505:
513:
203:
697:(Personalised Exercise-Rehabilitation For people with Multiple long-term conditions) research group in the UK is developing and evaluating an exercise-based rehabilitation intervention that can be personalised for people with multiple long-term conditions. The MOBILIZE group in Denmark are currently undertaking a randomised controlled trial of a rehabilitation intervention for people with multimorbidity co-developed with people with long-term conditions and clinicians.
355:. There has been a scarcity of economic evaluations concerning interventions for managing individuals with mental-physical multimorbidity, including depression. A recent systematic review identified four intervention types (collaborative care, self-management, telephone-based, and antidepressant treatment)) that were assessed for cost-effectiveness in high-income countries. However, such evaluations are currently lacking in low-income and middle-income countries.
6173:
6197:
6185:
689:" which sets out a vision for the research agenda of multiple long-term conditions. The framework aims to drive advances in the understanding of multiple long-term conditions and promote a change in research culture to tackle multimorbidity. The NIHR also published its own strategic framework regarding MLTC which aligns with the cross-funder framework.
252:, people in lower employment positions seem to have a 66% higher risk of developing multiple long-term conditions than people in higher positions. However, socioeconomic status does not appear to influence the risk of dying after the onset of multiple long-term conditions. Another study showed an increase of almost 50% in the
295:
Due to the higher prevalence of multimorbidity (55 - 98%), a new concept of "complex multimorbidity (CMM)" has been proposed CMM differs from the definition of conventional multimorbidity in that CMM is defined by the number of body systems affected by the diseases rather than the number of diseases.
280:
and increased risk of death. The risk of death is positively associated with individuals with greater number of chronic conditions and reversely associated with socioeconomic status. People with multiple long-term conditions may have a four-fold increase in the risk of death in comparison with people
76:
Comorbidity means that one 'index' condition is the focus of attention, and others are viewed in relation to this. In contrast, multimorbidity describes someone having two or more long-term (chronic) conditions without any of them holding priority over the others. This distinction is important in how
409:
is not clear to the person; when a lack of information prevents the person contributing to decisions about their health; when people with MLTC don't see the same health care professional consistently; when people are seen by lots of different professionals working across different services; and when
593:
There are multiple theories on how socioeconomic inequality leads to multimorbidity but so far there is a lack of scientific evidence about the exact mechanism. Some of the potential links between the two are health-related behaviours (smoking, drinking, diet), lack of access to financial resources
427:
on the people in their care (including their backgrounds and personal medical goals), discussing plans to stop a medicine already when it is first prescribed, and a good relationship that involves mutual trust and regular discussions on progress. Furthermore, longer appointments for prescribing and
387:
There is growing recognition that living with multiple long-term conditions leads to complex and challenging burdens for people living with MLTC themselves but also health care professionals working in the health system looking after those with long-term conditions. Living with multiple-long term
624:
Research shows that in
Scotland residents of deprived areas are affected by multiple long-term conditions 10 to 15 years earlier than people living in affluent neighborhoods. They also have a higher chance that their long-term conditions include mental health disorders. In England, according to
422:
and STOPP/START could be used safely by clinicians but not all patients might benefit from stopping their medication. Clarity about how much clinicians can do beyond the guidelines and the responsibility they need to take could help them prescribing and deprescribing for complex cases. Further
696:
usually focuses on a single disease people with multiple long-term conditions are often excluded or not all their conditions are treated during rehabilitation. Researchers are looking for new models of rehabilitation that could be applied to people with multimorbidity. For example the PERFORM
358:
Strategies to prevent the onset of depression or depressive episodes in people with long-term physical conditions include psychological interventions and pharmacological interventions, however the long-term effectiveness and benefits of these approaches is very uncertain.
396:
Older people and their family carers frequently find medication management a burden. This burden fluctuates and is often hidden from health and social care practitioners. For example, the burden, on the family carer, may increase if the older person is suffering from
410:
the health service does not recognise the experiences of people living with MLTC. To help older people and their family carers experiencing medication-related burden, medical professionals can consider this burden when changing or amending a medication.
487:
Multimorbidity is common in older adults, estimated to affect over half of those aged 65 and over. This increased prevalence has been explained by older adults' "longer exposure and increased vulnerability to risk factors for chronic health problems".
555:
seek to extend the span of health in the old as well as slow aging or its negative impacts such as physical and mental decline. Modern anti-senescent and regenerative technology with augmented decision making could help "responsibly bridge the
413:
Multimorbidity often results in taking 5 or more medicines (polypharmacy) which can represent a burden and might come with potential harm. When the medications are not effective enough or the risks outweigh the benefits, stopping medicines
491:
The prevalence of multimorbidity has been increasing in recent decades. The high prevalence of multimorbidity has led to some describing it as "The most common chronic condition". Multimorbidity is also more common among people from lower
586:. Certain groups of disadvantaged or discriminated people are more likely to struggle with earlier and more severe multimorbidity. Multimorbidity is also associated with factors that are related to socioeconomic disadvantage such as
418:) might be necessary. In people with multiple long-term conditions and polypharmacy this represents a complex challenge as clinical guidelines are usually developed for single conditions. In these cases tools and guidelines like the
625:
research, people from deprived neighborhoods had complex multimorbidity (3 or more conditions) 7 years earlier than the least deprived. People living in deprived areas also have a higher risk of dying because of multimorbidity.
612:
Living in poverty or deprived areas is associated with higher rates of multimorbidity. Those with the lowest income have a 4 times higher chance of having multiple long-term conditions than those with the highest income.
564:
gap for a future of equitable global wellbeing". Aging is "the most prevalent risk factor for chronic disease, frailty and disability, and it is estimated that there will be over 2 billion persons ageâ>â60 by the year
657:
have a higher risk of developing multiple long-term conditions. In
England, people from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds have the highest multimorbidity rates and they are twice as likely than people from the
284:
In some cases, specific combinations of diseases are associated with higher mortality. For example, people with long-term conditions affecting the heart, lung, and urinary systems have strong effects on mortality.
371:
are organised. Most health systems are designed to cater for people with a single chronic condition. Some of the difficulties experienced by people with multiple long-term conditions include: poor coordination of
5983:
52:
which are traditionally focused on individual diseases. Multiple long-term conditions can affect people of any age, but they are more common in older age, affecting more than half of people over 65 years old.
2355:
Yao SS, Cao GY, Han L, Huang ZT, Chen ZS, Su HX, et al. (September 2020). "Associations
Between Somatic Multimorbidity Patterns and Depression in a Longitudinal Cohort of Middle-Aged and Older Chinese".
1894:
Firth J, Siddiqi N, Koyanagi A, Siskind D, Rosenbaum S, Galletly C, et al. (August 2019). "The Lancet
Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness".
537:
do not die from one isolated condition but from a multitude of factors and conditions. A study suggested there is a paucity of multimorbidity and comorbidity data globally and mapped comorbidity patterns.
125:
Definitions of multimorbidity usually differ in the minimum number of concurrent conditions they require (most often this is two or more) and in the types of conditions they consider. For example the UK's
81:
that allows focusing on all of the patient's symptoms and providing a more holistic care. In other settings, for example in pharmaceutical research, comorbidity might often be the more useful term to use.
288:
There are many additional issues associated with living with multiple long term conditions. One study from the US found that having more than 3 conditions significantly increased the chance of reduced
304:
Physical and mental health conditions can adversely impact the other through a number of pathways, and have significant impact on health and wellbeing. For people whose long-term conditions include
4100:
Woodward, Abi; Davies, Nathan; Walters, Kate; Nimmons, Danielle; Stevenson, Fiona; Protheroe, Joanne; Chew-Graham, Carolyn A.; Armstrong, Megan (21 February 2023). Sagtani, Reshu
Agrawal (ed.).
662:
to have multimorbidity. Pakistani, Black
African, Black Caribbean and other black ethnic groups in England are also significantly more likely to die due to having multiple long-term conditions.
986:
Nicholson K, Makovski TT, Griffith LE, Raina P, Stranges S, van den Akker M (January 2019). "Multimorbidity and comorbidity revisited: refining the concepts for international health research".
529:
Multimorbidity is "a growing public health problem worldwide", "likely driven by the ageing population but also by factors such as high body-mass index, urbanisation, and the growing burden of
617:
is vital in coping with multimorbidity but people living in deprivation struggle more with managing their conditions. Self-management becomes more challenging due to financial barriers,
4699:"Co-occurring mental illness, drug use, and medical multimorbidity among lesbian, gay, and bisexual middle-aged and older adults in the United States: a nationally representative study"
3779:
380:), high costs associated with treatment, increases in their time spent managing illness, difficulty managing multiple illness management regimes, and aggravation of one condition by
77:
the healthcare system treats people and helps making clear the specific settings in which the use of one or the other term can be preferred. Multimorbidity offers a more general and
308:, the lifespan can be 10â20 years less than the general population. For them, addressing the underlying risk factors for physical health problems is critical to good outcomes.
569:", making it a large global health challenge that demands substantial (and well-orchestrated or efficient) efforts, including interventions that alter and target the inborn
504:
2401:"Associations between physical multimorbidity patterns and common mental health disorders in middle-aged adults: A prospective analysis using data from the UK Biobank"
770:
Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, Mangialasche F, Karp A, Garmen A, et al. (September 2011). "Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature".
4512:
Stafford, Mai; Knight, Hannah; Hughes, Jay; Alarilla, Anne; Mondor, Luke; Pefoyo Kone, Anna; Wodchis, Walter P.; Deeny, Sarah R. (1 April 2022). Torén, Kjell (ed.).
114:
in any possible combinations and they may or may not interact with each other. When the co-existing conditions have similar origins or treatments the terms used is
1210:
1742:"Associations between complex multimorbidity, activities of daily living and mortality among older Norwegians. A prospective cohort study: the HUNT Study, Norway"
248:, measured by a combination of education, occupation and literacy indicators, seems to increase the risk of developing multimorbidity. For instance, based on the
4102:"Self-management of multiple long-term conditions: A systematic review of the barriers and facilitators amongst people experiencing socioeconomic deprivation"
2181:
Katon W, Lin EH, Kroenke K (1 March 2007). "The association of depression and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness".
292:
and physical functioning. The researchers called for the holistic treatment of multimorbidities due to the complexities of multiple long-term conditions.
2983:
347:
suggests that specific combinations of physical conditions increase the risk of developing depression and anxiety more than others, such as co-occurring
2902:"A qualitative study exploring medication management in people with dementia living in the community and the potential role of the community pharmacist"
5978:
4585:"Long-term conditions among sexual minority adults in England: evidence from a cross-sectional analysis of responses to the English GP Patient Survey"
4043:
Ingram, Elizabeth; Ledden, Sarah; Beardon, Sarah; Gomes, Manuel; Hogarth, Sue; McDonald, Helen; Osborn, David P.; Sheringham, Jessica (1 March 2021).
5968:
3868:Ălvarez-GĂĄlvez, Javier; Ortega-MartĂn, Esther; Carretero-Bravo, JesĂșs; PĂ©rez-Muñoz, Celia; SuĂĄrez-LledĂł, VĂctor; Ramos-Fiol, Begoña (27 March 2023).
210:
A range of biological, psychological, behavioural, socioeconomic and environmental factors affect the likelihood of having multimorbidity. How these
127:
727:
1235:
HeikkilÀ, Katriina; Pulakka, Anna; MetsÀlÀ, Johanna; Alenius, Suvi; Hovi, Petteri; Gissler, Mika; Sandin, Sven; Kajantie, Eero (31 December 2021).
3627:"Identifying and visualising multimorbidity and comorbidity patterns in patients in the English National Health Service: a population-based study"
2801:
Maidment, Ian D.; Lawson, Sally; Wong, Geoff; Booth, Andrew; Watson, Anne; McKeown, Jane; Zaman, Hadar; Mullan, Judy; Bailey, Sylvia (June 2020).
388:
conditions can be burdensome in terms of managing the illness, particularly if the diagnoses results in polypharmacy (taking multiple medicines).
178:
1419:"Social inequalities in multimorbidity, frailty, disability, and transitions to mortality: a 24-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study"
512:
4756:
1613:
Gijsen R, Hoeymans N, Schellevis FG, Ruwaard D, Satariano WA, van den Bos GA (July 2001). "Causes and consequences of comorbidity: a review".
1519:
496:. Multimorbidity is a significant issue in lowâ and middleâincome countries, although prevalence is not as high as in high income countries.
594:
and housing, and the psychological response to living in difficult circumstances. Knowing the exact pathway would allow designing effective
95:
2641:"Time's up. descriptive epidemiology of multi-morbidity and time spent on health related activity by older Australians: a time use survey"
1648:
Williams JS, Egede LE (July 2016). "The
Association Between Multimorbidity and Quality of Life, Health Status and Functional Disability".
1302:
HeikkilÀ, Katriina; MetsÀlÀ, Johanna; Pulakka, Anna; Nilsen, Sara Marie; KivimÀki, Mika; Risnes, Kari; Kajantie, Eero (September 2023).
6018:
428:
deprescribing would allow time explain the process of deprescribing, explore related concerns, and support making the right decisions.
48:
at the same time. Multimorbidity can have a significant impact on people's health and wellbeing. It also poses a complex challenge to
4487:
678:
654:
4920:"Personalised exercise therapy and self-management support for people with multimorbidity: Development of the MOBILIZE intervention"
4642:"Differences in Multimorbidity among Cisgender Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Adults: Investigating Differences across Age-Groups"
4373:
Verest, Wim J G M; Galenkamp, Henrike; Spek, Bea; Snijder, Marieke B; Stronks, Karien; van
Valkengoed, Irene G M (1 August 2019).
1237:"Preterm birth and the risk of chronic disease multimorbidity in adolescence and early adulthood: A population-based cohort study"
6051:
6023:
5063:
3927:
Fleitas
Alfonzo, Ludmila; King, Tania; You, Emily; Contreras-Suarez, Diana; Zulkelfi, Syafiqah; Singh, Ankur (23 February 2022).
2949:
4316:"Ethnic inequalities in multiple long-term health conditions in the United Kingdom: a systematic review and narrative synthesis"
2450:"Economic evaluations of interventional opportunities for the management of mental-physical multimorbidity: a systematic review"
1693:"Examining different measures of multimorbidity, using a large prospective cross-sectional study in Australian general practice"
6028:
5344:
4208:
Head, Anna; Fleming, Kate; Kypridemos, Chris; Schofield, Pieta; Pearson-Stuttard, Jonathan; O'Flaherty, Martin (21 July 2021).
1361:"Sleep disturbances and the speed of multimorbidity development in old age: results from a longitudinal population-based study"
436:
There are well-evidenced prevention strategies for many of the component diseases of multiple condition clusters. For example:
3433:"Multimorbidity and the inequalities of global ageing: a cross-sectional study of 28 countries using the World Health Surveys"
6086:
5993:
1959:
1468:"Social determinants of multimorbidity and multiple functional limitations among the ageing population of England, 2002-2015"
522:
479:, along with their underlying risk factors, would help prioritise strategies for early diagnosis, screening and prevention.
6076:
4169:"Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study"
3325:"Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study"
693:
6033:
5597:
5185:
1983:
Triolo F, Harber-Aschan L, Belvederi Murri M, Calderón-Larrañaga A, Vetrano DL, Sjöberg L, et al. (December 2020).
5101:
256:
of multimorbidity occurring in those with the least wealth compared to those with the most wealth. Therefore, reducing
1303:
311:
There is considerable evidence that having multiple long-term physical conditions can lead to the development of both
6091:
5617:
5200:
508:
Number of conditions ever recorded per individual (from 308 health conditions), stratified by age, sex, and ethnicity
3019:"Deprescribing medicines in older people living with multimorbidity and polypharmacy: the TAILOR evidence synthesis"
815:"Prevalence of multimorbidity in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"
2044:"Pain severity predicts depressive symptoms over and above individual illnesses and multimorbidity in older adults"
650:
405:. In general there are five burdens that make managing medicines challenging for older people: when the purpose of
4210:"Inequalities in incident and prevalent multimorbidity in England, 2004â19: a population-based, descriptive study"
3572:
Pearson-Stuttard J, Ezzati M, Gregg EW (December 2019). "Multimorbidity-a defining challenge for health systems".
6223:
5734:
5362:
5339:
534:
2950:"Managing medication: older people and their families need support to deal with the hidden burden of medication"
621:(difficulties with understanding health information) and the combined weight of multimorbidity and deprivation.
6189:
6008:
5958:
5770:
5667:
5428:
5329:
5242:
5035:
4375:"Do ethnic inequalities in multimorbidity reflect ethnic differences in socioeconomic status? The HELIUS study"
3780:
Multiple long-term conditions (multimorbidity) and inequality- addressing the challenge: insights from research
4797:"Personalised rehabilitation for cardiac and pulmonary patients with multimorbidity: Time for implementation?"
4167:
Barnett, Karen; Mercer, Stewart W; Norbury, Michael; Watt, Graham; Wyke, Sally; Guthrie, Bruce (10 May 2012).
6201:
5841:
5612:
2399:
Ronaldson A, Arias de la Torre J, Prina M, Armstrong D, Das-Munshi J, Hatch S, et al. (September 2021).
1032:
Harrison C, Fortin M, van den Akker M, Mair F, Calderon-Larranaga A, Boland F, et al. (1 January 2021).
890:
406:
61:
The concept of multiple long-term conditions is not clearly defined and may be referred to by various names.
2093:
Vetrano DL, Palmer K, Marengoni A, Marzetti E, Lattanzio F, Roller-Wirnsberger R, et al. (April 2019).
5706:
5433:
2218:"Multimorbidity and functional impairment-bidirectional interplay, synergistic effects and common pathways"
533:(such as type 2 diabetes) and tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)". Around the world,
332:
289:
277:
4583:; Meads, Catherine; Massou, Efthalia; Mant, Jonathan; Saunders, Alison M; Elliott, Marc N (October 2021).
3484:"Frequency and types of clusters of major chronic diseases in 0.5 million adults in urban and rural China"
319:. There are many factors which might explain why physical multi-morbidity affects mental health including
150:. However, scientific literature shows a diverse range of terms used with the same meaning. These include
5853:
5746:
5657:
5470:
5458:
5367:
5056:
2590:
2216:
Calderón-Larrañaga A, Vetrano DL, Ferrucci L, Mercer SW, Marengoni A, Onder G, et al. (March 2019).
2852:"Family carers' experiences of managing older relative's medications: Insights from the MEMORABLE study"
2316:"Late-life depression and the association with multimorbidity and polypharmacy: a cross-sectional study"
5923:
5848:
5753:
5289:
4259:"Impact of deprivation on occurrence, outcomes and health care costs of people with multiple morbidity"
2851:
595:
3801:
Kantilafti, Maria; Giannakou, Konstantinos; Chrysostomou, Stavri (6 July 2023). Alahdab, Fares (ed.).
6045:
6040:
5908:
5607:
5314:
5272:
5236:
5143:
1951:
Management of physical health conditions in adults with severe mental disorders : WHO guidelines
1417:
Dugravot A, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J, Bouillon K, Rayana TB, Schnitzler A, et al. (January 2020).
669:
also means being disproportionately affected by multimorbidity, especially mental health conditions.
530:
91:
3625:
Kuan V, Denaxas S, Patalay P, Nitsch D, Mathur R, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, et al. (January 2023).
2136:"Relationship between depression and frailty in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
5883:
5582:
5294:
5190:
4988:
3164:
Pefoyo AJ, Bronskill SE, Gruneir A, Calzavara A, Thavorn K, Petrosyan Y, et al. (April 2015).
2700:"Time to manage: patient strategies for coping with an absence of care coordination and continuity"
2314:
Holvast F, van Hattem BA, Sinnige J, Schellevis F, Taxis K, Burger H, Verhaak PF (September 2017).
1842:"Complex Multimorbidity and Incidence of Long-Term Care Needs in Japan: A Prospective Cohort Study"
552:
454:
352:
103:
4918:
Bricca A, JĂ€ger M, Dideriksen M, Rasmussen H, Nyberg M, Pedersen JR, et al. (December 2022).
914:
551:
as well as contemporary economies or contemporary economics and their appendant societal systems.
423:
factors that can help clinicians tailor their decisions to the individual are: access to detailed
6154:
6081:
5913:
4432:"Cardiovascular multimorbidity: the effect of ethnicity on prevalence and risk factor management"
2267:"The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target"
1304:"Preterm birth and the risk of multimorbidity in adolescence: a multiregister-based cohort study"
468:
4697:
Han, Benjamin H.; Duncan, Dustin T.; Arcila-Mesa, Mauricio; Palamar, Joseph J. (4 August 2020).
1132:
6228:
6177:
6149:
5928:
5652:
5138:
5049:
5031:
915:"Evidence on multimorbidity from definition to intervention: An overview of systematic reviews"
540:
462:
305:
1985:"The complex interplay between depression and multimorbidity in late life: risks and pathways"
1793:"Complex multimorbidity and mortality in Japan: a prospective propensity-matched cohort study"
90:
The broad definition of multimorbidity, consistent with what is used by most researchers, the
6233:
6134:
5918:
5453:
5354:
5247:
5096:
3929:"Theoretical explanations for socioeconomic inequalities in multimorbidity: a scoping review"
1359:
Sindi S, Pérez LM, Vetrano DL, Triolo F, KÄreholt I, Sjöberg L, et al. (December 2020).
1211:"NIHR Strategic Framework for Multiple Long-Term Conditions (Multimorbidity) MLTC-M Research"
516:
Comparison of comorbidities for primary breast cancer by ethnicity (A), and asthma by sex (B)
214:
interact to trigger multiple long-term conditions is complex and still not fully understood.
4257:
Charlton, Judith; Rudisill, Caroline; Bhattarai, Nawaraj; Gulliford, Martin (October 2013).
2134:
Soysal P, Veronese N, Thompson T, Kahl KG, Fernandes BS, Prina AM, et al. (July 2017).
6109:
5893:
5758:
5724:
5672:
5497:
5492:
5438:
5394:
5284:
5222:
5111:
5106:
4525:
4514:"Associations between multiple long-term conditions and mortality in diverse ethnic groups"
4374:
4113:
3814:
2652:
1248:
646:
642:
544:
493:
245:
78:
2546:
Salisbury C (July 2012). "Multimorbidity: redesigning health care for people who use it".
1083:"Definitions and Prevalence of Multimorbidity in Large Database Studies: A Scoping Review"
8:
6119:
6114:
5888:
5687:
5677:
5512:
5121:
1205:
1203:
813:
Nguyen H, Manolova G, Daskalopoulou C, Vitoratou S, Prince M, Prina AM (1 January 2019).
607:
583:
348:
257:
4529:
4117:
3904:
3869:
3845:
3818:
3802:
2656:
1252:
221:. Lifestyle factors that may increase the risk of multiple long-term conditions include
5741:
5324:
5173:
4946:
4919:
4875:
4862:
4837:
4733:
4698:
4674:
4641:
4617:
4584:
4556:
4513:
4464:
4431:
4407:
4350:
4315:
4291:
4258:
4239:
4144:
4101:
4077:
4025:
3961:
3928:
3749:
3724:
3700:
3675:
3656:
3607:
3508:
3483:
3459:
3432:
3413:
3354:
3300:
3275:
3256:
3192:
3165:
3141:
3116:
3092:
3067:
3043:
3018:
2999:
2965:
2926:
2901:
2882:
2832:
2775:
2750:
2675:
2640:
2621:
2571:
2523:
2498:
2474:
2449:
2425:
2400:
2381:
2291:
2266:
2242:
2217:
2194:
2163:
2070:
2043:
2024:
1930:
1868:
1841:
1817:
1792:
1768:
1741:
1717:
1692:
1673:
1550:
1492:
1467:
1443:
1418:
1387:
1360:
1341:
1279:
1236:
1184:
1159:
1109:
1082:
1058:
1033:
1011:
945:
839:
814:
795:
743:
638:
4226:
4209:
4185:
4168:
3643:
3626:
3585:
3549:
3532:
3341:
3324:
2639:
Jowsey T, McRae IS, Valderas JM, Dugdale P, Phillips R, Bunton R, et al. (2013).
2559:
1908:
1626:
1434:
1319:
1200:
206:
Socioeconomic inequalities influence when people develop multiple long-term conditions
5903:
5898:
5826:
5775:
5549:
5529:
5517:
5477:
5448:
5416:
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4738:
4720:
4679:
4661:
4622:
4604:
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4543:
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4451:
4412:
4394:
4355:
4337:
4296:
4278:
4243:
4231:
4190:
4149:
4131:
4082:
4064:
4045:"Household and area-level social determinants of multimorbidity: a systematic review"
4017:
3966:
3948:
3909:
3891:
3867:
3850:
3832:
3803:"Multimorbidity and food insecurity in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3754:
3705:
3660:
3648:
3611:
3599:
3554:
3513:
3464:
3405:
3346:
3305:
3248:
3197:
3146:
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3048:
3003:
2969:
2931:
2886:
2874:
2836:
2824:
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2731:
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2613:
2563:
2528:
2479:
2430:
2385:
2373:
2337:
2296:
2247:
2198:
2167:
2155:
2116:
2075:
2028:
2016:
1965:
1955:
1934:
1922:
1873:
1822:
1773:
1722:
1665:
1630:
1592:
1573:"Multimorbidity and mortality in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1554:
1542:
1497:
1448:
1392:
1345:
1333:
1284:
1266:
1189:
1114:
1063:
1003:
937:
895:
844:
787:
747:
548:
440:
312:
265:
45:
3260:
2625:
2575:
1982:
1520:"Multimorbidity and quality of life: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis"
1015:
799:
633:
Ethnic inequalities also affect who acquires multimorbidity. In the United
Kingdom,
590:, low level of education, living in deprived areas and having unhealthy lifestyles.
6068:
5821:
5780:
5592:
5567:
5379:
5309:
5153:
4941:
4931:
4857:
4849:
4808:
4728:
4710:
4669:
4653:
4612:
4596:
4551:
4533:
4459:
4443:
4402:
4386:
4345:
4327:
4286:
4270:
4221:
4180:
4139:
4121:
4072:
4056:
4029:
4007:
3997:
3956:
3940:
3899:
3881:
3840:
3822:
3783:
3744:
3736:
3695:
3687:
3638:
3589:
3581:
3544:
3503:
3495:
3454:
3444:
3417:
3395:
3385:
3358:
3336:
3295:
3287:
3238:
3228:
3187:
3177:
3136:
3128:
3087:
3079:
3038:
3030:
2991:
2957:
2921:
2913:
2866:
2814:
2770:
2762:
2721:
2711:
2670:
2660:
2605:
2555:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2469:
2461:
2420:
2412:
2365:
2327:
2286:
2278:
2237:
2229:
2190:
2147:
2135:
2106:
2065:
2055:
2042:
Sharpe L, McDonald S, Correia H, Raue PJ, Meade T, Nicholas M, Arean P (May 2017).
2006:
1996:
1912:
1904:
1863:
1853:
1812:
1804:
1763:
1753:
1712:
1704:
1677:
1657:
1622:
1584:
1534:
1487:
1479:
1438:
1430:
1382:
1372:
1323:
1315:
1274:
1256:
1179:
1171:
1160:"The coexistence of terms to describe the presence of multiple concurrent diseases"
1104:
1094:
1053:
1045:
999:
995:
949:
929:
885:
875:
834:
826:
779:
735:
685:
and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) have published the "
324:
316:
1588:
864:"Defining and measuring multimorbidity: a systematic review of systematic reviews"
264:
to everyone is important to reduce the burden of multiple long-term conditions on
202:
6129:
5831:
5634:
5627:
5562:
5502:
5384:
5374:
5304:
5277:
5262:
5217:
5207:
5158:
4580:
4538:
4126:
3827:
3132:
2751:"Descriptions of barriers to self-care by persons with comorbid chronic diseases"
2665:
2448:
Banstola A, Pokhrel S, Hayhoe B, Nicholls D, Harris M, Anokye N (February 2023).
2416:
1261:
666:
659:
634:
618:
476:
249:
135:
111:
33:
4781:
3986:"Socioeconomic status and multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3944:
3482:
Hariri P, Clarke R, Bragg F, Chen Y, Guo Y, Yang L, et al. (January 2022).
3374:"Socioeconomic status and multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3066:
Head A, Fleming K, Kypridemos C, Pearson-Stuttard J, O'Flaherty M (March 2021).
2850:
Lawson S, Mullan J, Wong G, Zaman H, Booth A, Watson A, Maidment I (July 2022).
2465:
2369:
1808:
1708:
1661:
1483:
970:
5816:
5539:
5524:
5507:
5465:
5267:
5148:
4936:
4838:"Multimorbidity: Making the Case for an End to Disease-Specific Rehabilitation"
4715:
4332:
3886:
3787:
3740:
3691:
2995:
2099:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1518:
Makovski TT, Schmitz S, Zeegers MP, Stranges S, van den Akker M (August 2019).
1377:
682:
561:
424:
419:
340:
4430:
Mathur, Rohini; Hull, Sally A; Badrick, Ellena; Robson, John (26 April 2011).
3499:
3449:
3233:
3216:
3182:
3017:
Reeve J, Maden M, Hill R, Turk A, Mahtani K, Wong G, et al. (July 2022).
2870:
2698:
Jowsey T, Dennis S, Yen L, Mofizul Islam M, Parkinson A, Dawda P (July 2016).
2609:
2151:
2060:
2001:
1984:
1969:
1758:
1538:
933:
783:
728:"Multiple long-term conditions (multimorbidity): making sense of the evidence"
6217:
6124:
6003:
5811:
5785:
5662:
5622:
5587:
5577:
5557:
5299:
5257:
5232:
5180:
5168:
5163:
5072:
5017:
4813:
4796:
4724:
4665:
4657:
4608:
4547:
4455:
4398:
4341:
4282:
4274:
4135:
4068:
4060:
3952:
3895:
3836:
3276:"Designing health care for the most common chronic condition--multimorbidity"
3217:"Multimorbidity in primary care: prevalence and trend over the last 20 years"
3083:
2796:
2794:
1270:
1049:
830:
739:
587:
499:
458:
415:
368:
234:
230:
218:
49:
41:
4757:"Research funders publish framework to tackle multiple long-term conditions"
4600:
4390:
4002:
3985:
3390:
3373:
2716:
2699:
2332:
2315:
2111:
2094:
1858:
880:
863:
237:; and lifestyles factors that may reduce the risk of MLTC includes eating a
6144:
5572:
5421:
5411:
5389:
5319:
5212:
5126:
4955:
4871:
4822:
4742:
4683:
4626:
4565:
4473:
4416:
4359:
4300:
4235:
4194:
4153:
4086:
4021:
3970:
3913:
3854:
3758:
3709:
3652:
3603:
3594:
3558:
3517:
3468:
3409:
3350:
3309:
3291:
3252:
3201:
3150:
3101:
3052:
2935:
2878:
2828:
2784:
2735:
2684:
2617:
2567:
2532:
2483:
2434:
2377:
2341:
2300:
2251:
2202:
2159:
2120:
2079:
2020:
1926:
1877:
1826:
1777:
1726:
1669:
1634:
1596:
1546:
1501:
1452:
1396:
1337:
1288:
1193:
1175:
1118:
1099:
1067:
1007:
941:
899:
848:
791:
377:
373:
336:
320:
238:
4447:
2791:
122:
is used to refer to conditions that appear to be unrelated to each other.
6139:
5836:
5534:
5443:
5406:
4853:
3243:
2984:"How to reduce medications for people with multiple long-term conditions"
2011:
1328:
296:
CMM is associated is mortality and long-term care needs in older adults.
211:
70:
4980:
4044:
4012:
3400:
3323:
Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B (July 2012).
2961:
2803:"Medication management in older people: the MEMORABLE realist synthesis"
2398:
1917:
862:
Johnston MC, Crilly M, Black C, Prescott GJ, Mercer SW (February 2019).
5765:
5487:
5012:
2499:"Prevention of depression in adults with long-term physical conditions"
2282:
2233:
2215:
1947:
582:
The likelihood of having multiple long-term conditions is increased by
557:
328:
131:
3926:
2917:
2819:
2802:
2726:
1949:
1571:
Nunes BP, Flores TR, Mielke GI, Thumé E, Facchini LA (November 2016).
1133:"Multimorbidity: clinical assessment and management - Recommendations"
5863:
5682:
5252:
5133:
3870:"Social determinants of multimorbidity patterns: A systematic review"
3782:(Report). National Institute for Health Research. 20 September 2023.
3065:
3034:
614:
398:
261:
138:
in their list of conditions considered to constitute multimorbidity.
107:
3431:
Afshar S, Roderick PJ, Kowal P, Dimitrov BD, Hill AG (August 2015).
1572:
1466:
Singer L, Green M, Rowe F, Ben-Shlomo Y, Morrissey K (August 2019).
812:
339:, and polypharmacy. Evidence from large population studies from the
189:) as it is more accepted and understood by patients and the public.
5729:
5482:
5116:
5086:
4836:
Carlesso LC, Skou ST, Tang LH, SimonĂż C, Brooks D (February 2020).
2095:"Frailty and Multimorbidity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
444:
402:
381:
367:
People with multimorbidity face many challenges because of the way
37:
4640:
Caceres, Billy A.; Travers, Jasmine; Sharma, Yashika (June 2021).
4256:
2900:
Maidment ID, Aston L, Moutela T, Fox CG, Hilton A (October 2017).
2766:
2591:"A Systematic Review of Cost-of-Illness Studies of Multimorbidity"
2313:
965:
963:
961:
959:
769:
734:. National Institute for Health and Care Research. 30 March 2021.
471:
lowering - to prevent coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke.
5401:
4893:
4314:
Hayanga, Brenda; Stafford, Mai; BĂ©cares, Laia (27 January 2023).
1846:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1087:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
226:
222:
5041:
2589:
Wang L, Si L, Cocker F, Palmer AJ, Sanderson K (February 2018).
1416:
73:
even though the two are considered distinct clinical scenarios.
5696:
3984:
Pathirana, Thanya I.; Jackson, Caroline A. (14 February 2018).
3800:
3163:
1612:
1031:
956:
653:
people and those who identify as Black other, other Asian, and
450:
4917:
4207:
2749:
Bayliss EA, Steiner JF, Fernald DH, Crane LA, Main DS (2003).
2496:
2092:
1517:
985:
523:
Global health § Multimorbidity, age-related diseases and aging
5858:
2447:
1740:
Storeng SH, Vinjerui KH, Sund ER, Krokstad S (January 2020).
1234:
570:
475:
An increased understanding of which conditions most commonly
449:
a reduction in blood pressure - to prevent coronary disease,
344:
4578:
4511:
4099:
2697:
1690:
1301:
5984:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
5790:
4696:
3571:
3430:
2497:
Kampling H, Baumeister H, Bengel J, Mittag O (March 2021).
1893:
1739:
861:
566:
253:
217:
One risk factor of multimorbidity in young people is being
4372:
3117:"Multimorbidity Trends in United States Adults, 1988-2014"
2748:
2638:
2133:
1948:
World Health Organization, issuing body (14 August 2018).
500:
As a global health issue and in the demographic transition
2041:
1465:
598:
that prevent or mitigate inequalities in multimorbidity.
281:
without MLTC irrespective of their socioeconomic status.
4166:
4042:
3624:
3322:
3166:"The increasing burden and complexity of multimorbidity"
1691:
Harrison C, Britt H, Miller G, Henderson J (July 2014).
1137:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
4429:
2899:
2800:
1358:
146:
The most commonly used term to describe the concept is
4835:
4313:
1570:
1215:
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)
4784:(Report). The Academy of Medical Sciences. June 2020.
3533:"Making more of multimorbidity: an emerging priority"
3481:
2849:
2358:
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
1839:
1790:
972:
Multimorbidity: a priority for global health research
443:- to prevent cardiovascular, respiratory and several
4970:
4639:
1840:
Kato D, Kawachi I, Saito J, Kondo N (October 2021).
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
3990:
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
3673:
3378:
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
3214:
1791:Kato D, Kawachi I, Saito J, Kondo N (August 2021).
1034:"Comorbidity versus multimorbidity: Why it matters"
628:
3114:
3016:
2588:
891:20.500.11820/fdedbe90-e4ec-43b8-bb78-a0f75efe6305
707:
241:, physical activity, and strong social networks.
128:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
6215:
4263:Journal of Health Services Research & Policy
3983:
3674:Garmany A, Yamada S, Terzic A (September 2021).
3371:
3273:
3121:Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
1513:
1511:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1081:Chua YP, Xie Y, Lee PS, Lee ES (February 2021).
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
2180:
1027:
1025:
260:by improving working and living conditions and
179:National Institute for Health and Care Research
4782:Cross-funder multimorbidity research framework
2691:
2632:
2354:
1608:
1606:
1157:
687:Cross-funder multimorbidity research framework
100:co-existence of two or more chronic conditions
64:
5057:
2582:
2539:
1889:
1887:
1647:
1566:
1564:
1508:
1403:
1080:
912:
754:
4488:"Quantifying health inequalities in England"
3424:
3267:
3072:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
2264:
1833:
1784:
1733:
1684:
1650:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
1022:
553:Healthspan extension and anti-aging research
4842:Physiotherapy Canada. Physiotherapie Canada
4794:
3274:Tinetti ME, Fried TR, Boyd CM (June 2012).
2956:(Plain English summary). 24 November 2020.
2503:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1603:
6019:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5064:
5050:
3725:"Aging, Equality and the Human Healthspan"
3530:
2598:Applied Health Economics and Health Policy
1884:
1561:
677:Research funders in the UK, including the
601:
276:Multimorbidity is associated with reduced
5979:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
5969:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
4945:
4935:
4861:
4812:
4801:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
4732:
4714:
4673:
4616:
4555:
4537:
4463:
4406:
4349:
4331:
4290:
4225:
4184:
4143:
4125:
4076:
4011:
4001:
3960:
3903:
3885:
3844:
3826:
3748:
3699:
3676:"Longevity leap: mind the healthspan gap"
3642:
3593:
3548:
3507:
3488:Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity
3458:
3448:
3399:
3389:
3340:
3299:
3242:
3232:
3191:
3181:
3140:
3091:
3068:"Multimorbidity: the case for prevention"
3042:
2925:
2818:
2774:
2742:
2725:
2715:
2674:
2664:
2545:
2522:
2473:
2424:
2331:
2290:
2241:
2110:
2069:
2059:
2010:
2000:
1916:
1867:
1857:
1816:
1767:
1757:
1716:
1491:
1442:
1386:
1376:
1327:
1278:
1260:
1183:
1108:
1098:
1057:
889:
879:
838:
3722:
3221:The European Journal of General Practice
913:Xu X, Mishra GD, Jones M (August 2017).
511:
503:
391:
201:
6024:Health departments in the United States
3372:Pathirana TI, Jackson CA (April 2018).
3115:King DE, Xiang J, Pilkerton CS (2018).
271:
69:Multimorbidity is often referred to as
6216:
6029:Council on Education for Public Health
1577:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
672:
577:
6087:Professional degrees of public health
5994:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
5045:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
2807:Health Services and Delivery Research
2265:Miller AH, Raison CL (January 2016).
1158:Almirall J, Fortin M (January 2013).
6184:
6077:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
3215:Uijen AA, van de Lisdonk EH (2008).
1989:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
975:. Academy of Medical Sciences. 2018.
6196:
5345:Workers' right to access the toilet
5186:Human right to water and sanitation
4436:British Journal of General Practice
36:. For example, a person could have
13:
3765:
2405:The Lancet Regional Health. Europe
2195:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.11.005
14:
6245:
5618:Commercial determinants of health
5071:
4994:D000071069 D000076322, D000071069
4966:
4379:European Journal of Public Health
2704:Sociology of Health & Illness
868:European Journal of Public Health
376:, managing multiple medications (
32:), means living with two or more
6195:
6183:
6172:
6171:
5201:National public health institute
2859:Patient Education and Counseling
1615:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
988:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
629:Ethnicity and sexual orientation
521:This section is an excerpt from
299:
5598:Open-source healthcare software
5340:Sociology of health and illness
4911:
4886:
4829:
4795:Taylor RS, Singh S (May 2020).
4788:
4774:
4761:The Academy of Medical Sciences
4749:
4690:
4633:
4572:
4505:
4480:
4423:
4366:
4307:
4250:
4201:
4160:
4093:
4036:
3977:
3920:
3861:
3794:
3716:
3667:
3618:
3565:
3524:
3475:
3365:
3316:
3208:
3157:
3108:
3059:
3010:
2976:
2942:
2893:
2843:
2490:
2441:
2392:
2348:
2307:
2258:
2209:
2174:
2127:
2086:
2035:
1976:
1941:
1641:
1459:
1352:
1295:
1228:
1151:
1125:
482:
197:
5959:Caribbean Public Health Agency
5771:Sexually transmitted infection
5668:Statistical hypothesis testing
5429:Occupational safety and health
5330:Sexual and reproductive health
5243:Occupational safety and health
5036:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2515:10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2
1074:
1000:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.09.008
979:
906:
855:
806:
85:
1:
5613:Social determinants of health
4924:Pilot and Feasibility Studies
4227:10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00146-X
4186:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60240-2
3644:10.1016/S2589-7500(22)00187-X
3586:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30222-1
3550:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30941-3
3342:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60240-2
2560:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60482-6
1954:. World Health Organization.
1909:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30132-4
1627:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00363-2
1589:10.1016/j.archger.2016.07.008
1435:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30226-9
1320:10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00145-7
700:
431:
362:
351:and co-occurring painful and
183:multiple long-term conditions
56:
26:multiple long-term conditions
5673:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
5434:Human factors and ergonomics
4539:10.1371/journal.pone.0266418
4214:The Lancet Healthy Longevity
4127:10.1371/journal.pone.0282036
4049:J Epidemiol Community Health
3828:10.1371/journal.pone.0288063
3723:Farrelly C (November 2022).
3133:10.3122/jabfm.2018.04.180008
3023:Health Technology Assessment
2666:10.1371/journal.pone.0059379
2417:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100149
2222:Journal of Internal Medicine
1262:10.1371/journal.pone.0261952
547:which puts major burdens on
7:
5854:Good manufacturing practice
5658:Randomized controlled trial
4646:Journal of Aging and Health
3945:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055264
2466:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069270
2370:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.11.028
2183:General Hospital Psychiatry
1809:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046749
1709:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004694
1662:10.1016/j.amjms.2016.03.004
1484:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100413
96:Academy of Medical Sciences
65:Difference from comorbidity
10:
6250:
5924:Theory of planned behavior
5849:Good agricultural practice
5754:Public health surveillance
5646:epidemiological statistics
5290:Public health intervention
4937:10.1186/s40814-022-01204-y
4716:10.1186/s12889-020-09210-6
4333:10.1186/s12889-022-14940-w
3887:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1081518
3874:Frontiers in Public Health
3788:10.3310/nihrevidence_59977
3741:10.1007/s10730-022-09499-3
3692:10.1038/s41536-021-00169-5
3631:The Lancet. Digital Health
2996:10.3310/nihrevidence_57904
2271:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1378:10.1186/s12916-020-01846-w
605:
584:socioeconomic inequalities
520:
353:gastrointestinal disorders
258:socioeconomic inequalities
16:Concept in health research
6167:
6102:
6061:
6046:World Toilet Organization
6041:World Health Organization
5948:
5937:
5874:
5799:
5715:
5643:
5608:Public health informatics
5548:
5353:
5315:Right to rest and leisure
5144:Globalization and disease
5079:
5003:
4974:
3680:npj Regenerative Medicine
3574:The Lancet. Public Health
3531:The Lancet (April 2018).
3500:10.1177/26335565221098327
3450:10.1186/s12889-015-2008-7
3234:10.1080/13814780802436093
3183:10.1186/s12889-015-1733-2
2871:10.1016/j.pec.2021.12.017
2755:Annals of Family Medicine
2610:10.1007/s40258-017-0346-6
2152:10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.005
2061:10.1186/s12888-017-1334-y
2002:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111383
1759:10.1186/s12877-020-1425-3
1539:10.1016/j.arr.2019.04.005
1423:The Lancet. Public Health
934:10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.003
784:10.1016/j.arr.2011.03.003
384:or treatment of another.
225:, poor diet, poor sleep,
192:
141:
120:discordant multimorbidity
116:concordant multimorbidity
104:non-communicable diseases
102:". These can be physical
6092:Schools of public health
5884:Diffusion of innovations
5583:Health impact assessment
5295:Public health laboratory
5191:Management of depression
4814:10.1177/2047487320926058
4658:10.1177/0898264320983663
4275:10.1177/1355819613493772
4061:10.1136/jech-2020-214691
3084:10.1136/jech-2020-214301
1308:The Lancet Public Health
1050:10.1177/2633556521993993
831:10.1177/2235042X19870934
740:10.3310/collection_45881
679:Medical Research Council
459:congestive heart failure
112:mental health conditions
6155:Social hygiene movement
6082:Doctor of Public Health
5914:Social cognitive theory
5716:Infectious and epidemic
5498:Fecalâoral transmission
4898:University of Leicester
4601:10.3399/BJGPO.2021.0067
4579:Saunders, Catherine L;
4003:10.1111/1753-6405.12762
3391:10.1111/1753-6405.12762
2717:10.1111/1467-9566.12404
2140:Ageing Research Reviews
1859:10.3390/ijerph181910523
1527:Ageing Research Reviews
1472:SSM - Population Health
922:Ageing Research Reviews
772:Ageing Research Reviews
602:Deprivation and poverty
79:person-centered concept
6224:Diseases and disorders
6150:Germ theory of disease
5929:Transtheoretical model
4595:(5): BJGPO.2021.0067.
3292:10.1001/jama.2012.5265
1897:The Lancet. Psychiatry
1176:10.15256/joc.2013.3.22
1164:Journal of Comorbidity
1100:10.3390/ijerph18041673
1038:Journal of Comorbidity
819:Journal of Comorbidity
541:With aging populations
517:
509:
494:socioeconomic statuses
463:chronic kidney disease
335:, increased levels of
207:
6034:Public Health Service
5919:Social norms approach
5909:PRECEDEâPROCEED model
5355:Preventive healthcare
5248:Pharmaceutical policy
5097:Chief Medical Officer
4448:10.3399/bjgp11X572454
4391:10.1093/eurpub/ckz012
3494:: 26335565221098327.
2333:10.1093/fampra/cmx018
2112:10.1093/gerona/gly110
881:10.1093/eurpub/cky098
543:, there is a rise of
515:
507:
392:Medication management
349:respiratory disorders
329:functional impairment
306:severe mental illness
205:
181:(NIHR) uses the term
6110:Sara Josephine Baker
6009:Public Health Agency
5894:Health communication
5759:Disease surveillance
5725:Asymptomatic carrier
5707:Statistical software
5395:Preventive nutrition
5223:Medical anthropology
5112:Environmental health
4854:10.3138/ptc-72-1-gee
1044:: 2633556521993993.
825:: 2235042X19870934.
545:age-related diseases
455:cerebral haemorrhage
272:Diagnosis and impact
246:socioeconomic status
6120:Carl Rogers Darnall
6115:Samuel Jay Crumbine
5889:Health belief model
5742:Notifiable diseases
5678:Regression analysis
5513:Waterborne diseases
5102:Cultural competence
4894:"The PERFORM trial"
4530:2022PLoSO..1766418S
4118:2023PLoSO..1882036W
3819:2023PLoSO..1888063K
2962:10.3310/alert_42757
2906:Health Expectations
2657:2013PLoSO...859379J
2364:(9): 1282â1287.e2.
1253:2021PLoSO..1661952H
1139:. 21 September 2016
673:Research directions
608:Diseases of poverty
578:Health inequalities
445:neoplastic diseases
407:reviewing medicines
5718:disease prevention
5653:Caseâcontrol study
5325:Security of person
5174:Health care reform
5004:External resources
4442:(586): e262âe270.
2283:10.1038/nri.2015.5
2234:10.1111/joim.12843
549:healthcare systems
518:
510:
327:, symptom burden,
250:Whitehall II Study
208:
50:healthcare systems
6211:
6210:
6163:
6162:
6073:Higher education
5904:Positive deviance
5899:Health psychology
5875:Health behavioral
5802:safety management
5776:Social distancing
5550:Population health
5530:Smoking cessation
5478:Pharmacovigilance
5449:Injury prevention
5417:Infection control
5335:Social psychology
5285:Prisoners' rights
5228:Medical sociology
5196:Public health law
5092:Biological hazard
5027:
5026:
4703:BMC Public Health
4492:www.health.org.uk
4320:BMC Public Health
3580:(12): e599âe600.
3437:BMC Public Health
3286:(23): 2493â2494.
3170:BMC Public Health
2918:10.1111/hex.12534
2820:10.3310/hsdr08260
1961:978-92-4-155038-3
266:population health
34:chronic illnesses
6241:
6199:
6198:
6187:
6186:
6175:
6174:
6069:Health education
5946:
5945:
5800:Food hygiene and
5781:Tropical disease
5593:Infant mortality
5568:Community health
5444:Controlled Drugs
5380:Health promotion
5310:Right to housing
5154:Health economics
5066:
5059:
5052:
5043:
5042:
4972:
4971:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4865:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4718:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4652:(5â6): 362â376.
4637:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4581:MacCarthy, Sarah
4576:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4541:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4467:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4335:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4229:
4220:(8): e489âe497.
4205:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4129:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4015:
4005:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3889:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3830:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3776:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3703:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3646:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3597:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3403:
3393:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3344:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3246:
3236:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3035:10.3310/AAFO2475
3014:
3008:
3007:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2865:(7): 2573â2580.
2856:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2822:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2014:
2004:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1920:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1331:
1314:(9): e680âe690.
1299:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1264:
1247:(12): e0261952.
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1029:
1020:
1019:
983:
977:
976:
967:
954:
953:
919:
910:
904:
903:
893:
883:
859:
853:
852:
842:
810:
804:
803:
767:
752:
751:
724:
660:Chinese minority
451:ischaemic stroke
441:quitting smoking
136:substance misuse
130:(NICE) includes
24:, also known as
6249:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6159:
6130:Margaret Sanger
6098:
6057:
5941:
5939:
5933:
5876:
5870:
5842:Safety scandals
5801:
5795:
5717:
5711:
5645:
5639:
5635:Social medicine
5628:Race and health
5563:Child mortality
5544:
5503:Open defecation
5385:Human nutrition
5375:Family planning
5363:Behavior change
5349:
5305:Right to health
5218:Maternal health
5208:Health politics
5159:Health literacy
5075:
5070:
5028:
5023:
5022:
4999:
4998:
4983:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4834:
4830:
4807:(16): e19âe23.
4793:
4789:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4695:
4691:
4638:
4634:
4577:
4573:
4524:(4): e0266418.
4510:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4428:
4424:
4371:
4367:
4312:
4308:
4255:
4251:
4206:
4202:
4179:(9836): 37â43.
4165:
4161:
4112:(2): e0282036.
4098:
4094:
4041:
4037:
3982:
3978:
3925:
3921:
3866:
3862:
3813:(7): e0288063.
3799:
3795:
3778:
3777:
3766:
3721:
3717:
3672:
3668:
3623:
3619:
3570:
3566:
3543:(10131): 1637.
3529:
3525:
3480:
3476:
3429:
3425:
3370:
3366:
3335:(9836): 37â43.
3321:
3317:
3272:
3268:
3227:(sup1): 28â32.
3213:
3209:
3162:
3158:
3113:
3109:
3064:
3060:
3015:
3011:
2990:. 18 May 2023.
2982:
2981:
2977:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2898:
2894:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2799:
2792:
2747:
2743:
2696:
2692:
2637:
2633:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2544:
2540:
2509:(3): CD011246.
2495:
2491:
2446:
2442:
2397:
2393:
2353:
2349:
2320:Family Practice
2312:
2308:
2263:
2259:
2214:
2210:
2179:
2175:
2132:
2128:
2091:
2087:
2040:
2036:
1981:
1977:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1892:
1885:
1838:
1834:
1789:
1785:
1738:
1734:
1689:
1685:
1646:
1642:
1611:
1604:
1569:
1562:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1464:
1460:
1415:
1404:
1357:
1353:
1300:
1296:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1079:
1075:
1030:
1023:
984:
980:
969:
968:
957:
917:
911:
907:
860:
856:
811:
807:
768:
755:
726:
725:
708:
703:
675:
667:sexual minority
665:Belonging to a
655:mixed ethnicity
651:Black Caribbean
631:
619:health literacy
615:Self-management
610:
604:
588:food insecurity
580:
575:
574:
526:
502:
485:
469:LDL-cholesterol
434:
394:
365:
333:quality of life
302:
290:quality of life
278:quality of life
274:
200:
195:
144:
88:
67:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6247:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6193:
6181:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6006:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5952:
5950:
5943:
5938:Organizations,
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5880:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5805:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5694:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5644:Biological and
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5610:
5605:
5603:Multimorbidity
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5540:Vector control
5537:
5532:
5527:
5525:School hygiene
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5508:Sanitary sewer
5505:
5500:
5495:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5466:Patient safety
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Harm reduction
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5032:Multimorbidity
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:Multimorbidity
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:Classification
4968:
4967:External links
4965:
4962:
4961:
4910:
4885:
4828:
4787:
4773:
4748:
4689:
4632:
4571:
4504:
4479:
4422:
4385:(4): 687â693.
4365:
4306:
4269:(4): 215â223.
4249:
4200:
4159:
4092:
4055:(3): 232â241.
4035:
3996:(2): 186â194.
3976:
3939:(2): e055264.
3919:
3860:
3793:
3764:
3735:(2): 187â205.
3715:
3666:
3637:(1): e16âe27.
3617:
3564:
3523:
3474:
3423:
3384:(2): 186â194.
3364:
3315:
3266:
3207:
3156:
3127:(4): 503â513.
3107:
3078:(3): 242â244.
3058:
3009:
2975:
2941:
2912:(5): 929â942.
2892:
2842:
2790:
2741:
2710:(6): 854â873.
2690:
2631:
2581:
2538:
2489:
2460:(2): e069270.
2440:
2391:
2347:
2326:(5): 539â545.
2306:
2257:
2228:(3): 255â271.
2208:
2189:(2): 147â155.
2173:
2126:
2105:(5): 659â666.
2085:
2048:BMC Psychiatry
2034:
1975:
1960:
1940:
1903:(8): 675â712.
1883:
1832:
1803:(8): e046749.
1783:
1746:BMC Geriatrics
1732:
1703:(7): e004694.
1683:
1640:
1621:(7): 661â674.
1602:
1560:
1507:
1458:
1429:(1): e42âe50.
1402:
1351:
1294:
1227:
1199:
1150:
1124:
1073:
1021:
978:
955:
905:
874:(1): 182â189.
854:
805:
778:(4): 430â439.
753:
705:
704:
702:
699:
694:rehabilitation
683:Wellcome Trust
674:
671:
630:
627:
603:
600:
579:
576:
527:
519:
501:
498:
484:
481:
473:
472:
466:
447:
433:
430:
420:Beers Criteria
393:
390:
369:health systems
364:
361:
341:United Kingdom
301:
298:
273:
270:
219:born premature
199:
196:
194:
191:
172:multicondition
168:multipathology
164:pluripathology
148:multimorbidity
143:
140:
87:
84:
66:
63:
58:
55:
22:Multimorbidity
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6246:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6229:Public health
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6204:
6203:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6125:Joseph Lister
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Health Canada
6002:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:Organizations
5947:
5944:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:Vaccine trial
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5663:Relative risk
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Health equity
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Health system
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5578:Global health
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Biostatistics
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:Right to food
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5233:Mental health
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:Housing First
5179:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:Health system
5167:
5166:
5165:
5164:Health policy
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5073:Public health
5067:
5062:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4783:
4777:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3595:10044/1/75127
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3244:11250/2487933
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:(32): 1â148.
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:NIHR Evidence
2985:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:NIHR Evidence
2951:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2813:(26): 1â128.
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2767:10.1370/afm.4
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:(4): e59379.
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:(9836): 7â9.
2553:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2012:11392/2437730
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1852:(19): 10523.
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1329:11250/3103131
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
974:
973:
966:
964:
962:
960:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
909:
901:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:NIHR Evidence
729:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
706:
698:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
670:
668:
663:
661:
656:
652:
648:
647:Black African
644:
640:
636:
626:
622:
620:
616:
609:
599:
597:
596:interventions
591:
589:
585:
572:
568:
563:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
536:
532:
524:
514:
506:
497:
495:
489:
480:
478:
470:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
439:
438:
437:
429:
426:
421:
417:
416:deprescribing
411:
408:
404:
400:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
300:Mental health
297:
293:
291:
286:
282:
279:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
231:air pollution
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
204:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:polypathology
157:
156:polymorbidity
153:
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:and the UK's
93:
83:
80:
74:
72:
62:
54:
51:
47:
43:
42:heart disease
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
6234:Epidemiology
6200:
6188:
6176:
6145:Radium Girls
6140:Typhoid Mary
5827:Microbiology
5697:
5689:
5602:
5573:Epidemiology
5471:Organization
5422:Oral hygiene
5412:Hand washing
5390:Healthy diet
5320:Right to sit
5213:Labor rights
5011:
4987:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4901:. Retrieved
4897:
4888:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4776:
4764:. Retrieved
4760:
4751:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4592:
4588:
4574:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4497:28 September
4495:. Retrieved
4491:
4482:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4013:10072/384397
3993:
3989:
3979:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3401:10072/384397
3381:
3377:
3367:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3026:
3022:
3012:
2987:
2978:
2953:
2944:
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