22:
437:. The same principles hold true for the specification of the dorso-ventral axis – higher concentration of nuclear Dorsal protein on the ventral side of the egg specify the ventral fate, whereas absence thereof allows dorsal fates. After the nuclei are positioned in a monolayer underneath the egg membrane, the membrane begins to slowly invaginate, thus separating the nuclei into cellular compartments; during this period, the egg is called a cellular blastoderm. The
35:
428:
and Nanos. Bicoid protein is expressed in a gradient that extends from the anterior end of the early embryo, whereas Nanos protein is concentrated at the posterior end. At first, the nuclei of the early embryo rapidly and synchronously divide in the "syncytial" blastoderm and then migrate through the
429:
cytoplasm and position themselves in a monolayer around the periphery, leaving only a small number of nuclei in the center of the egg, which will become yolk nuclei. The position of the nuclei along the embryonic axes determines the relative exposure of different amounts of Bicoid, Nanos, and other
433:. Those nuclei with more Bicoid will activate genes that promote differentiation of cells into head and thorax structures. Nuclei exposed to more Nanos will activate genes responsible for differentiation of posterior regions, such as the abdomen and
457:
control genes can lead to bacteria forming "filament-like" cells with multiple chromosomes but without cellular division. These mechanisms or mistakes may lead to a similar structure to a coenocyte, though bacteria do not possess nuclei.
356:) becomes a coenocyte. Different species produce coenocytes with different numbers of nuclei before the PEC eventually begins to subdivide, with some growing to contain thousands of nuclei.
372:. A coenocyte functions as a single coordinated unit composed of multiple cells linked structurally and functionally, i.e. through gap junctions. Fungal mycelia in which
353:
679:
Lurling, M.; Beekman, W. (September 1999). "Grazer-induced defenses in scenedesmus (Chlorococcales; Chlorophyceae): coenobium and spine formation".
461:
This fact has been used in certain synthetic biology applications, for example, to create cell-derived fibers for an organically grown concrete.
406:(DNA replication) and sister chromatids get pulled apart and re-assembled into nuclei containing full sets of homologous chromosomes, but
1002:
953:
514:
470:
681:
297:
In contrast to the
Cladophorales where nuclei are organized in regularly spaced cytoplasmic domains, the cytoplasm of
748:
368:(such as Glomeromycota, Chytridiomycota and Neocalligomastigomycota) may contain multiple nuclei in a coenocytic
417:
is important for "syncytial" specification of cell differentiation. The egg cell cytoplasm contains localized
139:), and most coenobia are composed of a distinct number of cells, often as a multiple of two (4, 8, etc.).
637:
301:
exhibits streaming, enabling transportation of organelles, transcripts and nutrients across the plant.
821:
Higham, M. T.; Bisalputra, T. (October 1970). "A further note on the surface structure of coenobium".
889:
Honda, Hisao (December 1973). "Pattern formation of the coenobial algae
Pediastrum biwae Negoro".
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331:
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is a form of a coenocyte (i.e. a plasmodium in the general sense) as well as the plasmodia of
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Research suggests that coenobium formation may be a defense against grazing in some species.
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277:, the entire thallus is a single multinucleate cell, which can be many meters across (e.g.
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Daubenmire, R. F. (1936). "The Use of the Terms
Coenocyte and Syncytium in Biology".
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Coenocytic cells are present in diverse and unrelated groups of algae, including
789:
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394:, lay eggs that initially develop as "syncytial" blastoderms, i.e. early on the
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Mine, I.; Menzel, D.; Okuda, K. (2008). "Morphogenesis in giant-celled algae".
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also contain several common freshwater species that are coenocytic, namely
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does not occur. Thus, the nuclei multiply in a common cytoplasmic space.
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774:"Green Algae and the Origins of Multicellularity in the Plant Kingdom"
689:(5). United Kingdom, Lawrence: Allen Press Publishing Services: 368.
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283:). However, in some cases, crosswalls may occur during reproduction.
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850:"Ultrastructure and Differentiation of Hydrodictyon reticulatum"
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is characterized by siphonocladous organization, i.e., the
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are giant cells with numerous nuclei, and is common on the
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731:. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology.
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The early embryo "syncytium" of invertebrates such as
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Type of cell structure in several groups of organisms
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521:, which in scientific English usually sounds like
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541:," which might seem irregular at first glance.
453:Certain mutations and the activation of certain
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352:begins to grow when one fertilized cell (the
323:
935:
848:Marchant, J.; Pickett-Heaps, J. D. (1970).
383:
778:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
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720:
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127:. A coenocytic colony is referred to as a
918:
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533:; this explains how there is a degree of
445:– are the first cells to separate fully.
388:Many insects, such as the model organism
380:are known as "aseptate" or "coenocytic".
145:
448:
421:molecules such as those that encode the
33:
20:
941:
717:
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537:in "how one gets a "see-no" sound from
294:are composed of many coenocytic cells.
112:inside the mass. The word syncytium in
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170:have cells that contain two nuclei: a
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471:international scientific vocabulary
132:
119:is used to refer to the coenocytic
13:
14:
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772:Umen, J. G. (16 October 2014).
525:and usually shifts a preceding
257:(e.g., the internodal cells of
96:which can result from multiple
891:Journal of Theoretical Biology
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814:
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672:
657:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
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1:
1003:Fungal morphology and anatomy
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695:10.2216/i0031-8884-38-5-368.1
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911:10.1016/0022-5193(73)90241-5
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219:(Dinoflagellata) parasites.
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790:10.1101/cshperspect.a016170
611:10.1126/science.84.2189.533
544:
513:) = "box, i.e. cell"). The
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100:without their accompanying
43:, showing a coenocytic body
10:
1019:
945:Flowering Plant Embryology
823:Canadian Journal of Botany
638:Cambridge University Press
324:Myxogastrids (slime molds)
339:
729:Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol
384:Metazoans: invertebrates
359:
232:
632:Willmer, P. G. (1990).
556:Plasmodium (life cycle)
501:, are based on ancient
473:, English got the word
391:Drosophila melanogaster
332:Plasmodium (life cycle)
948:. Wiley. p. 153.
942:Lersten, N.R. (2008).
509:) = "common" + κύτος (
354:primary endosperm cell
286:The green algal order
146:Physiological examples
44:
31:
449:Pathological examples
423:transcription factors
402:. The nuclei undergo
37:
24:
28:Sphaeroforma arctica
903:1973JThBi..42..461H
603:1936Sci....84..533D
398:exhibit incomplete
164:, have two nuclei.
104:, in contrast to a
854:Aust. J. Biol. Sci
45:
32:
981:"無節藻の生物学と多核細胞研究会"
955:978-0-470-75267-8
867:10.1071/BI9701173
829:(10): 1839–1841.
660:. Merriam-Webster
366:filamentous fungi
266:In the siphonous
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314:Hydrodictyon
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275:Dasycladales
271:Bryopsidales
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187:apicomplexan
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176:micronucleus
172:macronucleus
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48:
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920:2433/220120
652:"coenobium"
408:cytokinesis
310:Scenedesmus
268:green algae
255:green algae
251:Griffithsia
156:Diplomonads
102:cytokinesis
992:Categories
682:Phycologia
574:References
535:regularity
505:: κοινός (
455:cell-cycle
439:pole cells
435:germ cells
431:morphogens
415:Drosophila
318:Pediastrum
121:blastoderm
117:embryology
735:: 37–83.
711:198599556
703:0031-8884
561:Syncytium
483:Neo-Latin
475:coenocyte
465:Etymology
346:endosperm
273:and some
247:red algae
243:Vaucheria
217:syndinean
190:parasites
129:coenobium
106:syncytium
49:coenocyte
40:Botrydium
961:14 March
808:25324214
759:18544492
707:ProQuest
619:17806555
566:Dikaryon
545:See also
479:cœnocyte
370:mycelium
280:Caulerpa
213:trophont
183:schizont
168:Ciliates
151:Protists
137:coenobia
929:4766748
899:Bibcode
876:5496220
799:4413236
664:6 April
599:Bibcode
590:Science
481:) from
404:S-phase
396:embryos
249:(e.g.,
241:(e.g.,
206:Metazoa
161:Giardia
158:, like
89:) is a
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927:
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806:
796:
757:
747:
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539:coeno-
529:to be
523:long e
507:koinós
492:coeno-
443:anlage
426:Bicoid
374:hyphae
350:plants
340:Plants
316:, and
292:thalli
253:) and
200:) and
174:and a
114:animal
998:Cells
511:kýtos
503:Greek
498:-cyte
378:septa
376:lack
364:Some
360:Fungi
260:Chara
233:Algae
198:Fungi
963:2016
950:ISBN
925:PMID
872:PMID
804:PMID
755:PMID
745:ISBN
699:ISSN
666:2019
615:PMID
531:soft
419:mRNA
344:The
330:See
304:The
211:The
181:The
94:cell
915:hdl
907:doi
862:doi
831:doi
794:PMC
786:doi
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517:is
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