebrates and invertebrates but different in sequence. As a result, the term 8739: 5811:

Mugisho, Odunayo O.; Aryal, Jyoti; Shorne, Avik; Lyon, Heather; Acosta, Monica L.; Green, Colin R.; Rupenthal, Ilva D. (15 February 2023).

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Warner, AE (2007). "The Use of Antibodies to Gap Junction Protein to Explore the Role of Gap Junctional Communication During Development".

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transmission of electrical signals. Gap junctions were also found to be electrically rectifying in the early studies and referred to as an

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Jones SJ, Gray C, Sakamaki H, et al. (April 1993). "The incidence and size of gap junctions between the bone cells in rat calvaria".

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The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (Dec 11, 1998). "Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology".

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cannot be defined by a single protein or family of proteins with a specific function. For example, gap junction structures are found in

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Little, JB; Azzam, EI; De Toledo, SM; Nagasawa, H (2002). "Bystander effects: intercellular transmission of radiation damage signals".

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Baerwald RJ (1975). "Inverted gap and other cell junctions in cockroach hemocyte capsules: a thin section and freeze-fracture study".

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Goodenough, DA (November 1979). "Lens gap junctions: a structural hypothesis for nonregulated low-resistance intercellular pathways".

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Allows for direct electrical communication between cells, although different hemichannel subunits can impart different single channel

10347: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 5404:"The endothelial component of cannabinoid-induced relaxation in rabbit mesenteric artery depends on gap junctional communication" 3374:

Van Campenhout, Raf; Gomes, Ana Rita; De Groof, Timo W.M.; Muyldermans, Serge; Devoogdt, Nick; Vinken, Mathieu (28 March 2021).

10352: 9450: 8722: 635:, despite the absence of pannexins. While we are still at the early stages of understanding the nervous system of a sponge the 8440: 7062: 7038: 5117:

Levin, Michael; Mercola, Mark (November 1998). "Gap junctions are involved in the early generation of left-right asymmetry".

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Lauf, Undine; Giepmans, Ben N. G.; Lopez, Patricia; Braconnot, Sébastien; Chen, Shu-Chih; Falk, Matthias M. (6 August 2002).

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is used to differentiate invertebrate connexins. There are more than 20 known innexins, along with unnexins in parasites and

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include the more than 26 types of connexin, and at least 12 non-connexin components that make up the gap junction complex or

914:. Moreover, mutations in the gap junction genes Cx43 and Cx56.6 cause white matter degeneration similar to that observed in 10404: 9585: 1542:

Gilleron, Jérome; Carette, Diane; Fiorini, Céline; Benkdane, Merieme; Segretain, Dominique; Pointis, Georges (March 2009).

6005:"Reduced expression of Cx43 attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction via impaired TGF-beta signaling" 298:

with connexins. Though differing in sequence to connexins, innexins are similar enough to connexins to form gap junctions

43: 35: 11212: 10302: 9323: 4535:"Developmental exposure to estrogens alters epithelial cell adhesion and gap junction proteins in the adult rat prostate" 497:

Some connexons respond to external factors by opening up. Mechanical shear and various diseases can cause this to happen.

8025:"Cx43 and the Actin Cytoskeleton: Novel Roles and Implications for Cell-Cell Junction-Based Barrier Function Regulation" 7865:"The occurrence of a subunit pattern in the unit membranes of club endings in mauthner cell synapses in goldfish brains" 3626:

Kreutziger GO (September 1976). "Lateral membrane morphology and gap junction structure in rabbit corneal endothelium".

2755:

Hervé, JC; Bourmeyster, N; Sarrouilhe, D; Duffy, HS (May 2007). "Gap junctional complexes: from partners to functions".

11180: 10088: 7229:"Mitochondrial transfer from bone-marrow–derived stromal cells to pulmonary alveoli protects against acute lung injury" 6054:"TLR2 mediates gap junctional intercellular communication through connexin-43 in intestinal epithelial barrier injury" 5318:

Cronier, L; Frendo, JL; Defamie, N; Pidoux, G; Bertin, G; Guibourdenche, J; Pointis, G; Malassine, A (November 2003).

4036:

Hama K, Saito K (February 1977). "Gap junctions between the supporting cells in some acoustico-vestibular receptors".

10958: 8481: 8174:"Dynamic trafficking and delivery of connexons to the plasma membrane and accretion to gap junctions in living cells" 4942: 2979:"Dynamic trafficking and delivery of connexons to the plasma membrane and accretion to gap junctions in living cells" 1101: 587:

Gap junctions have continue to be found in nearly all healthy animal cells that touch each other. Techniques such as

61: 7327:"The isolation of mouse hepatocyte gap junctions : Preliminary Chemical Characterization and X-Ray Diffraction" 2528:

Panchina, Yuri; Kelmanson, Ilya; Matz, Mikhail; Lukyanov, Konstantin; Usman, Natalia; Lukyanov, Sergey (June 2000).

624:

has its own vinnexin, apparently derived from an innexin, to aid its transmission between the virus's insect hosts.

1143: 915: 6201:

White, Thomas W.; Paul, David L. (1999). "Genetic diseases and gene knockouts reveal diverse connexin functions".

5954:

Djalilian, A. R.; McGaughey, D; Patel, S; Seo, EY; Yang, C; Cheng, J; Tomic, M; Sinha, S; et al. (May 2006).

4836:

Bergquist, P.R.; Green, C.R. (1977). "An ultrastructural study of settlement and metamorphosis in sponge larvae".

10681: 9680: 9458: 8774: 722: 3845:

J. Cell Biol. 1974 Jul;62(1) 32-47.Assembly of gap junctions during amphibian neurulation. Decker RS, Friend DS.

620:

parasites presumably have unnexin genes to aid in their infection of animals including humans. The even smaller

10703: 3277:

Goodenough, Daniel A.; Paul, David L. (April 2003). "Beyond the gap: functions of unpaired connexon channels".

3038:"Gap junction mediated intercellular metabolite transfer in the cochlea is compromised in connexin30 null mice" 1881:

Furshpan, E. J.; Potter, D. D. (August 1957). "Mechanism of Nerve-Impulse Transmission at a Crayfish Synapse".

3711: 1783:

Phelan, Pauline; Bacon, Jonathan P.; A. Davies, Jane; Stebbings, Lucy A.; Todman, Martin G. (September 1998).

616:. Innexins and pannexins are far more widespread including innexin homologues in vertebrates. The unicellular 10912: 8823: 7376:"Bulk isolation of mouse hepatocyte gap junctions : Characterization of the Principal Protein, Connexin" 477:

Ensures that molecules and current passing through the gap junction do not leak into the intercellular space.

123: 6657:"Astroglial Cx30 differentially impacts synaptic activity from hippocampal principal cells and interneurons" 11207: 10951: 10278: 9190: 8474: 2067:"Astroglial Isopotentiality and Calcium-Associated Biomagnetic Field Effects on Cortical Neuronal Coupling" 6763: 6105:"The role of connexins in ear and skin physiology — Functional insights from disease-associated mutations" 11345: 10553: 5320:"Requirement of gap junctional intercellular communication for human villous trophoblast differentiation" 3426: 2870:"Differential regulation of multiple gap junction transcripts and proteins during rat liver regeneration" 604: 274: 186: 11026: 11009: 10992: 8731: 8715: 7757:"Three types of gap junctions interconnecting intestinal epithelial cells visualized by freeze-etching" 3228:

Khan, Ali K.; Jagielnicki, Maciej; Bennett, Brad.C.; Purdy, Michael D.; Yeager, Mark (September 2021).

2395:"eat-5 and unc-7 represent a multigene family in Caenorhabditis elegans involved in cell-cell coupling" 848: 491:

Pore or transmembrane channel size is highly variable, in the range of approximately 8-20Å in diameter.

459:), although different hemichannel subunits can impart different selectivities for particular molecules. 201: 8268:"Gap junction assembly: roles for the formation plaque and regulation by the C-terminus of connexin43" 5060:"Connexin43 modulates cell polarity and directional cell migration by regulating microtubule dynamics" 1544:"Connexin 43 gap junction plaque endocytosis implies molecular remodelling of ZO-1 and c-Src partners" 804:

Eye lens showing arrangement of fiber cells with photos of gap junction plaques from different regions

250:

Connexon pairing across membranes bridges the gap between two cells and between vesicles to membranes.

116: 11222: 11217: 11031: 10907: 9117: 6594:"Upregulation of astroglial connexin 30 impairs hippocampal synaptic activity and recognition memory" 5659:

Ehrlich, HP; Diez, T (2003). "Role for gap junctional intercellular communications in wound repair".

1158:

Because of the widespread occurrence of gap junctions in cell types other than nerve cells, the term

5131: 3230:"Cryo-EM structure of an open conformation of a gap junction hemichannel in lipid bilayer nanodiscs" 1981:

Lampe, Paul D.; Lau, Alan F. (2000). "Regulation of gap junctions by phosphorylation of connexins".

1184:

The purification of the intercellular gap junction plaques enriched in the channel forming protein (

994:

show extensive coupling, both within populations of one cell type and between different cell types.

11314: 11004: 10897: 9158: 9034: 8700: 8460: 7914:"Studies on an epithelial (gland) cell junction. I. Modifications of surface membrane permeability" 1288: 856: 388: 111: 99: 3950:

Shibata, Y; Yamamoto, T (March 1977). "Gap junctions in the cardiac muscle cells of the lamprey".

3857:"Differentiation of the junctional complex of surface cells in the developing Fundulus blastoderm" 3036:

Chang, Qing; Tang, Wenxue; Ahmad, Shoeb; Zhou, Binfei; Lin, Xi (2008). Schiffmann, Raphael (ed.).

11350: 11142: 11114: 11041: 11021: 10902: 5956:"Connexin 26 regulates epidermal barrier and wound remodeling and promotes psoriasiform response" 1300: 6929:

Furshpan EJ, Potter DD (1957). "Mechanism of Nerve-Impulse Transmission at a Crayfish Synapse".

5704:"Limiting burn extension by transient inhibition of Connexin43 expression at the site of injury" 5702:

Coutinho, P.; Qiu, C.; Frank, S.; Wang, C.M.; Brown, T.; Green, C.R.; Becker, D.L. (July 2005).

2493:

Barbe, M. T. (1 April 2006). "Cell-Cell Communication Beyond Connexins: The Pannexin Channels".

966:

An important feature of astrocytes is their high expression levels of the gap junction proteins

676:

Adhesive function independent of conductive gap junction channel (neural migration in neocortex)

364:

The connexin genes (DNA) are transcribed to RNA, which is then translated to produce a connexin.

11154: 11127: 10933: 8925: 8912: 8899: 8879: 8866: 8831: 8515: 7752: 6655:

Hardy, Eléonore; Cohen-Salmon, Martine; Rouach, Nathalie; Rancillac, Armelle (September 2021).

5126: 4476:"Comparison of contact-mediated communication in normal and transformed human cells in culture" 3993:

Lorber, V; Rayns, DG (April 1977). "Fine structure of the gap junction in the tunicate heart".

3712:"Mucous metaplasia and gap junctions in the vitamin A acid-treated skin tumor, keratoacanthoma" 864: 474:, are precluded from cytoplasmic transfer between cells through gap junction hemichannel pairs. 434: 314: 135: 5862:

Cusato, K; Bosco, A; Rozental, R; Guimarães, CA; Reese, BE; Linden, R; Spray, DC (July 2003).

11355: 11280: 11242: 11122: 11068: 11046: 10999: 8708: 7425:"Cloning and characterization of human and rat liver cDNAs coding for a gap junction protein" 2833:

Kumar, NM; Gilula, NB (Feb 1992). "Molecular biology and genetics of gap junction channels".

1275: 344: 338: 1167:. The chemical nerve synapse is the synapse most often truncated to the more ambiguous term 1085:

Lens fiber cells ends with gap junctions and hemichannels at the interface with fiber cells.

1073:

Lens epithelial cells with gap junctions and hemichannels at the interface with fiber cells.

11251: 11247: 11199: 8806: 8185: 7977: 7768: 7087: 6938: 6490: 6406: 6343: 5464: 5071: 4883: 4749: 4736:

Turnbull, Matthew W.; Volkoff, Anne-Nathalie; Webb, Bruce A.; Phelan, Pauline (July 2005).

4487: 4263: 4128:

Boucaud-Camou, Eve (1980). "Junctional structures in digestive epithelia of a cephalopod".

3754: 3186: 3133: 3049: 2990: 2930: 2706: 2598: 2541: 2315: 2229: 1890: 1741: 1305: 1193: 1022:, the myometrium transforms into an activated contractile unit by increasing expression of 648: 516:

Rat pancreas, liver, adrenal cortex, epididymis, duodenum, muscle, and seminiferous tubules

368: 178: 6802:"The gap junction cellular internet: connexin hemichannels enter the signalling limelight" 4651:

Hervé, Jean-Claude; Phelan, Pauline; Bruzzone, Roberto; White, Thomas W. (December 2005).

1694: 8: 11309: 11292: 10978: 8456: 6656: 1207: 903: 748: 588: 349: 8189: 7981: 7772: 7615:"The Mr 28,000 gap junction proteins from rat heart and liver are different but related" 7091: 6942: 6628: 6593: 6494: 6347: 5468: 5075: 4887: 4753: 4491: 4267: 3758: 3190: 3137: 3053: 2994: 2934: 2710: 2602: 2545: 2319: 2233: 1894: 1745: 1092:

Hemichannels contribute to a cellular network of gap junctions and allow the release of

599:

Cell pannexin tree with white squares having communication proteins yet to be discovered

189:—a protein that holds membrane content together and adds structural clarity to a cell—, 11051: 10943: 10273: 9149: 8796: 8395: 8370: 8343: 8316: 8292: 8267: 8149: 8124: 8100: 8075: 8051: 8024: 8000: 7965: 7938: 7913: 7889: 7864: 7840: 7815: 7729: 7704: 7680: 7655: 7595: 7547: 7522: 7498: 7473: 7449: 7424: 7400: 7375: 7351: 7326: 7302: 7277: 7253: 7228: 7204: 7179: 7155: 7130: 7111: 7006: 6981: 6962: 6906: 6893: 6873: 6826: 6801: 6732: 6707: 6521: 6478: 6454: 6429: 6366: 6331: 6264: 6237: 6178: 6153: 6129: 6104: 6080: 6053: 6029: 6004: 5980: 5955: 5936: 5888: 5879: 5863: 5839: 5812: 5684: 5641: 5594: 5559: 5428: 5403: 5384: 5300: 5257: 5094: 5059: 5035: 4992: 4907: 4813: 4786: 4718: 4456: 4361: 4192: 4167: 4105: 4080: 4061: 4018: 3975: 3932: 3881: 3856: 3825: 3687: 3662: 3608: 3560: 3535: 3489: 3402: 3375: 3346: 3321: 3302: 3254: 3229: 3210: 3198: 3159: 3072: 3037: 2951: 2918: 2894: 2869: 2815: 2729: 2694: 2670: 2643: 2619: 2586: 2567: 2470: 2443: 2419: 2394: 2253: 2193: 2168: 2144: 2117: 2093: 2066: 2042: 2017: 1958: 1933: 1914: 1858: 1833: 1809: 1784: 1765: 1624: 1597: 1568: 1543: 1481: 1456: 1432: 1407: 1383: 1358: 1330: 1233: 1211: 1128: 919: 844: 832: 295: 216: 8208: 8173: 7791: 7756: 7656:"Connexin43: a protein from rat heart homologous to a gap junction protein from liver" 7631: 6723: 5924: 4855:

Green, C.R.; Bergquist, P.R. (1979). "Cell membrane specializations in the Porifera".

4510: 4475: 4407: 4380: 4286: 4251: 3777: 3742: 3146: 3121: 3013: 2978: 2846: 2554: 2529: 1949: 1800: 755:. The study of these mutations has helped clarify some of the functions of connexins. 11159: 9311: 8519: 8436: 8400: 8348: 8297: 8248: 8213: 8154: 8105: 8056: 8005: 7943: 7894: 7845: 7796: 7734: 7685: 7636: 7587: 7583: 7552: 7503: 7454: 7405: 7356: 7307: 7258: 7209: 7160: 7103: 7058: 7034: 7011: 6954: 6911: 6854: 6831: 6737: 6708:"The diverse functional roles and regulation of neuronal gap junctions in the retina" 6684: 6676: 6633: 6615: 6573: 6565: 6545: 6526: 6508: 6459: 6410: 6371: 6307: 6269: 6218: 6214: 6183: 6134: 6085: 6034: 5985: 5928: 5893: 5844: 5793: 5766: 5725: 5676: 5672: 5633: 5598: 5563: 5528: 5492: 5487: 5452: 5433: 5419: 5376: 5341: 5292: 5249: 5214: 5179: 5144: 5099: 5027: 4984: 4948: 4938: 4899: 4818: 4787:"Alternative neural systems: What is a neuron? (Ctenophores, sponges and placozoans)" 4767: 4722: 4710: 4674: 4633: 4592: 4588: 4556: 4515: 4448: 4412: 4353: 4318: 4291: 4232: 4228: 4197: 4145: 4141: 4110: 4053: 4010: 3967: 3924: 3886: 3817: 3782: 3723: 3692: 3643: 3639: 3600: 3565: 3516: 3481: 3446: 3407: 3351: 3294: 3259: 3202: 3151: 3100: 3077: 3018: 2956: 2899: 2850: 2807: 2772: 2768: 2734: 2675: 2624: 2587:"Differentiating connexin hemichannels and pannexin channels in cellular ATP release" 2559: 2510: 2475: 2424: 2375: 2331: 2288: 2245: 2198: 2149: 2098: 2047: 1998: 1963: 1906: 1863: 1814: 1769: 1757: 1714: 1670: 1629: 1573: 1521: 1517: 1486: 1457:"Hexagonal Array of Subunits in Intercellular Junctions of the Mouse Heart and Liver" 1437: 1388: 1320: 1189: 1015: 809:

communication than in other tissues reflected in large numbers of gap junctions. The

788: 235: 7599: 7474:"The ultrastructure of the nexus. A correlated thin-section and freeze-cleave study" 7115: 5940: 5688: 5645: 5288: 5261: 5039: 4996: 4365: 4065: 4022: 3979: 3936: 3829: 3612: 3493: 3477: 3306: 3214: 3163: 2819: 2571: 2118:"Neurobiological reduction: From cellular explanations of behavior to interventions" 743:

Mutations in connexins have been associated with many diseases in humans, including

11285: 11256: 11185: 11081: 11014: 10080: 9061: 8596: 8428: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8338: 8328: 8287: 8279: 8240: 8203: 8193: 8144: 8136: 8095: 8087: 8046: 8036: 7995: 7985: 7933: 7925: 7884: 7876: 7835: 7827: 7786: 7776: 7724: 7716: 7675: 7667: 7626: 7579: 7542: 7534: 7493: 7485: 7444: 7436: 7395: 7387: 7346: 7338: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7248: 7240: 7199: 7191: 7150: 7142: 7095: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6966: 6946: 6901: 6885: 6821: 6813: 6727: 6719: 6668: 6623: 6605: 6557: 6516: 6498: 6449: 6441: 6427: 6402: 6361: 6351: 6299: 6259: 6249: 6210: 6173: 6165: 6124: 6116: 6075: 6065: 6024: 6016: 5975: 5967: 5920: 5883: 5875: 5834: 5824: 5756: 5715: 5668: 5625: 5590: 5555: 5520: 5482: 5472: 5423: 5415: 5388: 5368: 5331: 5304: 5284: 5241: 5206: 5171: 5136: 5089: 5079: 5019: 4976: 4930: 4911: 4891: 4808: 4798: 4757: 4702: 4664: 4623: 4584: 4546: 4505: 4495: 4460: 4440: 4402: 4392: 4345: 4281: 4271: 4224: 4187: 4179: 4137: 4100: 4092: 4045: 4002: 3959: 3916: 3876: 3868: 3809: 3772: 3762: 3682: 3674: 3635: 3592: 3555: 3547: 3473: 3438: 3397: 3387: 3341: 3333: 3286: 3249: 3241: 3194: 3141: 3067: 3057: 3008: 2998: 2946: 2938: 2889: 2881: 2842: 2799: 2764: 2724: 2714: 2665: 2655: 2614: 2606: 2549: 2502: 2465: 2455: 2414: 2406: 2367: 2359: 2323: 2280: 2257: 2237: 2188: 2180: 2139: 2129: 2088: 2078: 2037: 2029: 1990: 1953: 1945: 1918: 1898: 1853: 1845: 1804: 1796: 1749: 1706: 1660: 1619: 1609: 1563: 1555: 1513: 1476: 1468: 1427: 1419: 1378: 1370: 1105: 1039: 860: 429: 220: 156: 7614: 7099: 5336: 5319: 4612:"Innexins: members of an evolutionarily conserved family of gap-junction proteins" 2610: 2327: 1374: 603:

Since the discovery of innexins, pannexins and unnexins, gaps in our knowledge of

428:

Allows for chemical communication between cells through the transmission of small

11164: 10616: 8756: 7990: 6610: 6428:

Orthmann-Murphy, Jennifer L.; Abrams, Charles K.; Scherer, Steven S. (May 2008).

6332:"Are gap junction membrane plaques implicated in intercellular vesicle transfer?" 6169: 6120: 5084: 4669: 4652: 4628: 4611: 3122:"Exchange of conductance and gating properties between gap junction hemichannels" 3062: 911: 899: 887: 852: 617: 104: 6020: 5629: 11297: 11104: 10974: 10412: 9099: 8650: 8600: 6546:"Perisynaptic astroglial processes: dynamic processors of neuronal information" 6003:

Zhang, Y.; Wang, H.; Kovacs, A.; Kanter, E. M.; Yamada, K. A. (February 2010).

5745:"Abnormal connexin expression underlies delayed wound healing in diabetic skin" 5720: 5703: 4934: 4803: 2506: 1335: 868: 819: 784: 775: 680: 561: 422: 392: 291: 190: 8432: 6561: 6445: 6356: 5402:

Chaytor, AT; Martin, PE; Evans, WH; Randall, MD; Griffith, TM (October 1999).

4762: 4737: 3920: 3907:

Robertson, JD (February 1953). "Ultrastructure of two invertebrate synapses".

3245: 2919:"Atomic structure of the innexin-6 gap junction channel determined by cryo-EM" 2719: 2134: 2033: 1192:. Because of this, the systematic study and identification of the predominant 380:

Two connexons, joined across a cell membrane, comprise a gap junction channel.

11339: 11099: 10366: 10039: 8641: 8628: 8507: 8422: 6858: 6680: 6619: 6569: 6512: 5524: 2460: 1849: 1695:"A non-connexon protein (MIP) is involved in eye lens gap-junction formation" 1408:"Junctions between intimately apposed cell membranes in the vertebrate brain" 1256:

did not refer to them as such; many other terms were used. It is likely that

1043: 810: 572: 463: 309:

family, which was originally thought to form intercellular channels (with an

10399: 10297: 8283: 6503: 5175: 4551: 4534: 4500: 4276: 11089: 11085: 10110: 8636: 8567: 8404: 8352: 8333: 8301: 8217: 8198: 8172:

Lauf U, Giepmans BN, Lopez P, Braconnot S, Chen SC, Falk MM (August 2002).

8060: 8009: 7947: 7898: 7816:"Immunolocalization of MP70 in lens fiber 16-17-nm intercellular junctions" 7781: 7671: 7311: 7278:"Gap junction expression is required for normal chemical synapse formation" 7262: 7015: 6958: 6835: 6741: 6688: 6637: 6577: 6530: 6463: 6414: 6375: 6273: 6222: 6187: 6152:

Srinivas, Miduturu; Verselis, Vytas K.; White, Thomas W. (1 January 2018).

6138: 6089: 6070: 6038: 5989: 5932: 5897: 5848: 5770: 5729: 5680: 5637: 5602: 5567: 5496: 5477: 5437: 5380: 5345: 5296: 5253: 5245: 5218: 5183: 5140: 5103: 4822: 4771: 4714: 4678: 4637: 4560: 4416: 3928: 3767: 3411: 3355: 3298: 3263: 3155: 3081: 3022: 3003: 2960: 2776: 2738: 2679: 2660: 2628: 2563: 2514: 2479: 2379: 2284: 2249: 2153: 2102: 2051: 2002: 1994: 1967: 1910: 1867: 1674: 1665: 1648: 1633: 1577: 1525: 1392: 1198: 467: 280: 246: 8252: 8158: 8109: 7849: 7831: 7800: 7738: 7705:"Identification of a 70,000-D protein in lens membrane junctional domains" 7689: 7640: 7591: 7556: 7507: 7458: 7440: 7409: 7360: 7213: 7164: 7107: 6915: 6889: 6787: 6311: 6254: 5797: 5532: 5148: 5031: 5024:

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Ciba Foundation Symposium 125 - Junctional Complexes of Epithelial Cells

4381:"Gap-junction channels inhibit transverse propagation in cardiac muscle" 4322: 4096: 4081:"Coexistence of gap and septate junctions in an invertebrate epithelium" 2942: 2371: 2241: 2184: 1647:

Yu, Xun Sean; Yin, Xinye; Lafer, Eileen M.; Jiang, Jean X. (June 2005).

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4444: 4349: 4168:"The structural organization of the septate and gap junctions of Hydra" 4049: 4006: 3963: 3813: 2803: 1051: 1019: 1007: 895: 891: 880: 621: 609: 566: 532: 310: 255: 200:

More gap junction proteins have become known due to the development of

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Wang, C. M.; Lincoln, J.; Cook, J. E.; Becker, D. L. (November 2007).

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of sponges may as yet indicate intercellular communications pathways.

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Generally allows transmembrane movement of molecules smaller than 485

141: 11302: 11036: 10714: 10624: 8655: 8571: 8531: 6950: 5971: 4895: 4252:"Gap junction formation between reaggregated Novikoff hepatoma cells" 1902: 1614: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1559: 1537: 1535: 1097: 1011: 907: 836: 800: 595: 326: 318: 194: 8730: 7244: 3743:"Gap junctions between photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina" 3290: 2442:

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2305: 1359:"GAP junctions: multifaceted regulators of neuronal differentiation" 1079: 553:

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11094: 10727: 10075: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 8971: 8966: 8615: 8610: 8558: 8553: 8524: 7813: 6390: 5231: 4653:"Connexins, innexins and pannexins: Bridging the communication gap" 1315: 1185: 752: 744: 632: 613: 547: 537: 306: 267: 209: 174: 170: 3425:

Orci L, Malaisse-Lagae F, Amherdt M, et al. (November 1975).

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A gap junction located between neurons is often referred to as an

11076: 10854: 10611: 10447: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8605: 8317:"Connexin channels and phospholipids: association and modulation" 7814:

Gruijters, WTM; Kistler, J; Bullivant, S; Goodenough, DA (1987).

5864:"Gap junctions mediate bystander cell death in developing retina" 4965: 2868:

Kren, BT; Kumar, NM; Wang, SQ; Gilula, NB; Steer, CJ (Nov 1993).

1310: 1280: 779:

Effects of perinexal width on ephaptic coupling, for G gap = 0 nS

557: 543: 471: 288: 284: 270: 263: 205: 6705: 6654: 6238:"Tortuous Cardiac Intercalated Discs Modulate Ephaptic Coupling" 5580: 5058:

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Evans, W. Howard; De Vuyst, Elke; Leybaert, Luc (1 July 2006).

2754: 1834:"Independent Innexin Radiation Shaped Signaling in Ctenophores" 1503: 1003: 991: 925:

Connexin proteins expressed in neuronal gap junctions include m

872: 224: 6052:

Ey B, Eyking A, Gerken G, Podolsky DK, Cario E (August 2009).

1541: 910:

are coupled by gap junctions, both to other astrocytes and to

10765: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10603: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10516: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10342: 10286: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10115: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10007: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9926: 9921: 9907: 9902: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9874: 9869: 9860: 9855: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9798: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9746: 9741: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9563: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9489: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9413: 9408: 9388: 9373: 9368: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9252: 9232: 9217: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9071: 9066: 8789: 8784: 8779: 7964:

Ozato-Sakurai N, Fujita A, Fujimoto T (2011). Wong NS (ed.).

6476: 4738:"Functional gap junction genes are encoded by insect viruses" 4691: 2641: 2527: 1782: 1357:

Talukdar, S; Emdad, L; Das, SK; Fisher, PB (2 January 2022).

954: 448: 8369:

Li X, Kamasawa N, Ciolofan C, et al. (September 2008).

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Ghézali, Grégory; Dallérac, Glenn; Rouach, Nathalie (2016).

6479:"Astroglial networks scale synaptic activity and plasticity" 5861: 5783: 5545: 5509: 3536:"Variations in tight and gap junctions in mammalian tissues" 1938:

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology

1688: 1686: 1684: 767:

signaling happening in time frames of microseconds or less.

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Johnson R, Hammer M, Sheridan J, Revel JP (November 1974).

3227: 2016:

Scemes, Eliana; Spray, David C.; Meda, Paolo (April 2009).

1831: 1031: 1027: 1023: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 670: 666: 662: 8171: 7613:

Nicholson BJ, Gros DB, Kent SB, Hood LE, Revel JP (1985).

6982:"Transmission at the giant motor synapses of the crayfish" 5953: 5358: 5317: 4249: 2976: 2218: 1785:"Innexins: a family of invertebrate gap-junction proteins" 1731: 691: 481: 9418: 9378: 6289: 5451:

Srinivas, M; Hopperstad, MG; Spray, DC (September 2001).

5401: 5196: 4785:

Moroz, Leonid L.; Romanova, Daria Y. (23 December 2022).

4735: 4379:

Sperelakis, Nicholas; Ramasamy, Lakshminarayanan (2005).

3582: 3424: 2695:"Are there gap junctions without connexins or pannexins?" 2270: 1681: 1046:

permeability. This leads to an increase of intracellular

10973: 8076:"Assembly of gap junctions during amphibian neurulation" 7702: 4650: 4573: 4532: 4429: 3463: 2530:"A ubiquitous family of putative gap junction molecules" 238:

that involves electrical signals external to the cells.

173:

to connect one cell to another. The proteins are called

5453:"Quinine blocks specific gap junction channel subtypes" 5450: 3799: 2789: 726:

remote parts of the body is slowly becoming a reality.

647:

At least five discrete functions have been ascribed to

8364: 8362: 7033:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. 6590: 6430:"Gap Junctions Couple Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes" 6325: 6323: 6321: 6051: 5810: 5274: 1356: 658:

Electrical and metabolic exchange through hemichannels

8125:"Hormonal regulation of gap junction differentiation" 7612: 7324: 7057:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill medical. 2013. 6799: 6543: 6151: 6002: 5742: 2644:"Pannexin channels are not gap junction hemichannels" 6706:

Béla Völgyi; Stewart A. Bloomfield (February 2009).

5701: 373:

Six connexin proteins create one connexon channel a

16:

Cell-cell junction composed of innexins or connexins

8359: 7653: 7077: 7029:Purves, Dale; Williams, Stephen Mark, eds. (2001). 6318: 6154:"Human diseases associated with connexin mutations" 5910: 4873: 2916: 2867: 2441: 2064: 1240:

to the surface of a cell at 2.7 times normal speed.

1153: 886:There has been some observation of coupling in the 703: 513:

Human islet of Langerhans, myometrium, and eye lens

8368: 7520: 7227:Islam, M.; Das, S.; Emin, M.; et al. (2012). 7128: 6158:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 6109:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 4657:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 4616:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 4378: 3035: 7275: 6236:Ivanovic, Ena; Kucera, Jan P. (2 November 2022). 4335: 3660: 933:, with mRNAs for at least five other connexins (m 11337: 10888: 7911: 7276:Todd KL, Kristan WB, French KA (November 2010). 3320:Laird, Dale W.; Lampe, Paul D. (December 2018). 2585:Lohman, Alexander W.; Isakson, Brant E. (2014). 2065:Martinez-Banaclocha, Marcos (13 February 2020). 1236:microscopy video of connexins being moved along 957:) that are cell-type and cell-lineage specific. 7569: 7471: 7129:Chalcroft, J. P.; Bullivant, S (October 1970). 6849:Robertson, J. D. (1963). Locke, Michael (ed.). 6483:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5009: 3949: 2983:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2917:Oshima, A; Tani, K; Fujiyoshi, Y (1 Dec 2016). 2692: 2022:Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology 2015: 1646: 1596:Ivanovic, Ena; Kucera, Jan P. (November 2021). 1188:) showed a protein forming hexagonal arrays in 761: 655:Electrical and metabolic coupling between cells 399: 8022: 7959: 7957: 7028: 6979: 6928: 6235: 5615: 4854: 4835: 4308: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3276: 1880: 1595: 1455:Revel, J. P.; Karnovsky, M. J. (1 June 1967). 1454: 1405: 1010:) remains in a quiescent relaxed state during 504: 487:of these unpaired connexons are listed below: 10959: 8716: 8482: 6285: 6283: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5049: 4784: 4473: 4127: 4078: 3854: 3841: 3839: 3740: 3625: 3427:"Cell contacts in human islets of Langerhans" 2584: 169:Gap junctions use protein complexes known as 8421:Harris, Andrew; Locke, Darren, eds. (2009). 8073: 7226: 6391:"Electrical synapses in the mammalian brain" 6103:Xu, Ji; Nicholson, Bruce J. (January 2013). 5161: 5116: 3902: 3900: 3533: 3322:"Therapeutic strategies targeting connexins" 1506:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 783:Gap junctions are particularly important in 8420: 8314: 7954: 7703:Kistler J, Kirkland B, Bullivant S (1985). 7422: 7325:Goodenough, D. A.; Stoeckenius, W. (1972). 6388: 6102: 5817:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 5658: 4791:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 4214: 3992: 3380:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3362: 3176: 3099:(4th ed.). 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These components include the 10704:General bacterial porin family 8387:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2137-08.2008 7863:Robertson, JD (October 1963). 7294:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2331-10.2010 6998:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006143 4695:Journal of Cellular Physiology 1725: 1640: 1497: 1448: 1399: 1174: 681:signaling cytoplasmic pathways 519:Rabbit cornea, ovary, and skin 367:One connexin protein has four 302:in the same way connexins do. 262:are primarily homo- or hetero- 1: 7632:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)88810-X 7100:10.1126/science.166.3913.1641 6724:10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00070-3 5337:10.1095/biolreprod.103.016360 5277:Am. J. 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Immediately preceding 857:inferior olivary nucleus 770: 661:Tumor suppressor genes ( 389:tight junction protein 1 8516:Cell adhesion molecules 8284:10.1091/mbc.E11-02-0141 6504:10.1073/pnas.1016650108 6292:Journal of Cell Science 5176:10.1242/dev.126.21.4703 4552:10.1210/endo.142.1.7893 4501:10.1073/pnas.74.10.4476 4277:10.1073/pnas.71.11.4536 3095:Alberts, Bruce (2002). 2448:Frontiers in Physiology 2393:Starich, T. A. (1996). 2173:Journal of Cell Biology 2122:Frontiers in Psychology 1699:Journal of Cell Science 1693:Gruijters, WTM (1989). 1461:Journal of Cell Biology 1301:Gap junction modulation 283:gap junctions comprise 88:Vertebrate gap junction 11155:cAMP-dependent pathway 8427:. 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Biol 4184:10.1083/jcb.52.2.397 3873:10.1083/jcb.48.3.455 3679:10.1083/jcb.63.1.234 3552:10.1083/jcb.53.3.758 3393:10.3390/ijms22073503 3338:10.1038/nrd.2018.138 3179:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 2084:10.3390/cells9020439 1711:10.1242/jcs.93.3.509 1424:10.1083/jcb.40.3.648 1306:Gap junction protein 1194:gap junction protein 1058:Hemichannel function 904:Bergmann glial cells 730:Tissue restructuring 569:digestive epithelium 11310:Mechanotransduction 11298:Exocrine signalling 11105:Signaling molecules 10979:Signal transduction 10878:By gating mechanism 8190:2002PNAS...9910446L 8092:10.1083/jcb.62.1.32 7982:2011PLoSO...623567O 7773:1972PNAS...69.1318S 7539:10.1083/jcb.47.1.49 7196:10.1083/jcb.57.1.54 7147:10.1083/jcb.47.1.49 7092:1969Sci...166.1641P 7086:(3913): 1641–1643. 6943:1957Natur.180..342F 6806:Biochemical Journal 6495:2011PNAS..108.8467P 6348:2019BMCEE..19S..46S 5469:2001PNAS...9810942S 5076:2011PLoSO...626379F 4888:1984Natur.311..127W 4754:2005CBio...15.R491T 4492:1977PNAS...74.4476C 4268:1974PNAS...71.4536J 4097:10.1083/jcb.50.1.92 3759:1973PNAS...70.1677R 3240:(9): 1040–1047.e3. 3191:1966NYASA.137..441L 3138:1999FEBSL.451..113H 3054:2008PLoSO...3.4088C 2995:2002PNAS...9910446L 2989:(16): 10446–10451. 2943:10.1038/ncomms13681 2935:2016NatCo...713681O 2711:2019BMCEE..19S..46S 2603:2014FEBSL.588.1379L 2546:2000CBio...10.R473P 2320:1998Sci...282.2012. 2314:(5396): 2012–2018. 2242:10.1038/nature07869 2234:2009Natur.458..597M 2185:10.1083/jcb.57.1.66 1895:1957Natur.180..342F 1746:1998Natur.391..181P 1659:(23): 22081–22090. 1473:10.1083/jcb.33.3.C7 1208:immunocytochemistry 990:Neurons within the 749:atrial fibrillation 608:been found only in 589:confocal microscopy 350:sequence similarity 11346:Cell communication 11320:Ion channel gating 11052:Integrin receptors 10986:Signaling pathways 10405:TRP cation channel 10303:CNG cation channel 9586:Tandem pore domain 8797:Ryanodine receptor 6872:Robertson (1981). 6818:10.1042/BJ20060175 6673:10.1002/glia.24017 5913:Wound Repair Regen 5661:Wound Repair Regen 5367:(Pt 17): 3531–41. 4445:10.1007/BF01870292 4350:10.1007/BF00185892 4311:Prog Clin Biol Res 4050:10.1007/BF01175410 4007:10.1007/BF00219794 3964:10.1007/BF00219569 3814:10.1007/BF00209209 2804:10.1007/bf01232976 1789:Trends in Genetics 1331:Junctional complex 1242: 1234:Immunofluorescence 1212:immunofluorescence 1129:electrical synapse 920:multiple sclerosis 906:. It appears that 845:vestibular nucleus 833:electrical synapse 806: 781: 601: 583:Reaggregated cells 411: 321:to be discovered. 252: 232:macula communicans 230:A gap junction or 217:electrical synapse 117:H1.00.01.1.02024 11333: 11332: 11315:Phototransduction 11273:Intracrine action 11231: 11230: 11194: 11193: 11082:Neurotransmitters 10941: 10940: 10925: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10913:Stretch-activated 10890:Ion channel class 10867: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10047: 9324:Calcium-activated 9312:Potassium channel 9298: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9086: 9085: 9082: 9081: 8698: 8697: 8597:membrane proteins 8520:Adherens junction 8442:978-1-934115-46-6 7625:(11): 6514–6517. 7064:978-0-07-139011-8 7040:978-0-87893-742-4 6937:(4581): 342–343. 6489:(20): 8467–8472. 6395:Annu Rev Neurosci 5762:10.2337/db07-0613 5373:10.1242/jcs.00656 4748:(13): R491–R492. 4707:10.1002/jcp.30626 4385:Biomed Eng Online 3106:978-0-8153-3218-3 2540:(13): R473–R474. 2228:(7238): 597–602. 1889:(4581): 342–343. 1740:(6663): 181–184. 1608:(21): 4779–4811. 1321:Intercalated disc 1230: 1190:x-ray diffraction 1040:action potentials 1016:fetal development 751:(standstill) and 430:second messengers 236:ephaptic coupling 221:action potentials 164:close appositions 157:membrane channels 150: 149: 145: 72: 71: 64: 38:used on Knowledge 36:encyclopedic tone 11363: 11286:Chemical synapse 11186:Scaffold protein 11148: 11147: 11143:Second messenger 11069:Receptor ligands 11065: 11064: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10945: 10944: 10886: 10885: 10873: 10872: 10081:Chloride channel 10071: 10070: 10058: 10057: 9451:Inward-rectifier 9320: 9319: 9304: 9303: 9108: 9107: 9092: 9091: 9062:Two-pore channel 8765: 8764: 8749: 8748: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8702: 8701: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8468: 8467: 8446: 8409: 8408: 8398: 8366: 8357: 8356: 8346: 8336: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8295: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8211: 8201: 8184:(16): 10446–51. 8169: 8163: 8162: 8152: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8103: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8054: 8044: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8003: 7993: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7941: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7892: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7843: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7794: 7784: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7732: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7683: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7634: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7550: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7501: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7354: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7305: 7288:(45): 15277–85. 7273: 7267: 7266: 7256: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7158: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7009: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6951:10.1038/180342a0 6926: 6920: 6919: 6909: 6884:(3): 189s–204s. 6869: 6863: 6862: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6829: 6797: 6791: 6776: 6770: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6667:(9): 2178–2198. 6652: 6646: 6645: 6631: 6613: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6556:(5): 2427–2442. 6541: 6535: 6534: 6524: 6506: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6457: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6369: 6359: 6327: 6316: 6315: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6267: 6257: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6181: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6073: 6064:(33): 22332–43. 6049: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5983: 5972:10.1172/JCI27186 5951: 5945: 5944: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5891: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5832: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5764: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5723: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5490: 5480: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5431: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5339: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5134: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5087: 5055: 5044: 5043: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4896:10.1038/311127a0 4882:(5982): 127–31. 4871: 4865: 4864: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4806: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4701:(2): 1547–1560. 4689: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4631: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4513: 4503: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4410: 4400: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4279: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4033: 4027: 4026: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3780: 3770: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3395: 3371: 3360: 3359: 3349: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3257: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3149: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3075: 3065: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3016: 3006: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2897: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2732: 2722: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2673: 2663: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2622: 2597:(8): 1379–1388. 2582: 2576: 2575: 2557: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2463: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2422: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2358:(1–2): 137–150. 2346: 2340: 2339: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2216: 2207: 2206: 2196: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2147: 2137: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2096: 2086: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2045: 2028:(6): 1207–1226. 2013: 2007: 2006: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1961: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1903:10.1038/180342a0 1878: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1812: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1690: 1679: 1678: 1668: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1627: 1617: 1615:10.1113/JP282105 1593: 1582: 1581: 1571: 1560:10.4161/cib.7626 1539: 1530: 1529: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1435: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1386: 1354: 1231: 1122:Form to function 1106:prostaglandin E2 1082: 1070: 912:oligodendrocytes 900:Purkinje neurons 861:trigeminal nerve 789:ephaptic pathway 723:bystander effect 715:bystander effect 618:Trypanosomatidae 458: 456: 455: 445: 443: 442: 421:, from about 30 142:edit on Wikidata 139: 86: 74: 73: 67: 60: 56: 53: 47: 46:for suggestions. 42:See Knowledge's 27: 26: 19: 11371: 11370: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11261: 11227: 11190: 11169: 11165:Lipid signaling 11137: 11109: 11056: 10981: 10972: 10942: 10937: 10917: 10880: 10859: 10708: 10607: 10597: 10393: 10291: 10267: 10065: 10044: 9958: 9835: 9692: 9675: 9580: 9544: 9514: 9470: 9462: 9445: 9399: 9314: 9290: 9263: 9202: 9185: 9144: 9102: 9078: 8961: 8933: 8920: 8907: 8887: 8874: 8839: 8818: 8759: 8757:Calcium channel 8743: 8729: 8699: 8694: 8660: 8622: 8501: 8495: 8453: 8443: 8417: 8415:Further reading 8412: 8381:(39): 9769–89. 8367: 8360: 8313: 8309: 8272:Mol. Biol. Cell 8264: 8260: 8229: 8225: 8170: 8166: 8121: 8117: 8072: 8068: 8021: 8017: 7962: 7955: 7910: 7906: 7861: 7857: 7812: 7808: 7750: 7746: 7701: 7697: 7652: 7648: 7611: 7607: 7568: 7564: 7519: 7515: 7470: 7466: 7421: 7417: 7372: 7368: 7323: 7319: 7274: 7270: 7245:10.1038/nm.2736 7225: 7221: 7176: 7172: 7127: 7123: 7076: 7072: 7065: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7027: 7023: 6978: 6974: 6927: 6923: 6870: 6866: 6847: 6843: 6798: 6794: 6777: 6773: 6753: 6749: 6704: 6700: 6653: 6649: 6604:(4): e3002075. 6589: 6585: 6542: 6538: 6475: 6471: 6426: 6422: 6387: 6383: 6328: 6319: 6288: 6281: 6234: 6230: 6199: 6195: 6150: 6146: 6101: 6097: 6050: 6046: 6001: 5997: 5960:J. Clin. Invest 5952: 5948: 5909: 5905: 5874:(16): 6413–22. 5860: 5856: 5809: 5805: 5782: 5778: 5755:(11): 2809–17. 5741: 5737: 5708:Br J Plast Surg 5700: 5696: 5657: 5653: 5614: 5610: 5589:(1–4): 227–32. 5579: 5575: 5554:(1–4): 159–62. 5544: 5540: 5508: 5504: 5463:(19): 10942–7. 5449: 5445: 5400: 5396: 5357: 5353: 5316: 5312: 5273: 5269: 5230: 5226: 5195: 5191: 5170:(21): 4703–14. 5160: 5156: 5132:10.1.1.137.4340 5115: 5111: 5056: 5047: 5008: 5004: 4964: 4960: 4945: 4923: 4919: 4872: 4868: 4853: 4849: 4834: 4830: 4783: 4779: 4742:Current Biology 4734: 4730: 4690: 4686: 4649: 4645: 4608: 4604: 4572: 4568: 4531: 4527: 4486:(10): 4476–80. 4472: 4468: 4428: 4424: 4377: 4373: 4334: 4330: 4307: 4303: 4262:(11): 4536–40. 4248: 4244: 4213: 4209: 4164: 4157: 4126: 4122: 4077: 4073: 4034: 4030: 3995:Cell Tissue Res 3991: 3987: 3952:Cell Tissue Res 3948: 3944: 3905: 3898: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3802:Cell Tissue Res 3798: 3794: 3739: 3735: 3708: 3704: 3659: 3655: 3624: 3620: 3581: 3577: 3532: 3528: 3515:(11): 1104–22. 3505: 3501: 3462: 3458: 3423: 3419: 3372: 3363: 3332:(12): 905–921. 3318: 3314: 3291:10.1038/nrm1072 3275: 3271: 3226: 3222: 3175: 3171: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3093: 3089: 3034: 3030: 2975: 2968: 2915: 2911: 2866: 2862: 2831: 2827: 2788: 2784: 2753: 2746: 2705:(Suppl 1). 46. 2691: 2687: 2640: 2636: 2583: 2579: 2534:Current Biology 2526: 2522: 2491: 2487: 2440: 2436: 2391: 2387: 2347: 2343: 2304: 2300: 2269: 2265: 2217: 2210: 2165: 2161: 2114: 2110: 2063: 2059: 2014: 2010: 1979: 1975: 1930: 1926: 1879: 1875: 1830: 1826: 1781: 1777: 1730: 1726: 1691: 1682: 1645: 1641: 1594: 1585: 1540: 1533: 1502: 1498: 1453: 1449: 1404: 1400: 1363:Tissue Barriers 1355: 1348: 1344: 1297: 1223: 1221: 1182: 1177: 1156: 1124: 1119: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1060: 1044:plasma membrane 1000: 988: 960: 888:locus coeruleus 853:locus coeruleus 829: 798: 773: 764: 741: 732: 711: 706: 694: 645: 507: 484: 454: 452: 451: 450: 447: 446:) and calcium ( 441: 438: 437: 436: 433: 402: 393:sodium channels 381: 358: 258:, gap junction 244: 191:sodium channels 146: 89: 68: 57: 51: 48: 41: 32:This article's 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11369: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11351:Cell signaling 11348: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11306: 11305: 11295: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11283: 11275: 11269: 11267: 11266:Other concepts 11263: 11262: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11245: 11239: 11237: 11233: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11204: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11188: 11183: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11138: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11119: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11100:Growth factors 11097: 11092: 11079: 11073: 11071: 11062: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11012: 11002: 10997: 10995: 10989: 10987: 10983: 10982: 10975:Cell signaling 10971: 10970: 10963: 10956: 10948: 10939: 10938: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10894: 10892: 10882: 10881: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10724: 10722: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10700: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10621: 10619: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10541: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10420: 10409: 10407: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10307: 10305: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10283: 10281: 10279:Proton channel 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10085: 10083: 10067: 10066: 10054: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9956: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9833: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9690: 9685: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9590: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9512: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9455: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9397: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9328: 9326: 9316: 9315: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9261: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9200: 9195: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9155: 9153: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9114: 9112: 9104: 9103: 9100:Sodium channel 9088: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8969: 8959: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8931: 8923: 8918: 8910: 8905: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8885: 8877: 8872: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8837: 8828: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8771: 8769: 8761: 8760: 8745: 8744: 8728: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8705: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8651:Focal adhesion 8648: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8601:Tight junction 8592: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8512: 8510: 8503: 8502: 8494: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8452: 8451:External links 8449: 8448: 8447: 8441: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8358: 8307: 8258: 8223: 8164: 8115: 8066: 8015: 7953: 7904: 7855: 7806: 7767:(5): 1318–21. 7744: 7695: 7646: 7605: 7562: 7513: 7464: 7415: 7366: 7317: 7268: 7239:(5): 759–765. 7219: 7170: 7121: 7070: 7063: 7046: 7039: 7021: 6992:(2): 289–325. 6972: 6921: 6864: 6841: 6792: 6771: 6762:(5): C168–79. 6756:Am. J. Physiol 6747: 6718:(7): 495–506. 6698: 6647: 6583: 6536: 6469: 6440:(1): 101–116. 6420: 6381: 6342:(9): 711–717. 6317: 6298:(3): 351–359. 6279: 6228: 6209:(1): 283–310. 6193: 6164:(1): 192–201. 6144: 6115:(1): 167–178. 6095: 6044: 6015:(2): H477–87. 5995: 5966:(5): 1243–53. 5946: 5903: 5854: 5803: 5776: 5735: 5694: 5651: 5608: 5573: 5538: 5513:Hum. Gene Ther 5502: 5443: 5394: 5351: 5330:(5): 1472–80. 5310: 5283:(2): C315–22. 5267: 5224: 5205:(1–2): 69–81. 5189: 5154: 5109: 5070:(10): e26379. 5045: 5002: 4969:J. Membr. Biol 4958: 4943: 4917: 4866: 4847: 4838:Cah. Biol. Mar 4828: 4777: 4728: 4684: 4643: 4622:(2): 225–245. 4602: 4566: 4525: 4466: 4433:J. Membr. Biol 4422: 4371: 4328: 4301: 4242: 4207: 4178:(2): 397–408. 4155: 4136:(2): 395–404. 4120: 4071: 4028: 3985: 3942: 3896: 3847: 3835: 3792: 3753:(6): 1677–81. 3733: 3702: 3653: 3618: 3575: 3526: 3499: 3472:(5): C168–79. 3466:Am. J. Physiol 3456: 3417: 3361: 3312: 3285:(4): 285–295. 3269: 3220: 3185:(2): 441–472. 3169: 3132:(2): 113–117. 3112: 3105: 3087: 3028: 2966: 2909: 2860: 2825: 2798:(2): 191–200. 2782: 2763:(1–2): 29–65. 2744: 2699:BMC Ecol. Evol 2685: 2654:(3): 193–197. 2634: 2577: 2520: 2501:(2): 103–114. 2485: 2434: 2405:(2): 537–548. 2385: 2341: 2298: 2263: 2208: 2159: 2108: 2057: 2008: 1973: 1944:(7): 1171–86. 1924: 1873: 1844:(2): msad025. 1824: 1795:(9): 348–349. 1775: 1724: 1705:(3): 509–513. 1680: 1639: 1583: 1554:(2): 104–106. 1531: 1512:(1–2): 29–65. 1496: 1447: 1418:(3): 648–677. 1398: 1369:(1): 1982349. 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1336:Tight junction 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1258:synaptic disks 1220: 1217: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1155: 1152: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1084: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1056: 999: 996: 987: 984: 929:, mCX57, and m 869:olfactory bulb 828: 825: 797: 794: 785:cardiac muscle 772: 769: 763: 760: 740: 737: 731: 728: 710: 707: 705: 702: 693: 690: 685: 684: 677: 674: 659: 656: 644: 641: 585: 584: 581: 578: 570: 564: 562:hepatic caecum 554: 551: 541: 535: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 492: 483: 480: 479: 478: 475: 460: 453: 439: 426: 401: 398: 397: 396: 384: 378: 371: 365: 357: 354: 243: 240: 148: 147: 138: 132: 131: 126: 120: 119: 114: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 79: 78: 70: 69: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11368: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11264: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11234: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11197: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11128:Intracellular 11126: 11124: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11090:Neurohormones 11087: 11086:Neuropeptides 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11037:Fas apoptosis 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10969: 10964: 10962: 10957: 10955: 10950: 10949: 10946: 10936: 10935: 10928: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10908:Voltage-gated 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10874: 10870: 10856: 10853: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10702: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10609: 10600: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10396: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10294: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10270: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10121: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10063:Miscellaneous 10059: 10055: 10041: 10040:Shaker (gene) 10038: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10013:minK/ISK-like 10011: 10009: 10006: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9960: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9681:Voltage-gated 9678: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9465: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9305: 9301: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9191:Voltage-gated 9188: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9093: 9089: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8901: 8898: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8824:Voltage-gated 8821: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8721: 8719: 8714: 8712: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8643: 8642:Hemidesmosome 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8625: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8487: 8485: 8480: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8462: 8458: 8457:Gap+Junctions 8455: 8454: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8365: 8363: 8354: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8311: 8303: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8168: 8160: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8135:(3): 669–85. 8134: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8111: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7976:(8): e23567. 7975: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7958: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7924:(3): 565–86. 7923: 7919: 7915: 7908: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7875:(1): 201–21. 7874: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7826:(3): 565–72. 7825: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7578:(5): 733–43. 7577: 7573: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7484:(3): 666–88. 7483: 7479: 7475: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7435:(3): 767–76. 7434: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7386:(2): 557–63. 7385: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7337:(3): 646–56. 7336: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6790:PMID 35011690 6789: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6058:J. Biol. Chem 6055: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5919:(3): 269–75. 5918: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5792:(1): 117–28. 5791: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5714:(5): 658–67. 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5519:(6): 725–31. 5518: 5514: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5414:(2): 539–50. 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5125:(1): 90–105. 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5018:(1): 141–54. 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4975:(3): 243–53. 4974: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4944:9780470513408 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4583:(1): 127–43. 4582: 4578: 4577:Exp. Cell Res 4570: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4545:(1): 359–69. 4544: 4540: 4539:Endocrinology 4536: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4344:(4): 343–52. 4343: 4339: 4338:Anat. Embryol 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4223:(3): 575–85. 4222: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091:(1): 92–101. 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038:J. Neurocytol 4032: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001:(2): 169–75. 4000: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3958:(4): 477–82. 3957: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915:(2): 219–23. 3914: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867:(3): 455–72. 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808:(2): 235–52. 3807: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3673:(1): 234–50. 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3634:(3): 285–93. 3633: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591:(2): 211–31. 3590: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3546:(3): 758–76. 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3048:(12). e4088. 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2880:(3): 707–18. 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2213: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989:(2): 205–15. 1988: 1984: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754:10.1038/34426 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:gap junctions 1239: 1235: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1172: 1170: 1169:nerve synapse 1166: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1081: 1069: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 995: 993: 983: 979: 975: 973: 969: 964: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 824: 821: 820:aqueous humor 815: 812: 811:crystallinity 802: 793: 790: 786: 777: 768: 759: 756: 754: 750: 746: 736: 727: 724: 719: 716: 701: 698: 689: 682: 678: 675: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657: 654: 653: 652: 650: 640: 638: 637:gap junctions 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 597: 593: 590: 582: 579: 576: 575: 571: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 555: 552: 549: 545: 542: 539: 536: 534: 530: 527: 525:Chick embryos 524: 522:Monkey retina 521: 518: 515: 512: 511: 510: 502: 496: 493: 490: 489: 488: 476: 473: 469: 468:nucleic acids 465: 461: 457: 444: 431: 427: 424: 420: 416: 415: 414: 406: 394: 390: 385: 379: 376: 372: 370: 366: 363: 362: 361: 353: 351: 347: 346: 341: 340: 334: 332: 328: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 301: 297: 293: 290: 286: 282: 278: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 248: 239: 237: 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 160: 158: 154: 153:Gap junctions 143: 137: 133: 130: 127: 125: 121: 118: 115: 113: 109: 106: 103: 101: 97: 92: 85: 80: 75: 66: 63: 55: 45: 39: 37: 30: 21: 20: 11356:Cell anatomy 11325:Gap junction 11324: 11160:Ca signaling 11123:Cell surface 10931: 10898:Ligand-gated 10889: 10877: 10720:Gap junction 10719: 10713: 10602: 10398: 10359: 10337: 10310: 10296: 10272: 10250: 10208: 10156: 10122: 10105: 10093: 10074: 10062: 10017: 9980: 9954: 9831: 9688: 9593: 9540: 9510: 9466: 9395: 9308: 9259: 9198: 9096: 9005: 8978: 8957: 8929: 8916: 8903: 8883: 8870: 8835: 8768:Ligand-gated 8753: 8736:ion channels 8637:Basal lamina 8568:Cytoskeleton 8550:Gap junction 8549: 8546:Ion channels 8497:Proteins of 8423: 8378: 8374: 8324: 8320: 8310: 8278:(1): 71–86. 8275: 8271: 8261: 8239:(2): 231–8. 8236: 8232: 8226: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8132: 8129:J. 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Reprod 5323: 5313: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5240:(1): 16–32. 5237: 5233: 5227: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5067: 5063: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4926: 4920: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4698: 4694: 4693:parasites". 4687: 4663:(1–2): 3–5. 4660: 4656: 4646: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4542: 4538: 4528: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4439:(1): 39–54. 4436: 4432: 4425: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4175: 4172:J. Cell Biol 4171: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4088: 4085:J. Cell Biol 4084: 4074: 4041: 4037: 4031: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3912: 3908: 3864: 3861:J. Cell Biol 3860: 3850: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3722:(2): 364–9. 3719: 3715: 3705: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3631: 3628:Exp. Eye Res 3627: 3621: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3543: 3540:J. 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Cell Biol 1411: 1401: 1366: 1362: 1285: 1272: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1238:microtubules 1204: 1199:thin section 1183: 1168: 1164: 1160:gap junction 1159: 1157: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1125: 1111: 1091: 1014:to maintain 1001: 989: 980: 976: 965: 961: 959: 924: 885: 830: 816: 807: 782: 765: 757: 742: 733: 720: 714: 712: 699: 695: 686: 646: 636: 629:gap junction 628: 626: 602: 586: 573: 556: 528:Frog embryos 508: 500: 485: 419:conductances 412: 359: 343: 337: 335: 323: 304: 299: 281:Invertebrate 279: 260:hemichannels 253: 231: 229: 214: 212:in viruses. 199: 182: 168: 163: 161: 152: 151: 77:Gap junction 58: 49: 33: 11236:By distance 11174:Assistants: 11133:Co-receptor 10903:Light-gated 9385:IK channel 8685:Stereocilia 8629:cell–matrix 8582:Plakoglobin 8577:Desmoplakin 8375:J. Neurosci 8233:J. Cell Sci 7282:J. Neurosci 6812:(1): 1–14. 6401:: 393–418. 5868:J. Neurosci 5823:(4): 3876. 5361:J. Cell Sci 5234:Exp. Neurol 5164:Development 4797:: 1071961. 4217:Tissue Cell 4130:Tissue Cell 4044:(1): 1–12. 3667:J Cell Biol 3386:(7): 3503. 2923:Nat. Commun 2841:(1): 3–16. 1326:Ion channel 1175:Composition 1052:macrophages 1024:connexin-43 972:connexin 43 970:(Cx30) and 968:connexin 30 894:and in the 892:glial cells 881:vertebrates 877:spinal cord 841:hippocampus 375:hemichannel 331:heteromeric 256:vertebrates 94:Identifiers 11340:Categories 11303:Pheromones 11243:Juxtacrine 10106:Bestrophin 9364:SK channel 9332:BK channel 9006:γ-subunits 8979:β-subunits 8962:δ-subunits 8681:Microvilli 8676:Kinocilium 8646:Tonofibril 8587:Tonofibril 8537:Desmoglein 8499:epithelium 6786:(1): 128. 5408:J. Physiol 5199:Dev. Genet 4863:: 153–158. 4844:: 289–302. 3716:Cancer Res 2495:Physiology 2128:: 987101. 2077:(2): 439. 1342:References 1008:myometrium 962:Astrocytes 908:astrocytes 896:cerebellum 709:Cell death 622:adenovirus 610:vertebrata 567:Cephalopod 533:blastoderm 425:to 500 pS. 311:amino acid 52:April 2024 11257:Endocrine 11252:Paracrine 11248:Autocrine 11115:Receptors 11095:Cytokines 10934:disorders 10932:see also 10715:Cytoplasm 10625:Aquaporin 10094:Anoctamin 9917:11.1/hERG 8656:Costamere 8572:Desmosome 8532:Desmosome 8508:cell–cell 8424:Connexins 8327:(1): 52. 6859:261587041 6681:0894-1491 6620:1545-7885 6570:1863-2653 6513:0027-8424 5127:CiteSeerX 5119:Dev. Biol 4723:244116450 4317:: 563–8. 3585:Anat. Rec 3234:Structure 3126:FEBS Lett 2929:: 13681. 1770:205003383 1250:connexons 1180:Connexins 1117:Discovery 1098:glutamate 1012:pregnancy 837:neocortex 753:cataracts 643:Functions 627:The term 327:homomeric 319:orthologs 287:from the 242:Structure 210:vinnexins 195:aquaporin 175:connexins 171:connexons 11077:Hormones 11027:JAK-STAT 11015:MAPK/ERK 11010:TGF beta 10728:Connexin 10008:minK/ISK 8616:MARVELD2 8611:Occludin 8559:Connexin 8554:Connexon 8525:Cadherin 8506:Lateral/ 8405:18815262 8353:19686581 8321:BMC Biol 8302:22049024 8218:12149451 8061:33321985 8010:21858170 7970:PLOS ONE 7948:14206423 7899:14069795 7600:39342230 7312:21068332 7263:22504485 7116:24701801 7016:13642302 6959:13464833 6836:16761954 6768:31610495 6742:19491906 6689:33973274 6638:37040348 6629:10089355 6578:26026482 6531:21536893 6464:18236012 6415:15217338 6376:30813901 6274:36359872 6223:10099690 6188:28457858 6139:22796187 6090:19528242 6039:19966054 5990:16628254 5941:24363587 5933:15225205 5898:12878681 5849:36835288 5771:17717278 5749:Diabetes 5730:15927148 5689:25113646 5681:14617290 5646:44821116 5638:12556327 5603:12194291 5568:12194273 5497:11535816 5438:10523421 5381:12893812 5346:12826585 5297:10666026 5262:41420671 5254:10192774 5219:10079512 5184:10518488 5104:22022608 5064:PLOS ONE 5040:23234120 4997:20408672 4823:36619868 4772:16005277 4715:34779505 4679:16359939 4638:15921654 4561:11145599 4417:15679888 4391:(1): 7. 4366:33191311 4066:30090247 4023:21604678 3980:21426059 3937:39294652 3929:13037850 3830:38441429 3613:19611753 3494:31610495 3412:33800706 3356:30310236 3307:18103080 3299:12671651 3264:34129834 3215:22820528 3164:19289550 3156:10371149 3082:19116647 3042:PLOS ONE 3023:12149451 2961:27905396 2820:44622463 2777:17507078 2739:30813901 2680:21532340 2648:Channels 2629:24548565 2572:20001454 2564:10898987 2515:16565476 2480:24575048 2380:10079517 2250:19340074 2154:36619115 2103:32069981 2052:18853183 2003:11368307 1968:15109565 1911:13464833 1868:36740225 1675:15802270 1634:34533834 1578:19704902 1526:17507078 1393:34651545 1316:Vinnexin 1295:See also 1254:innexons 1186:connexin 1109:tissue. 1036:myocytes 1006:muscle ( 898:between 796:Eye lens 747:, heart 745:deafness 614:tunicata 548:Tunicate 538:Crayfish 472:proteins 409:present. 307:pannexin 296:homology 285:proteins 271:proteins 268:connexin 264:hexamers 223:between 11208:General 11032:Akt/PKB 10855:Innexin 10612:solutes 8606:Claudin 8396:2638127 8344:2733891 8293:3248906 8253:1698798 8186:Bibcode 8159:1083855 8150:2109697 8110:4135001 8101:2109180 8052:7764618 8001:3156236 7978:Bibcode 7939:2106478 7890:2106854 7850:3818793 7841:2114558 7801:4504340 7769:Bibcode 7739:3891760 7730:2113615 7690:2826492 7681:2114703 7641:2987225 7592:3815522 7557:4935338 7548:2108397 7508:5531667 7499:2108148 7459:2875078 7450:2114303 7410:4363961 7401:2109294 7361:4339819 7352:2200277 7303:3478946 7254:3727429 7233:Nat Med 7214:4120610 7205:2108965 7165:4935338 7156:2108397 7108:5360587 7088:Bibcode 7080:Science 7007:1356828 6967:4216387 6939:Bibcode 6916:7033238 6907:2112820 6898:1609517 6827:1479757 6733:3381350 6522:3100942 6491:Bibcode 6455:2650399 6367:6391747 6344:Bibcode 6312:3448099 6265:9655400 6179:5659969 6130:3521577 6081:2755956 6030:2822575 5981:1440704 5889:6740641 5840:9961562 5798:9550065 5533:8186287 5465:Bibcode 5429:2269589 5389:5057466 5305:9894657 5149:9806775 5095:3194834 5072:Bibcode 5032:9700496 4989:8661989 4953:3030673 4912:2620476 4904:6088995 4884:Bibcode 4814:9816575 4750:Bibcode 4488:Bibcode 4461:2831462 4358:8390141 4296:4373716 4264:Bibcode 4237:1179417 4202:4109925 4193:2108629 4150:7414602 4115:5563454 4106:2108432 3891:5545331 3882:2108114 3822:1237352 3787:4198274 3755:Bibcode 3728:1109802 3697:4417791 3688:2109337 3570:4337577 3561:2108762 3451:1102552 3403:8036530 3347:6461534 3255:9616683 3207:5229810 3187:Bibcode 3134:Bibcode 3073:2605248 3050:Bibcode 2991:Bibcode 2952:5146279 2931:Bibcode 2904:8227133 2895:2200133 2855:1320430 2812:1849321 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Index